244

ECRS 6 Materials Science Forum Vols. 404-407 (2002) pp . 245-250

© 2002 Trans Tech Publications, Switz erland

Residual Stresses in the Bodies Made of Low Alloy Steels

V. Astashkin, BDrobenko, A.Gachkevich
Pidstryhach Institute of Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics
Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences,
Department of Physics-Mechanics Fields Theory,
Naukova Street, 3-b, 79061 Lviv MSP, Ukraine

Kevwords: phase content, residual stresses, structural stresses, low alloy steels, heat treatment,
statistical model

Abstract. The mathematical modeI for determination of residual structural stresses in steel bodies
has been proposed. The equations of the statistical theory of phase content of low alloy steels in
condition of rapid cooling are used as a basis of the computational model. Residual structural
stresses in the harden beams of a square section from steel ISXM are computed.

(s) l +v
El2 =DS, Introduction
O
II is known from heat treatment theory that cooling regime of the steel bodies is one of the
fundamental factors in forming the phase content and residual stresses and, as result, complex of the
given exploitation properties. II is also found out that phase content of the body is in generai
(s) l
nonhomogeneous [l].
Kl2 = (I_V2)H. (19)
The typical operations of the heat treatment as a rule are conducted when the initial distribution
of the temperature in the body is homogeneous and cooling conditions along the whole surface are
To defined the stressed-strained state of the sh l ' .
(11) the components of initial strain are repl d b e h during elasto-plasne strain in relations (lO) homogeneous too. In the cases when the shape of the body is dose to plate, sphere or long cylinder
~hen the relations (7)-(11), (13)-(17) (19~ce. y t e components ofresidual strain. ' and the initial temperature is homogeneous and cooling conditions are homogeneous as well, the
stramed stat~ of the shell on the second stage, wil! form the complete system to defined the stressed- phase content and stresses in heat-treated bodies depends only on one spatial coordinate. The shape
of the commonly used bodies doesn't coincide with the shape of the plate, sphere or cylinder and is
?n the third stage of heating the shell for the time interval I =( . an additional factor that determines the phase content of the body.
whìch ensures elastic unloading of th . .Q 3 'L. 'L> 'L2) as a temperature field The aim of this work is to research the spatial phase distribution and induced by it residual
e regron at elasti t ' f '
we assume the temperature field, received under the c ~.s ram o the remaining part of the shell stresses in the steel bodies after complete cooling . In generai case the problem of the quantitative
the stressed-strained state of the shell on th thi d o~dItlOns of natural cooling of the shell. And estimation of the phase content and stresses in the still bodies is quite difficult and demands to
It should be noticed that in these relations t~e c~m stage IS de~n~? on th~ basis of relations (7)-(11) . construct the complex kinetic model for phase transformation . But still, there exists a quite number
by the components of residual strain. ponents of mrnal strain tensor should be replaced of technological regimes of the heat treatment when the temperature in each point of the body
changes monotonous. In such cases we may use so-calied regressive models for quantitative
Summary description of the phase content in the steel bodies [2].
Thus the ideas stated above concerni n the . According to this models in the simple regimes of cooling, that are connected with continuous
used in welded cylindrical isotropic she~s I cons:~ucltlOn of regimes of thermoplastic strain are heat selection and monotonous decreasing of the temperature in each point of the still body, the
appeared after welding. . n par ICU ar to rernove the residual stresses which phase content of the body can be calculated using one parameter, namely length !l'L when the
material was cooled from 850°C to SOO°c. In the work [2], where the regressive model for
References quantitative calculation of the phase content of the alloy steel is developed, value !l'L is the main
[1] parameter, that replaces the complex story of the temperature changes in the body and makes it
N.I: Po~ishchuk: Optimization of thermoelastic .
cylindricat bodies with residual strains t h . state for circular shallow anizotropic possible to estimate its phase content quite easily . The physical equations for phase content
the environment. The thesis for a Candid:t ,ea~mg under.the conditions of heat exchange with calculation given in this work don't take into account that in real regimes of cooling each point of
[2] N. Polishchuk: Fundamentals 01 t ' es egree: Lviv (1994), 156 p. the body has its individuai story of temperature changes, and, as result, appropriate phase content,
h Il . op tmum control ofst . In this work, as well as in [3], we combine equations from [2] with heat conductivity equations. The
s e s with. residual strains Abstracts of t ress-stram state ofisotropic cylindrical
Structures» Kyiv (2000), p. '57. pos er papers of International Conference «Welded model developed by us may be used when the phase content in the given point of the body doesn't
depend on the phase content of environment and plastic deformations are absent.
 244
ECRS6 Materials Sciellce Forum Vols. 404-407 (200 2) pp . 245-250

