Chapter 27

1. (a) The potential difference across the capacitor varies as a function of time t as
V (t ) = V0 e -t / RC . Using V = 0.60V0 at t = 2.40 d = 2.07 ´105 s , we find

t 2.07 ´ 105 s
R= = = 2.03 ´ 1011 W.
C ln (V0 V ) ( 2.0 ´ 10 F ) ln (1/ 0.600)
-6

(b) The power dissipated is

V 2 (t ) V02 -2t /t
P (t ) = = e
R R

where t = RC = (2.03 ´ 1011 W)(2.00 ´10 -6 F) = 4.06 ´ 105 s . Thus, the energy loss is

V02
e -2 t /t dt = CV02 ( -e -2t / t )
2.07´105 1 2.07´105
DU = ò P (t )dt = ò
R 0 2 0

1
( )
= (2.00 ´10-6 F)(50.0 V)2 1 - e -2(2.07´10 s) /(4.06´10 s) = 1.60 ´10-3 J.
2
5 5

(c) The rate of energy loss at the end of the interval is

V02 -2t/t (50.0V)2 -2(2.071´05s)/(4.0610

´ 5s) -9
P(2.07´10s)= e
5
= e =4.43´10 J/s.
R 2.0710 ´ 5s 2.03´1011W

232
 233

2. Using the junction rule (i3 = i1 + i2) we write two loop rule equations:
12.0 V – i1R1 – (i1 + i2) R3 = 0
5.00 V – i2R2 – (i1 + i2) R3 = 0.

(a) Solving, we find i2 = -0.167 A , and

(b) i3 = i1 + i2 = 1.41 A (downward, as was assumed in writing the equations as we did).

234 CHAPTER 27

3. We first find the currents. Let i1 be the current in R1 and take it to be positive if it is to
the right. Let i2 be the current in R2 and take it to be positive if it is to the left. Let i3 be
the current in R3 and take it to be positive if it is upward. The junction rule produces
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0 . The loop rule applied to the left-hand loop produces e1 - i1 R1 + i3 R3 = 0 and
applied to the right-hand loop produces
e 2 - i2 R2 + i3 R3 = 0.

We substitute i3 = –i2 – i1, from the first equation, into the other two to obtain

e1 - i1 R1 - i2 R3 - i1R3 = 0

and
e 2 - i2 R2 - i2 R3 - i1R3 = 0.

Solving the above equations yield

e1 ( R2 + R3 ) - e 2 R3 (1.00 V)(2.00 W + 5.00 W) - (3.00 V)(5.00 W)

i1 = = = -0.211 A
R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3 (4.00 W )(2.00 W) + (4.00 W)(5.00W) + (2.00 W)(5.00 W)

e 2 ( R1 + R3 ) - e1 R3 (3.00 V)(4.00 W + 5.00 W) - (1.00 V)(5.00 W)

i2 = = = 0.579 A.
R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3 (4.00 W)(2.00 W) + (4.00 W)(5.00W) + (2.00 W)(5.00 W)

and
e 2 R1 + e1R2 (3.00 V)(4.00 W) + (1.00 V)(2.00 W)
i3 = - =- = -0.368 A.
R1R2 + R1R3 + R2 R3 (4.00 W )(2.00 W) + (4.00 W)(5.00W) + (2.00 W)(5.00 W)

Note that the current i3 in R3 is actually downward and the current i2 in R2 is to the left.
The current i1 in R1 is to the left as well.

(a) The power dissipated in R1 is P1 = i12 R1 = ( -0.211A ) ( 4.00 W ) = 0.177 W.

2

(b) The power dissipated in R2 is P2 = i22 R2 = (+0.579 A)2 (2.00 W) = 0.670 W.

(c) The power dissipated in R3 is P3 = i32 R3 = ( -0.368 A ) ( 5.00 W ) = 0.679 W.

2

(d) The power supplied by e1 is i1e1 = (–0.211 A)(1.00 V) = –0.211 W.

(e) The power “supplied” by e2 is i2e2 = (+0.579 A)(3.00 V) = +1.74 W.

(f) The negative sign indicates that e1 is actually absorbing energy from the circuit.
 235

(g) The positive sign indicates that e2 is actually providing energy to the circuit.
236 CHAPTER 27

4. (a) The loop rule (examining the left-hand loop) gives e2 + i1 R1 – e 1 = 0. Since e 1 is
held constant while e 2 and i1 vary, we see that this expression (for large enough e 2) will
result in a negative value for i1, so the downward sloping line (the line that is dashed in
the figure) must represent i1. It appears to be zero when e 2 = 6.0 V. With i1 = 0, our
loop rule gives e 1 = e 2, which implies that e 1 = 6.0 V.

(b) At e 2 = 2.0 V (in the graph) it appears that i1 = 0.40 A. Now our loop rule equation
(with the conclusion about e 1 found in part (a)) gives

2.0 V + (0.40 A)R1 – 6.0 V = 0 Þ R1 = 10 W.

(c) Looking at the point where the upward-sloping i2 line crosses the axis (at e 2 = 4.0 V),
we note that i1 = 0.20 A there and that the loop rule around the right-hand loop gives e 1 –
i1 R1 = i1 R2, or

6.0 V – (0.20 A)(10 W) = (0.20 A)R2 Þ R2 = 20 W.

 237

5. (a) The batteries are identical and, because they are connected in parallel, the potential
differences across them are the same. This means the currents in them are the same. Let i
be the current in either battery and take it to be positive to the left. According to the
junction rule the current in R is 2i and it is positive to the right. The loop rule applied to
either loop containing a battery and R yields

e
e - ir - 2iR = 0 Þ i= .
r + 2R
The power dissipated in R is
4e 2 R
P = (2i ) R =
2
.
(r + 2 R) 2

We find the maximum by setting the derivative with respect to R equal to zero. The
derivative is
dP 4e 2 16e 2 R 4e 2 ( r - 2 R )
= - = .
dR (r + 2 R) 3 (r + 2 R) 3 (r + 2 R) 3

The derivative vanishes (and P is a maximum) if R = r/2. With r = 0.500 W, we have

R = 0.250 W .

(b) We substitute R = r/2 into P = 4e 2R/(r + 2R)2 to obtain

4e 2 (r / 2) e 2 (12.0 V)2
Pmax = = = = 144 W.
[r + 2(r / 2)]2 2r 2(0.500 W)

(c) The current in the circuit is

e 12.0 V
i= = = 12.0 A.
r + 2R 0.500 W + 2(0.250 W)

The total dissipation rate in the battery is

Pb = ie = (12.0 A)(12.0 V) = 144 W.

(d) Since the two resistors are connected in parallel, the effective internal resistance is

1 1 1 2 r
= + = Þ req = .
req r r r 2

(e) As shown above, the dissipation rate is maximized when R = r / 2.

238 CHAPTER 27

6. (a) By symmetry, when the two batteries are connected in parallel the current i going
through either one is the same. So from e = ir + (2i)R with r = 0.200 W and R = 2.00r,
we get
2e 2(10.0V)
iR = 2i = = = 20.0 A.
r + 2 R 0.200W + 2(0.400W)

(b) When connected in series 2e – iRr – iRr – iRR = 0, or iR = 2e/(2r + R). The result is
2e 2(10.0V)
iR = 2i = = = 25.0 A.
2r + R 2(0.200W) + 0.400W

(c) They are in series arrangement, since R > r.

(d) If R = r/2.00, then for parallel connection,

2e 2(10.0V)
iR = 2i = = = 50.0 A.
r + 2 R 0.200W + 2(0.100W)

(e) For series connection, we have

2e 2(10.0V)
iR = 2i = = = 40.0 A.
2r + R 2(0.200W) + 0.100W

(f) They are in parallel arrangement, since R < r.

 239

7. Since the current in the ammeter is i, the voltmeter reading is

V’ =V+ i RA= i (R + RA),

or R = V ¢ / i – RA = R' – RA, where R¢ = V ¢ / i is the apparent reading of the resistance.

