Traction Chapter Demo

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Farm Power
Preface
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different exams such as GATE, ICAR JRF/SRF, ARS,, State Engineering Exams,
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This book is written by Sagar Khurana, an alumni of IISc (Indian Institute of Science),
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Bangalore with a vision to provide quality examination content for Agriculture
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Engineering students. It comprises of
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If you have any query, please write to us at enquirygateforall@gmail.com
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GateForAll
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www.gateforall.com Contact : enquirygateforall@gmail.com Phone : 8218937602
Farm Power
Disclaimer
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
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we as the author/publisher will not be responsible for any damage or loss of action to any
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g,
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En
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(C
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Farm Power
CONTENTS
R)
A
CHAPTER Page
IC
No.
&
RS
Gear Box…………………...,………………………………………........... 1
,A
Tractor…………………………………………………………....................
FO
21
A
nk
Tractor Mechanism…………………...,…………………………………... 22
Ba
Hydraulics System………………………………………………………….
g,
42
rin
ee
Human Factors…………………...,……………………………………....... 43
gin
En
re
ultu
ic
gr
A
TE
A
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of
te
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
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Farm Power
Chapter2- Tractor
R)
A
REAR
IC
wheel
&
RS
,A
𝐶𝑔 (𝜔𝑔) FRONT WHEEL
FO
A
nk
Ba
g,
rin
R F
ee
Rr Rf
gin
En
𝐶𝑔 = (𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
re
ultu
ic
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 [𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒]

gr
A
TE
𝑅𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

A
G
𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

of
te
tu
𝑊𝑡 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
sti
In
ng
𝐹 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

hi
oc
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙⁄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

(C
ll
rA
o
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒
eF
at
G
𝐹 =𝑃+𝑅
Farm Power
Gross Tractive Coefficient
R)
A
IC
&
RS
𝐶𝑔 [𝑤𝑡]
,A
P
FO
A
nk
Ba
R
g,
F
rin
Rr Rf
ee
gin
𝐹 =𝑃+𝑅
En
re
ltu
𝐹 𝑃 𝑅
u
ic
= +
gr
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
A
(Normal force)
TE
A
G
𝐹
of
= 𝜇𝑔 [𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡]

𝑁
te
tu
sti
𝑃
In
= 𝜇 [𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑁
ng
hi
oc
𝑅
= 𝜌 [𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒]
(C
𝑁
ll
rA
𝜇𝑔 = 𝜇 + 𝜌
o
eF
at
G
𝑁 → 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 [ 𝑖𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 ]

Farm Power
Slip
R)
A
IC
Travel reduction
&
RS
,A
𝑉𝑎
% 𝑆 = (1 − )
FO
𝑉𝑡
A
nk
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
Ba
g,
rin
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
ee
in
𝜋. 𝐷. 𝑁
g
𝑉𝑡 = En
60
re
ltu
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑟𝜔
u
ic
gr
A
2𝜋𝑁
TE
= 𝑟.
60
A
G
of
(2𝑟)𝜋𝑁
=
te
60
tu
sti
In
𝜋𝐷𝑁
=
ng
60
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
Rolling Resistance
R)
A
IC
&
P
RS
,A
FO
A
nk
R F
Ba
g,
𝜇 [ 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡] →
rin
ee
in
𝑃
g
𝜇=
𝑁En
re
ltu
If pull is acting as horizontal then

u
ic
gr
N will be equal to weight of trator

A
TE
A
𝑁=𝜔
G
of
𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 [𝑅 ]
te
𝜌=
tu
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 [𝑅 ]
sti
In
ng
if pull is acting as horizontal then

