Formula PPT Nda

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NDA MATHEMATICS
BY - VIPIN GAUR
CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

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ANGLE AND T-RATIO/dks.k ,oa f=dks.kferh; vuqikr
1. Fundamental Trigonometric identities

ewy f=dks.kferh; loZlfedk,a
(i) sin2 + cos2 = 1
(ii) sec2 - tan2 = 1
(iii) cosec2 - cot2 = 1

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2. Sum & difference formulae/dks.kksa dk ;ksx o vUrj dk lw=

(i) sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B
(ii) cos (A B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
(iii)tan (A B) =
(iv) tan (A + B + C) =

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3. Formulae for product into sum or difference

conversion
xq.ku dk ;ksx ;k varj esa ifjofrZr djus dk lw=
(i) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A + B)
(ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
(iii)2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
(iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
(v) sin C + sin D = 2 sin ( ) ( )

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(vi) sin C – sin D = 2 cos( ) ( )
(vii) cos C + cos D = 2 cos ( ) ( )
(viii) cos C – cos D = 2 sin ( ) ( )

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4. Trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles

cgqdks.kh; f=dks.kferh; vuqikr
(i) sin 2 = 2 sin cos
(ii) cos 2 cos2 - sin2 = 2 cos2 - 1 = 1 -2 sin2

=
(iii)tan 2
(iv) sin 3 = 3 sin - 4 sin3

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(v) cos 3 = 4 cos3 - 3 cos
(vi) tan 3 =
(vii) sin = √
(viii) cos = √
(ix) tan = √

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5. The greatest & least value of the expression [a

sin + b cos ]
O;atd [a sin + b cos ] dk vf/kdre o U;wure eku
Greatest value = √ √

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6. Some useful identities

dqN mi;ksxh loZlfedk,a
(i) tan 3 = tan . tan (60 – ). tan (60 + )
(ii) sin sin (60 – sin (60 + ) = 1/4 sin 3
(iii) cos cos (60 – ) cos (60 + = 1/4 cos 3

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7. Some important identities

dqN egRoiw.kZ loZlfedk,a
If A + B + C + then
(i) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sinA. sin B. sin C
(ii) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = -1-4 cos A. cos B. cos

C
(iii)tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A. tan B. tan C

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Values of Trigonometric Ratios of some specific

angles
√

√

√ √

√ √


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TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS/f=dks.kferh; lehdj.ksa

1. General solution of the equation sin = / lehdj.k
sin = dk O;kid gy
2. General solution of the equation cos = / lehdj.k

cos = dk O;kid gy
(

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3. General solution of the equation tan = / lehdj.k

tan = dk O;kid gy
4. General solution of the equation sin = sin /

lehdj.k sin = dk O;kid gy
(

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5. General solution of the equation cos = cos /

lehdj.k cos = dk O;kid gy
6. General solution of the equation tan = tan /

lehdj.k tan = dk O;kid gy

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7. General solution of / lehdj.k

dk O;kid gy

dk O;kid gy

dk O;kid gy

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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTION/çfrykse

f=dks.kferh; Qyu
1. Properties of inverse trigonometric function
izfrykse f=dks.kferh; Qyuksa ds xq.k/keZ
(i) sin-1 (sin

(ii) cos-1 (cos
(iii)tan-1(tan
(iv) cot-1 (cot
(v) sec-1 (sec
(vi) cosec-1 (cosec

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P-2
(i) sin-1 x + cos-1 x =
(ii) tan-1 x + cot-1 x = ,
(iii) sec-1 x + cosec-1 x =

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P-3
(i) sin-1 x = cosec-1( ) and cosec-1 x = sin-1 (1/x)
(ii) cos-1 x = sec-1( ) and sec-1 x = cos-1 (1/x)
(iii) tan-1 x = cot-1( ) and cot-1 x = tan-1(1/x)

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2. Formulae for sum & difference of inverse

Trigonometric functions
izfrykse f=dks.kferh; Qyuksa ds ;ksx rFkk varj dk lw=
(i) tan-1x + tan-1 y = tan-1( ),
(ii) tan-1x + tan-1 y = + tan-1( ),
(iii) tan-1x - tan-1 y = tan-1( )

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(iv) tan-1x + tan-1 y + tan-1z = tan-1* +
(v) sin-1 x sin-1 y = sin-1 [x √ √ ],
(vi) cos-1 x cos-1 y = cos-1 [xy √ √ ],

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3. Inverse trigonometric ratios of multiple angles

cgqdks.kh; izfrykse f=dks.kferh; vuqikr
(i) 2sin-1x = sin-1 (2x √ )
(ii) 2 cos-1 x = cos-1 ( 2x2 -1)
(iii) 2 tan-1 x = tan-1 ( )= sin-1( )= cos-1( )
(iv) 3 sin-1 x = sin-1 (3x – 4x3)
(v)3 cos-1 x = cos-1 (4x3 – 3x)

(vi) 3 tan-1x = tan-1( )

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Trigonometric Substitutions in Some Algebraic

Expressions
dqN chth; O;atd esa f=dks.kferh; çfrLFkkiu
Expression Substituion/çfrLFkkiu
form/O;atu :i
√
√
√
√ √
 Δ=√ ( ( (

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Properties of Triangle
f=Hkqt ds xq.k
Δ=
Δ=
 Δ = rs
 Δ = r1 (s – a) = r2 (s – b) = r3 (s – c)
Sine-Formulae/lw=:

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Projection Formulae/ç{ksi.k lw=:

 a = b cos C + c cos B
 b = c cos A + a cos C
 c = a cos B + b cos A
Cosine Formulae/lw=:
  √
( (
 ( (
 √

