VIBRATION ENGINEERING

ACTIVITY NO. 2

SUBMITTED BY: CLAUDIO, RAIMOND L.

MORAGA, NAOMI M.
PAJE, CHRISTIAN R.
SARMIENTO, CHRISTIAN S.

SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. LUISITO TOLENTINO

BSME 3-2
NOVEMBER 23, 2020
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1. HOOKE’S LAW
Within certain limits, the force required to stretch an elastic
object such as a metal spring is directly proportional to the extension
of the spring. This is known as Hooke's law and commonly written: Activity No. 2
•••
F = -kx

Where F is the force, x is the length of extension/compression

and k is a constant of proportionality known as the spring constant
which is usually given in N/m

Though we have not explicitly established the direction of the

force here, the negative sign is customarily added. This is to signify
1. Cite relevant
that the restoring force due to the spring is in the opposite direction ideas and principles for
to the force which caused the displacement. Pulling down on a spring vibration engineering.
will cause an extension of the spring downward, which will in turn
result in an upward force due to the spring.

2. VIBRATION ANALYSIS

The use of vibration analysis is not restricted to predictive

maintenance. This technique is useful for diagnostic applications as
well. Vibration monitoring and analysis are the primary diagnostic
tools for most mechanical systems that are used to manufacture
products. When used properly, vibration data provide the means to
maintain optimum operating conditions and efficiency of critical
plant systems. Vibration analysis can be used to evaluate fluid flow
through pipes or vessels, to detect leaks, and to perform a variety
of nondestructive testing functions that improve the reliability and
performance of critical plant systems.

3. MACHINE DYNAMICS

The primary reasons for vibration profile variations are the

dynamics of the machine, which are affected by mass, stiffness,
damping, and degrees of freedom. However, care must be taken
because the vibration profile and energy levels generated by a
machine also may vary depending on the location and orientation
of the measurement.

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4. VIBRATION DATA TYPES AND FORMATS

There are several options regarding the types of vibration data
that can be gathered for machine-trains and systems and the formats Activity No. 2
in which it can be collected. However, selection of type and format •••
depends on the specific application. The two major data-type
classifications are time domain and frequency domain. Each of these
can be further divided into steady-state and dynamic data formats. In
turn, each of these two formats can be further divided into single-
channel and multiple channel formats.

5. VIBRATION SOURCES

All machinery with moving parts generates mechanical forces

during normal operation. As the mechanical condition of the
machine changes due to wear, changes in the operating
environment, load variations, etc., so do these forces. 1. Cite relevant
Understanding machinery dynamics and how forces create unique ideas and principles
vibration frequency components is the key to understanding
vibration sources. Vibration does not just happen. There is a
for vibration
physical cause, referred to as a forcing function, and each engineering.
component of a vibration signature has its own forcing function.
The components that make up a signature are reflected as discrete
peaks in the FFT or frequency-domain plot. The vibration profile
that results from motion is the result of a force imbalance. By
definition, balance occurs in moving systems when all forces
generated by, and acting on, the machine are in a state of
equilibrium. In real-world applications, however, there is always
some level of imbalance and all machines vibrate to some extent.

6. FREE VIBRATION

A free vibration is where there is no externally applied vibration

forcing. The solution to a free vibration is usually roughly
sinusoidal. Of course, vibrations can occur across a whole spectrum
of frequencies. There will usually be one or more frequencies
where there is growing amplitude. At the limit of stability, a free
vibration has constant amplitude. It neither grows nor decays.
Sinusoidal vibration forcing of a stable system produces steady
vibration amplitude. However, if the system is forced with a
frequency at the limit of stability, vibration amplitude will grow to
infinity or until limited by non-linearity. We may therefore consider
limiting stability to be unstable in practice.

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7. HARMONIC EXCITATION

Harmonic excitation refers to a sinusoidal external force of a certain Activity No. 2

frequency applied to a system. The response of a system to •••
harmonic excitation is a very important topic because it is
encountered very commonly and also covers the concept of
resonance. Resonance occurs when the external excitation has the
same frequency as the natural frequency of the system. It leads to
large displacements and can cause a system to exceed its elastic
range and fail structurally.

8. VIBRATION ISOLATION

Vibration isolation is the process of isolating an object, such as a

1. Cite relevant
piece of equipment, from the source of vibrations. Commonly,
vibration is undesirable in many domains, primarily engineered ideas and principles
systems and habitable spaces, and methods have been developed to for vibration
prevent the transfer of vibration to such systems. engineering.

9. RESONANCE

Two major classifications of resonance are found in most

manufacturing and process plants: static and dynamic. Both types
exhibit a broad-based, high-amplitude frequency component when
viewed in a fast Fourier transform (FFT), or frequency domain,
vibration signature. Unlike meshing or passing frequencies, the
resonance frequency component does not have modulations or
sidebands. Instead, resonance is displayed as a single, clearly
defined peak, which represents a large quantity of energy.
10. DEGREES OF FREEDOM

The minimum number of independent coordinates required to

determine completely the position of all parts of a system at any instant
of time defines the degree of freedom of the system. System with a
finite number of degrees of freedom are called discrete or lumped
parameter system, and those with an infinite number of degrees of
freedom are called continuous or distributed systems.

