Module 3 Steel Beam With Web Opening PDF

Faculty Development Program Advanced Design of Steel Structures
Steel beam with web opening

Dr. K U Muthu
Principal,
Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore.
3.1 Castellated Beam
A beam with perforated web is called as a castellated beam. It is an open web beam but made up
of a single rolled web flange beam. It is made by flange cutting the beam section in a
predetermined pattern and rejoining the segments by welding to produce a regular pattern of
holes in the web.
Fig 3.1
3.2 Advantages of Castellated beams

 They are light, cheap and high resistance.
 The use of openings helps in providing utility lines through the beam.
 The depth of beam section is 50% deeper than the original section.
 25 to 30 % weight saving compared with standard sections.
 The section modulus increased by 2.25 times the section modulus of the original
beam section.
 Easy to assemble at the site
 The load carrying capacity of the beam increased considerably.
 Better aesthetic appearance.
Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 84

 The shear carrying capacity can be increased by stiffening the webs at the point of
concentrated loads and reaction.
 Less painting.
 High cost involved in cutting and fabrication
 High precision is to be maintained in cutting and fabrication.
3.3 Limitations of castellated beams
 Stress concentrations occurs near the perforations and the shear capacity gets
reduced.
 Also make the cuts in a zig zag way.
3.4 Applications
They are used as a structural member in multistoreyed buildings, commercial and industrial
building, ware house and portal frames.
3.5 Makings of castellated Beams
Fig 3.2

Fig 3.3
3.6 Guidelines of web openings and stiffeners

 Opening shapes in the web depend on the designers choices and the purpose of
opening
 Generally circular shapes, hexagon and sinusoidal shapes are preferred.
 Reduction in shear capacity is significant in the opening.
 To restore the strength reinforcement along with periphery of the openings could
be provided.
 Avoid having openings in the location of high shear.
 Openings should not be closely spaced.

3.7 Design guidelines
 The hole should be centrally placed in the web and eccentricity of the opening is avoided
 Web opening should be far away from the support at least twice the beam depth.D or
10% of span l which ever is greater
 The middle third of the span is best location

 Clear spacing between the openings should not be less than beam depth D
 The location where the shear force is the lowest is preferable.
 Diameter of circular opening is restricted to 0.5 times the beam depth
 For rectangular opening
 Depth of opening should not be more than 0.6 times the depth of beam
 Length of opening should not be more than 2 times the depth of beam
 Corners of rectangular opening should be rounded
 Point loads should be applied at greater than depth of beam from the side of adjacent
opening.
 If the above rules are followed :-
Additional deflection due to opening ≃ 3% of beams without openings.
Fig 3.4 Stiff Opening

Fig 3.5 Un- Stiffened Opening
Fig 3.6 Stiffening Arrangements
Thick webs
< 80 Beams
> 80 Plate girders

3.8 Basis of analysis
Fig 3.7
A conventional beam is shown in fig. The hole is located just above the neutral axis. the
hole can be reinforced or unreinforced. It is assumed that the web is thick web and not subjected
to local buckling. The plastic hinges near the four corners of hole in the web above and below
the openings.
Fig 3.8 Mode of Failure

3.8.1 Vierendeel mechanism: A continuous formation of plastic hinges at the ends of four tee
sections above and below opening under the combinations of bending moment , local axial force
and local shear force.
3.9 Force distribution and failure patterns
Consider a beam with rectangular opening. Let T1 is the force in the bottom web plate
and T2 is the force in the top web plate. Mtl is the small moments in the top portions of the
opening. Mbl is the moment at bottom portions of the openings. Mtl & Mbl are called Vierendeel
moments.
Considering the Free body diagram
Fig 3.9
Vt is the shear in the web plate above hole.
Vb is the shear in the web plate below the hole.
Equilibrium conditions
∑ V= 0; V = Vt + Vb ----------------(1)
∑M=0; M= Mtl+Mbl+ (T1 or T2 )h ---------(2)

At failure all elements are subjected to combined forces caused by axial force and shear force
from overall bending and load moments due to Virendeel action.
Bottom web is due to yield in tension. Top web is due to buckling.
The deformed shape is shown in Fig 3.10
Fig 3.10 Failure Pattern
3.9.1 Web instability of beam with thick webs.
How to determine the ultimate strength of castellated Beam?
Plastic analysis can be used provided the effective depth dte ≤ 10tε
Fig 3.11

Consider unstiffening girder,
Fig 3.12 Local Buckling of Unstiffened Web
Effective depth of web is calculated using
dte =
= Web depth above the opening
= Width of opening
k = Constant
k = 0.5 if web stresses at either end of the opening < 0.5
k = 1.0 if the openings in uniform compression over its length.
The above check is not required if opening length is less than four times the depth of T section
under compression.