- © 2002 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland

Residual Stresses in the Bodies Made 01 Low Alloy Steels

V. Astashkin, B.Drobenko, A.Gachkevich
Pidstryhach Institute of Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics
Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences,
Department of Physics-Mechanics Fields Theory,
Naukova Street, 3-b, 79061 Lviv MSP , Ukraine

Keywords: phase content, residual stresses, structural stresses, low alloy steels, heat treatment,
+K}r)K~r)1+3[K}~r +6K}~K}~ +3[K}~r}}}dD, statistica I modeI
(18)

EW EW EW
Abstract. The mathematical model for determination of residual structural stresses in steel bodies
1 , 2 ,
W,K2W, KI2Ware the elastic strain tensor
12, KI has been proposed. The equations of the statistical theory of phase content of low aIIoy steels in
defined by the formulas components of the shell median surface, condition of rapid cooling are used as a basis of the computational modeI. Residual structural
stresses in the harden beam s of a square section from steel ISXM are computed.

(s) 1+ Y
EI 2 ==n-S , Introduction
O
II is known from heat treatment theory that cooling regime of the steel bodies is one of the
fundamental factors in forming the phase content and residual stresses and, as result, complex of the
E~S) == _l (N 2- YN,), é) == l ( ) (s) l given exploitation properties. II is also found out that phase content of the body is in generaI
Do 2 (1- y2)D, M 2 - YM 1 , KI 2 == (1- y2 ) H. (19) nonhomogeneous [l].
The typical operations of the heat treatment as a rule are conducted when the initial distribution
of the temperature in the body is homogeneous and cooling conditions along the whole surface are
To defined the stressed-strained state of the sh l ' .
(11) the components of initial strain are repla d b e ~ during elasto-plasm, strain in relations (10) homogeneous too. In the cases when the shape of the body is dose to plate , sphere or long cylinder
~hen the relations (7)-(11), (13)-(17) (19)ce. y t e components of residual strain . ' and the initial temperature is homogeneous and cooling conditions are homogeneous as weII, the
stramed stat~ of the shell on the second ~tage. wìl! form the complete system to defined the stressed- phase content and stresses in heat-treated bodies depends only on one spatial coordinate. The shape
of the commonly used bodies doesn't coincide with the shape of the plate, sphere or cylinder and is
?n the third stage of heating the shell for the time interval I == ( . an additional factor that determines the phase content of the body.
which ensures elastic unloading of th . .Q 3 't. 't > 't2) as a temperature field The aim of this work is to research the spatial phase distribution and induced by it residual
e regron at elasti t ' f '
we assume the temperature field, received under the c ~.s ram o the remaining part of the shell stresses in the steel bodies after complete cooling. In generai case the problem of the quantitative
the stressed-strained state of the shell on th thi d o~dJtlOns of natural cooling of the shelI. And estimation of the phase content and stresses in the stilI bodies is quite difficult and demands to
It should be noticed that in these relations t~e c~m stage IS de~n~? on th~ basis of relations (7)-(11) . construct the complex kinetic model for phase transformation. But stilI, there exists a quite numbe r
by the components of residual strain. ponents of initial stra ìn tensor should be replaced of technological regimes of the heat treatment when the temperature in each point of the body
changes monotonous. In such cases we may use so-called regressive models for quantitative
Summary description of the phase content in the steel bodies [2].
Thus the ideas stated above concernin the . According to this models in the simple regimes of cooling, that are connected with continuous
used in welded cylindrical isotropic she~s I const:ucltlOn of regimes of thermoplastic strain are heat selection and monotonous decreasing of the temperature in each point of the stilI body, the
appeared after welding. . n particu ar to remove the residual stresses which phase content of the body can be calculated using one parameter, namely length ~'t when the
material was cooled from 8S0oC to SOOoC. In the work [2], where the regressive model for
References quantitative calculation of the phase content of the aIIoy steel is developed, value ~'t is the main
parameter, that replaces the complex story of the temperature changes in the body and makes it
N.I: Po~ishchuk: Optimization oJ thermoelastic
[IJ
. possible to estimate its phase content quite easily. The physical equations for phase content
cylindrical bodies with residual strains t h . state for circulnr shallow anizotropic
the environment. The thesis for a Candid:te,ea~mg under,the conditions oJheat exchange with calculation given in this work don't take into account that in real regimes of cooling each point of
[2J N. Polishchuk: Fundamentals of t ' s egree: LVIV (1994),156 p. the body has its individuaI story of temperature changes, and , as result, appropriate phase contenI.
h Il" op tmum control ofstres trai . In this work, as weII as in [3], we combine equations from [2] with heat conductivity equations. The
s e s wùh residuai strains Abstracts of t s-s ratn state oJ Isotropic cylindrical
Structures» Kyiv (2000), p. '57. pos er papers of Intemational Conference «Welded mode I developed by us may be used when the phase content in the given point of the body doesn't
depend on the phase content of environment and plastic deformations are absenI.
 246 ECRS 6 Materials Science Forum Vols. 404-407 247