(
( (  √
 √

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(
 √
(
 √
( (
 √ (
( (

( (


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LIMIT/lhek
Some Important Expansions/dqN egRoiw.kZ foLrkj

(
(i) (
(
(ii)
(iii)
(iv) (

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(v) (
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)

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Trigonometric Limits/f=dks.kferh; lhek
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

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(iv)
(v)
( )
(vi)
( )

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Logarithmic limits/y?kqx.kdh; lhek

(
(i)
(ii)
Exponential Limits/pj?kkrkadh lhek
(a)
(b)

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Based on the form 1∞/1∞ ds :i ij vk/kkfjr
(a) (
(b) ( )

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DIFFERENTIATION/vodyu
Differentiation of algebraic functions

chtxf.krh; Qyuksa dk vodyu
(i)
(ii) (√ )
√

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Differentiation of trigonometric functions

f=dks.kferh; Qyuksa dk vodyu
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

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Differentiation of logarithmic and exponential

functions
y?kqx.kdh; o pj?kkokadh Qyuksa dk vodyu
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

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Differentiation of inverse trigonometrical

functions/ çfrykse f=dks.kferh; Qyuksa dk vodyu
(i)
√
(ii)
√
(iii)
| |√
(iv)
| |√
(v)
(vi)

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Some suitable substitutions/dqN egRoiw.kZ çfrL;kiu

S.N Function Substitution
(i) √
(ii) √
(iii) √
(iv)
√

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(v)
√
(vi) √
(vii)
√
(viii)
√

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Theorems for Differentiation/vodyu ij çes;

(i) Sum and difference rule/;ksx o vUrj fu;e
( ( ( ) ( ( ) ( ( )
(ii) Product rule/xq.ku fu;e

(a) ( ( ( ) ( ( (
(b) (

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(iii) Scalar multiple rule/vfn”k xq.ku fu;e

( ( ( ) (
(iv) Quotient rule/foHkktu fu;e

( ( ( ( ) ( ( ( )
( (
)
( ( )
(v) Chain rule/Ja`[kyk fu;e

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APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
vodyu dk vuqç;ksx
Equation of the tangent and Normal/Li”kZ js[kk ,oa vfHkyEc ds

lehdj.k
(
Equation of the normal/vfHkyEc dk lehjd.k

(
( )
(

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Angle of Intersection of two curves/nks oØksa dk çfrPNsnu dks.k
Orthogonal curves/ledks.kh; ;k ykfEcd oØ
( ) ( )

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INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
vfuf”pr lekdyu
Fundamental Integration Formulae

lekdyu ds dqN ekud lw=
1. (i) ∫
(ii) ∫
(ii) ∫ √
√
(
(iv) ∫(

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2. (i) ∫ | |
(ii) ∫ ( | |
3. ∫
4. ∫
5. ∫

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6. ∫
7. ∫
8. ∫
9. ∫

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10. ∫
11. ∫ | | | |
12. ∫ | | | |
13. ∫
√
14. ∫
√

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15. ∫
16. ∫
17. ∫
√
18. ∫
√

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Some important results/dqN egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke
(i) ∫ | |
(ii) ∫ | |
(iii) ∫√ {| √ |}
(iv) ∫√ {| √ |}

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(v) ∫ √ √ ( )
(vi) ∫ √ √ { √ }
√ ( )
(vii) ∫√ √ { √ }
√ ( )

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Standard Substitutions
S.No Integrand form Substitution
(i) √
√
(ii) √
√
(iii) √
√

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(iv)
√ √ √ (
√ (
(v)
√ √ √ (
√ (
(vi)
√ √ √ (
√ (
(vii)
√ √

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Integration by Parts/[kaM”k% lekdyu
∫ ∫ ∫, ∫ -
(First function) × (Integral of second function) –
Integral of {(Differentiation of first function) × (Integral
of second function)}
(çFke Qyu) × (f}rh; Qyu dk lekdyu) – ({çFke Qyu dk vodyu) ×
(f}rh; Qyu dk lekdyu)} dk lekdyu

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DEFINITE INTEGRATION/fuf”pr lekdyu
Properties of Definite Integral/fuf”pr lekdyu ds xq.k/keZ
 ∫ ( ∫ (
 ∫ ( ∫ (
 ∫ ( ∫ (
∫ ( (
 ∫ ( {
(

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION/vody lehdj.k
Algorithm for solving a linear differential

equation/jSf[kd vody lehdj.k dks gy djus dh dk;Z fof/k
I.F. = ∫
Y (I.F) = ∫ (

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Linear differential equation of the form/:i dk jSf[kd

vody lehdj.k

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Algorithm for solving linear differential equations

of the form/jSf[kd vody lehdj.k
(dks gy djus dh dk;Zfof/k)
I.F = ∫
( ∫ (

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Homogeneous Differential Equation/le?kkrh; vody

lehdj.k
(
(

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RECTANGULAR CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES

ledks.kh; dkrhZ; funsZ”kkad
Distance formula/nks fcUnqvksa ds chp dh nwjh
 √( (

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Properties of some geometrical figures/dqN T;kferh;

vkd`fr;ksa ds xq.k/keZ
 Equilateral triangle/leckgq f=Hkqt: All sides are
equal/lHkh Hkqtkvksa dh yEckbZ;k¡ cjkcj gksrh gSA
 Rhombus/leprqHkqtZ% All sides are equal and no angle

is right angle, but diagonals are at right angles and
unequal/lHkh Hkqtk;sa cjkcj gksrh gS rFkk dksbZ dks.k ledks.k ugha gksrk gS
ysfdu fod.kZ ,d nwljs dks ledks.k ij çfrPNsfnr djrs gSa rFkk vleku gksrs
gSAa