3.9.2 Lateral Torsional Stability
It is required to check the safety of the beam against lateral torsional buckling. The effect
of the opening is incorporated by multiplying the St Venants torsion constant. J is to be
multiplied by
2
[ 1–( ( ≤ 1.0
3.10 Analysis of Beams with Perforated Webs
Fig 3.13 shows the beams with perforated thick webs. The size of the opening is ah × dh
Fig 3.13
The centre line of the opening is at a distance ‘ e ’ from the centre line of the beam. The strength
of the beam is represented by the following interaction diagram.

Fig 3.14 Interaction Diagram

MA = Maximum moment capacity
MB = Factored moment
VB = Shear capacity of the section
It is inferred from the above diagrams
 VB is constant upto MB
 When M > MB, shear capacity reduces because the compression due to moment and shear
makes the compression diagonal to buckle.
 When M= MB ; V= 0
 When MB < M< MA
( 2
+[ ]2 = 1.0 -------------------(1)
If the beam is to be safe;

Vf VB ------------------- (2)
Mf ≤ MA – [MA-MB] -----------(3)

3.10.1 Determination of MA , MB and VB
In case of unstiffened web openings
–
=
= [ + ]
- Length of the opening
- Total depth of opening
Af, Aw - Area of one flange and area of web respectively
e – Eccentricity of opening and is taken as positive whether the opening lies above or below
the centre line of the beam.

3.10.2 Reinforced Openings
If it is a reinforced opening then
Vf Vp ( 1- ) ------------------- (1)
Mf ≤ M p -----------------------------------(2)
Vf ≤ VB -----------------------------------(3)
Mf ≤ MA-[MA-MB] -----------(4)
Te above conditions are to be satisfied.
–
= for ≤ -----(5)
–
= for --------(6)
= -----------------------(7)
= 2√ 3 ( )[ ] [ 1- ] ---------------------(8)

3.11 Design of Castellated Beam
 The angle of cut is selected as . The design depth of stem at the minimum beam cross
section should not be less than ( 1 / 4 th ) depth of original beam.
 Maximum Bending moments are computed using the design loads from the roof.
 The following sectional properties are calculated viz Area, Depth of neutral axis and the
moment of inertia of the section about the neutral axis.
 The moment of resistance is calculated using the expression.
MR = A σ d
Where A = area of the T section at open throat

σ = permissible stress in steel.
d = distance between the centroid of the T section.
 The spacing of the castellated beam should not exceed the following
S=
Where S = c/c distance between the castellated beam in metres.
W = design load in N/m2
l = span of beam in metres.
 Stiffness are designed at the supports and below the concentrated loads.
 Check for Shear : -
The average shear at the supports is calculated from the following equations
= < 0.4 f y

Where V = Reaction at support
d ‘ = Depth of the stem at T section
t = Thickness of stem.
 Check for Combined loading :-
The maximum combined local bending stress and direct stress in T segments is worked
out and should be less than the permissible bending stress.
 Check for deflection : -
The deflection is calculated as the sum of deflection due to net load carrying capacity ( 1)
the deflection due to local effects ( 2)
1 =( )
2 = deflection due to local effects , due to shear and Virendeel moments
=( 1 + 2 )≤(

3.12 Design of Virendeel Girders
Fig 3.15
 It is analyzed as a plane frame.

 Dead load includes weight of purlin, weight of bracing, self weight of the girder.
 Live load can be taken as 0.75 kN/m2 as the access to roof is not provided as the roof is
flat, Wind load is not considered .
 Load is calculated at each nodes using intensities of load and span of the Virendeel
girder.
 The load is distributed on the top of the girder.
 Each Intermediate girder share the load from either side and hence it is subjected to
double the load than the end girder.
 The Virendeel Girder is symmetrical and hence analyze only one half of the frame.
 The moments at the nodes can be determined using the Moment distribution method or
using software.
 As the hand calculations of regular moment distributions are time consuming, we can use
modified stiffness for vertical members. The modified stiffness can be taken as ( 6EI / L).
 For example ; referring to the above configuration of Virendeel girder.

