Received: 29 September 2017

| Revised: 13 February 2018

| Accepted: 4 April 2018
DOI: 10.1111/crj.12905

REVIEW ARTICLE

Effects of inspiratory muscle training in COPD patients:

A systematic review and meta-analysis

Marc Beaumont1 | Patrice Forget2 | Francis Couturaud3 | Gregory Reychler4,5,6

1
Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit, Morlaix
Abstract
Hospital Centre, European University of
Occidental Brittany, Brest, France Objectives: In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), quality of life and
2
Department of Anesthesiology and exercise capacity are altered in relationship to dyspnea. Benefits of inspiratory muscle
Perioperative Medicine, Universitair training (IMT) on quality of life, dyspnea, and exercise capacity were demonstrated,
Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
but when it is associated to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), its efficacy on dyspnea is
3
Department of Internal Medicine and not demonstrated. The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to verify
Chest Diseases, EA3878 (G.E.T.B.O.),
the effect of IMT using threshold devices in COPD patients on dyspnea, quality of
CIC INSERM 0502, University Hospital
of Brest, European University of
life, exercise capacity, and inspiratory muscles strength, and the added effect on
Occidental Brittany, Brest, France dyspnea of IMT associated with PR (vs. PR alone).
4
Institut de Recherche Exp
erimentale et Study selection: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on the
Clinique (IREC), P^ole de Pneumologie, databases from PubMed, Science direct, Cochrane library, Web of science, and
ORL & Dermatologie, Universit
e Pascal. Following key words were used: inspiratory, respiratory, ventilatory, muscle,
Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
and training. The searching period extended to December 2017. Two reviewers
5
Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques
independently assessed studies quality.
Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels,
Belgium Results: Forty-three studies were included in the systematic review and thirty-seven
6
Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, studies in the meta-analysis. Overall treatment group consisted of six hundred forty
De M
edecine Physique Et R
eadaptation two patients. Dyspnea (Baseline Dyspnea Index) is decreased after IMT. Quality of
Service, Brussels, Belgium life (Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire), exercise capacity (6 min walk test)
and Maximal inspiratory pressure were increased after IMT. During PR, no added
Correspondence
effect of IMT on dyspnea was found.
Marc Beaumont, GETBO, EA 3878,
Service de R
ehabilitation Respiratoire, Conclusion: IMT using threshold devices improves inspiratory muscle strength,
Centre Hospitalier des Pays de Morlaix, exercise capacity and quality of life, decreases dyspnea. However, there is no added
Kersaint-Gilly, 29600, Morlaix, France. effect of IMT on dyspnea during PR (compared with PR alone).
Email: marc.beaumont7@orange.fr

KEYWORDS
breathing exercises, chronic obstructive, dyspnea, exercise tolerance, physical exercises, pulmonary disease,
quality of life, resistance training

1 | BACKGROUND regarding dyspnea alleviation must be targeted because it is

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), quality of
life and exercise capacity are altered1–11 in relationship to
dyspnea.12–16 Moreover, muscle weakness is frequent and
contributes to exercise limitation.17 When it concerns inspira-
tory muscles, it can increase dyspnea.18–23 As dyspnea is the
main complaint in COPD patients,1 its reduction is one of
the most important aims of the treatment. Clinical efficacy
related to treatment adherence.24
Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been used for a long
time.25 Its benefits were demonstrated on quality of life, dysp-
nea, and exercise capacity26–29 and maintaining these benefits
requires long term treatment.30 IMT is effective alone or asso-
ciated with pulmonary rehabilitation programs.26–29 However,
when IMT is associated to pulmonary rehabilitation, its
efficacy on dyspnea is not demonstrated.29

