ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

dr. Novita Titis Harbiyanti, Sp.S
Faculty of Medicine
Universitas Brawijaya
2022
INTRODUCTION
• Doctor who receives the patient for the first time will determine the subsequent
management of the patient
• An effective stroke clinician requires core knowledge of normal brain physiology
and blood flow
• An understanding of neuroanatomy is important for comprehensive management

Fast and accurate diagnosis and treatment

 OUTLINE

Patho-
physiology Of
Regulation of Stroke
Cerebral
Blood brain blood flow
barrier and
Brain CSF
Neuroanatomy
Cerebrovascular
neuroanatomy
CEREBROVASCULAR
NEUROANATOMY
• Knowledge of neuroanatomy is crucial for physician.
• To properly understand diseases of the CV system, it is
substantial to have a working knowledge of cerebral circulation.
• Predicting where the lesion is will help you hone in on specific areas on
the head CT during acute stroke
• Understanding the anatomy allows the physician to learn what
regions of the brain are most likely to be affected in any given
clinical case

Batya et al, 2007

 The blood supply of the brain

The blood supply of the brain is maintained by the anterior and the posterior cerebral circulation, see (a), and the
Circle of Willis, see (b), as a backup circulation (adapted from illustrations of Gray (1918), (c) the complex spatial
shape of the Circle of Willis (Saafeld et al, 2015)
 Anterior Posterior
Circulation Circulation

Middle
Vertebral
cerebral
artery
artery (MCA)

Anterior
cerebral Basilar artery
artery (ACA)

Internal Posterior
Carotid cerebral
artery (ICA) artery (PCA)
ANTERIOR CIRCULATION ANATOMY :
Medial Cerebral Artery (MCA)
• Is formed at ICA terminus, marked by
bifurcation into middle cerebral artery
(MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
branches
• Middle Cerebral Artery :
• MI Segment (horizontal),
• M2 Segment (insular),
• M3 segment (opercular),
• M4 segment (cortical)
MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY (MCA)
MCA Frontal : Prefrontal,
Most of Lateral
frontal eye field,
Supplies Cerebral Cortex,
supplementary,
Frontal, Temporal,
primary motor,
Parietal
broca

Temporal : superior
temporal gyrus  Parietal : gyrus
Wernicke area, angularis
subcortical temporal

Basal ganglia,
capsula interna
Cerebral cortex : Frontal Lobe
• Frontal Lobe : It is the
largest lobe, located in
front of the cerebral
hemispheres
 TRAKTUS
PIRAMIDALIS
Cortex motorik
Corona radiata

LESI
Capsula interna
UMN
Brainstem
Decussatio Pyramidum
Traktus kortikospinalis lateralis
Cornu anterior
LESI
LMN
Saraf perifer
NMJ
CLINICAL FEATURE OF CEREBRI
MEDIA ARTERY OCCLUSION :
FRONTAL LOBE Dominan Cerebral Hemisphere
• Broca Afasia
Motor cortex:
• Weakness or paralysis of the contralateral face and arm >
leg , upper motor neuron sign
Prefrontal Cortex
• Personality change, Social Disturbance Behaviour

Frontal eye field

• Eye deviate towards the ipsilateral side
Cerebral cortex : Parietal Lobe
Parietal lobe contains
the primary sensory
cortex, receives the
majority of the sensory
inputs coming from the
thalamus, responsible
for interpreting
thesomatosensory
impuls
LATERAL SPINOTHALAMICUS
TRACT
Pain, temperature stimulus

Cornu dorsalis
medulla spinalis

crosses in the midline at the

anterior spinal commissure

ascends to the VPL thalamus

projected to the postcentral parietal cortex

CLINICAL FEATURE OF CEREBRI MEDIA
ARTERY OCCLUSION : PARIETAL LOBE
Dominan Hemisphere
• Gertsman syndrome 
Alkakulia, Agraphia, Finger agnosia,
Right left Disorientation
Non Dominant Hemisphere
• Hemispatial neglect syndrome :
agnosia of the contralateral side of
the body and the space around it
Lesion of somatosensory Cortex
• Lost of sensation in the
contralateral face and arm
TEMPORAL LOBE
CLINICAL FEATURE OF CEREBRI MEDIA
ARTERY OCCLUSION: TEMPORAL LOBE
Subcortical temporal 
optic radiatio
quadratanopia homonym
contralateral

Dominan Hemisphere 
A.Right temporal lobe sylvian fissure hematoma Wernicke Aphasia
B. Right MCA aneurysm was found on CTA
CAROTID INTERNA ARTERY
• If the thrombus propagates up to the
internal carotid artery into the MCA, or
embolized it, symtomp are identical to
proximal MCA occlusion
• Internal artery carotid perfuse the optic
nerve and retina via the ophthalmic artery,
in about 25 % symptomatic internal carotid
disease, recurrent transient monocular
blindness (amorousis fugax) warn the
lesion
 Anterior Cerebral Artery

Anterior Cerebral Antero Medial

Anterior Cerebral Artery :
Artery supplies part frontal and A1 from ICA up to ACOM,
parietal lobe A2 from ACOM to rostrum of corpus
callosum
CLINICAL FEATURE OF CEREBRI ANTERIOR
ARTERY OCCLUSION
Anterior Portion

