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Beam Analysis Using Singularity Function

Singularity is the point at which a given mathematical object is not

well defined or a point of an exceptional set where it fails to be well
behaved, says differentiability.
Singularity Function Consider the two examples:

𝑓 𝑥 = and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥

The function has singularity at 𝑥 = 0

A function is singular if either of these statements holds:

The function shown in the graph is a
 It is discontinuous and singularity function.

 It is derivatives are discontinuous  It is discontinuous function

The function shown in the

graph is not singularity That means there is a “breaks”
in the graph.
 It is continuous function
This type of function is called
That means no “breaks” in the
jump discontinuity function.
graph.
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The function shown in the graph is a singularity function.
 It is discontinuous function, i.e., there is a breaks in the graph
This type of function is called infinite as shown in (𝑎) and
removable discontinuity as shown in (𝑏).
The function shown in the graph is a singularity function.
 Even if the is continuous, the corners has undefined derivatives.
From Calculus, if the line has undefined derivatives, then it will
have undefined slope, and therefore it is discontinuous function.

Definition of Singularity Function Simply Supported Beam

The singularity function is defined as a discontinuous function or In case of simply supported beam carrying uniformly distributed
their derivatives are discontinuous. load, the shear and bending moment can be represented by a single
analytic equation.
A singularity is a point a which a function doesn’t possesses a
derivatives. 𝜔 𝑁 ⁄𝑚
Singularity function is discontinued from its singularity point. 𝜔 𝑁 ⁄𝑚
Singularity function is related to unit step function that used to
analyze transient response for an electrical circuit. 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
Singularity function can be used to write one bending moment
equation that applies in all interval along the beam length. 𝐿 𝐿
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 The beam carrying uniformly distributed load,  The beam carrying triangular loading,

𝜔𝐿 𝜔𝐿 𝜔𝑥
𝑉= − 𝜔𝑥 𝑉= −
2 6 2𝐿
𝜔𝐿𝑥 𝜔𝑥 𝜔𝐿𝑥 𝜔𝑥
𝑀 = − 𝑀 = −
2 2 6 6𝐿
The graph shows continuous function The graph shows continuous function

No breaks in the graph, hence no No breaks in the graph, hence no

singularity in during beam loading singularity in during beam loading

In case of simply supported beam carrying a point load, i.e.,  For a beam carrying a point load, for this case eccentric loading
eccentric loading, the shear force and bending moment equation
cannot be represented by a single analytic expression. 𝑊𝑏
, 0<𝑥<𝑎
𝑉= 𝐿
 Because the load 𝑊 at 𝐶 represents the singularity or 𝑊𝑎
discontinuity in the beam. − , 𝑎<𝑥<𝑏
𝐿
𝑊
𝑊𝑏
𝐴 𝐶 𝐵 𝑥, 0<𝑥<𝑎
𝑀 = 𝐿
𝑊𝑎
𝑏 𝐿−𝑥 𝑎<𝑥<𝑏
𝑎 𝐿
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The Common Used Singularity Function The unit function commonly used in control and networking theory.

𝑢(𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)
The unit step function 𝑢(𝑡) is defined as:

0 𝑡<0
𝑢 𝑡 =
1 𝑡>0
Region of discontinuity 𝑡<0 𝑡>0
𝑡<0
Region 𝑡=0
The 𝑢(𝑡) will have a value of zero when 𝑡 < 0 or negative 𝑡>0 Region Region
Region
𝑡 𝑡
The 𝑢(𝑡) will have a value of one when 𝑡 > 0 or positive

When 𝑡 = 0, a unit function will have the time between 0 and 1

Other type of unit step function include, reflection operation 𝑢 −𝑡 ,

Signum unit step function, is another type of unit step function,
i.e., reflected version of 𝑢(𝑡)
given as,
𝑢(𝑡)