2178 | © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/crj Clin Respir J. 2018;12 2178–2188.
BEAUMONT ET AL.
The previous meta-analysis was written 7 years ago and
it seems important to update these results with the studies
published more recently because they focused on new topics
(dyspnea) and they had a high internal quality and to
improve the knowledge of benefits of IMT in COPD
patients. Indeed, since this time, 11 studies were published
and particularly during the last year.
The aim of this meta-analysis was to verify the effect of
IMT using threshold devices in COPD patients on dyspnea,
quality of life, exercise capacity, and inspiratory muscles
strength, and the added effect on dyspnea of IMT associated
with PR (vs. PR alone).
2 | METHOD
This systematic review was registered (PROSPERO registra-
tion number: CRD42015017638) and is reported according
to the PRISMA guidelines.31
2.1 | Data sources and eligibility criteria
This systematic review was conducted on the databases from
PubMed, Science direct, Cochrane library, Web of science,
and Pascal. Following key words were used: inspiratory,
respiratory, ventilatory, muscle, and training. They were
applied on following disease conditions: pulmonary disease,
chronic obstructive, chronic obstructive lung disease, chronic
obstructive airway disease, and chronic obstructive pulmo-
nary disease. The searching period extended from the data-
base inception to December 2017. Eligibility criteria were
availability of full texts in English or in French.
2.2 | Search
The search strategy used was as following: (inspiratory mus-
cle training OR respiratory muscle training OR ventilatory
muscle training) AND (pulmonary disease OR chronic
obstructive OR chronic obstructive lung disease OR chronic
obstructive airway disease OR chronic obstructive pulmo-
nary disease). A filter based on the search period (01/01/
0001–31/12/2017) was used.
2.3 | Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria were: studies evaluating short and long
term effects of inspiratory muscle training with a threshold
device in stable or experiencing acute exacerbation COPD
patients. Studies had to include one of these outcomes: dysp-
nea, quality of life, exercise capacity, and maximal inspira-
tory pressure (PImax). Randomized controlled trials (RCT),
non-randomized controlled trials (CT), and cohort studies
were included in this review.
| 2179
Sample size and lack of control group were not exclusion
criteria. Title and abstract were reviewed by two investiga-
tors (MB, GR) to identify potential relevant articles.
Disagreements were resolved by consensus or discussion
with a third investigator.
2.4 | Study selection and data collection
process
Each study was critically and independently appraised by
two investigators (MB and GR) for the following compo-
nents: sample size, patient’s characteristics and lung func-
tion, intervention (duration, frequency, intensity, and used
device), comparison, summary of the results, strength, and
limits of the study. Risk ratio and mean comparison and
adherence/completion level were reported. The GRADE sys-
tem was used to assess the quality of a body of evidence for
each individual outcome.32 The internal validity of the
randomized (controlled and cross-over) studies and observa-
tional studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy
Evidence Database (PEDro) scale and the Downs and Black
tool,33 respectively.
2.5 | Statistical analysis
The outcomes were isolated from the studies identified
as described above. To analyze the mean differences, the
fixed-effect analysis model for continuous outcomes was
used.
We analyzed the studies according to initial level of
PImax (PImax > or 60 cm H2O), on the basis of the exist-
ing literature and recommendations. Data are presented as
mean, with their 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity
was assessed by the I2 statistics for each comparison. An
I2 > 40% was considered to reject the homogeneity of the
comparison (and to accept heterogeneity hypothesis). In the
cases of heterogeneity, a random-effect model was used. For
all the comparisons, a P value <.05 was considered as statis-
tically significant.
All the analyses were done using RevMan 5.3 (the
Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK).
3 | RESULTS
Two thousand and fifty-seven articles were identified but
only 43 studies34–75 (38 RCT, 2 CT, and 3 cohort studies)
were included in the systematic review and 37 out of them in
the meta-analysis. Reasons for study exclusion are outlined
in Figure 1.31
The characteristics of included studies are described in
Table S1 (see in Supporting Information).
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| BEAUMONT ET AL.

