PAPER

SENTENCES
Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Tugas Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris
Dosen Pengampu : Untung Sunaryo, M.Pd

APPLIED BY:

1. Eka Prilia Astuti

2. Dian Ayu Fitrianingrum
3. M. Abdul Haris
4. Nanda Aftori
5. Wahyono
6. Faisal
7. Ajeng
8. Ismiati Marfuah

FAKULTAS TARBIAH INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM AN NUR

LAMPUNG
TAHUN AJARAN 2019/2020

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 PREFACE

Alhamdulillhahirabil’alamin, Our gratitude to Allah SWT, because thanks of His grace

and blessings we can complete our task this pa per. Prayers and peace be always devoted to the
great lord of the Prophet Muhammad, and all the family and friends and his followers who still
istiqomah until Yaumil end. On this occasion, we would also like to thank all those who have
assisted in the completion of this paper may Allah always reciprocate with kindness doubled.
in our paper, we discuss the sentence, in our paper, we discuss the sentence, which is part of
English grammar, we are all aware that the English language today is already a world language
in use, which is very important we learn to era of globalization.

We realize that this task is far from perfect, the author feels there are still many
shortcomings both in technical writing and matter, in view of the capabilities of the author,
therefore criticism and suggestions from readers who are building, so authors expect this task
to perfection ,

We expect this task may be useful for us all, and to contribute ideas for the needy,
especially the writer that the expected goals can be achieved, Amin. Thank you.

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 TABLE LIST OF CONTENT

PREFACE ................................................................................................................................... i

TABLE LIST OF CONTENT ...................................................................................................ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1

A. Background of the paper ................................................................................................... 1

B. Purpose of the paper .......................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER II THEORY AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................... 3

A. Simple Sentence ................................................................................................................ 3

C. Introduction to Complex Sentence .................................................................................... 6

D. Tenses................................................................................................................................ 7

E. Active And Passive Voice ............................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER III .......................................................................................................................... 18

A. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 18

B. Suggest ............................................................................................................................ 18

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 19

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the paper

Language is a tool that is very important for daily life and one of support in communicating,
especially English as one of the most important international language. because it is, the author
will discuss one part of the English language are: "Sentences" Language is very important in
human life. Language is means of communication. Without a language, a person cannot
communicate with others. English is a language in the world. People call it a international
language. In our school, the English language has been given since the fourth grade of the
elementary school up to university.

Most people in the world from the different countries and nations speak language. Also,
many scientific studies such as education, science, religion, technology, commerce or politic
are written in the language.

Language includes four skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing.

Writing is language activity that needs much cognitive concentration. When writing, a writer
is challenged to use just linguistics code without helping of other codes, take for instance,
gestures. A writer has to arrange some ideas and transform them into his thinking carefully in
writing codes on papers.

In fact, writing is different from writing Indonesian. English as stated above is a foreign
language for Indonesian student. English is a new language that they often have trouble when
they learn it. One of the reason is the characteristics of English itself. For example, tenses,
regular and irregular verb are not found in Indonesia. On contrary, Indonesia is a language
which the students have got earlier basically, we believe that student of SMU have enough
knowledge of it and have known to use it well and correctly. So it is possible that Indonesian,
though it is a school language for most of them, can regard as the student’s mother tongue.
They use Indonesian more frequently with they friends and teachers. Moreover, Indonesian is
very close to them, to their speaking or writing habits. This is one thing that invites problems
when the student writes the sentences composition in English.

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B. Purpose of the paper
The purpose of this paper is to be made:

1. Simple Sentence
2. Introduction to Complex Sentence
3. Tenses
4. Active and Passive Voice

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 CHAPTER II
THEORY AND DISCUSSION
A. Simple Sentence
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it
expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and
verbs are in green. An independent clause (or main clause) is a clause that can stand by itself,
also known as a simple sentence. An independent clause contains a subject and a predicate; it
makes sense by itself.
Multiple independent clauses can be joined by using a semicolon or a comma plus
a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).and a dependent clause (sometimes
called a subordinate clause) is a clause that augments an independent clause with additional
information, but which cannot stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses modify the
independent clause of a sentence or serve as a component of it. Some grammarians use the
term subordinate clause as a synonym for dependent clause, but in some
grammars subordinate clause refers only to adverbial dependent clauses.There are also
different types of dependent clauses like noun clauses, relative (adjectival) clauses, and
adverbial clauses. Example:
1. Some students like to study in the mornings.
2. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.
3. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
The three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence B contains a
compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb. Simple sentences, therefore,
contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a
compound subjects or verbs.