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 Square/oxZ% All sides are equal and each angle is right

angle. The diagonals bisect each other/lHkh Hkqtk;sa cjkcj
gksrh gS rFkk çR;sd dks.k ledks.k gksrk gSA fod.kZ ,d nwljs dks lef}Hkkftr
djrs gSaA
 Parallelogram/lekUrj prqHkqZt% Opposite sides are parallel

and equal and diagonals bisect each other/lEeq[k Hkqtk;sa
vkil esa cjkcj o lekUrj gksrh gS rFkk fod.kZ ,d nwljs dks lef}Hkkftr djrs
gSAa

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 Rectangle/vk;r% Opposite sides are equal and each

angle is right angle. Diagonals are equal/lEeq[k Hkqtk;sa
vkil esa cjkcj o lekUrj gksrh gS rFkk çR;sd dks.k ledks.k gksrk gSA

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Some points of a triangle/f=Hkqt ls lacaf/kr fcUnq
 Centroid of a triangle/f=Hkqt dk dsUæd%

 Incentre/vUr% dsUvUr% dsUæ% ( )

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Area/{ks=Qy
 Area of a triangle/f=Hkqt dk {ks=Qy%
| | |( ( ( (

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Collinear points/lejs[kh; fcUnq%
 Area of a quadrilateral/prqHkqtZ dk {ks=Qy% (

( ( (

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Section formula (foHkktu lw=)

(i) If P(x,y) divides the join of A ( and (
internally in the ratio m : n , then
;fn A ( and ( dks tksMu+ s okyh js[kk dks fcUnq

( var% :i ls vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrh gS rks

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(ii) If P (x, y) divides the join of A ( and (

internally in the ratio m : n , then
;fn A ( and ( dks tksMu+ s okyh js[kk dks fcUnq

( ckg~; :i ls vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrh gS rks
(iii)Mid point : ( )

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STRAIGHT LINE/ljy js[kk
Slope (Gradient) of a line/js[kk dh ço.krk (<ky)

 Slope of the line ax + by + c = 0, is
js[kk ax + by + c = 0, dh ço.krk gksxhA
 Slope of two parallel lines are equal
nks lekUrj js[kkvksa dh ço.krk;sa cjkcj gksrh gSA

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Equations of straight line in different forms/fofHkUu :iksa esa

ljy js[kk dk lehdj.k
 Slope form/ço.krk :i % y = mx
 One point form or Point slope form

,d fcUnq :i ;k fcUnq&ço.krk :i % y – y1 = m(x – x1).
 Intercept form/vUr%[k.M :i %
 Normal or perpendicular form

vfHkyEc :i % x cos a + y sin a = p.

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Angle between two non-parallel lines/nks vlekurj çfrPNsnh

js[kkvksa ds chp dks dks.k
| |
js[kkvksa rFkk ds chp dk dks.k
| |

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Length of perpendicular/yEc dh yackbZ

 Distance of a point from a line
| |
fdlh js[kk ls ,d fcUnq dh nwjh %
√
 Distance between two parallel lines

nks lekUrj js[kkvksa ds e/; nwjh
| |
√(

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CIRCLE/o`Ùk
1. General equation of a circle/o`Ùk dk O;kid lehdj.k%

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
A. Centre of the circle (-g, -f), i.e,/o`Ùk dk dsUæ (-g, -f)
B. Radius of the circle is/o`Ùk dh f=T;k √

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2. Standard Equation of a circle/o`Ùk ds ekud lehdj.k%

(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2, Centre of the circle/o`Ùk dk dsUæ
(h, k) → r o`Ùk dh f=T;k (Radius)
3. Equation of the circle/o`Ùk dk lehdj.k%

Centre of the circle/o`Ùk dk dsUæ (0, 0) → r o`Ùk dh f=T;k
(Radius)

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4. Circle on a given diameter/o`Ùk] ftldk O;kl fn;k gks%

(x – x1)(x – x2)+(y – y1)(y – y2) = 0
Centre is ( ), Radius = √( ) ( )

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5. Parametric Co-ordinates/çkpfyd funsZ”kkad%

The parametric co-ordinates of any point on the
circle (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 are given by (h + r cos , k
+ r sin )/o`Ùk (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 ij fLFkr fdlh fcUnq ds
çkpfyd funsZ”kkad (h + r cos , k + r sin ) gksars gSaA
In a particular, co-ordinates of any pint on the circle
x2 + y2 = r2 are (r cos , r sin )
fo”ks’k fLFkfr esa] o`Ùk x2 + y2 = r2 ij fLFkfr fdlh fcUnq ds çkpfyd
funsZ”kkad (r cos , r sin ) gksrs gSaA

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CONIC SECTION/”kkado ifjPNsnu
PARABOLA/ijoy;
Standard equation of the parabola/ijoy; dk ekud lehdj.k
Important terms y2 = 4ax y2 = -4ax x2 = x2 = -4ay

4ay
Vertex/”kh’kZ ds funsZ”kkad (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0)
Focus/ukfHk ds funsZ”kkad (a, 0) (-a, 0) (0, a) (0, -a)
Directrix/fu;rk dk x = -a x=a y = -a y=a
lehdj.k

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Axis/v{k dk lehdj.k y=0 y=0 x=0 x=0

Latusrectum/ukfHkyEc 4a 4a 4a 4a
dh yEckbZ
Parametric equations of a parabola/ijoy; dk çkpfyd
lehdj.k
Parabola/ijoy; y2 = 4ax y2 = -4ax x2 = 4ay x2 = -4ay