• Weakness or
paralysis
Contralateral leg
• Sensory loss
contralateral leg
• Lower limb
hipereflexia
 POSTERIOR CIRCULATORY
ANATOMY
Posterior cerebral Inferior
Occipital
temporal thalamus midbrain
artery supplies lobe
lobes

• Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

• Vertebral artery ; occlusion vertebral
artery can lead to infarct medulla
• Basilar artery : Oclussion basilar artery
can lead to infarct in pons, thalami,
occipital lobes, medial temporal lobe
OCCIPITAL LOBE
• The occipital lobe is the
smallest lobe in the
cerebrum cortex.
• It is located in the most
posterior region of the
brain, posterior to the
parietal lobe and temporal
lobe
• Lesion this site 
contralateral homonymus
hemianopia with sparing
of central vision, visual
agnosia, achromatopsia
CEREBELLUM
• Second largest portion of the
brain
• Located beneath of the
cerebrum
• Aids in coordinating voluntary
body movements and
maintaining balance and
equilibrium
Neurosurgical Atlas, 2022
BRAIN STEM
Brainstem contains numerous cranial
nerve nuclei
• Mesencephalon -- act as a pathway for
impulse to be conducted between the
brain and spinal cord
• Pons -- portion of the brainstem
between the midbrain above and
the medulla oblongata below.
• Medulla oblongata -- connect brain
Neurosurgical Atlas, 2022
and spinal cord
MOST COMMON SIGN OF POSTERIOR
CIRCULATION OCCLUSION

Limb Nausea
Dizziness
weakness Vomiting

Ataxia Headache
POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY
OCCLUSION CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Anton
Alexia Contralateral
Syndrom Balint
without homonym Anomia Thalamus
(cortical Syndrom
agraphia hemianopia
blindess)
Thalamic
Ability to pain :
write but Inability Oculomotor contralater
Vision loss,
inability to to apraxia, al
unaware of
read (pure naming optic ataxia, hemibody
blindness simultagnosia
word object pain,
blindness) allodynia,
hiperalgesi

CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology (lww.com)

 CEREBROVASCULAR ANATOMY;
CEREBRAL VESSEL FORMATION AND
STRUCTURE
Arterial structure
Endhotelium

Tunica intima

Tunica media

Tunica adventitia

Ng et al, 2018
ATEROSCLEROSIS
• Thrombotic : blood
clot directly at the
site of infarction
• Embolic : embolus
travel to the site of
infarction
 FORMATION OF PLATELET
PLUG
1. Vascular
injury

2. Vasoconstriction

3. Platelet activation

4. Coagulation
cascade
 BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
• Diffusion barrier that regulates
movement of nutrients and waste
products between the CNS and
peripheral circulatory system
• Is formed by endothelial cells
attached to one other by thight
junction, basement membrane,
astrocytic end feet
• Protects CNS from possibly toxic
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
• Provides mechanical protection for the
brain and the spinal cord
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear fluid
present in the ventricles of the brain-
central canal of the spinal cord-
subarachnoid space
• CSF produced in the brain by
ependymal cells in the choroid plexus.
CIRCULATION OF CSF
Interventricular
Lateral
foramen of
Ventricles
Monro

Aqueduct of Third
Sylvi Ventricle

Spinal cord central

Fourth
kanal, subarachnoid
ventricle
space
AUTOREGULATION OF CEREBRAL
BLOOD FLOW
• Cerebral blood flow
autoregulation is a
regulatory mechanism that
maintains constant brain
perfusion over a relatively
wide range of cerebral
perfusion pressures
(CPPs).
• This mechanism originates
within the cerebral
microcirculation
REGULATION OF CEREBRAL BLOOD
FLOW
• Normal cerebral blood flow (CBF) is 50 ml/100 g/min
• Normal oxygen consumption is >3 ml/100 g/min
• Cerebral ischemia develops when CBF is reduced to < 22 ml/100 g/min
• < 10 ml/100 g/min leads to infarct
Penumbra, Infarct Core, Oligemia
Infarct core (brown):
infarcted tissue.
Penumbra (orange):
salvageable tissue at risk
for infarction in case of
persistence vessel
occlusion.
Oligaemia (yellow):
hypoperfused tissue
without risk for infarction.
Cerebral blood flow
decreases in direction to
(Jung et al, 2017) the infarct core.
Patophysiology of Stroke : Celluler response to
Cerebral Ischemia
Reduction of cerebral blood flow

Energy failure ATP production ceases stores depleted

Cell membrane depolarization

Large influx of calcium, sodium, chloride, efflux of

potassium. Massive release of glutamat

Cell death
Patophysiology of Stroke : Cerebral
Hemorrhagic
Conclusion
• Blood supply to the brain is secured by an extensive collateral
circulation system Circle of Willis
• Understanding of normal brain physiology and blood flow,also
neuroanatomy is crucial to predicting where the vascular lesion
• Stroke is a serious neurological disease, and constitutes a major cause
of death and disability throughout the world, with a good
understanding we can give best treatment and diagnose to our
patient
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THANK YOU