ENGLISH LANGUAGE GEOGRAPHY

"Writing Structure and Grammar Part 2"

Supervisor:

Dr. Sugiharto, M.Si.

BY GROUP 2

 Ardiansyah

 Boy Hartaman Sitopu

 Devi Angriani Br. S

 Luksiade Saragih

CLASS C 2019

GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

MEDAN STATE UNIVERSITY

2020
 FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude for the presence of Almighty God who has bestowed His grace in
the form of health, opportunities and knowledge so that the Geographical English paper
on "Writing Structure and Grammar Part 2" can be completed in accordance with the
predetermined time.

We hope that this paper can be useful to increase knowledge for readers. Hopefully this
simple paper that we have successfully compiled can be easily understood by anyone
who reads it. Previously we apologize if there are mistakes in words or sentences that
are less pleasing. And do not forget we also hope for constructive input and criticism for
the author for its creation. better papers. Thanks.

Medan, November 2020

Group 2

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD............................................................................................................ i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1

A. Background .............................................................................................. 1

B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................ 1

C. Goals and Benefits .................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 2

A. Understanding Grammar .......................................................................... 2

B. Terms in Grammar ................................................................................... 2

C. Understanding English Sentences ............................................................ 3

D. Formulas and Grammar Examples............................................................ 6

CHAPTER III CLOSING ...................................................................................... 11

A. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 11

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 12

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Grammar is a sentence structure. So using the right structure, a sentence will be

perfect. This structure is used in all languages, not only in English. Maybe for Indonesian,
you know it as SPOK.

Grammar is also a language that native speakers learn from as infancy. Why is that?
This is because from infancy we learn to hear sentences and learn languages. Even though
when I was little I didn't understand the terminology, but over time I could differentiate the
meaning. Then, as an adult he understands how to arrange words into perfect sentences. Now,
for those of us who don't use English as our first language, it's only natural that mastering
grammar is very difficult.

B. Problem Formulation

1. What is meant by grammar?

2. What are the terms in grammar?

3. How to understand sentences in English?

4. What are the formulas and examples of grammar?

C. Goals and Benefits

1. To know what is meant by grammar.

2. To know the terms that exist in grammar.

3. To understand sentences in English.

4. To know formulas and examples of grammar.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Understanding Grammar

Science that teaches us how to read, speak and write English properly and correctly.
Chart of the rules for speaking or writing a specific language. Grammar is a sentence
structure structure. Grammar is the study of language, namely linguistics or studying
grammar.

B. Terms in Grammar

Part of Speech

In the structure of the English language, there are types of words that will compose a
perfect sentence. Well, here it is called the Part of Speech. Actually there are eight categories
of parts of speech but only three are usually considered. Namely, nouns, adjectives and verbs.
Must have heard right?

1. Noun, usually used to describe the name of a place, the name of a person or an object.

2. Adjective, used to clarify nouns. Like adding information about the name of a person
or thing. Examples explain color, texture or feeling.

3. Verb (Verb), is used to express an action. Like, running, picking up things, or talking.

Verb Forms

The English verb can take several forms. For example, the verb eat can take the form of
eating, ate, eaten, eats. From one verb it can take four different forms. There are three
basic forms of verbs that you need to know, namely:

 Base Form, is the basic verb or the first verb. Example: sing, eat, swim, have, do.
Usually the root verb follows the word "to".

 Past Simple, here is the second verb. Example: ate, sang, had, watched. Example
sentence: "He ate the entire chicken yesterday".

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  Past Participle, the latter is the third verb. Usually this verb is used for more complex
tenses like the present perfect. Example: "I have never been to Singapore". The word
been in the sentence is the third verb from be.

To Be

You will hear this form of the verb a lot. Usually this verb is to describe a situation. Namely,
am, is and are. Example: "we are family", "I am sad", "She is here". However, the word To be
cannot be combined with a basic verb such as read which will then become "we are read".
Because the correct usage should be "we are reading".

C. Understanding English Sentences

What is a Sentence?

