SETS- HANDOUT NAME:, CLASS:XI_ SEC: DATE: Set: A set is a well-defined collection of objects. Representation of sets: (i) Roster form (ii) Set builder form. ‘Tunes of sets: Empty set: A set which does not contain any element is called empty set or rull set or void set. It is denoted by or { } Singleton set: A set, consisting of a single element, is called a singleton set. Finite set: A set which consists of a definite number of elements is called finite set Infinite set: A set, which is not finite, is called infinite set, Equivalent sets: Two finite sets A and B are equivalent, if their cardinal numbers are same, Equal sets: Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements. ‘Subset: A set A is said to be subset of a set B. if every element of A is also an element of B. Universal set: If all the sets under consideration are subsets of a Large set U, then U is known as a universal set. And it is denoted by rectangle in Venn-Diagram. Power set: A power set of a set A is collection of all subsets of A. Itis denoted by P(A). ‘Venn-Diagram:A Venn diagram is a diagrammatic representation of all the possible relationships between different sets ofa finite number of elements. Venn diagrams were conceived around 1880 by John Venn, an English logician, and philosopher. Operations on Venn Diagrams: Just like the mathematical operations on sets like Union, Difference, Intersection, Complement, ete, we have ‘operations on Venn diagrams that are given as follows: Union of Sets Let A= {2,4,6,8} and B= {6,8, 10, 12}. Represent AUB. through a well-labelled Venn diagram. AU B(non- shaded region )Properties of A + The commutative law holds true as AU B= BUA + The associative law also holds true as (A UB)UC= AU (BUG) + AU@=A (Lawof identity element) + Idempotent Law AU A=A ‘+ Law of the Universal Set : U-A UU ‘The Intersection of Sets An intersection is nothing but the collection of all the elements that are common to all the sets under consideration. Let A= {2, 4,6, 8} and B = {6, 8, 10, 12} then A) B is represented through a Venn diagram ‘The middle most patch which represents the common elements (6, 8) represents A 1B. The intersection of ‘wo or more sets is the overlapped part(s) ofthe individual circles with the elements written in the overlapped oe © Commutative law : ANB=BN A Properties of A.B + Associative law: (AN BNC=AN BAC) + @NA=o + UNA=A + AD A=A; Idempoteat law + Distributive law: A BUC)=(ANB)UANC)AU (BNC)=(AUB) (AUC) Difference of Sets ‘The difference of set A and Bis represented as: A -B= {x: eA andx € B}, Let, A= {1, 2,3,4,5,6} and 4,6, 8) then A B= {1, 3, 3} and B~ A= {8}. The sets (AB), (B— A) and (A 1) B) are mutually disjoint sets Ie means that there is no element common to any of the three sets and the intersection of any of the two or all the three sets will result ina rull or void or empty set, A — Band B — A are represented through Ven diagrams as follows: ©} (@ Complement of IU represents the Universal set and any set A is the subset of A then the complement of set A (represented as) will contain ALL the elements which belong to the Universal set U but NOT to set A. ‘Mathematically “A Altematively, the complemert of a set A, A” isthe difference between the universal set U and the se: A. Example: Let universal et U=4{1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 8, 9, 10} and set A= {1,3,5,7,93, then complement of A is given as: A'=U~A~= (2, 4,6, 8,10} Properties of Complement Sets AU. ANA=@ De Morgan’s Laws :1. (AUB)'=A'NB' 2. (ANBY= Law of double complementation: (A’ = A