Now, from the lower loop of the circuit diagram, the current through the voltmeter is
iV = e /( Req + R0 ) , where
1 1 1 RV ( R + RA ) ( 300 W )(85.0 W + 3.00 W ) = 68.0 W .
= + Þ Req = =
Req RV RA + R RV + R + RA 300 W + 85.0 W + 3.00 W

e Req (18.0 V)(68.0 W)

The voltmeter reading is then V ¢ = iV Req = = = 7.29 V.
Req + R0 68.0 W + 100W
(a) The ammeter reading is
V¢ 7.29 V
i= = = 0.0828 A.
R + RA 85.0 W + 3.00W

(b) As shown above, the voltmeter reading is V ¢ = 7.29 V.

(c) R¢ = V ¢ / i = (7.29 V)/(8.28 ´ 10–2 A) = 88.0 W.

(d) Since R = R¢ - RA , if RA is decreased, the difference between R ¢ and R decreases. In

fact, when RA = 0, R¢ = R.
240 CHAPTER 27

8. (a) Resistors R2, R3, and R4 are in parallel. By finding a common denominator and
simplifying, the equation 1/R = 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4 gives an equivalent resistance of

R2 R3 R4 (50.0 W)(50.0W)(75.0 W)
R= =
R2 R3 + R2 R4 + R3 R4 (50.0 W)(50.0 W) + (50.0 W)(75.0 W) + (50.0 W)(75.0 W)
= 18.75 W .

Thus, considering the series contribution of resistor R1, the equivalent resistance for the
network is Req = R1 + R = 100 W + 18.75 W = 118.75 W » 119 W.

(b) i1 = e/Req = 12.0 V/(118.75 W) = 1.01 ´ 10–1 A.

(c) i2 = (e – V1)/R2 = (e – i1R1)/R2 = [12.0V – (1.01 ´ 10–1 A)(100W)]/50 W = 3.79 ´ 10–2

A.

(d) i3 = (e – V1)/R3 = i2R2/R3 = (3.79 ´ 10–2 A)(50.0 W/50.0 W) = 3.79 ´ 10–2 A.

(e) i4 = i1 – i2 – i3 = 1.01 ´ 10–1 A – 2(3.79 ´ 10–2 A) = 2.53 ´ 10–2 A.

 241

9. (a) In the steady state situation, the capacitor voltage will equal the voltage across R2 =
15 kW:
e æ 20.0V ö
V0 = R2 = (15.0 kW ) ç ÷ = 12.0V.
R1 + R2 è 10.0 kW + 15.0 kW ø

Now, multiplying Eq. 27-39 by the capacitance leads to V = V0e–t/RC describing the
voltage across the capacitor (and across R2 = 15.0 kW) after the switch is opened (at t = 0).
Thus, with t = 0.00400 s, we obtain

b g
V = 12 e
b ge
-0.004 15000 0.4 ´ 10 -6 j = 616
. V.

Therefore, using Ohm’s law, the current through R2 is 6.16/15000 = 4.11 ´ 10–4 A.

(b) The charge in the capacitor is q(t ) = CV (t ) = CV0 e -t /t , where

t = R2 C = (15.0 ´ 103 W )(0.400 ´ 10-6 F) = 6.00 ´ 10-6 s

The current is
dq (t ) CV
i (t ) = = - 0 e -t /t ,
dt t

so the rate of change of the current at t = 4.00 ms is

di (t ) d 2 q (t ) CV0 - t /t (0.400 ´ 10-6 s)(12.0 V) - (4.00´10-3 s) /(6.00´10-3 s)

= = 2 e = e = 6.85 ´ 10-2 A/s .
dt dt 2
t -3
(6.00 ´ 10 s) 2

(c) The dissipation rate is given by P (t ) = i 2 (t ) R2 . Thus, the rate of change of P(t) at t =
4.00 ms is

dP (t ) d 2 di (t )
= éëi (t ) R2 ùû = 2 R2i (t )
dt dt dt
= 2(15.0 ´ 103 W)(4.11´ 10-6 A)(6.85 ´ 10-2 A/s) = 0.844 W/s.
242 CHAPTER 27

10. (a) With P = 60.0 W and e = 24.0 V, we have

Req = e / P = (22 V) /(60.0 W) = 8.067 W. On the other hand,
2 2

Req = 7.00 W +
(12.0 W )( 4.00 W ) R Þ 1.067 =
48 R
.
(12.0 W )( 4.0 W ) + (12.0 W ) R + ( 4.00 W ) R 48 + 16 R

Solving for R, we obtain R = 1.66 W.

(b) Since P µ Req, we must minimize Req, which means R = 0.

(c) Now we must maximize Req, or set R = ¥.

(d) Since Req, min = 7.00 W, Pmax = e 2/Req, min = (22.0 V)2/(7.00 W) = 69.1 W.

(e) Since Req, max = 7.00 W + (12.0 W)(4.00 W)/(12.0 W + 4.00 W) = 10.0 W,

Pmin = e 2/Req, max = (22.0 V)2/(10.0 W) = 48.4 W.

 243

11. THINK This problem involves a multi-loop circuit. We first simplify the circuit by
finding the equivalent resistance. We then apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule to calculate the
current in the loop, and the potentials at various points in the circuit.

EXPRESS We first reduce the parallel pair of identical 2.0-W resistors (on the right side)
to R' = 1.0 W, and we reduce the series pair of identical 2.0-W resistors (on the upper left
side) to R'' = 4.0 W. With R denoting the 2.0-W resistor at the bottom (between V2 and V1),
we now have three resistors in series which are equivalent to Req = R + R ¢ + R¢¢ = 7.0 W
across which the voltage is e 2 - e1 = 19 V – 5.0 V = 14 V by the loop rule, implying that
the current is

e 2 - e1 14 V
i= = = 2.0 A .
Req 7.0 W

The direction of i is upward in the right-hand emf device. Knowing i allows us to solve
for V1 and V2.

ANALYZE (a) The voltage across R' is (2.0 A)(1.0 W) = 2.0 V, which means that
(examining the right side of the circuit) the voltage difference between ground and V1 is
19 V – 2.0 V = 17 V. Noting the orientation of the battery, we conclude that V1 = -17 V .

(b) The voltage across R'' is (2.0 A)(4.0 W) = 8.0 V, which means that (examining the left
side of the circuit) the voltage difference between ground and V2 is 5.0 V + 8.0 V = 13 V.
Noting the orientation of the battery, we conclude V2 = –13 V.

LEARN The potential difference between points 1 and 2 is

V2 - V1 = -13 V - (-17 V) = 4.0 V,

which is equal to iR = (2.0 A)(2.0 W) = 4.0 V.

244 CHAPTER 27

12. The part of R0 connected in parallel with R is given by R1 = R0x/L, where L = 10 cm.
The voltage difference across R is then VR = eR'/Req, where R' = RR1/(R + R1) and

Req = R0(1 – x/L) + R'.

Thus,
eRR1 ( R + R1 ) 100 R ( e x R0 )
2
V2 1 æ ö
2

PR = R = ç ÷ = ,
R R çè R0 (1 - x L ) + RR1 ( R + R1 ) ÷ø (100 R R + 10 x - x )
2 2
0

where x is measured in cm. A plot of P as a function of x is shown below.

 245

13. The current in R2 is i. Let i1 be the current in R1 and take it to be downward.

According to the junction rule the current in the voltmeter is i – i1 and it is downward.
We apply the loop rule to the left-hand loop:

e - iR2 - i1 R1 - ir = 0.

Similarly, applying the loop rule to the right-hand loop gives

b g
i1 R1 - i - i1 RV = 0.
The second equation yields
R1 + RV
i= i1.
RV

We substitute this into the first equation to obtain

e-
b R + r gb R + R g i + R i = 0.
2 1 V
1 11
RV
This has the solution
e RV
i1 =
b R + r gb R + R g + R R
2 1 V 1 V
.

The reading on the voltmeter is

e RV R1 (13.2V ) ( 5.0 ´103 W ) ( 250 W )

i1 R1 = =
( R2 + r ) ( R1 + RV ) + R1RV ( 300 W + 100 W ) ( 250 W + 5.0 ´103 W ) + ( 250 W ) ( 5.0 ´103 W )
= 4.925 V.