An incident sentence is a group of words that are tied together and convey an idea,
event, or description. The words in an English sentence have a certain order and rules that
determine how to expand or shorten them. Sentence constraints are easy to recognize,
because they start with a capital letter and end with a terminal punctuation mark (period,
question mark, or exclamation mark). It is important for English writers to know the grammar
language of sentences in order to analyze and develop their writing.

The four main sections regarding English sentence structure are:

1. Basic Clause Structure

2. Phrase

3. Type of Clause

4. Type of sentence

Sentence Structure in Writing English

Phrases

True or false?

Guess this, what is the following grammar sentence?

An amazingly beautiful old town zoo on the west side of the capital city Berlin

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Wrong! Readers of the line above might mistake it for a long, detailed sentence, but it isn't; it
does not answer the basic conditions for a sentence, which has a subject and a predicate. It is
a complete subject and therefore cannot stand alone as a sentence. This "piece of sentence" is
a phrase.

Grammar Rules for Phrases in English

1. A phrase is a group of words that do not contain a subject and predicate and therefore
cannot stand alone as a clause or sentence. There are several types of phrases.

2. A noun functions as a noun in a sentence.

Example:

 The old Berlin Zoo was founded in 1844.

[noun phrase serves as the subject]

 During my last visit to Berlin, I visited the Berlin Zoo.

[the noun phrase serves as the direct object of the verb like]

3. Verb phrases function as verbs in a sentence.

Example:

 Berlin's old zoo was founded in 1844.

 During my last visit to Berlin, I couldn't stop admiring Berlin's best zoos.

4. A prepositional phrase always starts with a preposition and functions as a modifier.

Example:

 During my last visit to Berlin in 2002, I took the train to the Berlin zoo.

[during my last visit, to Berlin, in 2002 there were three prepositional phrases
containing the verb for time and place, to the Berlin zoo were prepositional phrases
that use the verb in place of the]

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 5. Absolute phrases usually contain a noun or word change and present or past
participle. This changes the entire sentence.

Example:

 The gardens being the city's top attractions, Berlin Zoo is not to be missed.

[absolute phrase containing the present participle]

 Our journey is almost over, we decide to spend our last day in Berlin garden.

[absolute phrase containing past participle]

6. Verbal phrases contain parts of the verb that function not as verbs, but as nouns or
adjectives. Verbals can be infinitives, present participles, or past participles (the non-
finite form of the verb). Unlike absolute phrases, verbal phrases change part of the
sentence but do not change the total sentence.

Example:

 We used our last day of travel to visit the Berlin Zoo.

[modification of infinitive phrase]

 When we visited the Berlin zoo, we were amazed by the beauty of the exquisitely
designed enclosures.

[presents the function of participatory phrases as adjectives we like]

 Children, in awe of the animal exhibits who don't want to leave the Berlin gardens.

[Past participial phrases function as children's character words]

7. The gerund phrase looks like a verbal pharse with the present participle but functions
as a noun, while the verbal present participial phrase functions as a modifier.

Example:

 Visiting Berlin Zoo is an extraordinary experience.

[gerund phrase functions as a noun = sentence subject]

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  Visit the Berlin Zoo, we are amazed by the beauty of the animals that are designed in
an exotic way.

[function of verbal participial phrases is present as an adjective that transforms us]

 I always enjoy visiting the zoos in the cities I visit.

[the gerund phrase serves as a noun = object of the verb enjoy]

Sentence Structure: Summarize it

As our short article shows, phrases and clauses are the building blocks of the English
language. If you look at the basics, you will be able to develop your language as you improve
your English skills.

D. Formulas and Grammar Examples

1. Future Tense

 Simple Future Tense

This tense is used to indicate something fixed, habitual or essential truth that will happen
in the future (FUTURE). Simple Future Tense usually uses a modal auxiliary verb "will" or
"shall"

FORMULA

(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + will / shall + Verb 1

(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + will / shall + not + Verb 1

(?) Will / shall + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + Verb 1

Example:

(+) You will go to Australia next week.

(-) You will not go to Australia next week

(?) Will you go to Australia next week?

 Future Continuous Tense

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 Future Continuous Tense denotes action at a specific moment in the future. The action
will start before that time but will finish at that point.