Stiffness k AA’ = = 1.0
Stiffness k AB =
Relative Stiffness of AB = = 0.6
∴ For all horizontal members relative stiffness = 0.6
For all vertical members relative stiffness = 1.0
 Distribution factors are calculated using modified stiffness of vertical members as

6EI/ l i.e., 6 × 1 = 6.0
d AA’ = = 0.91
d AB = = 0.09
 Sway moments are calculated for each panel and entered in the moment distribution
Table.
 It is to be noted that the carry over factor is – 1.0.
 After obtaining the end moments using moment distribution, the shear in the members are
calculated.
i.e., S AA’ =
S AB =
 Axial force is calculated for each member using the shear and panel loads.
 Design the top chord members and horizontal members will be designed for factored
moments, shear force and axial force.

Example 3.1
Design the top chord member of a Virendeel girder for the following data.
Factored moment = 35kN-m
Factored shear force = 30kN
Factored axial force = 150kN
Yield stress of steel = 240MPa
Ultimate stress of steel = 410MPa
Solution:
Initially we have to assume a trial section based on allowable stress.
Assuming an allowable compressive stress of 80-100N/mm2, area is fixed and select hollow
section from Table 3.1
Area required = =1875mm2
As the moment and shears are present, double this area and select a square hollow section.

Table 3.1
DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES OF SQUARE
HOLLOW SECTION IS 4923-1997
Designation Depth Thickness Weight Area of Moment Radius of Elastic Plastic

or t Section of Inertia Gyration Modulus Modulu
Widt s
h D
mm mm mm kg/m cm2 cm4 cm cm3 cm3
25.0x25.0x2.6 25.0 2.6 1.7 2.2 1.7 0.9 1.4 1.8
25.0x25.0x3.2 25.0 3.2 2.0 2.5 1.9 0.9 1.5 2.0
30.0x30.0x2.6 30.0 2.6 2.1 2.7 3.2 1.1 2.2 2.7
30.0x30.0x3.2 30.0 3.2 2.5 3.2 3.6 1.1 2.4 3.1
30.0x30.0x4.0 30.0 4.0 2.9 3.8 4.0 1.0 2.6 3.5
32.0x32.0x2.6 32.0 2.6 2.3 2.9 4.0 1.2 2.5 3.1
32.0x32.0x3.2 32.0 3.2 2.7 3.4 4.5 1.2 2.8 3.6
32.0x32.0x4.0 32.0 4.0 3.2 4.1 5.0 1.2 3.1 4.1
35.0x35.0x2.6 35.0 2.6 2.5 3.2 5.4 1.3 3.1 3.8
35.0x35.0x3.2 35.0 3.2 3.0 3.8 6.2 1.3 3.5 4.4
35.0x35.0x4.0 35.0 4.0 3.6 4.6 6.9 1.2 4.0 5.1
38.0x38.0x2.6 38.0 2.6 2.8 3.5 7.1 1.4 3.8 4.6
38.0x38.0x2.9 38.0 2.9 3.0 3.9 7.7 1.4 4.0 5.0
38.0x38.0x3.2 38.0 3.2 3.3 4.2 8.2 1.4 4.3 5.3
38.0x38.0x3.6 38.0 3.6 3.6 4.6 8.8 1.4 4.6 5.8
38.0x38.0x4.0 38.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 9.3 1.4 4.9 6.2
40.0x40.0x2.6 40.0 2.6 2.9 3.7 8.5 1.5 4.2 5.1
40.0x40.0x3.2 40.0 3.2 3.5 4.5 9.7 1.5 4.9 6.0
40.0x40.0x3.6 40.0 3.6 3.9 4.9 10.5 1.5 5.2 6.5
40.0x40.0x4.0 40.0 4.0 4.2 5.4 11.1 1.4 5.5 7.0
45.0x45.0x2.6 45.0 2.6 3.3 4.2 12.5 1.7 5.5 6.6
45.0x45.0x2.9 45.0 2.9 3.7 4.7 13.5 1.7 6.0 7.3
45.0x45.0x3.2 45.0 3.2 4.0 5.1 14.4 1.7 6.4 7.8
45.0x45.0x3.6 45.0 3.6 4.4 5.6 15.6 1.7 6.9 8.6
45.0x45.0x4.5 45.0 4.5 5.3 6.8 17.7 1.6 7.9 10.0
49.5x49.5x2.9 49.5 2.9 4.1 5.2 18.4 1.9 7.4 8.9
49.5x49.5x3.6 49.5 3.6 4.9 6.3 21.4 1.9 8.7 10.6
49.5x49.5x4.5 49.5 4.5 6.0 7.6 24.6 1.8 10.0 12.5
63.5x63.5x3.2 63.5 3.2 5.9 7.5 44.4 2.4 14.0 16.7
63.5x63.5x3.6 63.5 3.6 6.5 8.3 48.6 2.4 15.3 18.4
63.5x63.5x4.5 63.5 4.5 7.9 10.1 57.0 2.4 18.0 21.9
72.0x72.0x3.2 72.0 3.2 6.7 8.5 66.3 2.8 18.4 21.8
72.0x72.0x4.0 72.0 4.0 8.2 10.5 79.0 2.8 22.0 26.3
72.0x72.0x4.8 72.0 4.8 9.7 12.3 90.3 2.7 25.1 30.5
75.0x75.0x3.2 75.0 3.2 7.0 8.9 75.5 2.9 20.4 23.8
(Table Contd.)