The current in the absence of the voltmeter can be obtained by taking the limit as R V
becomes infinitely large. Then

e R1 (13.2 V )( 250 W )
i1 R1 = = = 5.077 V.
R1 + R2 + r 250 W + 300 W + 100 W

The fractional error is (4.925 – 5.077)/(5.077) = –0.030, or –3.0%.

246 CHAPTER 27

14. (a) By the loop rule, it remains the same. This question is aimed at student
conceptualization of voltage; many students apparently confuse the concepts of voltage
and current and speak of “voltage going through” a resistor – which would be difficult to
rectify with the conclusion of this problem.

(b) The loop rule still applies, of course, but (by the junction rule and Ohm’s law) the
voltages across R1 and R3 (which were the same when the switch was open) are no longer
equal. More current is now being supplied by the battery, which means more current is in
R3, implying its voltage drop has increased (in magnitude). Thus, by the loop rule (since
the battery voltage has not changed) the voltage across R1 has decreased a corresponding
amount. When the switch was open, the voltage across R1 was 6.0 V (easily seen from
symmetry considerations). With the switch closed, R1 and R2 are equivalent (by Eq. 27-
24) to 2.0 W, which means the total load on the battery is 6.0 W. The current therefore is
2.00 A, which implies that the voltage drop across R3 is 8.0 V. The loop rule then tells us
that the voltage drop across R1 is 12 V – 8.0 V = 4.0 V. This is a decrease of 2.0 volts
from the value it had when the switch was open.
 247

15. THINK We have an RC circuit that is being charged. When fully charged, the charge
on the capacitor is equal to Ce .

EXPRESS During charging, the charge on the positive plate of the capacitor is given by

c h
q = Ce 1 - e - t t ,

where C is the capacitance, e is applied emf, and t = RC is the capacitive time constant.
The equilibrium charge is qeq = Ce, so we require q = 0.89qeq = 0.89Ce.

ANALYZE The time required to reach 99% of its final charge is given by

0.89 = 1 - e -t t .

Thus, e -t t = 0.11. Taking the natural logarithm of both sides, we obtain t/t = – ln 0.11 =
2.21 or t = 2.21t.

LEARN The corresponding current in a charging capacitor is given by

dq e -t t
i= = e .
dt R

The current has an initial value e / R but decays exponentially to zero as the capacitor
becomes fully charged. The plots of q(t) and i(t) are shown in Fig. 27-16 of the text.
248 CHAPTER 27

16. The equivalent resistance in Fig. 27-52 (with n parallel resistors) is

R æ n +1 ö
Req = R + =ç ÷R .
n è n ø

The current in the battery in this case should be

Vbattery n Vbattery
in = = .
Req n +1 R

If there were n +1 parallel resistors, then

Vbattery n + 1 Vbattery
in +1 = = .
Req n+2 R

For the relative increase to be 0.833% (= 1/120), we require

in+ 1 – in in+ 1 (n + 1) /(n + 2) 1

= –1= -1 = .
in in n /(n + 1) 120

This leads to the second-degree equation n2 + 2n – 120 = (n + 12)(n – 10) = 0.

Clearly the only physically interesting solution to this is n = 10. Thus, there are 10
resistors in parallel (as well as that resistor in series shown toward the bottom) in Fig. 27-
28.
 249

17. The equivalent resistance of the circuit is

R2 R3
Req = R1 + R23 = R1 + .
R2 + R3

and the current is i = e / Req . With i = i2 + i3 , and i2 R2 = i3 R3 , the voltage difference across
R3 is
e R2 R3
V3 = i3 R3 = .
R1 ( R2 + R3 ) + R2 R3
Thus,
2
V2 1 æ e R2 R3 ö e 2 R22 R3
P3 ( R3 ) = 3 = ç ÷ =
R3 R3 è R1 ( R2 + R3 ) + R2 R3 ø [ R1 ( R2 + R3 ) + R2 R3 ]2

To maximize P3, we set

dP3 ( R3 ) e 2 R22 [ R1 R2 - R3 ( R1 + R2 )]
= =0
dR3 [ R1 ( R2 + R3 ) + R2 R3 ]3
to obtain
R1 R2 (3.00 W)(7.00 W)
R3 = = = 2.10 W
R1 + R2 3.00 W + 7.00 W
250 CHAPTER 27

18. (a) The potential difference V across the plates of a capacitor is related to the charge q
on the positive plate by V = q/C, where C is capacitance. Since the charge on a
discharging capacitor is given by q = q0 e–t/t, this means V = V0 e–t/t where V0 is the initial
potential difference. We solve for the time constant t by dividing by V0 and taking the
natural logarithm:

t 10.0 s
t =- =- = 2.28s.
ln (V V0 ) ln éë(1.00 V ) ( 80 V ) ùû

(b) At t = 17.0 s, t/t = (17.0 s)/(2.28 s) = 7.449, so

V = V0 e - t t = ( 80 V ) e -7.449 = 4.65 ´ 10-2 V = 46.5 mV .

 251

19. First, we note in V4, that the voltage across R4 is equal to the sum of the voltages
across R5 and R6:
V4 = i6(R5 +R6)= (2.80 A)(8.00 W + 4.00 W) = 33.6 V.

The current through R4 is then equal to i4 = V4/R4 = (33.6 V)/(16.0 W) = 2.10 A. By the
junction rule, the current in R2 is
i2 = i4 + i6 = 2.10 A + 2.80 A = 4.90 A,
so its voltage is
V2 = (2.00 W)(4.90 A) = 9.80 V.

The loop rule tells us the voltage across R3 is V3 = V2 + V4 = 9.80 V + 33.6 V = 43.4 V,
implying that the current through it is i3 = V3/(2.00 W) = 21.7 A. The junction rule now
gives the current in R1 as
i1 = i2 + i3 = 4.90 A + 21.7 A = 26.6 A,

implying that the voltage across it is V1 = (26.6 A)(2.00 W) = 53.2 V. Therefore, by the
loop rule,

e = V1 + V3 = 53.2 V + 43.4 V = 96.6 V.

252 CHAPTER 27

20. (a) Using the junction rule (i1 = i2 + i3) we write two loop rule equations:

Solving, we find i2 = 0.0182 A (rightward, as was assumed in writing the equations as

we did), i3 = 0.02545 A (leftward), and i1 = i2 + i3 = 0.04365 A (downward).

(b) The direction is downward. See the results in part (a).

(c) I 2 = 0.0182 A. See the results in part (a).

(d) The direction is rightward. See the results in part (a).

(e) i3 = 0.0254 A. See the results in part (a).

(f) The direction is leftward. See the results in part (a).

(g) The voltage across R1 equals VA: (0.0382 A)(100 W) = +4.37 V.

 253

21. Here we denote the battery emf as V. Then the requirement stated in the problem that
the resistor voltage be equal to the capacitor voltage becomes iR = Vcap, or

t /RC t 1
Ve- = V(1 - e- /RC) Þ e -t / RC = .
2

where Eqs. 27-34 and 27-35 have been used. This leads to

t = RC ln 2 = (32.0 W)(49.0 ´ 10-6 F) ln 2 = 1.09 ´ 10-3 s .

254 CHAPTER 27

22. (a) Since i = e/(r + Rext) and imax = e/r, we have R ext = R(imax/i – 1) where r = 9.00
V/1.00 mA = 9.00 ´ 103 W. Thus,
Rext = (9.00 ´ 103 W)(1/ 0.100 - 1) = 8.10 ´10 4 W .

(b) Rext = (9.0 ´ 103 W)(1/ 0.500 - 1) = 9.0 ´ 103 W .

(c) Rext = (9.0 ´ 103 W )(1/ 0.900 - 1) = 1000 W .

(d) Since r = 20.0 W + R, R = 9.00 ´ 103 W – 20.0 W = 8.98 ´ 103 W.