Setting or the problem

In(S m) = -0.56 - OAlC + O.IOMn+ 0.14Cr +
The set of equations that we need t I I h h .
conductivity at given initial and boundar/c~:d~~oa~~: t e p ase content mcludes equation of heat + 0.30Mo + 2.7Ti + l.INb + 0.5Cu - /.7CMo,

pCdT/ dI = V(AVT ), ln('t [+p) = 0.34 + 5.20C + l.8Mn + 0.53Si + 0.33Cr +

(l) + 2.90Mo+ 1.30Ni + 1.50W + l.OOCu -5.10C 2,
T(x,O)=To' XE Q,
(2 ) In(S [+p) = 0.91- 0.90C + 0.09Mn+ 0.08Cr +
(9)
+0.34Mo+ 0.15Ni + 0.85V + 2.2Ti + OA3W,
AdT / dn = arT - Tc ) ' X E rT 1
(3 )
where symbols of the chemical elements define their content as a percentage.
The spatial nonhomogeneous phase distribution fixed in the body induces appropriate residual
l / AdT / dn = q, x E Fq stress distribution that we calculate using generai Hooke's law [4]
(4)

In (1) - (4) T - temperature, t - time, - V Hamilton's operator p _ d . .

. A . . '
ensity, c - specifìc heat ( lO )
~P~CIty, - heat ~O~~uCtlVlty coeffitient, ii - normal vector to the surface F of the bod Q
T r q = I", To - initial temperature of the body, Te - temperature of environment a _yheat
exchange coefficient. '
where (J ij ' Eij- components of the stress and deformation tensors; E - elasticity modulus; v-
COO~~dc:r~~~t~~~~ foh~soeo~ocntewnt of Ithe body we ~efine a length t1't
. e so ve two equanons
when the point of the body was Poisson' s coefficient E = El i + E22 + E33 , Ea - linear deformation induced by the difference between
the phase content if the steel is in an equilibrium phase state (ferrite-pearlite).
T( x, 'tI) = 850° C, Let's use the hypothesis about additive content on the phase elements in the deformation
e, = ~mç,m + ~bç,b' where ç,m = O.OIM and ç,b = O.OIB; M and Bare calculated by equations (6)
T(x,'t 2 ) = 500°C, (5)
and (8); ~m and ~ b are linear coefficients.
where r, and 't 2 - time moments when the temperature in the point x E Q reached 8500C and Using finite element method [5] the phase content and stressed state of a steel body were
500°C respectively. Unknown value t1't is calculated.