(Table Contd.)
Depth Area Elasti

Thickn Momen Plastic
or Weigh of Radius of c
Designation ess t of Modulu
Widt t Sectio Gyration Modu
t Inertia s
h D n lus
mm mm mm kg/m cm2 cm4 cm cm3 cm3
75.0x75.0x4.0 75.0 4.0 8.6 11.0 90.2 2.9 24.1 28.8
75.0x75.0x3.4 75.0 3.4 10.3 13.1 104.8 2.8 28.0 33.9
88.9x88.9x3.6 88.9 3.6 9.4 12.0 142.8 3.5 32.1 37.9
88.9x88.9x4.5 88.9 4.5 11.5 14.7 171.0 3.4 38.5 45.9
88.9x88.9x4.9 88.9 4.9 12.4 15.9 182.6 3.4 41.1 49.2
91.5x91.5x3.6 91.5 3.6 9.7 12.3 156.5 3.6 34.2 40.2
91.5x91.5x4.5 91.5 4.5 11.9 15.1 187.6 3.5 41.0 48.8
91.5x91.5x5.4 91.5 5.4 14.0 17.9 215.7 3.5 47.1 56.8
100.0x100.0x4.0 100.0 4.0 11.7 15.0 226.4 3.9 45.3 53.3
100.0x100.0x5.0 100.0 5.0 14.4 18.4 271.1 3.8 54.2 64.6
100.0x100.0x6.0 100.0 6.0 17.0 21.6 311.5 3.8 62.3 75.1
113.5x113.5x4.5 113.5 4.5 15.0 19.1 372.9 4.4 65.7 77.3
113.5x113.5x4.8 113.5 4.8 15.9 20.3 393.3 4.0 69.3 81.8
113.5x113.5x5.4 113.5 5.4 17.7 22.6 432.6 4.4 76.2 90.6
113.5x113.5x6.0 113.5 6.0 19.5 24.9 479.8 4.4 82.8 99.0
125.0x125.0x4.5 125.0 4.5 16.6 21.2 505.8 4.9 80.9 94.8
125.0x125.0x5.0 125.0 5.0 18.3 23.8 552.6 4.9 88.4 104.1
125.0x125.0x6.0 125.5 6.0 21.7 27.6 640.9 4.8 102.5 121.9
132.0x132.0x4.8 132.0 4.8 18.7 23.8 634.4 5.2 96.1 112.7
132.0x132.0x5.4 132.0 5.4 20.9 26.6 700.1 5.1 106.1 125.0
132.0x132.0x6.0 132.0 6.0 23.0 29.3 763.0 5.1 115.6 137.0
150.0x150.0x5.0 150.0 5.0 22.3 28.4 982.2 5.9 131.0 153.0
150.0x150.0x6.0 150.0 6.0 26.4 33.6 1145.9 5.8 152.8 197.9
180.0x180.0x4.0 180.0 4.0 21.9 27.9 1434.0 7.2 159.0 184.0
180.0x180.0x5.0 180.0 5.0 27.2 34.6 1755.0 7.1 195.0 226.0
180.0x180.0x6.0 180.0 6.0 32.1 40.8 2036.0 7.1 226.0 280.0
180.0x180.0x8.0 180.0 8.0 42.5 54.1 26.3 7.0 293.0 346.0
Try a hollow square section of ISA 180 X 180 X 6 mm