 255

23. Let the resistors be divided into groups of n resistors each, with all the resistors in the
same group connected in series. Suppose there are m such groups that are connected in
parallel with each other. Let R be the resistance of any one of the resistors. Then the
equivalent resistance of any group is nR, and Req, the equivalent resistance of the whole
array, satisfies

m
1 1 m
=å = .
Req 1 nR nR

Since the problem requires Req = 10 W = R, we must select n = m. Next we make use of
Eq. 27-16. We note that the current is the same in every resistor and there are n · m = n2
resistors, so the maximum total power that can be dissipated is Ptotal = n2P, where
P = 1.0 W is the maximum power that can be dissipated by any one of the resistors. The
problem demands Ptotal ³ 12P, so n2 must be at least as large as 12. Since n must be an
integer, the smallest it can be is 4. The least number of resistors is n2 = (4)2 = 16.
256 CHAPTER 27

24. (a) e = V + ir = 12 V + (10.0 A) (0.0500 W) = 12.5 V.

(b) Now e = V' + (imotor + 8.50 A)r, where

V' = i'ARlight = (8.50 A) (12.0 V/10 A) = 10.2 V.

Therefore,
e -V ¢ 12.5 V - 10.2 V
imotor = - 8.50A = - 8.50A = 37.5A
r 0.0500 W
 257

25. (a) The symmetry of the problem allows us to use i2 as the current in both of the R2
resistors and i1 for the R1 resistors. We see from the junction rule that i3 = i1 – i2. There
are only two independent loop rule equations:

e - i2 R2 - i1 R1 = 0
e - 2i1 R1 - ( i1 - i2 ) R3 = 0

where in the latter equation, a zigzag path through the bridge has been taken. Solving, we
find

e ( R2 + R3 )
i1 = = 5.25 ´ 10 -3 A
R2 R3 + R1 (2 R2 + R3 )
and
e ( R1 + R3 )
i2 = = 4.50 ´ 10-3 A .
R2 R3 + R1 (2 R2 + R3 )

Similarly, i3 = i1 – i2 = 7.50 ´10-4 A . Therefore,

VA – VB = i1R1 = (5.25 ´10 -3 A)(2000 W) = 10.5 V .

(b) It follows also that VB – VC = i3R3 = (7.50 ´ 10-4 A)(4000 W) = 3.00 V .

(c) We find VC – VD = i1R1 = 10.5 V.

(d) Finally, VA – VC = i2R2 = (4.50 ´ 10-3 A)(3000 W) = 13.5 V .

258 CHAPTER 27

26. (a) The voltage difference V across the capacitor is V(t) = e(1 – e–t/RC). At t = 1.30 ms
we have V(t) = 7.00 V, so 7.00 V = (31.0 V)(1 – e–1.30 ms/RC), which gives e–1.30 ms/RC =
0.7742, or

t = (1.30 m s)/ln(0.7742) = 5.08 ms.

(b) The capacitance is C = t/R = (5.08 ms)/(15.0 kW) = 339 pF.

 259

27. THINK A zero terminal-to-terminal potential difference implies that the emf of the
battery is equal to the voltage drop across its internal resistance, that is, e = ir.

EXPRESS To be as general as possible, we refer to the individual emf’s as e1 and e2 and

wait until the latter steps to equate them (e1 = e2 = e). The batteries are placed in series in
such a way that their voltages add; that is, they do not “oppose” each other. The total
resistance in the circuit is therefore Rtotal = R + r1 + r2 (where the problem tells us r1 > r2),
and the “net emf” in the circuit is e1 + e2. Since battery 1 has the higher internal
resistance, it is the one capable of having a zero terminal voltage, as the computation in
part (a) shows.

ANALYZE (a) The current in the circuit is

e1 + e 2
i= ,
r1 + r2 + R

and the requirement of zero terminal voltage leads to e1 = ir1 , or

e 2 r1 - e1r2 (12.0 V)(0.025 W ) - (12.0 V)(0.012 W)

R= = = 0.013 W .
e1 12.0 V

Note that R = r1 – r2 when we set e1 = e2.

(b) As mentioned above, this occurs in battery 1.

LEARN If we assume the potential difference across battery 2 to be zero and repeat the
calculation above, we would find R = r2 – r1 < 0, which is physically impossible. Thus,
only the potential difference across the battery with the larger internal resistance can be
made zero with suitable choice of R.
260 CHAPTER 27

28. Let the emf of the solar cell be e and the output voltage be V. Thus,

V = e - ir = e -
FG V IJ r
H RK
for both cases. Numerically, we get

0.10 V = e – (0.10 V/500 W)r

0.15 V = e – (0.15 V/1200 W)r.
We solve for e and r.

(a) r = 0.667 ´103 W » 0.67 kW. .

(b) e = 0.23 V.

(c) The efficiency is

V2 /R (0.15V) 2 /1200 W
= = 1.875 ´10-3 » 0.19%.
Preceived ( 5.0cm ) ( 2.0 ´10 W/cm )
2 -3 2
 261

29. Let i1 be the current in R1 and R2, and take it to be positive if it is toward point a in R1.
Let i2 be the current in Rs and Rx, and take it to be positive if it is toward b in Rs. The loop
rule yields (R1 + R2)i1 – (Rx + Rs)i2 = 0. Since points a and b are at the same potential,
i1R1 = i2Rs. The second equation gives i2 = i1R1/Rs, which is substituted into the first
equation to obtain
R RR
( R1 + R2 ) i1 = ( Rx + Rs ) 1 i1 Þ Rx = 2 s .
Rs R1
262 CHAPTER 27

30. (a) We use q = q0e–t/t, or t = t ln (q0/q), where t = RC is the capacitive time constant.
Thus,

æ q ö æ4ö t
t1/ 4 = t ln ç 0 ÷ = t ln ç ÷ = 0.29t Þ 1/ 4 = 0.29.
è 3q0 / 4 ø è3ø t

æ q ö t
(b) t1/ 2 = t ln ç 0 ÷ = t ln2 = 0.69t Þ 1/ 2 = 0.69.
è q0 / 2 ø t
 263

31. (a) The energy transferred is

e 2t(12 V) 2 (5.0 min) (60s/min)

U = Pt = = = 7.58 ´ 103 J » 7.6 kJ.
r+R 0.70 W + 5.0 W

(b)The amount of thermal energy generated is

2
æ e ö æ ö
2
12 V
U ¢ = i Rt = ç
2
÷ Rt = ç ÷ (5.0 W) (5.0 min) (60 s/min)
èr+Rø è 0.70 W + 5.0 W ø
= 6.648 ´ 103 J » 6.6 kJ.

(c) The difference between U and U', which is equal to 7.58 kJ – 6.648 kJ = 0.93 kJ, is
the thermal energy that is generated in the battery due to its internal resistance.
264 CHAPTER 27

32. We apply Eq. 27-39 to each capacitor, demand their initial charges are in a ratio of
7:4 as described in the problem, and solve for the time. With

t 1 = R1C1 = (20.0 W)(5.00 ´10-6 F) = 1.00 ´10-4 s

t 2 = R2C2 = (10.0 W)(8.00 ´10-6 F) = 8.00 ´10-5 s ,

we obtain

ln(7 / 4) ln(7 / 4)
t= = = 2.24 ´ 10-4 s .
t 2 - t 1 1.25 ´10 s - 1.00 ´104 s-1
-1 -1 4 -1
 265

33. THINK As shown in Fig. 27-29, the circuit contains an emf device X. How it is
connected to the rest of the circuit can be deduced from the power dissipated and the
potential drop across it.

EXPRESS The power absorbed by a circuit element is given by P = iDV, where i is the
current and DV is the potential difference across the element. The end-to-end potential
difference is given by
VA – VB = +iR + e,

where e is the emf of device X and is taken to be positive if it is to the left in the diagram.

ANALYZE (a) The potential difference between A and B is

P 50 W
DV = = = 25 V.
i 2.0 A

Since the energy of the charge decreases, point A is at a higher potential than point B; that
is, VA – VB = 25 V.

(b) From the equation above, we find the emf of device X to be

e = VA – VB – iR = 25 V – (2.0 A)(2.0 W) = 21 V.