Parametric Co- (at2, 2at) (-at2, 2at) (2at, at2) (2at, -at2)
ordinates/çkpfy
d funsZ”kkad
Parametric x = at2 x = -at2 x = 2at x = 2at
Equations/çkpfy y = 2at y = 2at y = at2 y = -at2

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d lehdj.k

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ELLIPSE/nh?kZo`Ùk
Difference between both ellipses will be clear from
the following table/nksuksa nh?kZo`Ùkksa ds e/; vUrj fuEu rkfydk ls Li’V
gksrk gS
Imp.Terms , -
Ellipse/nh?kZo`Ùk
Centre/dsUæ (0, 0) (0, 0)
Vertices/”kh’kZ ( a, 0) (0, b)

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Length of major 2a 2b
axis/nh?kZ v{k dh yEckbZ
Length of minor 2b 2a
axis/y?kq v{k dh yEckbZ
Foci/ukfHk;k¡ ( ae, 0) (0, be)

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Equation of x = a/e y= b/e

directrices/fu;rkvksa ds
lehdj.k
Relation in a, b and b2 = a2 (1 – e2) a2 = b2 (1 – e2)
e/a, e, rFkk e ls lEcU/k
Length of latus
rectum/ukfHkyEc dh yEckbZ
Parametric (a cos , b sin (b cos , a sin
equations/çkpfyd lehdj.k ) )

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HYPERBOLA/vfrijoy;
Difference between both hyperbola will be clear
from the following table/nh x;h rkfydk esa nksuksa vfrijoy;ksa dk
vUrj Li’V fd;k x;k gS
Imp. terms
Hyperbola/vfrijoy;
Centre/dsU (0, 0) (0, 0)
Length of transverse 2a 2b
axis/vuqæLFk v{k dh yEckbZ
Length of conjugate 2b 2a
axis/la;qXeh v{k dh yEckbZ

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Foci/ukfH;k¡ ( a/e/o) (0, be)

Equation of x = a/e y= b/e
directrices/fu;rkvksa ds lehdj.k
Eccentricity/mRdsUærk
e = √( ) e = √( )
Length of latus 2b2/a 2a2/b

rectum/ukfHkyEc dh yEckbZ
Parametric co- (a sec , b tan (b sec , a tan
ordinates/çkpfyd funsZ”kkad ) )

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ALGEBRA
LOGARITHM
y?kqx.kd
Laws of Logarithms/y?kqx.kd ds fu;e:

i. Loga (mn) = (loga m) + v. (
(loga n) vi.
ii. Loga ( ) = (loga m) – vii.
(loga n) viii.
iii. Loga (mn) = n(loga m) ix.
iv. Loga 1 = 0

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COMPLEX NUMBER
lfEeJ la[;k,sa
1. Complex Number /lfEeJ la[;k,W

z = x + iy
2. Integral power of iota/vk;ksVk dh iw.kkZd
a ?kkrsa
i=√ so
i2 = -1;
i3 = -i
i4 = 1
i4n + 1 = i
i4n + 2 = -1
i4n + 3= -i

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3. Conjugate/la;qXeh
z = x + iy,
4. |z| = √ ; amp (z) = arg (z) = = tan-1
5. Properties of Conjugate Complex Number

la;qXeh lfEeJ la[;kvksa ds xq.k/keZ
(i) ( =z
(ii) = 2 Re (z)
(iii) (
(iv) = |z|2

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6. Euler’s Formula/vkW;yj lw=
= 2cos

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7. Cube root of unity/bdkbZ ds ?kuewy

√
1 + = 0, ,
√
 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 rFkk ω2 = 1

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IMPORTANT RESULTS:
(i) (
(ii) (
(iii) (

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SOME USEFUL RELATIONS

(i) ( (
(ii) ( ( (
(iii) ( ( (

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Multiplicative inverse/xq.ku çfrykse
̅
| |

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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
f}?kkr lehdj.k
1. Root of the Quadratic Equation/ f}?kkr lehdj.k ds ewy

ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two roots, given by
√

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2. Nature of roots/ewyksa dh izd`fr

(i) If D > 0 roots are real and unequal
;fn D > 0 ewy okLrfod rFkk vleku gS
(ii) If D = 0 roots are real and equal
;fn D = 0 ewy okLrfod rFkk leku
(iii)If D < 0 roots are imaginary and unequal.
;fn D < 0 ewy dkYifud rFkk vleku

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3. Conjugate roots/la;qXeh ewy

one root/,d ewy then/rcother root/nwljk ewy
√ √
4. Sum of roots/ewyksa dk ;ksx

S= = =

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5. Product of roots/ewyksa dk xq.kuQy

P= = =
6. Formation of an equation with given roots/fn, x,

ewyksa ls lehdj.k dk fuekZ.k
x2 – Sx + P = 0

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7. Relation between roots and coefficients/ewyksa rFkk

xq.kkadksa esa laca/k
If roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0)
are then
;fn f}/kkr lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 ds ewy ,oa gksa rc
(i) ( √(
(ii) (
(iii) ( √(
(iv) ( (
(v) ( (
(vi) ( ) ( )

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8. Condition for common roots/mHk;fu’B ewyksa ds fy, izfrca/k

(i) If only one root is common:/ ;fn dsoy ,d ewy mHk;fu’B
gks
(ii) If both roots are common/;fn nksuksa ewy mHk;fu’B gS:

