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CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

2.1. Meaning of Sentence

Sentences can be understood as the smallest language that can be used for
convey ideas or thoughts. The expert said that a sentence is a unit of language that
relatively stands alone, has a final intonation and actually and potentially consists of
clauses. A clause is a linguistic unit which is a group of words which at least consist
of a subject and a predicate.
Sentences in spoken form are pronounced in a rising and falling voice, loud and

soft, interrupted by pauses, and ending with a final intonation. In written form,

sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a period (.), a question mark (?), or an

exclamation point (!).

From the description above, it can be concluded that a sentence is a series of words
that are systematically arranged according to the rules that apply to express ideas,
thoughts, or feelings that are relatively complete.

2.2. Sentence Elements

1. Subject
The subject is an element that needs to be explained by answering the question

who or what the element being explained is.

There are several ways that can be used to determine the existence of the subject of
a sentence. a. Using the question, who or what Examples:
1)Mia are sleeping
By applying the formula above, the question ' Who sleeps? ' The answer of
course is Mia. The subject of the sentence above is Mia.
2) The restaurant sells seafood
By applying the question formula above, the question,
'What does the store Restaurant sell?'and the answer is 'Seafood'. So it's obvious
that that's the subject of the sentence.

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 b. Finding the characteristic of its certainty, namely certainty (definiteness).Form

Uncertain language must be made definite or definite in a way add the words 'that'
or 'this' or 'those'.

For example:

This web can provide clarity for that

the subject of the sentence is 'Web'.
c. If a passive sentence is found, then the part that begins with the word

'that' is the subject of the sentence. For example:

After doing various experiments I was able to make that thing.
So the subject of the sentence above is “doing various experiments”.
d. Another marker that can be used is the presence of a 'those' delimiter.
For example:
People who commit crimes will be caught by the police.

So the subject of the sentence above is ' People who commit crimes '.
e. Not preceded by a preposition, such as from, in, in, to, to, on.

2. Predictions
The predicate is an element that explains the state or behavior of the subject by
answering the question why or how. Predictions can consist of verbs (verbs) and
adjectives (adjectives). The use of the predicate usually comes after the subject, because
the predicate describes the state of the subject.
There are several ways that can be used to determine the existence of a predicate.
1. Identify predicates with question formulas, for example:

Siska late from the math class.

Which is the predicate in the sentence above is 'late' because it's based identify
the question formula that is "How" and "why”.
2. Search for the word 'is' and 'is' inside it. Usually the word is used as a predicate in
nominal sentences. Nominal sentence is a sentence whose predicate is not a verb
or verb. For example:
The total number of victims from the tsunami disaster is 300
people. So the word 'is' serves as the predicate to the word.

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 3. Identify the sentence predicate by negating it. The predicate is verbs and

adjectives are emphasized by the word 'no', whereas if the predicate noun
sentences, the emphasis uses the word 'no'. For example:

a. The store is not provide any more discounts for Christmas.

b. He is not a new student in the class.

4. Verbs and adjectives that become predicates can be started with aspect and

modality clues such as 'have, have, haven't, are, would, would like, want to, would
like'.
For example:

1) The students are having a ceremony.

2) They have complete arsenal.

3. Objects

The object is a sentence element that must exist in a verbal sentence (active
sentence) whose predicate consists of a transitive verb. Transitive verbs are verbs
which requires the presence of an object, usually prefixed 'me-'. form of the verb
which prefix 'ber-' and affix 'ke-an' usually do not require an object. Sentence object
will not be present in the sentence if:

a. There are no passive sentences.

b. This sentence is a sentence with a transitive active verb.

The characteristics of the object, as follows:

1. The object is directly behind the predicate Example:

a) John carved a statue.
b) Jaret cooks fried rice.
2. An object can become a subject in a passive sentence, marked by a change in

the object element in an active sentence to become a subject in a passive

sentence accompanied by a change in the form of the predicate verb. The

predicate begins with in-

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 Example:

a) The statue was sculpted by Gunawan

b) Books stolen by thieves

3. The linguistic form cannot be preceded by a preposition or preposition.

Example:
a) Jeje compiled a report.
b) Fika edits photos.

4. Complementary

A complement is a sentence element that must exist in an intransitive verbal

sentence, which requires elements that complement it.

Complementary features:

a. Located behind the predicate, usually other elements can be inserted, namely objects.
Example:
1)Niken bought me a new book.
2)Andi sells newspapers.
b. Not preceded by a preposition
Complements and objects have in common, as follows:
1) It is mandatory because it completes the verb in the sentence.
2) Not preceded by a preposition.

3) It is behind the predicate.

In this regard, it can be developed as follows:

1. Andi sells newspapers.
2. Andi sells newspapers.

We can see the difference between complements and objects in sentences. In

sentence one (1) the form of the newspaper is a complement. This linguistic form

complements verbs which are characterized as active intransitive. On the other hand, in

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 sentence two (2) the form of the newspaper is the object of the sentence, because the

verb in the sentence is transitive. So it can be concluded that the linguistic form is a

complement which is marked by a verb that precedes it with a prefix'be-', otherwise the

affixed form'the'like'lost',

'arrival', 'entry', 'robbery',also followed by a complement.