(c) A positive value was obtained for e, so it is toward the left. The negative terminal is at
B.

LEARN Writing the potential difference as VA - iR - e = VB , we see that our result is

consistent with the resistance and emf rules. Namely, starting at point A, the change in
potential is -iR for a move through a resistance R in the direction of the current, and the
change in potential is -e for a move through an emf device in the opposite direction of
the emf arrow (which points from negative to positive terminals).
266 CHAPTER 27

34. (a) Here we denote the battery emf’s as V1 and V2 . The loop rule gives

V2 + V1
V2 – ir2 + V1 – ir1 – iR = 0 Þ i = .
r1 + r2 + R

The terminal voltage of battery 1 is V1T and is easily seen to be equal to V1 - ir1 ; similarly
for battery 2. Thus,
r (V + V ) r (V + V )
V1T = V1 – 1 2 1 , V2T = V2 – 2 2 1 .
r1 + r2 + R r1 + r2 + R

The problem tells us that V1 and V2 each equal 1.20 V. From the graph in Fig. 27-32(b)
we see that V2T = 0 and V1T = 0.40 V for R = 0.10 W. This supplies us (in view of the
above relations for terminal voltages) with simultaneous equations:

r1 (1.20 V + 1.20 V) r2 (1.20 V + 1.20 V)

0.40 V = 1.2 V - , 0 = 1.2 V -
r1 + r2 + 0.20 W r1 + r2 + 0.20 W

which, when solved, lead to r1 = 0.40 W.

(b) The simultaneous solution also gives r2 = 0.60 W.

 267

35. THINK The resistance of a copper wire varies with its cross-sectional area, or its
diameter.

EXPRESS Let r be the resistance of each of the narrow wires. Since they are in parallel
the equivalent resistance Req of the composite is given by

1 16
= ,
Req r

or Req = r/16. Now each thin wire has a resistance r = 4 r l / p d 2 , where r is the
resistivity of copper, and A = pd2/4 is the cross-sectional area of a single thin wire. On
the other hand, the resistance of the thick wire of diameter D is R = 4 r l / pD 2 , where the
cross-sectional area is pD2/4.

ANALYZE If the single thick wire is to have the same resistance as the composite of 16
thin wires, R = Req , then
4r l 4r l 4r l
= = .
p D 16p d
2 2
p (4d )2
Solving for D, we obtain D = 4d.

LEARN The equivalent resistance Req is smaller than r by a factor of 16. Since
r : 1/ A : 1/ d 2 , increasing the diameter of the wire threefold will also reduce the
resistance by a factor of 16.
268 CHAPTER 27

36. (a) The cost is (100 W · 8.0 h/2.0 W · h) ($0.85) = $3.4 ´ 102.

(b) The cost is (100 W · 8.0 h/103 W · h) ($0.06) = $0.048 = 4.8 cents.
 269

37. (a) We note that the R1 resistors occur in series pairs, contributing net resistance 2R1
in each branch where they appear. Since e2 = e3 and R2 = 2R1, from symmetry we know
that the currents through e2 and e3 are the same: i2 = i3 = i. Therefore, the current through
e1 is i1 = 2i. Then from Vb – Va = e2 – iR2 = e1 + (2R1)(2i) we get

e 2 - e1 4.0 V - 2.0 V
i= = = 0.33 A.
4 R1 + R2 4 (1.0 W ) + 2.0 W

Therefore, the current through e1 is i1 = 2i = 0.67 A.

(b) The direction of i1 is downward.

(c) The current through e2 is i2 = 0.33 A.

(d) The direction of i2 is upward.

(e) Battery 1 is absorbing energy since e1 < e 2 .

(f) The energy absorption rate for battery 1 is P1 = i1e1 = (0.67 A)(2.00 V) = 1.33 W .

(g) Va – Vb = –iR2 + e2 = –(0.333 A)(2.0 W) + 4.0 V = 3.3 V.

270 CHAPTER 27

38. The currents in R and RV are i and i' – i, respectively. Since V = iR = (i' – i)RV we
have, by dividing both sides by V, 1 = (i' /V – i/V)RV = (1/R' – 1/R)RV. Thus,

1 1 1 RRV
= - Þ R¢ = .
R R¢ RV R + RV

RRV
The equivalent resistance of the circuit is Req = RA + R0 + R ¢ = RA + R0 + .
R + RV

(a) The ammeter reading is

e e 28.5V
i¢ = = =
Req RA + R0 + RV R ( R + RV ) 3.00 W + 100 W + ( 300 W ) ( 85.0 W ) ( 300 W + 85.0 W )
= 0.168 A.

(b) The voltmeter reading is

V =e – i' (RA + R0) = 28.5 V – (0.168 A) (103.00 W) = 11.2 V.

(c) The apparent resistance is R' = V/i' = (11.2 V)/(0.168 A) = 66.2 W.

(d) If RV is increased, the difference between R and R ¢ decreases. In fact, R¢ ® R as

RV ® ¥ .
 271

39. (a) The charge on the positive plate of the capacitor is given by

c h
q = Ce 1 - e - t t ,

where e is the emf of the battery, C is the capacitance, and t is the time constant. The
value of t is
t = RC = (3.00 ´ 106 W)(1.00 ´ 10–6 F) = 3.00 s.

At t = 6.00 s, t/t = (6.00 s)/(3.00 s) = 2.00 and the rate at which the charge is increasing is

dq Ce -t t (1.00 ´ 10 F ) ( 4.00 V ) -2.00

-6

= e = e = 1.80 ´ 10-7 C s.
dt t 3.00 s

q2
(b) The energy stored in the capacitor is given by U C = , and its rate of change is
2C

dU C q dq
= .
dt C dt
Now
q = Ce (1 - e -t t ) = (1.00 ´ 10-6 ) ( 4.00 V ) (1 - e -2.00 ) = 3.46 ´ 10-6 C,
so
dU C q dq æ 3.46 ´10-6 C ö
÷ (1.80 ´10 C s ) = 6.24 ´10 W.
-7 -7
= =ç -6
dt C dt è 1.00 ´10 F ø

(c) The rate at which energy is being dissipated in the resistor is given by P = i2R. The
current is 1.80 ´ 10–7 A, so
P = (1.80 ´ 10-7 A ) ( 3.00 ´ 106 W ) = 9.77 ´ 10-8 W.
2

(d) The rate at which energy is delivered by the battery is

ie = (1.80 ´10 -7 A ) ( 4.00 V ) = 7.22 ´ 10-7 W.

The energy delivered by the battery is either stored in the capacitor or dissipated in the
resistor. Conservation of energy requires that ie = (q/C) (dq/dt) + i2R. Except for some
round-off error the numerical results support the conservation principle.
272 CHAPTER 27

40. (a) t = RC = (1.40 ´ 106 W)(2.70 ´ 10–6 F) = 3.78 s.

(b) qo = eC = (12.0 V)(2.70 m F) = 32.4 mC.

(c) The time t satisfies q = q0(1 – e–t/RC), or

æ q ö æ 32.4 m C ö
t = RC ln ç 0 ÷ = ( 3.78s ) ln ç ÷ = 2.57 s.
è q0 - q ø è 32.4 m C - 16.0 m C ø
 273

41. THINK The copper wire and the aluminum sheath are connected in parallel, so the
potential difference is the same for them.

EXPRESS Since the potential difference is the product of the current and the resistance,
iCRC = iARA, where iC is the current in the copper, iA is the current in the aluminum, RC is
the resistance of the copper, and RA is the resistance of the aluminum. The resistance of
either component is given by R = rL/A, where r is the resistivity, L is the length, and A is
the cross-sectional area. The resistance of the copper wire is RC = rCL/pa2, and the
resistance of the aluminum sheath is RA = rAL/p(b2 – a2). We substitute these expressions
into iCRC = iARA, and cancel the common factors L and p to obtain

iC r C i r
= 2A A 2 .
a 2
b -a

We solve this equation simultaneously with i = iC + iA, where i is the total current. We
find
rC2 r C i
iC = 2 2
c
rA - rC r C + rC2 r A h
and

iA =
cr
2
A h
- rC2 r C i
cr 2
A h
- rC2 r C + rC2 r A
.