A = 4083 mm2

Effective length factors

Assuming all the members have the same cross section, the effective flexural stiffnesses of
Chord members kc = = 0.5
Vertical members kv = = 0.83
At joint A, β1 = = = 0.376
At joint B, β2 = = = 0.546
Considering the frame as moment resistant and referring to fig 28, (P-123 of IS800) the effective
length factor is 1.40
k=
k=
k = 1.43
Effective length = k L = 1.43(2) =2.86m =2860mm
Effective slenderness ratio = = 40.51
(Radius of gyration for section 150X150X6 = 70.6)
For = 40.51 and fy = 240MPa, and from Table 9(a), (P 40, IS800:2007)
fcd =204.65N/mm2
Design compressive strength = Ac fcd = 4083 X = 835.6kN
Equivalent design compressive load = Peq = P +
Peq = 150 + = 538.9kN < 835.6kN OK
Hence the section is safe against member buckling resistance in compression.

Classification of the cross section
Ɛ= = = 1.02
= = 30 > 29.3 X 1.02 = 29.9
= = = 28 < 67.1 X 1.02 = 68.1
Hence the section is compact.

βb = 1.0
Table 3.2 Limiting Width to Thickness ratio
Compression element Plastic Compact Semi Compact
Flange:
Compression 29.3Ɛ 33.5Ɛ 42Ɛ
due to
For hot rolled bending
rectangular Web: Neutral
hollow axis at mid 67.1Ɛ 84Ɛ 125.9Ɛ
section(RHS) span
Generally
but ≤ 40Ɛ but ≤ 40Ɛ but ≤ 40Ɛ
Check for local capacity of section

V < 0.6Vd
V < 0.6( ) Av
V < 0.6( )( )
V < 0.6( )( ) X 10-3
V < 154.3kN
30 < 154.3 “It is low shear”

Check for combined loading

Check the strength for
+ ≤ 1.0
+ ≤ 1.0
Nd = = = 890.8kN
Mdz = βbZpz = 1.0X280X10-3X =61.1kN
= 0.74 < 1.0 OK
Check for buckling resistance in bending

As the purlins are provided at the nodes, the design bending strength is computed as
Mdz = βb Zpz fbd
Using Table 14 and Table 13(a), ‘fbd’ is computed.
= = 24.08
= = 30.0
From Table 14, fcrb = 4258.8N/mm2

From Table 13(a), αLT = 0.21
fbd = 218.2N/mm2
Design bending strength = βb Zpz fbd
= 1 X 280 X 103 X 218.2 X 10-6
= 61.1kN-m > 35kN-m OK
Check for overall buckling of member
Referring to Cl 9.3.2.2 in P 71, IS800:2007
+ 0.6ky + kz ≤ 1.0
+ kzCmz ≤ 1.0
+ Amplification factor X Equivalent factor X ≤ 1.0

Moment Amplification factor:- Kz

Referring P 71, IS800
kZ = 1+ (λz - 0.2) nZ ≤ 1+ 0.8 nZ
nZ = = = 0.18
λz =
fcr,z = = = 3404.2N/mm2
λz = = 0.266
kZ = 1+ (0.266 - 0.2) 0.18

kZ = 1.01≤ 1+0.8X0.18
= 1.01 ≤ 1.144
Equivalent Uniform moment factor :- ψ

Member is subjected to moments of same sign (opposite nature). Hence it bends in reverse
curvature. Thus ψ is negative
Refer Table 18, P 72, IS800
Cmz = 0.6+0.4 ψ ≥ 0.4
Take ψ = -0.9(using the moment distribution table)
Cmz = 0.6+0.4 X 0.9
Cmz = 0.24 ≥ 0.4
Hence Cmz is taken as
Cmz = 0.4
Substituting the value of kz and Cmz in the abouve equation;
+ 1.01X0.4X = 0.41 < 1.0

Example 3.2
Design the vertical member of a Vireendeel girder for the data.
Design Axial force = 40kN
Design shear force = 60kN
Design moment = 50kN-m
Use steel grade Yst = 310MPa
Solution:
Consider vertical member,
The effective flexural stiffness of vertical member;
β 1 = β2 = = = 0.453
Referring figure 28, P 123 of IS800:2007
The effective length factor
β β
k
β β
k = 1.412
Refer Table13 (a);