B. Compound Sentence
A coumpound sentences is two or more independent clauses joined together. There are three
ways to join the clauses:
1. With a coordinator I enjoy tennis, but I hate golf.
2. With a conjunctive adverb I enjoy tennis; however, I hate golf
3. With a semicolon I enjoy tennis; I hate golf

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Let’s study each type of compound sentences in more detail.
1. Compound Sentences with Coordinator.
A compound sentences can be formed as follows:
Independent clause,+ coordinator + independent clause
Notice that there is a comma after the first independent clause. The following sentences
illustrate the meaning of the seven “FAN BOYS” coordinators.
For Women live longer than men, for they take better care of their healt.
(The second clause gives the reason for the first clause)
And Women follow more healhful diets, and they go to doctors more
often.
(The two clauses express equal, similar ideas.)
Nor Women don’t smoke as much as men do, nor do they drink as much
alcoholes. (Nor means “and not.” It joins two negative independent
clauses. Notice that question word order is used after nor)
But Men may exercise harder, but they may not exercise as regularly as
women do. (The two clauses express equal, contrasting ideas.)
Or Both men and women should limit the amout of fat in their diets, or
they risk getting heart disease. (The two clauses express alternative
possibilities.)
Yet Women used to be known as the “weaker sex” yet in some ways, they
are stronger than men. (The second clause is a surprising or
unexpected contrast to the first clause)
So Men are less cautious than women, so more men die in accidents.
(The second clause is the result of the first caluse.)
2. Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs
A compound sentetences can also be formed as follows:
Independent clause; + conjunctive adverb, + independent clause
Notice the punctuation: a semicolon follows the first independent clause, and a comma follows
the conjunctive adverb. Also, just like the FAN BOYS coordinators, conjunctive adverbs
express relationships between the clauses. The following chart shows the coordinators and
conjunctive adverbs that express similar menings.

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 COORDINATORS CONJUNTIVE SENTENCES
ADVERBS
And Besides Community collages offer
Furthermore preparation for many
Moreover occupations; moreover, they
also prepare students to transfer to a
four year college or university.
But However Many community colleges do not
Yet Nevertheless have dormitories; however, they
Nonetheless provide housing referral services.
Or Otherwise Students must take final exams;
otherwise, they will receive a
grade of incomplete

So Accordingly Native and nonnative English

Consequently speakers have different needs;
Hence therefore, most schools provide
Therefore separate English classes for each
Thus group.

3. Compound sentences with Semicolons

A compound sentences can also be formed with a semicolon alone.
Independent clause; independent clause
My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies medicine.
Poland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from commuism;
others soon followed.

This kind of compound sentences is possible only when the two independent clauses are closely
related in meaning. If they aren’t closery related, they should be written as two simple
sentences, each ending with a period.

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C. Introduction to Complex Sentence
A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
connected to it. A dependent clause is similar to an independent clause, or complete sentence,
but it lacks one of the elements that would make it a complete sentence.
An example:
After I came home, I made dinner.
(dependent clause: "After I came home")
(indpendent clause: I made dinner)
Complex sentences are often formed by putting these words at the beginning of the
dependent clause: as, as if, before, after, because, though, even though, while, when, whenever,
if, during, as soon as, as long as, since, until, unless, where, and wherever. These words are
called subordinating conjunctions.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Some subordinating conjuctions are listed below...
1. after
2. although
3. as
4. because
5. before
6. even though
7. if
8. since
9. though
10. unless
11. until
12. when
13. whenever
14. whereas
15. wherever
16. while
17. Better known as AAAWWUBBIS.
Examples of Complex Sentences
Writing a Complex Sentence

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When writing a complex sentence, in order for a sentence to be complex it must contain an
independent clause and a dependent clause.
(Opener, sentence)

D. Tenses
1. Simple Past Tense
The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is used to talk about a completed action
in a time before now. The simple past is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of
the action can be in the recent past or the distant past and action duration is not important.
EXAMPLES
 John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
 My father died last year.
 He lived in Fiji in 1976.
 We crossed the Channel yesterday.
You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated
with certain past time expressions
 frequency: often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
 a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
 an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago
People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.

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FORMING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
PATTERNS OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE FOR REGULAR VERBS

Affirmative

Subject + verb + ed

I skipped.

Negative

Subject + did not + infinitive without to

They didn't go.

Interrogative

Did + subject + infinitive without to

Did she arrive?

Interrogative negative

Did not + subject + infinitive without to

Didn't you play?

TO WALK

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I walked I didn't walk Did I walk?

You walked You didn't walk Did you walk?

He walked He didn't walk Did he walk?

We walked We didn't walk Did we walk?

They walked They didn't walk Did they walk?