FIGURE 1 Flow diagram

3.1 | Description of studies was also associated with pulmonary rehabilitation and com-
pared with usual care. In one non-randomized controlled
One thousand forty hundred and twenty-seven patients were
trial, four groups were studied: IMT 1 pulmonary rehabilita-
included in these studies and overall treatment group con-
tion; expiratory muscle training (EMT) 1 pulmonary rehabil-
sisted of six hundred and forty-two patients.
itation; IMT 1 EMT 1 pulmonary rehabilitation; pulmonary
Description of IMT programs is outlined in Table S1 (see
rehabilitation alone (control group).
in Supporting Information). Frequency of IMT was 5 days a
Methodological quality score varied from 3 to 8/10
week for 32 studies and 2 days a week in one study. Dura-
according to PEDro score for the RCT and from 1151 to 1236
tion of the training ranged from 1 week to 1 year and inten-
according to Downs and Black scale33 for the other studies.
sity of IMT varied from 30% to 80% of maximal inspiratory
pressure (PImax).
IMT was used alone in 79% of the studies or associated
3.2 | Outcomes
with general exercise training. When IMT was used alone, it
was compared with sham IMT, general exercise training, The results of effects of IMT according to the different out-
incentive spirometry, education, respiratory muscle stretch comes are mentioned in Table S2 (see in Supporting
gymnastics, expiratory muscle training, and usual care. IMT Information).
BEAUMONT ET AL.
FIGURE 2 Effects of inspiratory muscle training on dyspnea (Borg scale)
3.2.1 | Dyspnea
Twenty-three studies used dyspnea as outcome. Borg scale
or modified Borg Scale, Visual Analogic Scale (VAS),
Baseline-Transition Dyspnea Index (BDI-TDI), Multidimen-
sional Dyspnea Profile questionnaire (MDP), and item dysp-
nea of Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) were used
to evaluate dyspnea.
FIGURE 3 Effects of inspiratory muscle training on dyspnea (BDI-TDI)
| 2181
Borg scale and VAS were used to evaluate dyspnea at
the end of the 6MWT, at the end of incremental or constant
load test or during IMT session; the decrease of dyspnea was
not significant but trends toward a significant decrease
(Figure 2). Patients without weakness of inspiratory muscles
had a significant decrease of dyspnea.
Using BDI-TDI, the decrease of dyspnea was significant
(Figure 3). There was no difference according to level of PImax.
2182
| BEAUMONT
FIGURE 4 Effects of inspiratory muscle training on quality of life (SGRQ)
Using item dyspnea of CRQ, the decrease of dyspnea
was clinically relevant (more than 0.5 point).
In the non-randomized controlled trial,36 dyspnea was
decreased after the program independently on the group
(control and treatment) and it was systematically clinically
relevant (more than one point of reduction on the MMRC
scale).76
IMT and general exercise training reduced dyspnea after
4 and 8 weeks, but reduction of dyspnea at the end of the
6MWT was not significant compared with baseline in IMT
group, whereas it was significant in the general physical
training group.37 The decrease of dyspnea was clinically sig-
nificant according to the minimal clinical important differ-
ence (MCID) described by Crisafulli (one point reduction
with VAS)76 only for general physical training group.67
However, the decrease of dyspnea was almost clinically sig-
nificant only for the IMT group, at the end of the incremental
exercise test (20.8 point).37
Dyspnea during constant and incremental load tests was
significantly decreased with IMT alone compared with the
control group reaching the clinical relevance only for the con-
stant load test (two points reduction with the modified Borg
scale).67 The decrease of dyspnea between the two groups
(CET group vs. CET 1IMT group) was not different.75
Dyspnea at the end of 6MWT was decreased in all
studies36,44,61,64,66,72,74 but was clinically relevant in only
two studies.36,61
Dyspnea during or at the end of IMT session was clini-
cally relevant (>2 points on Borg Scale) in all studies.34,40,62
During PR, five authors used dyspnea as out-
come.36,44,47,59,74 In all studies, dyspnea was decreased after
PR program with or without IMT. In four studies,44,47,59,74
ET AL.
the authors founded no difference between groups for
improvement in dyspnea and in the last study,36 groups were
not compared.
3.2.2 | Quality of life
Nine studies used quality of life as outcome. Saint George’s
Respiratory Questionnaire (5 studies) or CRQ (3 studies) or
Short Form 236 quality of life questionnaire (SF-36)
(1 study) were used to assess quality of life.
The results of the meta-analysis just failed to reach statis-
tical significant improvement of quality of life using SGRQ
(Figure 4) or CRQ (Figure 5).
The authors of all studies without one study74 reported
relevant improvement (reduction of at least four points in
SGRQ or increase of more than 0.5 per item of CRQ).77
3.2.3 | Exercise capacity
Thirty-three studies assessed exercise capacity with different
tools: 6 min walk test (6MWT) (22 studies), 12MWT (5
studies), incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) (3 studies), or
Cardio Pulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) (5 studies).
IMT improved significantly walked distance during
6MWT and the improvement was clinically important
(143 m) (Figure 6).
Using ISWT or 12MWT, IMT improved exercise
capacity but the improvement was not significant (ISWT: 1
53.96 [232.19, 140.11], P 5 .22); 12MWT: 1114.55
[289.54, 318.63], P 5 .27).
Using CPET, four studies38,61,69,75 showed improvement
and a study a decrease in maximal workload.59
BEAUMONT ET AL.
| 2183