FORMULA

(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + will / shall be + Verb 1-ing

(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + will / shall not be + not + Verb 1-ing

(?) Will / shall + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + be + Verb 1-ing?

Example:

(+) I and my sister will be watching movie tommorow.

(-) I and my sister will not be watching movie tommorow.

(?) Will I and my sister be watching movie tommorow?

 Future Perfect Tense

The Future Perfect Tense is used when we talk about the past in the future.

FORMULA

(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + will / shall + have + Verb 3

(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + will / shall + have + not + Verb 3

(?) Will / shall + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + have + Verb 3?

Example:

(+) We will have recived an email from Mr. Takamura.

(-) We will have not recived an email from Mr. Takamura.

(?) Will we have recived an email from Mr. Takamura?

 Future Perfect Continuous Tense

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used to speak of a long action before some future
event.

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FORMULA

(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + will / shall + have + been + Verb-ing

(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + will / shall + have + not + been + Verb-ing

(?) Will / shall + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + have + been + Verb-ing?

Example:

(+) The artist will have been painting a canvas for 24 hours.

(-) The artist will have not been painting a canvas for 24 hours.

(?) Will The artist have been painting a canvas for 24 hours?

2. Past Future

 Simple Past Future Tense

These tenses are used to express events that WILL be carried out, BUT in the past, not
now.

FORMULA

(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + would / should + Verb 1

(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + would / should + not + Verb 1

(?) Would / should + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + Verb 1

Example:

(+) Jessica would dance at the show.

(-) Jessica would not dance at the show.

(?) Would Jessica dance at the show?

 Past Future Continuous Tense

Past Future Continuous Tense denotes action will take place in the past.

FORMULA

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(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + would / should be + Verb 1-ing

(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + would / should + not be + not + Verb 1-ing

(?) Would / should + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + be + Verb 1-ing?

Example:

(+) Mr. Jacob would be teaching Math at 9 pm

(-) Mr. Jacob would not be teaching Math at 9 pm

(?) Would Mr. Jacob be teaching Math at 9 pm?

 Past Future Perfect Tense

The Past Future Tense restates the action stated in the Future Perfect Tense but with a
different dimension of time, it is in the past while the Future Perfect is in the future (not yet).

FORMULA

(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + would / should + have + Verb 3

(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + would / should + have + not + Verb 3

(?) Would / should + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + have + Verb 3?

Example:

(+) She would have sent an email to her mother.

(-) She would not have sent an email to her mother.

(?) would she have sent an email to her mother?

 Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense emphasizes the part and duration of the action.
Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used to tell an action that should have happened up
to a certain time (period) in the past.

FORMULA

(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + would / should + have + been + Verb-ing
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(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + would / should + have + not + been + Verb-
ing.

(?) Would / should + subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + have + been + Verb-ing?

Example:

(+) Bruno Mars would have been singging for 3 hours.

(-) Bruno Mars would not have been singging for 3 hours.

(?) Would Bruno Mars have been singging for 3 hours?

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. CONCLUSION

Grammar is a sentence structure. Grammar is the study of language, namely

linguistics or studying grammar. The words in an English sentence have a certain order and
rules that determine how to expand or shorten them. Sentence constraints are easy to
recognize, because they start with a capital letter and end with a terminal punctuation mark
(period, question mark, or exclamation mark). It is important for English writers to know the
grammar language of sentences in order to analyze and develop their writing. The four main
sections regarding English sentence structure are Basic Clause Structure, Phrases, Types of
Clauses, Types of Sentences.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Sumber: Complete English Grammar – Suryadi and Junaida, S.Pd

2. Kuliah Bahasa Inggris English Grammar: Tenses Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat – Part 2
https://www.kuliahbahasainggris.com/english-grammar-16-tenses-rumus-dan-contoh-
kalimat-part-2/
3. Struktur Kalimat-Frase
https://sites.google.com/site/englishgrammarguide/Home/sentence-structure--part-
2----phrases
4. Penjelasan lengkap mengenai grammar dan istilah di dalamnya
https://www.wallstreetenglish.co.id/belajar-grammar/definsi-grammar-dan-istilah/

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