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SEQUENCE AND SERIES

vuqØe rFkk Js.kh
1. General term of an A.P./ lekUrj Js<h dk O;kid in

Tn = a + (n – 1) d
2. Sum of n terms of an A.P./lekUrj Js<h ds n inksa dk ;ksx

Sn = ( or Sn = [a + l]
Tn = Sn – Sn-1

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3. Arithmetic Mean (A.M)/ lekUrj ek?;

A=
4. Supposition of terms in A.P./lekUrj Js<h ds inksa dks ekuuk

(i) Three terms as : a – d, a, a + d
(ii) Four terms as : a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
(iii)Five terms are : a – 2d, a – d, a , a + d, a + 2d

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5. Some standard results:/dqN ekud ifj.kke

(
(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + …… + n =
(ii) 12 + 22 + 32 + ….. n2 = ( (
3 3 3 3 (
(iii)1 + 2 + 3 +……+n = ( )
6. term of a GP/xq.kksÙkj Js.kh ds in

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7. Sum of n terms of a G.P./xq.kksRrj Js<h ds n inks a dk ;ksx

( (
Sn = ,
8. Sum of an infinite G.P./vuUr xq.kksRrj Js<h ds inksa dk ;ksx

;

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9. Geometrical Mean (G.M)/xq.kksRrj ek/;

G2 = ab
Inserting Single G.M between two given numbers/nks
fn, x, uacjks ds chp flxy xq.kksÙkj ek/; Mkyuk
√
10. Supposition of term in G.P./xq.kksRrj Js<h ds inksa dks ekuu

(i) Three terms as: a/r, a, ar
(ii) Four terms as: , , ar, ar2
(iii)Five terms as: , , a, ar, ar2

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11. General term of H.P./gjkRed Js<h dk O;kid in

Tn = (
12. term of an HP
term of H.P =

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13. Harmonical Mean (H.M) /gjkRed ek/;

Inserting Single HM between Two given Numbers/nks
fn, x, uacjks ds chp flxy gjkRed ek/; Mkyuk
H=
14. Relation between A.M, G.M and H.M/ A.M, G.M vkSj
H.M ds chp laca/k
(i) √ and
(ii)

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BINOMIAL THEOREM
f}in çes;
1. Binomial Theorem for positive Integral Index

(x + a)n = …+ ar +
….+ an
2. General term/O;kid in
(r + 1)th term is called general term,
Tr+1 = ar

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3. Middle term in the expansion of (x + a)n/(x + a)nds

izlkj esa e/; in
(i) If n is even then middle term = ( )th term.
;fn n le gS rks e/; in ( ) in
(ii) If n is odd then middle terms are = ( ) th and
( )th term. Binomial coefficient of middle term is
the greatest Binomial coefficient.
;fn n fo’ke gS rks e/; in ( ) th rFkk ( ) th in e/; in dk
f}in xq.kkad egRre f}in xq.kkad gksrk gSA

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4. Binomial coefficients & their properties/f}in xq.kkad

,oa muds xq.k/keZ
(i) C0 + C1 + C2 + …Cn = 2n
(ii) C0 - C1 + C2 – C3 + … = 0
(iii)C0 + C2 + …. = C1 + C3 + … = 2n-1

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Properties of nCr/ nCr ds xq.k

1.
2.
3.
4. or
5.

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SOME USEFUL EXPANSIONS/dqN mi;ksxh foLrkj

(i) ( (
(ii) (
(iii)( ( (
(iv) ( (

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SETS RELATION & FUNCTIONS

leqPp; fl)kUr rFkk lEcU/k
1. N : The set of Natural numbers/ izkd`frd la[;kvksa dk leqPp;A

2. W : The set of whole numbers/ iw.kZ la[;kvksa dk leqPp;A
3. Z : The set of Integers/ iw.kkZdksa dk leqPp;A
4. Q : The set of rational numbers/ ifjes; la[;kvksa dk leqPp;A
5. R : The set of real numbers/ okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp;A
6. Z+ : The set of positive numbers/ /kukRed la[;kvksa dk leqPp;A
7. Q+ : The set of positive rational numbers//kukRed ifjes;
la[;kvksa dk leqPp;A
8. R+ : The set of positive real numbers/ /kukRed okfLrfod
la[;kvksa dk leqPp;A

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Types of sets/ leqPp;ksa ds izdkj

Finite set/ ifjfer A set which is empty A = {1,2,3,4,5}
leqPp; or consists of a
definite number of
elements
,d leqPp; tks [kkyh gks ;k rRoksa
dh ,d fuf'pr la[;k ls cuk gks
Infinite set/ vuar A set which consists of { and x is
leqPp; an indefinite number prime }
of elements
,d lsV ftlesa rRoksa dh vfuf'pr
la[;k gksrh gS

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Equal set/ leku Two sets A and B are A = { 1,2,3,4}

leqPp; said to be equal if they B = {3,1,4,2}
have exactly the same Then A = B
elements
nks leqPp; A vkSj B leku
dgykrs gSa ;fn muds rRo fcYdqy
leku gksa
Power set The collection of all If A = {1,2}, then
subsets of a set A P(A) =
leqPp; A ds lHkh mileqPp;ksa dk { { } { } { }}
laxzg

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 Cardinal properties of sets

leqPp;ksa ds dkfMZuy xq.k&
(A) ( ( ( (
(B) ( ( ( (
( ( (
(C) ( ( (
(D) ( ( ( (
(E) ( ( ( (

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Operations on sets/leqPp; lafØ;k,sa

1. Union of sets/leqPp;ksa dk la?k: Let A and B be two sets.
The union of A and B is the set of all elements which
are in set A or in B. We denote the union of A and B
by A B, which is usually read as “A union B”
nks leqPp;ksa A rFkk B dk la?k] A rFkk B ls lHkh vo;oksa dks ysdj cuk;k
x;k leqPpj gksrk gS rFkk ;g A B ds :i esa fy[kk tkrk gSA