ANALYZE (a) The denominators are the same and each has the value

(b - a 2 ) r C + a 2 r A = é( 0.450 ´10 -3 m ) - ( 0.250 ´10-3 m ) ù (1.69 ´10-8 W× m )

2 2 2

êë úû
+ ( 0.250 ´10-3 m ) ( 2.75 ´10 -8 W× m )
2

= 4.08 ´10-15 W× m3 .
Thus,
( 0.250 ´10 m ) ( 2.75 ´ 10-8 W × m ) ( 2.00 A )
-3 2

iC = = 0.842 A
4.08 ´ 10-15 W × m3
(b) Similarly,

é( 0.450 ´10-3 m ) 2 - ( 0.250 ´10-3 m )2 ù (1.69 ´10-8 W× m ) ( 2.00A )

ê ûú
iA = ë -15
= 1.16A.
4.08 ´10 W× m3

(c) Consider the copper wire. If V is the potential difference, then the current is given by
V = iCRC = iCrCL/pa2, so the length of the composite wire is
274 CHAPTER 27

p a 2V p ( 0.250 ´10 m ) (12.0 V )

-3 2

L= = = 166 m.
iC rC ( 0.842 A ) (1.69 ´ 10-8 W × m )

LEARN The potential difference can also be written as V = iARA = iArAL/p(b2 – a2). Thus,

p (b 2 - a 2 )V p éë (0.450 ´10 m) - (0.250 ´10 m) ùû (12.0 V )

-3 2 -3 2

L= = = 166 m,
iA r A (1.16 A ) ( 2.75 ´10-8 W × m )
in agreement with the result found in (c).
 275

42. The current in the circuit is

i = (150 V – 50 V)/(3.0 W + 2.0 W) = 20 A.

So from VQ + 150 V – (2.0 W)i = VP, we get

VQ = 100 V + (2.0 W)(20 A) –150 V = –10 V.

276 CHAPTER 27

43. The time it takes for the voltage difference across the capacitor to reach VL is given
c h
by VL = e 1 - e - t RC . We solve for R:

t 0.500 s
R= = = 2.14 ´ 106 W
C ln éëe ( e - VL ) ùû ( 0.150 ´10 F) ln éë95.0 V ( 95.0 V - 75.0 V ) ùû
-6

where we used t = 0.500 s given (implicitly) in the problem.

 277

44. (a) The voltage across R3 = 6.0 W is V3 = iR3= (9.0 A)(6.0 W) = 54 V. Now, the
voltage across R1 = 2.0 W is (VA – VB) – V3 = 78 V - 54 V = 24 V, which implies the
current is

i1 = (24 V)/(2.0 W) = 12 A.

By the junction rule, then, the current in R2 = 4.0 W is i2 = i1- i = 12 A - 9.0 A = 3 A.

The total power dissipated by the resistors is (using Eq. 26-27)

i12 R1 + i22 R2 + i32 R3 = (12 A)2 (2.0 W) + (3.0 A)2 (4.0 W) + (9.0 A) 2 (6.0 W)
= 810 W

By contrast, the power supplied (externally) to this section is, with iA = i1 =12 A,

PA = iA (VA - VB) = (12 A)(78 V) = 936 W .

Therefore, the "Box" must be absorbing energy.

(b) The rate of absorbing energy is 936 W - 810 W = 126 W » 1.3×102 W.

278 CHAPTER 27

45. The potential difference across each resistor is V = 12.0 V. Since the resistors are
identical, the current in each one is

i = V/R = (12.0 V)/(18.0 W) = 0.667 A.

The total current through the battery is then itotal = 6(0.667 A) = 4.00 A. One might
alternatively use the idea of equivalent resistance; for six identical resistors in parallel the
equivalent resistance is given by
1 1 6
=å = .
Req R R

When a potential difference of 12.0 V is applied to the equivalent resistor, the current
through it is the same as the total current through the four resistors in parallel. Thus

itotal = V/Req = 6V/R = 6(12.0 V)/(18.0 W) = 4.00 A.

 279

46. The currents i1, i2 and i3 are obtained from Eqs. 27-18 through 27-20:

e1 ( R2 + R3 ) - e 2 R3 (4.0V)(10 W + 8.0 W) - (1.0 V)(8.0 W)

i1 = = = 0.246 A ,
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R1 R3 (10 W)(10 W) + (10 W)(8.0 W) + (10 W)(8.0 W)

e1R3 - e 2 ( R1 + R3 ) (4.0 V)(8.0 W) - (1.0 V)(10 W + 8.0 W )

i2 = = = 0.0538 A ,
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R1 R3 (10 W)(10 W) + (10 W)(8.0 W) + (10 W)(8.0 W)

i3 = i2 - i1 = 0.0538 A - 0.246 A = -0.192 A .

Vd – Vc can now be calculated by taking various paths. Two examples: from Vd – i2R2 =
Vc we get

Vd – Vc = i2R2 = (0.0538 A) (10 W) = +0.538 V » 0.54 V ;

from Vd + i3R3 + e2 = Vc we get

Vd – Vc = – i3R3 – e2 = – (– 0.192 A) (8.0 W) – 1.0 V = +0.54 V.

280 CHAPTER 27

47. THINK We have a multi-loop circuit with a capacitor that’s being charged. Since at t
= 0 the capacitor is completely uncharged, the current in the capacitor branch is as it
would be if the capacitor were replaced by a wire.

EXPRESS Let i1 be the current in R1 and take it to be positive if it is to the right. Let i2
be the current in R2 and take it to be positive if it is downward. Let i3 be the current in R3
and take it to be positive if it is downward. The junction rule produces i1 = i2 + i3 , the
loop rule applied to the left-hand loop produces

e - i1R1 - i2 R2 = 0,

and the loop rule applied to the right-hand loop produces

i2 R2 - i3 R3 = 0.

Since the resistances are all the same we can simplify the mathematics by replacing R1,
R2, and R3 with R.

ANALYZE (a) Solving the three simultaneous equations, we find

i1 =
2e
=
2 12c
. ´ 103 V h
. ´ 10 -3 A ,
= 11
c
3R 3 0.73 ´ 10 W
6
h
e 1.2 ´103 V
(b) i2 = = = 5.5 ´10 -4 A,
3R 3 ( 0.73 ´10 W )
6

(c) and i3 = i2 = 5.5 ´10-4 A.

At t = ¥ the capacitor is fully charged and the current in the capacitor branch is 0. Thus,
i1 = i2, and the loop rule yields e - i1 R1 - i1 R2 = 0.

e 1.2 ´103 V
(d) The solution is i1 = = = 8.2 ´10-4 A
2R 2 ( 0.73 ´10 W )
6

(e) and i2 = i1 = 8.2 ´10 -4 A.

(f) As stated before, the current in the capacitor branch is i3 = 0.

We take the upper plate of the capacitor to be positive. This is consistent with current
flowing into that plate. The junction equation is i1 = i2 + i3, and the loop equations are
 281

e - i1 R - i2 R = 0
q
- - i3 R + i2 R = 0.
C

We use the first equation to substitute for i1 in the second and obtain

e – 2i2R – i3R = 0.

Thus i2 = (e – i3R)/2R. We substitute this expression into the third equation above to
obtain
–(q/C) – (i3R) + (e/2) – (i3R/2) = 0.

Now we replace i3 with dq/dt to obtain

3R dq q e
+ = .
2 dt C 2

This is just like the equation for an RC series circuit, except that the time constant is t =
3RC/2 and the impressed potential difference is e/2. The solution is

Ce
q=
2
(1 - e-2t 3 RC ) .
The current in the capacitor branch is
dq e -2 t 3 RC
i3 (t ) = = e .
dt 3R

The current in the center branch is

e i3 e e -2 t 3 RC e
i2 (t ) = -= -
2R 2 2R 6R
e =
6R
( 3 - e-2 t 3 RC )
e
and the potential difference across R2 is V2 (t ) = i2 R =
6
(3 - e -2 t 3 RC
).