For fcr,b = 4283N/mm2; αLT = 0.21
fy = 310N/mm2
fbd = = 281.8N/mm2
Mdz = βb Zpz fbd = 1.0X179.88X103X281.8X10-6

Mdz = 50.69kN-m > 50kN-m OK

Check for overall buckling of member
+ kz ≤ 1.0
P = Factored axial compressive load = 40kN

Pdz = 903kN
λz =
fcr,z = = = 3426.95N/mm2
λz = = 0.3
nZ = = = 0.0443
Moment amplification factor

kz = 1+(0.3-0.2)(0.0443)
kz = 1.0044
The member is subjected to equal end moments with opposite sign (same nature) causing the
member in the single curvature. ψ is positive.
Cmz = 0.6+0.4 ψ ≥ 0.4
Taking ψ = 1.0;
Cmz = 0.6+0.4X1.0 =1.0 ≥ 0.4
+ 1.0044X1.0X ≃ 1.0 OK

Example 3.3
Design a castellated Beam for a clear span of 12m to support a uniformly distributed load
of 15 kN\m. Assume the angle of cut as 600. The beam is laterally restrained and assume
an allowable stress of 165 N\mm2.
Solution:
Live load / m =15 kN / m
Self weight of beam X 15 = 0.75 kN /m
∴ udl / m = 16 kN / m
Total load on the beam = 16 X 12 =192 kN
Assume an expansion ratio = 1.5 and
Welded length where A is the depth of hole of castellated beam
Select a trial section from the Table 3.3

Table 3.3
Table 9. Safe uniform total superimposed loads (metric tons) (with adequate lateral support for
compression flange)
expansion ratio = 1.50, welded length = A/4
SPAN CLB CMB CWB CJB CLB CMB CWB CLB SPAN
(Metres) 600 600 600 600 550 550 550 500 (Metres)
4.0 53.4 60.5 59.8 43.3 4.0
4.5 62.3 71.7 70.3 74.0 51.2 57.9 57.0 42.2 4.5
5.0 59.5 68.2 66.6 70.1 49.7 56.1 55.1 41.4 5.0
5.5 57.7 65.9 64.1 67.4 48.7 54.9 53.8 40.8 5.5
6.0 56.5 64.4 62.4 65.5 48.0 54.1 52.9 40.4 6.0
6.5 55.7 63.4 61.2 64.2 47.7 54.1 53.6 40.0 6.5
7.0 55.4 63.6 62.1 65.3 47.1 53.3 52.6 39.4 7.0
7.5 54.8 62.7 61.0 64.1 46.5 52.7 52.0 38.6 7.5
8.0 54.1 62.1 60.2 63.3 45.4 52.2 51.5 36.5 8.0
8.5 53.2 61.7 59.7 62.7 43.0 51.3 51.1 34.3 8.5
9.0 50.7 61.0 59.6 62.7 40.5 49.6 50.9 32.5 9.0
9.5 48.3 59.9 59.1 62.2 38.4 47.1 50.3 30.7 9.5
10.0 45.8 57.9 58.8 61.8 36.7 44.9 49.6 29.3 10.0
11.0 41.8 52.9 57.7 61.0 33.4 40.9 47.3 26.7 11.0
12.0 38.4 48.6 56.3 59.8 30.6 37.6 43.4 24.5 12.0
13.0 35.5 44.9 52.1 56.7 28.3 34.7 40.1 22.6 13.0
14.0 32.9 41.7 48.4 52.7 26.3 32.2 37.2 21.0 14.0
15 30.8 39 45.2 49.3 24.5 30.1 34.8 19.6 15
16.0 28.9 36.5 42.5 46.3 23.1 28.3 32.7 18.4 16.0
17.0 27.2 34.5 40.0 43.6 21.7 26.6 30.8 17.3 17.0
18.0 25.7 32.6 37.8 41.2 20.5 25.2 29.1 16.4 18.0
19.0 24.3 30.9 35.8 39.0 19.4 23.8 27.5 15.5 19.0
20.0 23.2 29.4 34.1 37.1 18.5 22.7 26.2 14.7 20.0
21.0 22.1 28 32.4 35.4 17.6 21.6 24.9 21.0
22.0 21.0 26.7 31.0 33.8 16.8 20.6 23.8 22.0
23.0 20.1 25.5 29.6 32.3 23.0
24.0 19.3 24.5 28.4 31.0 24.0
(Contd.)
1. Loads above the full line can be allowed provided the webs
Note:- are strengthened suitably for shear.
2. In case of loads below the dotted line, the deflection
exceeds the limit of l/325 of the span.