The difference between a complement and an object lies in the passive voice. The

complement is not the subject in the passive voice. If there are objects and complements

in the passive sentence, the object becomes the passive sentence, not the complement.

5. Remarks
Adverb is a sentence element that functions to explain the predicate. In a sentence the

position of this adverb element can be moved around, usually found at the beginning, in

the middle, or at the end of the sentence. Information elements are not required to be

present, so information can be referred to as external or peripheral elements. Its function

is to add information to the sentence.

Based on this, it can be seen that the characteristics of the information are as
follows:
1. Not bound by position, meaning that information is arbitrary in nature, usually found
anywhere. Adverb positions tend to be more free and unrestricted.
2. Information begins with a preposition or preposition, in contrast to other elements
such as subject, predicate and object which cannot begin with a preposition.
Adverbs are distinguished based on their role in a sentence, the following are the
types of adverbs:
a. Adverb of time, is an adverb in the form of words, phrases, or clauses that express

time. Descriptions in the form of words, such as,yesterday, tomorrow, today, the day

after tomorrow, today, noon,andnight.While adverbs of time are in the form of

phrases such as, yesterday morning, monday,

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 January 14thandnext week.Adverbs of time in the form of clauses marked by
conjunctions such as,after, after, before, while, while, while,and when. Example:
1)An earthquake shook the city of Padang in the afternoon.
2)An earthquake shook the city of Padang on September 30, 2009.
3)The earthquake still causes deep scars even 8 years after the incident occurred.
b. Adverb of place, in the form of a phrase that states a place marked by a preposition,
such asat, on,andin. Example: 1)Minda lives in that slum
settlement.
2)Father called Angga who was still locked himself in his room.
c. Adverbs of manner can be in the form of repeated phrases or clauses that state ways.
Adverbs of manner in the form of phrases are marked with wordswithorin a
manner . Adverbs of words in the form of clauses are marked by wordswithandin.
Adverbs of manner in the form of repeated words are adjective repetitions.
Example: 1)The thief ran fast.
2)Mutiara left the house quietly.
d. Causal information in the form of a phrase or clause that states the cause. Like
because . Example:

1)Atika cries because she fell off the bicycle

2)The hilly land became landslide due to illegal logging
e. Description of purpose, namely adding the word information purpose to the sentence,
such as for, soandso that. Example:
1)Andri studied all night in order to get to the next grade.
2)Atika waters the flowers so that they grow.
f. Appositional adverbs, in the form of giving explanations of nouns, for example
subjects or objects. Appositional adverbs can replace the explained elements.
This description is enclosed in a comma, dash (-) or minus sign. Examples: 1)My
lecturer, Ms. Erwin, was selected as a model lecturer.
g. Additional information, in the form of giving an explanation of the noun (subject or
object). Additional information is different from an apposition, this statement cannot
replace the elements explained. Additional information in italics.
Example:

1) Siska,fifth grade student, got a scholarship.

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 h. Delimiter statement, in the form of providing a noun delimiter. For example subject,
predicate, object, adverb or complement. Example:
1)Students who have GPA more than three get a scholarship.

2.3. Sentence Basic Patterns

1. SPOC
This sentence has the elements of subject, predicate, object and adverb. For

example:

a. Diana read a book in the room.

S P O K

b. Students clean up trash outside the classroom.

c. Father bought porridge for Caca.

2. SPOPel
This sentence has the elements of subject, predicate, object, and complement.

For example:

a. Sinta throws away books that are not used.

S P O Mop

b. I eat cold rice.

c. Diana sent me a letter.
3. SPO
This sentence has a subject, predicate and object. For example:
a. Rara cooks rendang.
S P O

b. Kikan baked bread.

4. SPpel
This sentence has a subject, predicate, and complement. For example:

a. He plays the piano.

S P Mop
b. Anton raises cows.
c. Dini lost her wallet.
5. SPK
This sentence has a subject, predicate and adverb. For example:
a. I go to masjid.
S P K

b. Rizki is from Malang.

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 c. Brother drink with a glass.

6. SP (verb)
This sentence has a subject and a predicate. The predicate is in the form of a verb.
For example :

a. He Cooking.
S P
b. Jamal drink milk.
c. Mifta is sleepy.
7. SP (noun)
This sentence has a subject and a predicate. The predicate is a noun (noun).
For example:
a. They're a couple.
S P
b. I am a student.
c. Mrs. Eko is a husband.

8. SP (adjective)
This sentence has a subject and a predicate. The predicate is an adjective

(adjective). For example:

a. They are smart.

S P

b. I am lazy.

2.4 . Concept maps

subject

Predicate

object
Elements
Sentence
Complementary
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Information
 SPOK

Sentence SPOPel
Effective

SPO

SPpel

SPK

Archetype SP (verb )
Sentence

SP
(nominated )

SP
(adjective )