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2. Intersection of sets/leqPp;ksa dk çfrPNsnu: Let A and B be

two sets. The intersection of A and B is the set of all
those elements that belong to both A and B. The
intersection of A and B is denoted by A B
nks leqPp;ksa A rFkk B dk çfrPNsnu leqPp; A rFkk B ds mHk;fu’B vo;oksa

dks ysdj cuk;k x;k leqPp; gksrk gS rFkk ;g A B ls çnf”kZr fd;k tkrk
gSA

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3. Disjoint sets/folaf?kr rFkk çfrPNsnh leqPp;: Two sets A and B

are said to be disjoint, if A B = , If A B = , then
A and B are said to be non-intersecting of non-
overlapping sets
;fn A B = , rc leqPp; A vkSj B folaf?kr leqPp; dgykrs gSA ;fn

A B = rc vkSj B çfrPNsnh ;k vfrO;kfir leqPp; dgykrs gSA

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4. Difference of sets/leqPp;ksa dk vUrj: Let A and B be two

sets. The difference of A and B written as A – B< is
the set of all those elements of A which do not belong
to B
ekuk A rFkk B nks leqPp; gS] rc A – B, (A vUrj B) mu vo;oksa dk

leqPp; gS] tks A esa gS] ijUrq B esa ugh gSA

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5. Symmetric difference of two sets/lefer vUrj: Let A and

B be two sets. The symmetric difference of sets A and
B is the set (A – B) (B – A) and is denoted by A B
ekuk A vkSj B nks leqPp; gS] rc leqPp;ksa A vkSj B dk lefer vUrj (A –

B) (B – A) gksrk gS rFkk bls A B ls çnf”kZr fd;k tkrk gSSA

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6. Complement of a set/iwjd leqPp;: Let U be the

universal set and let A be a set such that A U.
then, the complement of A with respect to U is
denoted by A’ or Ac or C(A) or U – A and is denied the
set of all those elements of U which are not in A
ekuk U ,d le’Vh; gS] rFkk A U, rc A dk iwjd leqPp; U ds lkis{k

A’ ;k Ac ;k C(A) ;k U – A ls çnf”kZr djrs gS vFkkZr~ leqPp; A dk iwjd
leqPp;] mu vo;oksa dk leqPp; gksxk] tks A esa ugha gSA

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RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

laca/k ,oa Qyu
Theorem 1/ çes; 1: for any three sets A, B, C/rhu leqPp;ksa

A, B rFkk C ds fy,]
(i) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
(ii) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)

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Theorem 2/çes; 2: For any three sets A, B, C/ rhu leqPp;ksa

A, B rFkk C ds fy,]
A (B – C) = (A B) – (A C)

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Algebra of functions :/Qyuksa dk chtxf.kr

Addition/;ksx : ( ( (
Subtraction/?kVkuk : ( ( (
Product/ xq.ku : ( ( (
(
Quotient/HkkxQy : ( ) ( (

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MATRICES/vkO;wg
1. Types of Matrices/ vkO;wg ds çdkj%
(i) Square Matrix/ oxZ vkO;wg & If number of rows and

number of column in a matrix are equal, then it is
called a Square Matrix. Thus A = ( ) is a
Square Matrix if m = n
ftl vkO;wg esa iafDr;ksa ,oa LrEHkksa dh la[;k leku gks] mls ,d oxZ vkO;wg
dgrs gSaA vr% A = ( ) ,d oxZ vkO;wg gS ;fn

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(ii) Singleton Matrix/,dy vkO;wg & If in a matrix there is

only one element then it is called Singleton Matrix.
;fn fdlh eSfVªDl esa ,d gh vo;o gks rks mls ,dy eSfVªDl dgrs gSaA
(iii) Null or Zero Matrix/“kwU; vkO;wg & If in a matrix all the

elements are zero then it is called zero matrix and
it is generally denoted by 0. Thus A = ( ) is a
zero Matrix if for all i and j.
,d eSfVªDl ftldk izR;sd vo;o “kwU; gks mls “kwU; eSfVªDl dgrs gSaA vr%
A=( ) ,d “kwU; eSfVªDl gS ;fn lHkh ds fy, i vkSj j gS

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(iv) Diagonal Matrix/ fod.kZ vkO;wg & If all elements except

the principal diagonal in a square matrix are zero,
it is called a Diagonal Matrix. Thus a square matrix
;fn fdlh oxZ eSfVªDl esa eq[; fod.kZ ds vo;oksa ds vfrfjDr lHkh vo;o
“kwU; gks rks mls fod.kZ eSfVªDl dgrs gSaA
(v) Scalar Matrix/ vfn”k vkO;wg & If all the elements of the
diagonal of a diagonal matrix are equal, it is called
a Scalar Matrix.
;fn fdlh fod.kZ eSfVªDl esa fod.kZ ds lHkh vo;o leku gks rks mls vfn”k
eSfVªDl dgrs gSaA

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(vi) Unit Matrix/ bdkbZ vkO;wg & If all elements of principal

diagonal in a diagonal matrix are 1, then it is
called unit matrix. A unit matrix of order n is
denoted by In.
;fn fdlh fod.kZ eSfVªDl esa fod.kZ dk çR;sd vo;o 1 ds cjkcj gks rks mls
bdkbZ eSfVªDl dgrs gSA dksfV ds bdkbZ eSfVªDl dks In ls O;Dr djrs gSaA

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2. Addition and Subtraction of Matrices/ vkO;wg dk ;ksx ,oa