1 𝑡>0
𝑡>0
𝑠𝑔𝑛 𝑡 = 0 𝑡=0
Region −1 𝑡<0
𝑡<0
Region

Signum function normally employed in communication and control

𝑡
theory (not used in network theory).
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The signum unit step function The shifted Unit Step Function
𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑡)
The shifted unit step function is applied to specified interval other
1 𝑡>0 than 𝑡 = 0
𝑠𝑔𝑛 𝑡 = 0 𝑡=0
−1 𝑡<0
It describe a unit time delay function, and represented as,
𝑡<0
𝑡>0
Region
Region
𝑡 0 if 𝑡<𝜏
𝑢 𝑡−𝜏 =
1 if 𝑡>𝜏

Example:
Draw a shifted function for the given function below:
𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑢 − 𝑡−𝜏 = 𝑢(𝜏 − 𝑡)
0 if 𝑡<𝜏
𝑓 𝑡 =𝑢 𝑡−3 =
1 if 𝑡>𝜏
𝑡<𝜏 𝑡<𝜏
𝑡>𝜏 𝑡>𝜏
Region Region
Region Region
𝑡 𝑡
𝜏 𝜏
𝑎 Shifted Unit Step Function 𝑏 Shifted and Reflected Unit Step Function
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Rectangular pulse function is a combination of a unit step function

and shifted step function of −1
The singularity function can be used to generate signal, i.e.,
rectangle pulse function of unit amplitude as shown in the figure. 1 if 𝑡<0 −𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜏)
𝑢 𝑡 =
− 1−𝜏 if 𝜏>0
𝑔(𝑡)
𝑔(𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)
1 if 𝑡<0
𝑢 𝑡 = 𝜏
− 1−𝜏 if 𝜏>0 𝑡

𝑡
𝜏 𝑡 𝑡
𝜏 𝜏
A rectangular pulse function A rectangular pulse function Signal used for synthesis of pulse signal

Ramp Function A unit function is a derivative of the ramp function.

A ramp function 𝑟(𝑡) is defined as, 𝑑

𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑟(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡>0
𝑟 𝑡 =
0 𝑡<0
𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1. 𝑑𝑡 = 1. 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡. 𝑢(𝑡)

The ramp function has zero value for 𝑡 < 0, and will increase
linearly when 𝑡 > 0 The ramp function signals are used in cathode-ray oscilloscope, as
the timing signal, and used in TV for horizontal and vertical
The ramp function is an integral of the unit step function scanning.
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𝑟(𝑡) 𝑟 − 𝑡−𝜏 =𝑟 𝜏−𝑡

Impulse Function
𝑟(−𝑡) 𝑟(𝑡 − 𝜏)
Impulse function are called Dirac delta function and denoted by
𝛿(𝑡)

 Employed in network, signal and control theory.

𝑡 𝜏 𝜏
(a) Ramp function (b) Reflected Ramp (c) Shifted Ramp (d) Reflected Ramp 𝛿(𝑡)
function function function

0
Impulse or Dirac delta function

The singularity function is defined by,

The unit-step function is an integral of the impulse function
𝑥−𝑎 𝑥≥𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 ≡< 𝑥 − 𝑎 > =
0 𝑥<𝑎
𝑢 𝑡 = 𝛿 𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡
In singularity function we adopted <> bracket, and these brackets
are replaced by ordinary parentheses () when x ≥ 𝑎 and zero when
Impulse function is a derivative of the unit step function 𝑥 < 0 or negative.

Where 𝑛 is an integer, i.e., positive or negative including zero.