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SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO

Subject Verb

Be Have Do

I was had did

You were had did

He/She/It was had did

We were had did

You were had did

They were had did

NOTES ON AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE, & INTERROGATIVE FORMS

AFFIRMATIVE
The affirmative of the simple past tense is simple.
 I was in Japan last year
 She had a headache yesterday.
 We did our homework last night.
NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE
For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "to do" as an ordinary verb, use the
auxiliary "did", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night.
The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "did", but
sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".
The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "did".
EXAMPLES
 They weren't in Rio last summer.
 We didn't have any money.
 We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
 We didn't do our exercises this morning.
 Were they in Iceland last January?
 Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
 Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

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Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the
auxiliary 'did''.
SIMPLE PAST, IRREGULAR VERBS
Some verbs are irregular in the simple past. Here are the most common ones.
TO GO
 He went to a club last night.
 Did he go to the cinema last night?
 He didn't go to bed early last night.
TO GIVE
 We gave her a doll for her birthday.
 They didn't give John their new address.
 Did Barry give you my passport?
TO COME
 My parents came to visit me last July.
 We didn't come because it was raining.
 Did he come to your party last week?
2. Simpel Present Tense
The simple present tense is one of several forms of present tense in English. It is used to
describe habits, unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed arrangements. The
simple present tense is simple to form. Just use the base form of the verb: (I take, you take, we
take, they take) The 3rd person singular takes an -s at the end. (he takes, she takes)
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IS USED:
 To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions
and wishes:
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large
city (general truth)
 To give instructions or directions:
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
 To express fixed arrangements, present or future:
Your exam starts at 09.00
 To express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as,
until:
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

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EXAMPLES
 For habits
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.
 For repeated actions or events
We catch the bus every morning.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive to Monaco every summer.
 For general truths
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.
 For instructions or directions
Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.
 For fixed arrangements
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March
 With future constructions
She'll see you before she leaves.
We'll give it to her when she arrives.
FORMING THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE: TO THINK

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I think Do I think? I do not think

You think Do you think? You do not think

He thinks Does he think? He does not think

She thinks Does she think? She does not think

It thinks Does it think? It does not think

We think Do we think? We do not think.

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 Affirmative Interrogative Negative

They think Do they think? They do not think.

NOTES ON THE SIMPLE PRESENT, THIRD PERSON SINGULAR

 In the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
 Negative and question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary 'DO') +
the infinitive of the verb.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
 Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
 Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
EXAMPLES
 He goes to school every morning.
 She understands English.
 It mixes the sand and the water.
 He tries very hard.
 She enjoys playing the piano.
3. Simpel Perfect Tense
The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of
the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in
the result than in the action itself.
THE PRESENT PERFECT IS USED TO DESCRIBE
 An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. I have
lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)
 An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. She has been to the
cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.)
 A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. We have
visited Portugal several times.

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  An action that was completed in the very recent past, expressed by 'just'. I have just
finished my work.
 An action when the time is not important. He has read 'War and Peace'. (= the result
of his reading is important)
ACTIONS STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUING IN THE PRESENT
 They haven't lived here for years.
 She has worked in the bank for five years.
 We have had the same car for ten years.
 Have you played the piano since you were a child?
WHEN THE TIME PERIOD REFERRED TO HAS NOT FINISHED
 I have worked hard this week.
 It has rained a lot this year.
 We haven't seen her today.
ACTIONS REPEATED IN AN UNSPECIFIED PERIOD BETWEEN THE PAST AND
NOW.
 They have seen that film six times
 It has happened several times already.
 She has visited them frequently.
 We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
ACTIONS COMPLETED IN THE VERY RECENT PAST (+JUST)
 Have you just finished work?
 I have just eaten.
 We have just seen her.
 Has he just left?
WHEN THE PRECISE TIME OF THE ACTION IS NOT IMPORTANT OR NOT KNOWN
 Someone has eaten my soup!
 Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
 She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.
FORMING THE PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to
have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed,
e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs in the section called 'Verbs'.

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Affirmative

Subject to have past participle

She has visited.

Negative

Subject to have + not past participle

She has not (hasn't) visited.

Interrogative

to have subject past participle

Has she visited?

Negative interrogative

to have + not subject past participle

Hasn't she visited?

TO WALK, PRESENT PERFECT

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I have walked I haven't walked Have I walked?

You have walked You haven't walked. Have you walked?

He, she, it has walked He, she, hasn't walked Has he, she, it walked?

We have walked We haven't walked Have we walked?

You have walked You haven't walked Have you walked?

They have walked They haven't walked Have they walked?