(g) For t = 0, e -2 t 3 RC = 1 and V2 = e 3 = (1.2 ´103 V ) 3 = 4.0 ´102 V .

(h) For t = ¥, e -2 t 3 RC ® 0 and V2 = e 2 = (1.2 ´ 203 V ) 2 = 6.0 ´10 2 V .

(i) A plot of V2 as a function of time is shown in the following graph.

282 CHAPTER 27

LEARN A capacitor that is being charged initially behaves like an ordinary connecting
wire relative to the charging current. However, a long time later after it’s fully charged, it
acts like a broken wire.
 283

48. (a) When R3 = 0 all the current passes through R1 and R3 and avoids R2 altogether.
Since that value of the current (through the battery) is 0.006 A (see Fig. 27-55(b)) for
R3 = 0 then (using Ohm’s law)
R1 = (12 V)/(0.006 A) = 2.0´103 W.

(b) When R3 = ¥ all the current passes through R1 and R2 and avoids R3 altogether. Since
that value of the current (through the battery) is 0.002 A (stated in problem) for R3 =
¥ then (using Ohm’s law)
R2 = (12 V)/(0.002 A) – R1 = 4.0´103 W.
284 CHAPTER 27

49. Since the potential differences across the two paths are the same, V1 = V2 ( V1 for the
left path, and V2 for the right path), we have i1 R1 = i2 R2 , where i = i1 + i2 = 4000 A . With
R = r L / A (see Eq. 26-16), the above equation can be rewritten as

i1d = i2 h Þ i2 = i1 (d / h) .

With d / h = 0.380 , we get i1 = 2.9 ´ 103 A and i2 = 1.1´ 103 A . Thus, the current through
the person is i1 = 2.9 ´ 103 A .
 285

50. Let the resistances of the two resistors be R1 and R2, with R1 < R2. From the
statements of the problem, we have
R1R2/(R1 + R2) = 3.75 W, R1 + R2 = 20 W.

So R1 and R2 must be 5.0 W and 15 W, respectively.

(a) The smaller resistance is R1 = 5.0 W.

(b) The larger resistance is R2 = 15 W.

286 CHAPTER 27

51. (a) The parallel set of three identical R2 = 24.0 W resistors reduce to R = 8.0 W, which
is now in series with the R1 = 6.0 W resistor at the top right, so that the total resistive load
across the battery is R' = R1 + R = 6.0 W + 8.0 W = 14 W. Thus, the current through R' is
(12V)/(14 W) = 0.857 A, which is the current through R. By symmetry, we see one-third
of that passes through each one of the three 24 W resistors; therefore, i1 = (0.857 A)/3 =
0.286 A.

(b) The direction of i1 is clearly rightward.

(c) We use Eq. 26-27: P = i2R' = (0.857 A)2(14 W) = 10.3 W. Thus, in 60 s, the energy
dissipated is (10.3 J/s)(60 s) = 617 J.
 287

52. (a) We solve i = (e2 – e1)/(r1 + r2 + R) for R:

e 2 - e1 3.0 V - 2.0 V
R= - r1 - r2 = -3
- 3.0 W - 3.0 W = 6.60 ´ 102 W.
i 1.5 ´ 10 A

(b) P = i2R = (1.5 ´ 10–3 A)2(6.6 ´ 102 W) = 1.5 ´ 10–3 W = 1.5 mW.
288 CHAPTER 27

53. (a) The potential difference is V = e + ir = 12 V + (40 A)(0.030 W) = 13.2 V, or about

13 V.

(b) P = i2r = (40 A)2(0.030 W) = 48 W.

(c) P' = iV = (40 A)(12 V) = 4.8×102 W.

(d) In this case V = e – ir = 12 V – (40 A)(0.030 W) = 10.8 V, or about 11 V.

(e) Pr = i2r = (40 A)2(0.030 W) = 48 W.

 289

54. We note that two resistors in parallel, R1 and R2, are equivalent to
1 1 1 RR
= + Þ R12 = 1 2 .
R12 R1 R2 R1 + R2

This situation consists of a parallel pair that are then in series with a single R3 = 1.50 W
resistor. Thus, the situation has an equivalent resistance of

R e q = R3 + R12 = 3.5 W
290 CHAPTER 27

55. (a) We denote L = 10 km and a = 13 W/km. Measured from the east end we have

R1 = 100 W = 2a(L – x) + R,

and measured from the west end R2 = 200 W = 2ax + R. Thus,

R2 - R1 L 200 W - 100 W 5.0 km

x= + = + = 4.4 km.
4a 2 4 (13 W km ) 2

R1 + R2 100 W + 200 W
(b) Also, we obtain R = -a L = - (13 W km )( 5.0 km ) = 85 W .
2 2
 291

56. Line 1 has slope R1 = 6.0 kW. Line 2 has slope R2 = 4.0 kW. Line 3 has slope R3 =
2.0 kW. The parallel pair equivalence is R12 = R1R2/(R1+R2) = 2.4 kW. That in series with
R3 gives an equivalence of
R123 = R12 + R3 = 2.4 kW + 2.0 kW = 4.4 kW .

The current through the battery is therefore i = e / R123 = (10 V)/(4.4 kW) = 2.27 mA and
the voltage drop across R3 is V3 = iR3 = (2.27 ×10–3A)(2.0 kW) = 4.55 V. Subtracting this
(because of the loop rule) from the battery voltage leaves us with the voltage across R2:

V2 = e – V3 = 10.0 V – 4.55 V = 5.45 V.

Then Ohm’s law gives the current through R2:

V2 5.45 V
i2 = = = 1.4 mA.
R2 4.0 kW
292 CHAPTER 27

57. (a) The current in R1 is given by

e 5.0 V
i1 = = = 0.89 A.
R1 + R2 R3 / ( R2 + R3 ) 2.0 W + (9.0 W) (6.0 W) /(9.0 W + 6.0 W)

Thus,
e - V1 e - i1R1 5.0 V - (0.89 A) (2.0 W)
i3 = = = = 0.54 A.
R3 R3 6.0 W

(b) We simply interchange subscripts 1 and 3 in the equation above. Now

e 5.0V
i3 = = = 0.655A
R3 + ( R2 R1 / ( R2 + R1 ) ) 6.0 W + ( ( 9.0 W )( 2.0 W ) / ( 9.0 W + 2.0 W ) )
and
5.0 V - ( 0.655 A ) ( 6.0 W )
i1 = = 0.54 A,
2.0 W
the same as before.
 293

58. (a) The loop rule leads to a voltage-drop across resistor 3 equal to 8.0 V (since the
total drop along the upper branch must be equal to 12.0 V). Consequently, the current
there is equal to
i = (8.0 V)/(200 W) = 0.040 A. Then the resistance of resistor 1 must be (2.0 V)/i = 50 W.

(b) Resistor 2 has the same voltage-drop as resistor 3; its resistance is R2 = (5.0 V)/(0.040
A) = 125 W.
294 CHAPTER 27

59. (a) The work done by the battery relates to the potential energy change:

qDV = eV = e ( 20.0V ) = 20.0 eV.

(b) P = iV = neV = (5.17 ´ 1018/s)(1.60 ´ 10–19 C)(20.0 V) = 16.5 W.

 295

60. (a) Between F and H, we have three resistors connected in parallel; R, 2R, and 2R.
Hence,

1 1 1 1 4 2
= + + = =
Req ( FH ) R 2 R 2 R 2 R R

and Req (FH) = R / 2 = (8.00 W) / 2 = 4.00 W .

(b) To find the equivalent resistance between F and G, we first note that the upper three
resistances can be simplified to

1 1 1 3 2R
= + = Þ R¢ =
R¢ R 2 R 2 R 3

Now R¢ is in series with R, leading to R¢¢ = R¢ + R = 5 R / 3, which is in parallel with R

between F and G. Thus,
1 1 1 1 3 8
= + = + =
Req ( FG ) R R¢¢ R 5 R 5 R

or Req (FG) = 5 R / 8 = 5(8.00 W) / 8 = 5.00 W .