SPAN CMB CWB CLB CMB CWB CLB CMB CWB SPAN
(Metres) 500 500 450 450 450 400 400 400 (Metres)
3.0 32.6 35.2 35.9 3.0
3.5 36.4 39.0 39.7 29.6 32.0 32.4 3.5
4.0 47.9 48.7 35.6 38.2 38.9 29.2 31.6 32.0 4.0
4.5 46.6 47.3 35.0 37.5 38.2 28.8 31.1 31.6 4.5
5.0 45.7 46.3 34.5 37.0 37.7 28.4 30.7 31.2 5.0
5.5 45.0 45.6 34.1 36.5 37.3 28.1 30.3 30.9 5.5
6.0 44.5 45.1 33.7 36.2 36.9 27.7 29.9 30.5 6.0
6.5 44.2 44.7 33.2 35.9 36.6 27.2 29.3 30.2 6.5
7.0 43.7 44.7 32.6 35.2 36.3 26.1 27.8 29.7 7.0
7.5 43.2 44.2 30.8 34.1 35.9 24.3 25.9 29.3 7.5
8.0 42.4 43.8 29.0 32.1 35.4 22.9 24.4 27.7 8.0
8.5 40.3 43.3 27.3 30.2 34.8 21.5 23.0 26.3 8.5
9.0 38.2 42.7 25.9 28.6 33.0 20.4 21.7 24.9 9.0
9.5 36.2 41.9 24.4 27.1 31.3 19.3 20.6 23.6 9.5
10.0 34.5 39.9 23.3 25.8 29.8 18.3 19.6 22.4 10.0
11.0 31.4 36.4 21.2 23.5 27.1 16.7 17.8 20.4 11.0
12.0 28.8 33.4 19.5 21.6 24.9 15.3 16.4 18.7 12.0
13.0 26.6 30.8 18.0 20.0 23.0 14.2 15.1 17.3 13.0
14.0 24.7 28.6 16.7 18.5 21.4 14.2 13.1 16.1 14.0
15.0 23.1 26.7 15.6 17.3 20.0 12.3 13.1 15.0 15.0
16.0 21.7 25.1 14.6 16.2 18.7 11.5 12.3 14.1 16.0
17.0 20.4 23.6 13.8 15.3 17.6 17.0
18.0 19.3 22.3 13.0 14.4 16.6 18.0
19.0 18.3 21.1 19.0
20.0 17.4 20.1 20.0
(Contd.)
ISMB 500 which has a capacity of 288 kN
Self weight of beam ISMB 500 = 0.852 kN / m
∴ Total load = (25 + 0.852) 12 = 190.22 kN
Assuming 100 mm above and below the hole,
A= Depth of hole = 500-100-1000 = 300 mm
Welded length = = = 75 mm
With 600 angle cut the projected length of the sloping portion of the hole (m) ;

tan 60 =
= 86.6 mm say 90 mm
c\c spacing of holes
= 90 + 75 + 90 + + = 355 mm
Fig 3.16
Property of T section at open throat
Area of flange = 180 x 17.2 = 3096 mm2
Area of web = (100 – 17.2) 10.2 = 844.6 mm2
Total area = 3940.6 mm2
Fig 3.17

ӯ= =
ӯ = 80.68 mm
Fig 3.18
INA = 10.2 x + 10 x 82.8 x (82.8 – 80.68)2 + 180 x + 180 x 17.2 x ( 19.32 –

)2
INA = 4.925 (10)5 + 3312 + 76.327 (10)3 + 3.557 (10)5 = 9.18 (10)5 mm4
Zt = = 47.52 x 103 mm3
Zb = = 11.38 x 103 mm3
Inet = 2 x 9.18 (10)5 + 2 x 3940.6 x (250-19.32)2
Inet = 421.22 (10)6 mm4
Net section modulus with respect to top = = 1.68 (10)6 mm3
Net section modulus with respect to bottom = = 2.81 x 106 mm3

