PAPER

“SENTENCES”

Submitted as an Individual Task

“Syntax”

Arranged by :

Name : Andi Rahmi Utami

Nim :1952044009
Class : SL 2019

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MAKASSAR

2020
 PREFACE

Praise God Almighty, for the presence of plenty of mercy and his grace, so that the
writer can complete this paper. In arranging this paper, many of people have provided
motivation, advice and support to the writer.

This paper is titled “Sentences”. The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfil the
assignment that given by Sir Abdullah as a lecturer in syntax course.

In arranging this paper, the writer really encountered challenges and obstacles but
with the help of many people, the challenges and obstacles could pass. The writer also
realizes there are still many mistakes in process of writing this paper. Critics and suggestions
are needed here to make this paper be better.

Hopefully we as students in English Education Study Program can increasingly

understand about sentence and the writer hopes it can be useful for us. Thank you.

Makassar, 27 November 2020

The writer

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover ....................................................................................................................................... i

Preface...................................................................................................................................... ii

Table of Content....................................................................................................................... iii

Chapter I : Introduction
A. Background ............................................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................ 1
C. The Objectives .......................................................................................... 1

Chapter II : Discussion
A. The Definition of Sentence ....................................................................... 2
B. The Types of Sentences ............................................................................ 2

Chapter III : Final

A. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 7
B. Suggestion ................................................................................................ 7

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 8
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background

In use, English is the international language used by all nations in the world. When
someone has the ability to understand English, it will be very helpful in at least the context
of the language when abroad or in any country. Even in the world of work, someone is
required to have an understanding of English, even in a context that is not too deep.

In understanding English, of course, there is a connection with sentences. This

relationship certainly refers to the types of sentences and how they are used. Its use must be
in accordance with applicable rules and procedures. Therefore, we will discuss about
sentences and their types.

B. Problem Formulation

There are some problem formulations of the writing of this paper. The problem
formulation can be explained as follows:

1. What is sentence?

2. What are the types of sentences?

C. The Objectives

There are some objectives of the writing of this paper. The purpose of this paper can
be explained as follows:

1. Expand the knowledge of students about the definition of sentence.

2. Provide understanding to students what are included into the types of sentences.

1
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. The Definition of Sentence

A sentence is a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a
capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark. Most sentences
contain a subject and a verb (Hanks, 2006). There are several definitions of sentence,
which are below.
1. A sentence consists of one or more clauses, and usually has at least one subject and
verb.
2. A sentence is a group of words having a subject and a finite verb and expressing a
complete thought.
According to Oxford Dictionary, a sentence is a set of words that is complete in
itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question,
exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more
subordinate clauses. Here are some examples of sentence.

Fire burns.
His courage won him honor.
The moon was bright and we could see our way
They rested when evening came.

B. The Types of Sentences

1. Complete and Incomplete Sentence

A complete sentence is a group of words that tells a complete idea. A complete

sentence requires a subject and a verb. It’s possible to have a complete sentence that’s
just two words long, like this one: I am.

For example : the dog ate a bone.

 the dog is subject

 ate is verb

 a bone is object
 A sentence fragment (also known as an incomplete sentence) is a sentence
that’s missing a subject, a verb, or both. Here’s an example of a sentence
fragment: stand up! and other command sentences.

2. Based on Response

a. Command Sentence

To make a command sentence we can use the word "command, order,

tell, ask, must, and shall". The command sentence is a form of an expression to
ask, order or get something that someone has done or will do. Here are three
examples of command sentence.

1) Throw away the trash!

2) Please sweep this floor!

3) Go to your class now!

b. Imperative Sentence

Imperative sentence is a sentence of request, forbiddance, and command.

Here are three examples of imperative sentence.

1) be quiet!

2) let’s go!

3) don’t do that!

c. Interrogative Sentence

Interrogative sentences come in the form of a question, which means

it typically ends with a question mark. Here are two examples of
interrogative sentence.

1) Can you repeat your question?

2) Can you come to the store with me?

3. Based on Action

a. Active Sentence

Active sentences are sentences where the subject performs the action. A
complete sentence includes both a subject and a verb. In active sentences, the
 subject is who/what is completing the action of the verb. Here are two examples
of active sentence.

1) Janet watches television.

 Janet is subject

 watches is verb

2) The  children  played outside on the playground.

 the children is subject

 played is verb

b. Passive Sentence

In a passive sentence, the subject is the one receiving the action. When

forming a passive sentence, the writer places who/what is receiving the action in
the subject’s spot of the sentence. Here are two examples of passive sentence.

