CHAPTER 2

FLUID STATICS

➢ PRESSURE AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

➢ HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE SURFACES

➢ HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVED SURFACES

➢ EQUILIBRIUM OF ACCELERATING FLUIDS

➢ FORCES ON SUBMERGED BODIES

 PRESSURE AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Because our interest is in fluids at rest, let us determine

the pressure at a point in a fluid at rest

Consider a wedge-shaped particle exposed on all sides to

a fluid as illustrated in Figure
 Example
A cup of coffee is 7 cm in diameter and filled to a depth of 8 cm with coffee
(assume properties are the same as for water).

Calculate the pressure difference between the surface of the coffee and the
bottom of the cup.
It is important to be able to measure atmospheric pressure because it
relates gauge pressure to absolute pressure.

One technique is to use a barometer

The equation is recognized as the hydrostatic equation.

By experiment, it is known that when the barometer liquid is mercury

(s=13.6), z=760 mm. Atmospheric pressure is then calculated as
The analysis of the barometer shows that vertical columns of liquid can be
used to measure pressure.

One device used to effect this measurement is the manometer

 Example
The figure below shows a portion of a pipeline that conveys
benzene. A gauge attached to the line reads 150 kPa.
It is desired to check the gauge reading with a benzene-
over-mercury U-tube manometer.
Determine the expected reading ∆h on the manometer.
ρBenzene = 876kg/m3, ρMercury = 13000kg/m3
∆h=1.13m
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE
SURFACES
● Consider avertical surface that is in contact with liquid
on one side(see the figure)

Application of hydrostatic equation to each point of the

wall and its pressure variation and distribution will be a
triangular – “pressure prism”
 H/W
A plywood sheet 2 x 4m is used as a form for poured concrete (Figure). The
sheet is hinged at the top, and a stop is nailed down at the floor. The concrete
is poured to a depth of 1.5m. Assume that the specific gravity of concrete is
2.4.
a. Sketch the pressure prism.
b. Calculate the magnitude and location of the resultant force.
c. Find the force exerted on the stop while the concrete is still in liquid form.
 H/W
Hint:
• In finding Rf, First find zc, A, and Ѳ
• In finding zr, first find Ixxc
• In finding Force of the stop, find the moments to the hinge

Mind that the concrete is not poured till the top

 H/W
The gas tank of an automobile is sketched in a profile view in Figure. The
lower edge of a semicircular plug is located 1 cm from the tank floor. The tank
is filled to a height of 20 cm with gasoline and pressurized to 130 kPa.
Calculate the force exerted on the semicircular plug. Assume that gasoline
properties are the same as those for octane. (Ans = 18.8N). Octane density
=701kg/m3
 HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED
CURVED SURFACES
● Example of the hull of a floating ship or sides of a
drinking glass or funnel

• We need to develop equations for these cases

 HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED
CURVED SURFACES
● Examining element of area dA. Acting force is pdA

• We need to resolve into vertical and horizontal

components
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED
CURVED SURFACES
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED
CURVED SURFACES
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED
CURVED SURFACES
 HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED
CURVED SURFACES
Example
A concrete culvert that contains water is 2.0m in diameter.
Determine the forces exerted on the portion labeled A-B in figure if
the culvert is filled halfway. Determine also the location of the
forces. Culvert length(into the paper) from joint to joint is 2.5m
 HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED
CURVED SURFACES
Hint
Find Rh by finding Av, zc
Find zr by finding Ixxc
Find Rv by finding volume
Find xr