FIGURE 5 Effects of inspiratory muscle training on quality of life (CRQ)

3.2.4 | Inspiratory muscle strength 4 | DISCUSSION

Only 2 out of 43 studies did not evaluate PImax.46,63
The purpose of this review was to evaluate effects of IMT
PImax increased systematically after IMT training (Table
using threshold device on dyspnea, quality of life, exercise
S2) (see in Supporting Information). The increase of PImax after
capacity, and inspiratory muscle strength in COPD patients.
IMT is significant compared with Control group (Figure 7).

FIGURE 6 Effects of inspiratory muscle training on exercise capacity (6MWD)

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| BEAUMONT ET AL.

FIGURE 7 Effects of inspiratory muscle training on maximal inspiratory strength (PImax)

We choose to include only studies which use constant
load threshold for IMT, as it was recommended.24
Eight randomized controlled trials and one non random-
ized controlled trial using threshold device for IMT were
published since the last meta-analysis by Gosselink et al. in
2011 whereas the need for studies was clearly mentioned.29
Frequency and intensity are variables depending on the
studies from two times per week to seven times per week
and from 30 to 80% of PImax, respectively. It highlights the
lack of clear recommendations on IMT program’s modalities,
even if Gloeckl et al. give practical recommendations for the
implementation of IMT during pulmonary rehabilitation.78
The methodological quality of analyzed studies is moder-
ate (for 23 studies) to high (15 randomized controlled trial),
using Pedro scale. High methodological quality trials are
necessary for improving evidence based on IMT.
This meta-analysis showed that IMT improve dyspnea
compared with control group using BDI-TDI and the
improvement is clinically relevant. Two previous meta-
analysis compared IMT with exercises training but dyspnea
was not included as outcome due to the lack of data related
to this outcome at this time.79,80 Petrovic et al.67 evaluated
effects of IMT on inspiratory capacity (IC) and inspiratory
fraction (IC/TLC) which are two clinical parameters reflect-
ing hyperinflation. They demonstrated that in comparison
with usual care, IMT improved more hyperinflation
which is an important mechanism explaining dyspnea in
COPD.14–16,81–84 It provides a novel and interesting hypothe-
sis about the mechanisms explaining efficacy of IMT on
dyspnea. However, benefit of IMT on dyspnea seems less
important with IMT than with physical training.41,48 The
added benefit of IMT on dyspnea for patients with
BEAUMONT ET AL.
inspiratory muscle weakness (PImax  60 cm H2O) was not
verified. Then the initial level of PImax seems to be not a
good predictor, whereas it is recommended, but the level of
initial breathlessness should be more appropriated, as it was
already suggested in the previous meta-analysis.
Since 1996, four randomized trials44,47,59,74 and one con-
trolled trial36 evaluated benefit on dyspnea of adding IMT to
pulmonary rehabilitation. In all studies, dyspnea was
decreased after PR program with or without IMT. In four
studies,44,47,59,74 the authors founded no difference between
groups for improvement in dyspnea and in the last study,36
groups were not compared. These results show the lack of
added benefit of IMT to PR (vs. PR alone) on subjective
parameters such as dyspnea. A study in progress is investi-
gating the benefit of IMT combination to general exercise
training program.85 According to the ATS/ERS task force,9
further studies are needed to investigate added benefits of
IMT on dyspnea, during a pulmonary rehabilitation program.
Since the last meta-analysis,29 only three randomized
trial63,71,74 evaluated effects of IMT on quality of life even
though the quality of life improvement is a major objective
for patients with chronic disease. Quality of life was signifi-
cantly and clinically improved with IMT compared with con-
trol in two studies.63,71 This clinical benefit is important to
promote a better observance to the treatment and to maintain
motivation. Moreover, it was suggested by Gosselink et al.
using IMT at long term is one of challenges of this treatment