Numerical example
We use the proposed model to calculate the phase distribution and residual structural stresses
~~~~~~~:e:ot~~uca~~~~~t[~f the martensite M, bainite Band ferrite-pearlite (F+P) in the steel after after cooling in the long beam with square section 20x20 mrrr'. The material of the beam is steel
15XM (0.15%C, 0.7%Cr, 0.2Mo). The initial temperature of the beam To is constant and equal to
900°C. The beam ìs free from the extemal strength stresses and cools through the convective heat
M('t) = 100(1- cDr'n( t1't) -ln('tm) ))[%] exchange when temperature of environment in Te = 20°C; a = 8,374 kJ/(m 2s): E = 2.0.10 11 Pa; v =
In(Sm) o , (6) 0.3. According to [4], the difference between specific volumes of the ferrite-pearlite and martensite
at normal temperature is 0.0063. Coefficient ~b ' that characterizes the relative change of the linear
sizes, is equal to 0.0021. Bainite is an intervening phase between ferrite-pearlite and martensite, and
that is why ~ b =0.00 Il.
(7)

B('t) = 100 - M('t) - (F + P «ot»: (8)

where cD - function of the normal distribution. The coefficients 't S
fth h . m' m 't[+p' S[ +p are functions
o e c emical content of the steel and are calculated by a simple equations [2]

ln('t m) = -2.10+ 15.50C+0.96Mn+ 0.84Si + O. 77Cr +

+ O. 74Mo + 0.7 Ni + 0.3V + 4.0AI + 0.5W + 0.8Cu -13.5C 2,
 248
ECRS 6 Materials Science Forum Vols. 404-407 249

-
The graphs of the isochrones - Iines on which the . f .
cooling from 850 0C to SOOOC are situated p~mts o the body with the same Iength of The stress distribution along the external surface of the beam (X2 = lOmm or Xl = lOmm) and
symmetry only one forth of the beam secti~:~~ ~~~:;~t~ ~ the Fig .l (there an~ further due to the along the symmetry lines of the beam section (Xl = O or X2 = O) are presented on the FigA and Fig.5
line with the same content of martensite and bainite (tabI~' I) .ue to (6) - (8) every isochrone is also a respecti vely.
10 r----~- __ ~-_

20~T-Pa=--.....,.---r-----'-----'----' Pa=----.----,.-----,-
20J'lr: - ,.-----,
Isochrones Phase content 150 150
2 Xl! Sec. %M %B
,
100 . - - - -,- - -
"
-.- ,
-~
- -~----,
, 100 1-- ; - -; - _;)

5~ e=~=:;::::$~~~~
l 50 • - - - -1 - - - - -i - - - - .... - - - -1 - - - -
0.30 100.0 0.0 l I O .U

0+--+---+---+--,..--1
J 2 0.40 99.5 0.4 -SO -So
3 0.50 98. 7 LI •
l
1 -I
r I
4
l
_

-100 W~=:';;'~~~-I -100

~

I I r I

4 0.60 97.2 2.4 -150 -150 . - - -

l
- ,- - - -
I
- 1- - - -
I I
"'i - - - - T - - - -
8
5 0.70 95 .0
-200 -= -:....._....J-:..... ,

-200 " - - - - -- - - - -- - - '

I I I

4
4 .3
o FIG. 4.Stresses on th e beam faces FIG. 5. Stresses alon9 th e symmetry axes
6 0.80 92.2 6. 7
o 10mm 7 1.00 85 .0 12.9
Fig. 1. Beam isochrone s Conclusions
8 1.04 83 .4 14.3
(lines with the same len gth of
The numerical calculations presented in this artici e (repart) proved that presurface areas of the
cooling from 850°C to 5000C) Table l. Le ngth of cooling, phase beam are compressed and centrai part is expanded. The maximum compressing stresses are in the
content for iso chrone s fr om fig. l middle point of the side face, maximum expanding stresses are in the center of the beam section.
The distribution of the structural stre sses agrees with well-known fact that quantity of martensite
There is an appro . t d ' ib . and bainite in the structure of steels in the nearsurface areas is higher than that in centrai areas . The
distribution in the bea~~I~~e ~:~~h~~~~s~~ resi~u~I structu.ral st~esses for the calculated phase estimations of the stressed state presented in this paper agree with data of the heat treatment theory
cooling are presented on Fig.2 (there and f~~~:~ n:a~ stress mtensity .a; distribution after complete of the steels [6] and results of the quantitative calculations of the stressed state of the hardened steel
bodies when the cooling conditions are like those used in this work.
the section the values of the stresses are given in MPa);the curves and m the characteristic points of

References
[1] M.A.Grossman: The basis ofthe heat treatment. Metallurgia, Moscow,l946 (in rus .).
(11)
[2] O.G.Kasatkin, P.Se iffart: The interpolation models for the phase content of heat injluence
zone at arc-welding oflaw alloy steels. Automaticheskaja swarka. 1984, Nl , p 7- 11 (in rus .).
The stress a zz (z = X3 - vertical symmet axe f h b . _ .
faces of the beam) makes ad ' ry o t e eam; x-x" y=X2 - perpendlculars to the [3] V.I.Astashkin, E.l.Ivanyk: The analytical investigation of the spatial nonhomogeneous
(Fig.3). ommant content in the forming of the stressed state of the beam
structure state of the steel plate at rapid cooling// Physico-himicheskaja mechanika
materialow. 1993, N6, p 10 1-104 (in ukr.) .
69 104 [4] T . Inoue, S. Nagaki, T . Kishino, M. Monkava; Description ofTransformation Kinetics, Heat
10 ·127
· 103 Conduction and Elastic-Plastic Stress in the Course of Quenching and Tempering of some
mm
steels. Ing .Archiv, 198 1,v.50, No 5, p.315-327 .
[5] I.C.Zienkiewicz: The Finite Element Method. Third edition. McGraw HiII, New York, 1977.

120
[6] G.F Go lowin, M .M.Zamjatin: The high frequencies heat treatment. Mas hinostroenie,
Leningrad, 1990 (in rus .)

140 · 120

·127
10 mm
10 mm