1) Restaurants are cleaned by the busboys.

 restaurants is subject receiving action
 are cleaned is passive verb
 busboys is completing action

2) Essays are written by me.

 Essays is subject
 are written is passive verb
 me is completing action

4. Based on Presence

a. Affirmative Sentence
Affirmative sentences are often called positive sentences. This sentence
is usually an affirmative statement. Here are four examples of affirmative
sentence.

1) I miss you so much.

2) They are working right now.

3) You did do a great job

4) You should go with us

 b. Negative Sentence

Negative sentences are sentences that contain negative meanings. This

sentence is indicated by the addition of the word 'NOT' to the verb. The following
are examples of negative sentences.

1) I do not miss you so much

2) They are not working right now

3) You should not go with us

5. Based on Number of Clause

a. Simple Sentence

A simple sentence is a sentence that has only one subject and one finite
verb, and doesn’t depend on any other sentences to express a complete thought. A
simple sentence is that consists of just one independent clause.

For example : the boy played badminton.

 the boy is subject

 played is finite verb

 badminton is object

b. Complex Sentence

The sentence in which only one principal clause and one or more than
one subordinate clauses are joined by subordinating conjunctions like if, though,
although, as, since, so that, that, because, until, till, unless, when, where, why,
who, which, before, how, whether, while, after, than, lest, what, whom, whose etc.
is called a complex sentence.

Complex sentence is that contains two or more independent clause. An

independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. The following elements must be
there:

1) Two or more subjects + two or more finite or principal verbs.

2) One principal clause + one or more subordinate clauses.

3) One of the subordinating conjunctions stated before.

 For example : I would come earlier if you told me before.

 I would come earlier is principal clause

 you told me before is subordinate clause

 if is subordinate conjunction

c. Compound Sentence

A compound sentence is one that contains two or more independent

clauses or coordinating clauses joined together by coordinating conjunctions like
and, but, or, yet, therefore, as well as, etc. The following elements must be there:

1) Two or more subjects + two or more finite or principal verbs

2) Two main clauses

3) One of the coordinating conjunctions stated before.

For example : the sun rose, and the fog dispersed.

 the sun rose is main clause

 the fog dispersed is another main clause

 and is coordinating conjunction

d. Complex and Compound Sentence

A Compound-complex sentence is a type of sentence which is a

combination of a compound sentence and a complex sentence. This type of
sentence has three or more clauses in which there are at least two independent
clauses and a dependent clause.

For example: I can start a conversation that makes people interested, but it’s
hard to keep it going because I often run out of things to say.
 I can start a conversation and it’s hard to keep it going are independent
clause
 that makes people interested is dependent clause (adjective clause)
 because I often run out of things to say is dependent clause (adverbial clause)
 because is subordinate conjunction.
 CHAPTER III
FINAL

A. Conclusion

From the description of this paper, it can be concluded that:

1. A sentence consists of one or more clauses, and usually has at least one subject and
verb. A sentence is a group of words having a subject and a finite verb and expressing
a complete thought.

2. The types of sentences are complete sentence and incomplete sentence, based on
response (command, imperative, and interrogative sentence), based on action (active
and passive sentence), based on presence (affirmative and negative sentence), and
based on number of clauses (simple, complex, compound, complex and compound
sentence).

B. Suggestion

The writer wants to apology for the shortage of this paper. The writer realizes that
this paper is still far from perfect. So the writer needs suggestion from the reader for the
perfection of this paper.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Haque, M., M. (2017). Clause and Sentence: Correlation and Correspondence. International
Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences. 4(2), 123-129.

GrammarMonster. (2020). What Is a Sentence?.https://www.grammar-

monster.com/glossary/sentences.htm#:~:text=A%20sentence%20is%20a
%20set,Oxford%20Dictionary
Accessed on November 27, 2020.

LorenzEducationalPress. (2014). Sentence Types: Aligns to CCSS L.7.1b: Choose among

simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to signal differing
relationships among ideas. Dayton: Lorenz Educational Press.

PondokLinguishtic.(2019). Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative

Sentence.https://learningenglishforindonesian.blogspot.com/2019/01/affirmative-
negative-interrogative.html
Accessed on November 27, 2020.

WritingExplained. (2020). What is an Active Sentence? – Examples of Active Voice

Sentences.https://writingexplained.org/grammar-dictionary/active-sentence
Accessed on November 29, 2020.

YEC.(2019). Pengertian, Macam, ContohKalimatdanLatihanSoal Sentence and

Clause.https://www.yec.co.id/inggris/pengertian-macam-contoh-kalimat-dan-
latihan-soal-sentence-and-clause/
Accessed on November 28, 2020.