𝑑
𝛿 𝑡 = 𝑢(𝑡) And 𝑎 is a constant equal to the value of 𝑥 at the initial boundary
𝑑𝑡
for a given specified interval along the beam.
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Basic Singularity Function Basic Singularity Function

 Doublet function  Impulse function

Equation <𝑥−𝑎 > Sketch Equation <𝑥−𝑎 > Sketch

Integral <𝑥−𝑎 > Integral <𝑥−𝑎 >

The doublet function represents a bending moment in a beam. The impulse function represents a concentrated force in a beam

Basic Singularity Function Basic Singularity Function

 Unit or step function  Ramp function

Equation <𝑥−𝑎 > Sketch Equation <𝑥−𝑎 > Sketch

Integral <𝑥−𝑎 > Integral <𝑥−𝑎 >

2
The step function represents a normal distributed load in the The ramp function represents a linearly distributed load
beam
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Basic Singularity Function Integration Rule for Singularity Function

 Parabolic function The integration rule for singularity functions are shown here below

Equation <𝑥−𝑎 > Sketch <𝑥−𝑎> 𝑛 = −2

<𝑥−𝑎 > 𝑛 = −1
< 𝑥 − 𝑎 > 𝑑𝑥 =
<𝑥−𝑎>
𝑛≥0
Integral <𝑥−𝑎 > 𝑛+1
3
The parabolic function represents a linearly distributed load The beam loading can be determined by the use of singularity
superposition function, as a load distribution function 𝑞(𝑥).

Basic Singularity Function Table Use a doublet distribution function to represent the applied moment
in the beam.

𝑞 𝑥 = 𝑀 <𝑥−𝑎 >
Once the distribution function is obtained, we can now integrate to
get shear force 𝑉(𝑥) and the bending moment 𝑀(𝑥).

𝑉 𝑥 =− 𝑞 𝑥 +𝐶

𝑀 𝑥 =− 𝑞(𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐶
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𝑀 𝑥 =− 𝑉(𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐶
Therefore, 𝐶 and 𝐶 , will always remains zero.

𝑉 𝑥 =− 𝑞 𝑥 +𝐶 Therefore, the general equation will be.

We use boundary condition to find the value of 𝐶 and 𝐶

𝑉 𝑥 =− 𝑞 𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝐿 Shear Force is ZERO
When 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝐿 Bending Moment is ZERO
Mathematically,
𝑀 𝑥 =− 𝑉(𝑥)
𝑉 0 =0 and 𝑉 𝐿 =0
𝑀 0 =0 and M 𝐿 =0

Shear Force and Internal Bending Moment Distribution  Concentrated Loading

(Impulse Function)
 Bending Moment
(Doublet Function) Distribution 𝑞(𝑥) = −𝑃 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 >
Distribution 𝑞(𝑥) =𝑀 <𝑥−𝑎 >
Shear, 𝑉 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑞 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =𝑃 <𝑥−𝑎 >
Shear, 𝑉 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑞 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑀 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 >

Moment, 𝑀 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑉 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑃 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 >

Moment, 𝑀 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑉 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑀 <𝑥−𝑎 >
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 Uniformly Distributed Loading  Triangular Loading

(Unit or Step Function) (Ramp Function)

Distribution 𝑞(𝑥) = −𝜔 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 > 𝜔

Distribution 𝑞(𝑥) =− <𝑥−𝑎>
𝑥−𝑎

Shear, 𝑉 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑞 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =𝜔 <𝑥−𝑎 > 𝜔

Shear, 𝑉 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑞 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = <𝑥−𝑎 >
2 𝑥−𝑎

𝜔 𝜔
Moment, 𝑀 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑉 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =− <𝑥−𝑎 > Moment, 𝑀 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑉 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =− <𝑥−𝑎 >
2 6 𝑥−𝑎

Shear Force and Internal Bending Moment Distribution Special Case: Inverse Ramp

X 𝐵

𝐴 𝑥
𝐿
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𝜔
The loading equation:
𝜔
𝑞 𝑥 = −𝜔 < 𝑥 − 𝑥 > + <𝑥−𝑥 >
𝑥−𝑥
X
Shear Force, 𝑉 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑞 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝑥 𝜔
𝑉 𝑥 =𝜔 <𝑥−𝑥 > − <𝑥−𝑥 >
2 𝑥−𝑥

Moment, M 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑉 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿
𝜔 𝜔
𝑉 𝑥 =− <𝑥−𝑥 > + <𝑥−𝑥 >
2 6 𝑥−𝑥

Examples: Examples:

Draw the graph that represents the following singularity function Using singularity function, the shear and Bending moment equation.
Draw the SFD and BMD
𝑦 = 200 < 𝑥 − 0 > 𝑦 200 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑦 =< 𝑥 − 4 > 150 𝑁

𝑦 =< 𝑥 − 3.5 > 𝐴 𝑥

𝑦 =< 𝑥 + 1 > −2 < 𝑥 − 1 > −2 < 𝑥 − 2 > −< 𝑥 − 4 > 4 𝑚𝑚 6 𝑚𝑚

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Using three equilibrium condition to solve for the reactions

The free body diagram.

200 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
150 𝑁
𝑀 𝐹 =0 𝐴 =0
𝐴 𝐴
𝐹 =0 𝐴 − 150 − 200 × 6 = 0 𝐴 = 1,350 𝑁
4 𝑚𝑚 6 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 𝑀 = 0 −𝑀 + 10 × 150 + 200 × 6 × 3 = 0 𝑀 = 5,100 𝑁𝑚𝑚

Take the reaction back into the FBD Normally, the last part of equation are always ignored, i.e., they remain
zero for all value of x

The loading equation, 𝑞(𝑥) The loading equation, 𝑞(𝑥)

𝑞 𝑥 = −150 < 𝑥 − 0 > −200 < 𝑥 − 4 > +1,350 < 𝑥 − 10 > +5,100 < 𝑥 − 10 > 𝑞 𝑥 = −150 < 𝑥 − 0 > −200 < 𝑥 − 4 >
Shear force, 𝑉 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑞 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Shear force, 𝑉 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑞 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑞 𝑥 = 150 < 𝑥 − 0 > +200 < 𝑥 − 4 > −1,350 < 𝑥 − 10 > −5,100 < 𝑥 − 10 >
𝑉 𝑥 = 150 < 𝑥 − 0 > +200 < 𝑥 − 4 >
Bending, M 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑉 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Bending, M 𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑉 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑀 𝑥 = −150 < 𝑥 − 0 > −100 < 𝑥 − 4 > +1,350 < 𝑥 − 10 > +5,100 < 𝑥 − 10 >
𝑀 𝑥 = −150 < 𝑥 − 0 > −100 < 𝑥 − 4 >
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Shear Force Diagram (BMD), By Part Bending Moment Diagram (BMD), By Part
2000
3000
0
2500 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-2000
−150 < 𝑥 − 0 >
2000 -4000
−100 < 𝑥 − 4 >
Net Curve -6000
1500
-8000 Net Curve
200 < 𝑥 − 4 >
1000 -10000

-12000
500
150 < 𝑥 − 0 >
-14000
0
-16000
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-500 -18000

Shear Force Diagram (BMD) Bending Moment Diagram (BMD)

3000 0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-2000
2500
-4000

2000 -6000
𝑉 𝑥 = 150 < 𝑥 − 0 > +200 < 𝑥 − 4 > -8000
1500
-10000
𝑀 𝑥 = −150 < 𝑥 − 0 > −100 < 𝑥 − 4 >
1000 -12000

-14000
500
-16000
0
-18000
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
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Class Exercise 01 Class Exercise 02

Use the two technique, i.e., sectioning and singularity, write the SF and Using singularity function, write the loading, shear and the bending
BM equation, and draw the SFD and BMD moment equation for the figure below.

Class Exercise 03 Class Exercise 04

Using singularity function, write the loading, shear and the bending Using singularity function, write the loading, shear and the bending
moment equation for the figure below. moment equation for the figure below. Find the shear and bending
moment value when 𝑥 = ⁄ and ⁄ from support 𝐴.
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Class Exercise 05 Class Exercise 06

Using singularity function, write the loading, shear and the bending Using singularity function, write the loading, shear and the bending
moment equation for the figure below. Find the shear and bending moment equation for the figure below. Find the maximum bending
moment value at 𝐶 and 𝐷, from support 𝐴. moment along the beam.