to sustain benefits as quality of life.29
In a study about ground based walking training, Wooton
et al.86 showed clinical benefits with such a training after
eight weeks (six points improvement in SGRQ) compared
with usual care. Another study87 reported clinical benefits
after a 12-weeks whole-body vibration training (>10 points
improvement in SGRQ). These results are comparable those
obtained with IMT.
About exercise capacity, IMT improves walk distance
during 6MWT with clinical relevant increase. We did not
found difference according to initial level of PImax.
However, compared with general exercise program, IMT
seems not beneficial. It confirms previous systematic
reviews.79,80 Although Cooper showed a 23 m improvement
in walked distance during 6MWT after IMT but it is lower
than the minimal clinical important difference,88,89 contrarily
to the improvement (32 m) observed in the physical training
group. Benzo46 found no improvement in exercise capacity
after IMT but it can be nuanced by the short duration of the
program. Beaumont et al.44 and Wang et al.74 found no dif-
ference between groups for exercise capacity. Indeed, dura-
tion of the other programs varied between four and eight
weeks. We can hypothesize that, similarly to pulmonary
rehabilitation,9 longer the program, better the benefit.
Our meta-analysis highlighted that PImax improves with
IMT in COPD patients (independently on the inspiratory
| 2185
muscle weakness) even if heterogeneity of the studies was
important. However, sensitivity analyses were performed but
did not change significantly the results. Improvement ranged
from 2.5 to 93.7% (median: 25 [18–34.75]). By comparison
with other respiratory disease (as asthma or cystic fibro-
sis),90,91 this improvement in PImax after IMT is similar
whereas in chronic heart failure92 improvement appears more
important. To our knowledge, no MCID is determining for
PImax. It means that the clinical significance of this effect is
difficult to interpret. Then to determine a MCID is an impor-
tant objective in futures studies. For patients, PImax
improvement alone does not seem to be important for them.
So, correlate PImax with clinical outcome could be interest-
ing for improving motivation for IMT.
5 | CONCLUSION
IMT improves inspiratory muscle strength, quality of life
(SGRQ), and exercise capacity (6MWT), decreases dyspnea
(BDI-TDI). There is no added effect of IMT on dyspnea dur-
ing PR, compared with PR alone. Level of initial PImax did
not seem to affect results.
However, effects of IMT on dyspnea and quality of life
have to be more investigated. Moreover, studies are neces-
sary to determine the optimal settings for IMT and MCID
related to PImax. Particular attention should be paid to the
association of IMT with pulmonary rehabilitation.
CO N FLI CT OF I N TER EST S
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest
with the contents of this article.
AU TH O R CO N TR IB UT IO NS
Literature search, data collection, study design, analysis of
data, manuscript preparation, review of manuscript: Marc
Beaumont
Analysis of data, manuscript preparation, review of manu-
script: Patrice Forget
Review of manuscript: Francis Couturaud
Literature search, data collection, study design, analysis of
data, manuscript preparation, review of manuscript:
Gregory Reychler
ET HI CS
No ethical approval is required.
O RC ID
Marc Beaumont http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2354-349X
Gregory Reychler http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7674-1150
2186
| BEAUMONT
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SUP PO RT IN G I N FO RM A TI O N
Additional supporting information may be found online in
the Supporting Information section at the end of the article.
TABLE S1 Characteristics of the included studies
TABLE S2 Results of effects of IMT, according to the
outcomes
How to cite this article: Beaumont M, Forget P, Cou-
turaud F, Reychler G. Effects of inspiratory muscle
training in COPD patients: A systematic review and
meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2018;12:2178–2188.
https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.12905