MY NOTES

INTELECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS IN
THE HISTORY OF
SCIENCE
 MY NOTES

Intelectual Revolution-the period where paradigm shifts

occured.
it is whre the scientific beliefs that have been wideley embraced
and accepted by the people where challenged and and opposed.-

The Four Paradigms

Behaviorism.
Information Processing and Cognitive
Psychology.
Individual Constructivism.
Social Constructivism and Situated Learning.
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The Copernican Revolution,

a shift in the field of astronomy from a geocentric

understanding of the universe, centered around Earth by
Claudius Ptolemy, to a heliocentric understanding, centered
around the Sun, as articulated by the Polish astronomer
Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century.

The Newtonian Revolution Sir Isaac Newton1643-1727

Law of Universal Gravitation-governs the paths of heavenly
bodies
Laws of Motion-foundation of Classical mechanics; allow us
to describe and understand motionI
Infinitesimal Calculus-developed along with Gottfried Leibniz
theory of color
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The Einsteinian Revolution Albert Einstein1879-1955

General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by

Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915. The theory of general
relativity says that the observed gravitational effect between
masses results from their warping of spacetime.

Photoelectric Effect- a beam of particles whose energies are

related to their frequencies according to Planck's formula.
When that beam is directed at a metal, the photons collide
with the atoms. If a photon's frequency is sufficient to knock
off an electron, the collision produces the photoelectric
effect.

Brownian movement also called Brownian motion is defined

as the uncontrolled or erratic movement of particles in a fluid
due to their constant collision with other fast-moving
molecules describe by Robert Brown.

Mass-Energy Equivalence
E=mc2- describes the relationship between mass and
energy.
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The Chemical Revolution

Robert Boyle1667-1691 ( Father of Chemistry )

Boyle and his air pump helped change early modern science
by insisting on the importance of using the senses and of
witnessing nature.
air pump was an advance over Von Guericke's spheres in that
it provided a glass receptacle into which candles, mice, and
other objects could be placed for experimentation. Air was
ratcheted out from a cylinder and piston attached through a
stopcock to the receptacle.
Boyle's Law-a law stating that the pressure of a given mass of
an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a
constant temperature

Antoine-Laurent Lavosier1743-1794 ( Father og Modern

Chemistry)
determined that oxygen was a key substance in combustion,
and he gave the element its name. He developed the modern
system of naming chemical substances and has been called
the “father of modern chemistry” for his emphasis on careful
experimentation.
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The Darwinian Revolution Charles Darwin1809-1882

Darwin's greatest contribution to science is that he

completed the Copernican Revolution by drawing
out for biology the notion of nature as a system of
matter in motion governed by natural laws. With
Darwin's discovery of natural selection, the origin
and adaptations of organisms were brought into
the realm of science.
Darwin's revolutionary theory was that new species
arise naturally, by a process of evolution, rather
than having been created—forever immutable—by
God.
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The Freudian Revolution

Sigmund Freud1856-1939 ( “Father of Psychoanalysis)

Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud believed that people could be cured by making
their unconscious. a conscious thought and
motivations, and by that gaining "insight". The aim of
psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed
emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious
conscious.

-The Oedipus complex is a Freudian term that was named after a

man that unknowingly killed his father and slept with his mother.
Freud said that a boy develops an unconscious infatuation
towards his mother, and simultaneously fears his father to be a
rival. This happens at an unconscious level.