296 CHAPTER 27

61. THINK The circuit consists of two batteries and two resistors. We apply Kirchhoff’s
loop rule to solve for the current.

EXPRESS Let i be the current in the circuit and take it to be positive if it is to the left in
R1. Kirchhoff’s loop rule gives
e1 – iR2 – iR1 – e2 = 0.

For parts (b) and (c), we note that if i is the current in a resistor R, then the power
dissipated by that resistor is given by P = i 2 R .

ANALYZE (a) We solve for i:

e1 - e 2 12 V - 4.0 V
i= = = 0.67 A.
R1 + R2 4.0 W + 8.0 W

A positive value is obtained, so the current is counterclockwise around the circuit.

(b) For R1, the dissipation rate is P1 = i 2 R1 = (0.67 A)2(4.0 W) = 1.8 W.

(c) For R2, the rate is P2 = i 2 R2 = (0.67 A)2 (8.0 W) = 3.6 W.

If i is the current in a battery with emf e, then the battery supplies energy at the rate P =
ie provided the current and emf are in the same direction. On the other hand, the battery
absorbs energy at the rate P = ie if the current and emf are in opposite directions.

(d) For e1, P1 = ie1 = (0.67 A)(12 V) = 8.0 W.

(e) For e2, P2 = ie 2 = (0.67 A)(6.0 V) = 4.0 W.

(f) In battery 1 the current is in the same direction as the emf. Therefore, this battery
supplies energy to the circuit; the battery is discharging.

(g) The current in battery 2 is opposite the direction of the emf, so this battery absorbs
energy from the circuit. It is charging.

LEARN Multiplying the equation obtained from Kirchhoff’s loop rule by idt leads to
the “energy-method” equation discussed in Section 27-4:

ie1dt - i 2 R1dt - i 2 R2 dt - ie 2 dt = 0.

The first term represents the rate of work done by battery 1, the second and third terms
the thermal energies that appear in resistors R1 and R2, and the last term the work done on
battery 2.
 297

62. (a) The initial energy stored in a capacitor is given by U C = q02 / 2C , where C is the
capacitance and q0 is the initial charge on one plate. Thus

q0 = 2CU C = 2 (1.0 ´ 10-6 F ) ( 0.60 J ) = 1.1´ 10-3 C .

(b) The charge as a function of time is given by q = q0e - t t , where t is the capacitive time
constant. The current is the derivative of the charge

dq q0 -t t
i=- = e ,
dt t

and the initial current is i0 = q0/t. The time constant is

t = RC = (1.0 ´10 -6 F )(1.0 ´106 W ) = 1.0 s .

Thus i0 = (1.1´ 10 -3 C ) (1.0s ) = 1.1´ 10-3 A .

(c) We substitute q = q0 e - t t into VC = q/C to obtain

q0 - t t æ 1.1´ 10-3 C ö -t 1.0 s

VC = e =ç -6 ÷e = (1.1´ 103 V ) e -1.0 t ,
C è 1.0 ´ 10 F ø

where t is measured in seconds.

b g
(d) We substitute i = q0 t e - t t into VR = iR to obtain

VR =
q0 R
e -t t
=
(1.1´10 C )(1.0 ´10 W ) e
-3 6
- t 1.0 s
= (1.1´ 103 V ) e -1.0 t ,
t 1.0s

where t is measured in seconds.

b g
(e) We substitute i = q0 t e - t t into P = i 2 R to obtain

(1.1´10 C ) (1.0 ´10 W ) e

-3 2 6
q02 R
P= e -2 t t
= -2 t 1.0 s
= (1.1W ) e-2.0 t ,
t2 (1.0s )
2

where t is again measured in seconds.

298 CHAPTER 27

63. Let the emf be V. Then V = iR = i'(R + R'), where i = 5.0 A, i' = 3.0 A, and R' = 2.0 W.
We solve for R:
i¢R¢ (3.0 A) (2.0 W)
R= = = 3.0 W.
i - i¢ 5.0 A - 3.0 A
 299

64. If P is the rate at which the battery delivers energy and Dt is the time, then DE = P Dt
is the energy delivered in time Dt. If q is the charge that passes through the battery in time
Dt and e is the emf of the battery, then DE = qe. Equating the two expressions for DE and
solving for Dt, we obtain

qe (120 A × h) (12.0 V)
Dt = = = 19.2 h
P 75 W
300 CHAPTER 27

65. (a) Since Req < R, the two resistors (R = 12.0 W and Rx) must be connected in parallel:

Rx R R (15.0 W )
Req = 5.00 W = = x .
R + Rx 15.0 W + Rx

We solve for Rx: Rx = ReqR/(R – Req) = (5.00 W)(15.0 W)/(15.0 W – 5.00 W) = 7.50 W.

(b) As stated above, the resistors must be connected in parallel.

(c) If the resistors were connected in series, then the equivalent resistance would be

Req = R + Rx = 15.0 W + 7.50 W = 22.5 W .

 301

66. Note that there is no voltage drop across the ammeter. Thus, the currents in the
bottom resistors are the same, which we call i (so the current through the battery is 2i and
the voltage drop across each of the bottom resistors is iR). The resistor network can be
reduced to an equivalence of

Req =
( 4R )( R ) + ( R )( R ) = 13 R = 1.3R
4R + R R + R 10

which means that we can determine the current through the battery (and also through
each of the bottom resistors):
e e e 5e
2i = Þ i= = = .
Req 2 Req 2(13R /10) 13R

By the loop rule (going around the left loop, which includes the battery, resistor R1 =
4.00R, and one of the bottom resistors with resistance R), we have

e - iR
e - i1 ( 4 R ) - iR = 0 Þ i1 = .
4R

Substituting i = 5e/13R, this gives i1 = 2e/13R. The difference between i1 and i is the
current through the ammeter. Thus,
5e 2e 3e i 3
iammeter = i - i1 = - = Þ ammeter = = 0.231.
13R 13R 13R e / R 13
302 CHAPTER 27

67. The chemical energy of the battery is reduced by DE = qe, where q is the charge that
passes through in time Dt = 15.0 min, and e is the emf of the battery. If i is the current,
then q = i Dt and

DE = ie Dt = (5.7 A)(6.0 V) (15.0 min) (60 s/min) = 3.08 ´ 104 J » 31 kJ .

We note the conversion of time from minutes to seconds.

 303

68. (a) For each wire, Rwire = rL/A where A = pr2. Consequently, we have

Rwire = (1.69 ´ 10-8 W × m )(0.200 m)/p(0.00100 m)2 = 0.0011 W.

The total resistive load on the battery is therefore

Rtot = 2Rwire + R = 2(0.0011 W) + 6.00 W = 6.0022 W.

Dividing this into the battery emf gives the current

e 12.0 V
i= = = 1.9993 A .
Rtot 6.0022W

The voltage across the R = 6.00 W resistor is therefore

V = iR = (1.9993 A)(6.00 W) = 11.996 V » 12.0 V.

(b) Similarly, we find the voltage-drop across each wire to be

Vwire = iRwire = (1.9993 A)(0.0011 W) = 2.15 mV.

(c) P = i2R = (1.9993 A)(6.00 W)2 = 23.98 W » 24.0 W.

(d) Similarly, we find the power dissipated in each wire to be 4.30 mW.
304 CHAPTER 27

69. Let i1 be the current in R1 and take it to be positive if it is to the right. Let i2 be the
current in R2 and take it to be positive if it is upward.

(a) When the loop rule is applied to the lower loop, the result is

e 2 - i1R1 = 0 .
The equation yields
e2 10 V
i1 = = = 0.10 A.
R1 100 W

(b) When it is applied to the upper loop, the result is

e 1 - e 2 - e 3 - i2 R2 = 0 .

The equation gives

e1 - e 2 - e 3 6.0 V - 10 V - 4.0 V
i2 = = = -0.16 A ,
R2 50 W

or | i2 | = 0.16 A. The negative sign indicates that the current in R2 is actually downward.

(c) If Vb is the potential at point b, then the potential at point a is Va = Vb + e3 + e2, so

Va – Vb = e3 + e2 = 4.0 V + 10 V = 14 V.