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E. Active and Passive Voice
The active voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the
verb. It follows a clear subject + verb + object construct that's easy to read. In fact, sentences
constructed in the active voice add impact to your writing.
With passive voice, the subject is acted upon by the verb. It makes for a murky, roundabout
sentence; you can be more straightforward with active voice. As such, there are many ways
to change the passive voice to the active voice in your sentences.
Over time, writing in the active voice will become second nature. Let's explore several
examples of active and passive voice to reduce your use of the passive voice where the active
voice is preferred.
The Subject Changes in Each Voice
Before we explore a wealth of examples, let's review some active writing tips. You'll notice
that, in the passive voice examples below, there are a few key words. Examples include:
 is - is roamed; is viewed
 was - was changed; was run
 were - were eaten; were corroded
Pay special attention to the subject in each sentence. Is the subject performing the action
denoted by the verb? If so, chances are you have a nice, clear sentence, written in active voice.
In the passive voice, however, the subject is no longer performing the action of the verb. Rather,
it's being acted upon by the verb. Put another way, the subject of a sentence in the passive voice
is no longer the "doer" of the action, but the recipient of the action. Meanwhile, what was the
subject of a sentence in the active voice (the "doer") becomes the "agent" in the equivalent
passive voice sentence.
Active and Passive Voice Comparison
As you read through the following example sentences, you'll start to become an active voice
expert.

Active Voice Passive Voice

Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry.

The savannah is roamed by beautiful

Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah.
giraffes.

Sue changed the flat tire. The flat tire was changed by Sue.

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 A movie is going to be watched by us
We are going to watch a movie tonight.
tonight.

The obstacle course was run by me in

I ran the obstacle course in record time.
record time.

The crew paved the entire stretch of The entire stretch of highway was paved
highway. by the crew.

Mom read the novel in one day. The novel was read by Mom in one day.

The house will be cleaned by me every

I will clean the house every Saturday.
Saturday.

The company requires staff to watch a The staff are required by the company to
safety video every year. watch a safety video every year.

Tom painted the entire house. The entire house was painted by Tom.

The teacher always answers the students' The students' questions are always
questions. answered by the teacher.

The choir really enjoys that piece. That piece is really enjoyed by the choir.

The whole suburb was destroyed by a

A forest fire destroyed the whole suburb.
forest fire.

The two kings are signing the treaty. The treaty is being signed by the two kings.

The cleaning crew vacuums and dusts the Every night, the office is vacuumed and
office every night. dusted by the cleaning crew.

Larry generously donated money to the Money was generously donated to the
homeless shelter. homeless shelter by Larry.

The wedding planner is making all the All the reservations are being made by the
reservations. wedding planner.

Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes for Two dozen cookies will be baked by Susan
the bake sale. for the bake sale.

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 The comet was viewed by the science
The science class viewed the comet.
class.

Instructions will be given to you by the

The director will give you instructions.
director.

Thousands of tourists visit the Grand The Grand Canyon is visited by thousands
Canyon every year. of tourists every year.

The homeowners remodeled the house to The house was remodeled by the
help it sell. homeowners to help it sell.

The metal beams were corroded by the

The saltwater corroded the metal beams.
saltwater.

The kangaroo carried her baby in her The baby was carried by the kangaroo in
pouch. her pouch.

Stay Active
Do you see how the same idea can be written in dramatically different ways? Alternating
between the active voice and the passive voice is powerful enough to change the subject of the
sentence and shift the verb form. While the passive voice is not incorrect, it's usually less clear
than the active voice. Once you're comfortable with the differences between the two, check
out Change Passive Voice to Active Voice to make sure your writing remains crystal clear and
enjoyable to your readers.

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 CHAPTER III

A. Conclusion
Semantics is a branch of linguistics dealing with the meaning of words, phrases and
sentences, however, contrary to pragmatics it does not analyze the intended speaker meaning,
or what words denote on a given occasion, but the objective, conventional meaning.

A sentence is a group of words that are put together to mean something. A sentence is the
basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought. It does this by following the
grammatical rules of syntax. An Utterance is any sound of talk, that human produce. To
differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use quotation mark (“….“) in written form of
utterance. A Proposition is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence
which describes some state of affairs. Besides declarative sentence, proposition also clearly
involved in the meaning of interrogatives and imperative sentences.

Reference is relation between piece of language and the things in the world. A referent is
concrete object or concept that is designated by a word or expression. Sense : its place in a
system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. Sense consists of
'semantic properties'.

B. Suggest
We are as the wrriter want to to apology for the shortage of this paper. We know that this
paper is still far from perfect. So that we need the suggest from the reader the perfection of
this paper. Thank you very much for the reader.

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 REFERENCES

https://www.academia.edu/37094205/MAKALAH_SEMEMANTIC_SENTENCES?auto=do
wnload
https://prezi.com/ihgkbflij3gj/complex-sentence-introduction/
https://www.ef.com/ca/english-resources/english-grammar/simple-past-tense/
https://www.ef.com/ca/english-resources/english-grammar/simple-present-tense/
https://www.ef.com/ca/english-resources/english-grammar/present-perfect/
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-active-and-passive-voice.html

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