O;odyu: If A ( ) ( ) are two matrices
of the same order then their sum A + B is a matrix
whose each element is the sum of the corresponding
element.
;fn ( ) rFkk ( ) nks leku dksfV dh eSfVªDl gks
rks mudk ;ksx A + B og eSfVªDl gS ftldk izR;sd vo;o eSfVªDl A rFkk B
ds laxr ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gSA

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3. Symmetric Matrix/ lefer vkO;wg: A square matrix A =

( ) is called symmetric matrix if = for all ij or
AT = A
,d oxZ eSfVªl A = ( ) lefer eSfVªl dgykrk gS ;fn = lHkh ij
;k AT = A

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4. Skew- Symmetric Matrix/ fo’ke lefer vkO;wg:

A=* ( + * ( + and AT = - A
5. Inverse of a Matrix/ izfrykse vkO;wg: If A & B are two

matrices such that AB = 1 = BA then B is called the
inverse of A and it is denoted by A-1, thus A-1 = B
AB = 1 = BA./ ;fn A rFkk B nks eSfVªl bl izdkj ls gksa fd AB = 1
= BA rks eSfVªl B, eSfVªl A dk izfrykse eSfVªl dgykrk gS ftls A-1 ls
iznf”kZr djrs gSa]

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To find inverse matrix of a given matrix A we use

following formula
A-1 =
| |
fdlh fn;s x, eSfVªDl A dk izfrykse eSfVªDl fuEu izdkj Kkr djrs gSa A-1
=
| |

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STATICS/lkkaf[;dh
ARITHMETIC MEAN (A.M): / lekUrj ek/;
A.M./lekUrj ek/; % (
GEOMETRIC MEAN (GM): / xq.kksRrj ek/;

G.M./xq.kksRrj ek/; = √
HARMONIC MEAN (H.M): / gjkRed ek/;
H.M./gjkRed ek/; =

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Mode / cgqyd %
1. In an ungrouped data, the most occurring term gives
the mode/og izs{k.k ftldh ckjackjrk lcls vf/kd gksrh gSA
og iz{ks.k cgqyd dgykrk gSA og vo`xhZd`r gksrk gSA\

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2. In a grouped-data / oxhZd`r vk¡Ms esa %

(
Mode / cgqyd % , Where/tgk¡ ]
(
= Lower limit of modal class / cgqyd oxZ dh fuEu lhek

= Upper limit of modal class / cgqyd oxZ dh mPp lhek
= Frequency of modal class / ekf/;d oxZ dh ckjackjrk
=( )
= Frequency of class preceding modal class / cgqyd oxZ ds
Bhd iwoZ dh ckjackjrk
= Frequency of class succeeding modal class / cgqyd oxZ ds
Bhd ckn dh ckjackjrk

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Median / ekf/;dk
(a) If is odd, then / ;fn n fo’ke gS rks]
Median / ekf/;dk (

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(i) If is even, then / ;fn n le gS] rks

Median / ekf/;dk *( ) ( ) +
(
MEDIAN / ekf/;dk ( )
Where / tgk¡]
= Lower limit of median-class / cgqyd oxZ dh fuEu lhek
= Upper limit of median-class / cgqyd oxZ dh mPp lhek
= Frequency of median-class / ekf/;d oxZ dh ckjackjrk
Cumulative frequency of the class preceding
median-class / ekf/;d oxZ dh lap;h ckjackjrk
Sum of all frequencies / lHkh ckjackjrkvksa dk ;ksx

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Mode = [3 (Median) – (2 A.M.)] / cgqyd = [3 (ekf/;dk) - (2

lekUrj ek/;)]
Mean Deviation: / ek/; fopyu %

| ̅| ∑ | ̅|
∑ or ∑

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∑ ∑
Variance ( izlj.k ) : ∑
(∑ )
Standard Deviation / ekud fopyu ( ): √

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VECTOR/lfn”k
 SECTION FORMULAE/ foHkktu lw=

The position vectors of the points dividing the line
segment AB in the ratio m : n internally and
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
externally are ⃗ and ⃗ respectively.

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 Centroid of triangle/ ,d f=Hkqt dk dsUnzd

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗
 Magnitude of a vector / lfn”k dk ifjek.k

For a vector ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ , the magnitude
| ⃗| |√ |

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 Some important properties/ dqN egRoiw.kZ xq.k

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
(i) Projection of ⃗⃗ along ⃗ | ⃗⃗|
(ii) ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ or ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
(iii) ⃗ ⃗⃗ | || |
(iv) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂

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(v) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
(vi) If ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ and ⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ , then

(A) ⃗ ⃗⃗
(B)
√ √
(vii) The unit vector ̂ perpendicular to both ⃗ and ⃗⃗

( ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗)
is ̂
| ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗|
( ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗)
⃗ and ⃗⃗ ij yacor ,d bdkbZ lfn”k ̂ gksxk
| ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗|

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̂ ̂ ̂
(A) ⃗ ⃗⃗ | |
| ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗|
(B) | ⃗⃗|| ⃗⃗|
(viii) Area of a triangle ABC = |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
f=Hkqt dk {ks=Qy |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

(ix) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂

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3 D ( f=foeh; T;kferh)
 Angle between two lines/ nks js[kkvksa ds e/; dks.k

(i) If θ is the angle between two straight lines
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, then | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
| | |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
;fn fdUgha nks js[kkvksa ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ vkSj ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ds e/;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dk dks.k gks rc | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
| | |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
(ii) If two lines are perpendicular , then ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

;fn nks js[kk,W yacor gSa] rks ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