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2. A spring is hung
2A. vertically and an
object of mass m
► GIVEN: attached to the lower
end is then slowly
m = 0.55 kg
x = -2.0 cm lowered a distance d
g = 9.81 m/s2 to the equilibrium
point
► SOLUTION AND EQUATIONS USED:
Fnet = 0 = Felastic + Fg (1)
Felastic = -kx (2) a. find the value of
Fg = -mg (3) the spring constant if
the magnitude of the
Substituting 2 and 3 into 1 yield:
displacement d is 2.0
k = -mg/x cm and the mass is
𝒎

k=
−(𝟎.𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒈)(𝟗.𝟖 𝟐 )
𝒔 0.55 kg
−𝟐.𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎

k = 270 N/m

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2B.
2. A spring is hung
► SOLUTION AND EQUATIONS USED: vertically and an object
of mass m attached to
∑F = 0 the lower end is then
= Fg + Fs + Fs2
= -mg + kd2 + kd2 = 0
slowly lowered a
d2 distance d to the
Solve for d2: equilibrium point
d2 = mg/2k
𝒎
(𝟎.𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒈)(𝟗.𝟖 𝟐 ) b. if a second
d2 = 𝑵
𝒔
identical spring is
𝟐(𝟐𝟔𝟗.𝟓 )
𝒎
attached to the object
d2 = 0.01 m in parallel with the first
spring, where is the new
equilibrium point of the
system?

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2C. Fs1 + Fs2

► SOLUTION AND EQUATIONS USED:

∑F = 0
= Fg + Fs
= -mg + k2d2 = 0

Solve for k2:

k2 = mg/d2 2. A spring is hung

vertically and an object of
𝒎
(𝟎.𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒈)(𝟗.𝟖 𝟐)
k2 = 𝒔
(𝟎.𝟎𝟏 𝒎) mass m attached to the
lower end is then slowly
k2 = 539 N/m
lowered a distance d to
the equilibrium point?

c. What is the effective

spring constant of the two
springs acting as one?

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3A.
► GIVEN:

W = 13KN K = 1.0 × 106 N

hG = 10m g = 9.8 m/s2

3. A 13KN car starts at rest
► SOLUTION AND EQUATIONS USED: and rolls down a hill from a
1. Since both the gravitational force and the restoring force height of 10m. It then moves
of spring are conservative, the total mechanical energy of across a level surface and
the system must remain conserved as there are no non-
conservative forces present in the system.
collides with a light spring
loaded guardrail
Ug + K + Us = constant

2. The gravitational energy of an object of mass, mm, at a

height, h, from the surface of a planet/moon is given by the a. Neglecting any losses
following equation: due to friction, and ignoring
the rotational kinetic energy
U = mgh = Wh
of the wheels. Find the
maximum distance the spring
is compressed assuming a
3. The kinetic energy of an object with mass, mm, moving spring constant of 1.0 x 10
with velocity, v, is given by the equation: 6n/m.
𝟏
K = mv2
𝟐

4. The elastic potential energy of a spring with spring

constant K stretched/compressed by a length Δx is given by the
equation:

𝟏
U= K(Δx)2
𝟐

5. At the top of the hill, h1=10m, and the initial speed, v1=0.
At this point the spring is not compressed, Δx=0. Therefore,

𝟏 𝟏
E= m (0)2 + Wh1 + K (0)2 = Wh1
𝟐 𝟐

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3A.

6. At the point of maximum compression, Δx, the height of

the car from the ground is h2, and the velocity of the car is v2=0
since the car is instantaneously at rest at the point of maximum 3. A 13KN car starts at rest
compression. The total mechanical energy at this point can be
and rolls down a hill from a
written as:
height of 10m. It then moves
E=
𝟏
m (0)2 + Wh1 +
𝟏 𝟏
K (0)2 = K(Δx)2 across a level surface and
collides with a light spring
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

loaded guardrail

On equating the mechanical energy at the two

points, we get:

𝟏 a. Neglecting any losses

K (Δx)2 = Wh1
𝟐
due to friction, and ignoring
the rotational kinetic energy
𝟐𝑾𝒉𝟏
Δx = √ of the wheels. Find the
𝑲
maximum distance the spring
𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝒎
is compressed assuming a
=√ 𝑵 spring constant of 1.0 x 10
𝟏.𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎
6n/m.
Δx = 0.51 m

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3. A 13KN car starts at rest

and rolls down a hill from a
height of 10m. It then moves
across a level surface and
collides with a light spring
loaded guardrail
3B.

Ma= - kx

−𝒌𝒙 −𝒌𝒙𝒈 −(𝟏.𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵/𝒎)(𝟎.𝟓𝟏𝒎)(𝟗.𝟖𝒎/𝒔𝟐 ) b. Calculate the

a= = =
𝑴 𝑴𝒈 𝟏𝟑 𝑲𝑵 magnitude of the car’s
maximum acceleration after
a= - 380 m/s2 contact with the spring ,
assuming no frictional losses.

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3. A 13KN car starts at rest

and rolls down a hill from a
height of 10m. It then moves
across a level surface and
collides with a light spring
3C.
loaded guardrail
WME = (KE + PEg + PEs) pi = (KE + PEg + PEs) F

= (0 + 0 + ½ kx2 ) – (0 + mgh + 0)
c. If the spring is
= ½ ( 1.0 x 106 N/M ) (0.30 m)2 – (13 000 N) (2m) compressed by only 0.3m
find the change in the M.E.
WME= -8.5 x 104 J
due to friction

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