Isolid section = 421.22 (10)6 + 10.2 x = 444.17 (10)6 mm4
Z= = 1.78 (10)6 mm3
Maximum end shear = = 95.11 kN
Maximum BM at centre = 190.22 x = 285.33 kN m
Bending stress = = 160.3 N / mm2 < 165 N / mm2
Average shear stress = = 31 N / mm2 < 100 N / mm2 OK
Horizontal shear at the section = Shear at the support A
= 95.11 x
= 89.13 kN
Fig 3.19
Assuming that the normal force to pass through the centroid of the compound section as
above for a single panel
ӯ=
a1 = ( ) 150 (255 + 75) = 24750 mm2

a2 = 355 x 100 = 35500 mm2
y2 = 150 + = 200 mm
y1 = ( = 88.64 mm
ӯ=
ӯ = 154.3 mm
154.3 x VH = 89.13 x -(
VH = 96.06
Shear stress = = 57 N / mm2 < 100 N / mm2 OK
Location 1
Fig 3.20
Location a1
The support distance for the first hole be 0.5 m;
Shear at a1 = 95.11 x ( )
= 85.75 kN

Moment at a1 =285.33 (1- )
= 53.36 kNm
Shear at b1 = 95.11 x = 84.96 kN
Moment at b1 = 285.33 (1- ) = 57.62 kNm
Combined stress at a1 = +
= +
= 160.3 N / mm2
Where
Z = section modulus of gross section
e = weld length between the holes
Sf = section modulus of flange of T section
Combined stress at b1
= +
= 67.82 N / mm2
Deflection check
Iavg = 106
Iavg = 432.7 (10)6 mm4
δb = x x
δb = 49.46 mm

δshear = Vavg x p x
Vavg = = 47.56 kN
P = number of perforabris in half span = 10
m = 90
e = 75
It = moment of inertia of T section = 9.18 x 105mm4
δshear = 47.56 x 10 x
= 1.78 x 10-5 mm
δ = 49.46 mm ≮ 36.92 mm
As the deflection check is not satisfied, try ISMB 600.

Module 3 Steel Beam With Web Opening PDF

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Faculty Development Program Advanced Design of Steel Structures

Steel beam with web opening

3.1 Castellated Beam

3.2 Advantages of Castellated beams

Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 84

3.3 Limitations of castellated beams

3.5 Makings of castellated Beams

Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 85

3.6 Guidelines of web openings and stiffeners

Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 86

3.7 Design guidelines

 The middle third of the span is best location

Fig 3.4 Stiff Opening

Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 87

Fig 3.5 Un- Stiffened Opening

Fig 3.6 Stiffening Arrangements

> 80 Plate girders

Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 88

3.8 Basis of analysis

Fig 3.8 Mode of Failure

Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 89

3.9 Force distribution and failure patterns

Considering the Free body diagram

Vb is the shear in the web plate below the hole.

∑M=0; M= Mtl+Mbl+ (T1 or T2 )h ---------(2)

Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 90

Bottom web is due to yield in tension. Top web is due to buckling.

The deformed shape is shown in Fig 3.10

Fig 3.10 Failure Pattern

3.9.1 Web instability of beam with thick webs.

How to determine the ultimate strength of castellated Beam?

Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 91

Consider unstiffening girder,

Fig 3.12 Local Buckling of Unstiffened Web

Effective depth of web is calculated using

= Web depth above the opening

k = 0.5 if web stresses at either end of the opening < 0.5

k = 1.0 if the openings in uniform compression over its length.

Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 92

3.9.2 Lateral Torsional Stability

3.10 Analysis of Beams with Perforated Webs

Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 93

Fig 3.14 Interaction Diagram

VB = Shear capacity of the section

It is inferred from the above diagrams

If the beam is to be safe;

Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 94

3.10.1 Determination of MA , MB and VB

In case of unstiffened web openings

- Length of the opening

- Total depth of opening

Af, Aw - Area of one flange and area of web respectively

Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 95

3.10.2 Reinforced Openings

If it is a reinforced opening then

Te above conditions are to be satisfied.

Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore Page 96

3.11 Design of Castellated Beam

moment of inertia of the section about the neutral axis.

 The moment of resistance is calculated using the expression.

Where A = area of the T section at open throat

Where S = c/c distance between the castellated beam in metres.

W = design load in N/m2