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 Cartesian form from vector form/ lefer :i esa ljy js[kk

dk lehdj.k
or
 Equation of co-ordinate plane/funsZ”kkad leryksa dk lehdj.k

Equation of XOY – plane is z = 0
Equation of YOZ – plane is x = 0
Equation of ZOX – plane is y = 0

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 Angle between a line and a plane/ ,d js[kk rFkk ,d

lery ds e/; dk dks.k
Vector form/ lfn”k :i &
If θ be the angle between the line ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ and the
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
plane ⃗ ⃗⃗ , then | ⃗⃗ | |
| | ⃗⃗|
 Distance between two parallel planes/ nks lekarj leryksa

ds e/; nwjh
| |
√

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 Distance of a point from a plane/ fdlh fcUnq dh lery ls

nwjh
| |
√

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 Sphere/xksyk
(i) The equation of a sphere with centre (a, b, c) and
radius R is (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 + (z – c)2 = R2
dsUæ (a, b, c) rFkk f=T;k R ds xksys dk dkrhZ; lehdj.k (x – a)2 +
(y – b)2 + (z – c)2 = R2 gksrk gSA

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(ii) General equation of a sphere/xksys dk O;kid lehdj.k

The equation x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d =
0 represents a sphere with centre (-u, -v, -w) and
radius = √
lehdj.k x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 ,d
xksys dks iznf”kZr djrh gS ftldk dsUæ (-u, -v, -w) gS] ,oa
f=T;k = √

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(iii) Diameter form of the equation of a sphere/xksys dk

O;kl :i lehdj.k: If (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) are the
coordinates of the extremities of a diameter of a
sphere, then its equation is (x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1)
(y – y2) + (z – z1) (z – z2) = 0
;fn (x1, y1, z1) ,oa (x2, y2, z2) xksys ds ,d O;kl ds fljksa ds
funsZ”kkad gksa] rks bldh lehdj.k gksxh&(x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1)
(y – y2) + (z – z1) (z – z2) = 0

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PROBABILITY/çkf;drk
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/(dqN egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke)

(A)Number of exhaustive cases of tossing n coins
simultaneously (or of tossing a coin n times)/(n
flDdksa dks ,d lkFk (;k ,d flDds dh n ckj) mNkkyus ij fu””ks’k fLFkfr;ksa dh
la[;k) = 2n
(B) Number of exhaustive cases of throwing n dice

simultaneously (or throwing one times)/(n iklksa dks
,d lkFk (;k ,d ikls dks ckj) Qsdus ij fu””ks’k fLFkfr;ksa dh la[;k) = 6n

MATHS BY VIPIN GAUR
(C) Playing cards (rk”k ds iÙksa):

(i) Total: 52 (26 red, 26 black)/(dqy la[;k % 52 (26 yky] 26
dkys)
(ii) Four suits: Hearts, Diamond, spade, Club – 13
cards each/(pkj suits: ikj] bZV] gqde] fpfM+;k&çR;sd
13 iÙks
(iii) Court cards: 12 (4 Kings, 4 queen, 4 jacks)/(njckjh
iÙksa% 12 (4 ckn”kkg] 4 jkuh] 4 xqyke)
(iv) Honour Cards: 16(4 aces, 4 kings, 4 queens, 4
jacks)/(vkWuj iÙksa % 16 (4 bDds] 4 ckn”kkg] 4 csxe] 4
xqyke)

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MATHS BY VIPIN GAUR

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

ANGLE AND T-RATIO/dks.k ,oa f=dks.kferh; vuqikr

1. Fundamental Trigonometric identities

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

2. Sum & difference formulae/dks.kksa dk ;ksx o vUrj dk lw=

(ii) cos (A B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

3. Formulae for product into sum or difference

(ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)

(iii)2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)

(iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

(v) sin C + sin D = 2 sin ( ) ( )

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

(vi) sin C – sin D = 2 cos( ) ( )

(vii) cos C + cos D = 2 cos ( ) ( )

(viii) cos C – cos D = 2 sin ( ) ( )

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

4. Trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles

(ii) cos 2 cos2 - sin2 = 2 cos2 - 1 = 1 -2 sin2

(iv) sin 3 = 3 sin - 4 sin3

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

(v) cos 3 = 4 cos3 - 3 cos

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

5. The greatest & least value of the expression [a

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

6. Some useful identities

(ii) sin sin (60 – sin (60 + ) = 1/4 sin 3

(iii) cos cos (60 – ) cos (60 + = 1/4 cos 3

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

7. Some important identities

(i) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sinA. sin B. sin C

(ii) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = -1-4 cos A. cos B. cos

(iii)tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A. tan B. tan C

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

Values of Trigonometric Ratios of some specific

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS/f=dks.kferh; lehdj.ksa

2. General solution of the equation cos = / lehdj.k

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

3. General solution of the equation tan = / lehdj.k

4. General solution of the equation sin = sin /

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

5. General solution of the equation cos = cos /

6. General solution of the equation tan = tan /

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

7. General solution of / lehdj.k

8. General solution of / lehdj.k

9. General solution of / lehdj.k

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTION/çfrykse

(i) sin-1 (sin

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

(ii) tan-1 x + cot-1 x = ,

(iii) sec-1 x + cosec-1 x =

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

(ii) cos-1 x = sec-1( ) and sec-1 x = cos-1 (1/x)

(iii) tan-1 x = cot-1( ) and cot-1 x = tan-1(1/x)

CADETS DEFENCE ACADEMY

2. Formulae for sum & difference of inverse

(i) tan-1x + tan-1 y = tan-1( ),

(ii) tan-1x + tan-1 y = + tan-1( ),