hi
oc
(C
N will be equal to the weight of tractor

ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
Tractive Efficiency
R)
A
IC
&
RS
Pull
,A
FO
A
nk
Ba
F=P+R
g,
rin
ee
gin
En
re
ultu
F
ic
gr
A
TE
P
A
G
(Axle power)
of
te
tu
Drowbar
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
ll
rA
𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
o
eF
=
𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
at
G
Farm Power
𝑃 × 𝑌𝑎
𝑇. 𝐸 =
𝐹 × 𝑉𝑡
R)
Tractive Efficiency
A
IC
&
𝑃 𝑉𝑎
RS
𝑇. 𝐸. = ( ) ×
,A
𝐹 𝑉𝑡
FO
𝑃
A
𝑇. 𝐸. = ( ) (1 − 𝑆)
nk
𝐹
Ba
g,
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 [𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒]
rin
ee
in
𝐹 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
g
En
re
𝑆 = 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝
ultu
ic
𝑃⁄
gr
𝑇. 𝐸. = [ 𝑁] (1 − 𝑆)
A
𝐹⁄
TE
𝑁
A
G
𝜇
(1 − 𝑆 )
of
𝑇. 𝐸. =
𝜇𝑔
te
tu
sti
In
𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
ng
𝑇. 𝐸. =
hi
𝑎𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
oc
(C
ll
rA
𝑃
(1 − 𝑆 )
o
𝑇. 𝐸. =
eF
𝐹
at
G
Farm Power
R)
Gross Tractive Force
A
IC
&
RS
,A
FO
A
nk
(𝜔𝑓)
Ba
g,
rin
ee
in
(Soil) (Reaction)
g
En
re
ltu
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜔𝑡
u
= 𝐴. 𝐶 + ( ) tan 𝜑
ic
𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 2
gr
A
TE
A
𝐶 = 𝐶𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
G
of
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
te
tu
sti
𝜔𝑡 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
In
ng
hi
𝜑 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑢𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

oc
(C
ll
𝐹 = 2 × [𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑐ℎ]

rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
Numerical
Q1., A Tractor wheel having 600mm diameter was testes in a soil bin and the following data
was recorder: Angular speed of the wheel is 10 rev / min, Input torque is 60 N -m, drawbar
R)
pull is 150 N , normal load on the wheel axle is 500N , wheel forward speed is 0.25 m / sec.
A
IC
Calculate (a) Coefficient of tractor (b) wheel slippage (c) Tractive efficiency
[GATE 1991]
&
RS
,A
FO
Q2. Predict the maximum tract ion thrust of a track type tractor with two tracks each 360
A
mm wide and 1680 mm long. The weight of the tractor is 31.75 kN . The soil is sheared off
nk
in the plane area at the ends of lugs. Soil Parameter are C= 14 Kpa and Angle of int ernal
Ba
frict ion is 30 degree [GATE 1994]
g,
rin
ee
in
Q3. A tractor pulls 8 KN drawbar pulls against 4KN rolling resistance. If the tractor
g
En
develops 57 percent tractive efficiency then slip experienced by the tractor is
[GATE 2017]
re
ultu
ic
gr
A
TE
A
G
of
te
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
Q. 1 → GATE 1991
R)
𝑁𝐿 = 500𝑁
A
IC
&
𝑉𝐹 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 0.25 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
RS
,A
𝑁 = 10 𝑟𝑝𝑚
FO
A
nk
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 60 𝑁 − 𝑚
Ba
g,
𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 (𝑃) = 150 𝑁
rin
ee
𝑃
in
𝜇=
g
𝑁𝐿 En
re
ltu
Pull is acting as horizontal

u
ic
gr
𝑃 𝑃 150 1
A
𝜇= = = =
TE
𝑁𝐿 500 150 3
A
G
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
of
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑆 = (1 − ) × 100
te
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
tu
sti
𝑉𝑎 = 0.25 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
In
ng
hi
𝜋𝐷𝑁
oc
𝑉𝑡 = = 0.314 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
(C
60
ll
rA
0.25
𝑆 = (1 − ) × 100 = 20%
o
eF
0.314
at
G
Farm Power
3. Tractive Efficiency GATE 1991
R)
A
𝐷. 𝑃.
IC
𝑇. 𝐸. =
&
RS
𝑃
,A
= (1 − 𝑠 )
𝐹
FO
A
nk
150 (1 − 𝑠)
=
Ba
𝐹
g,
rin
𝑇 60 60
ee
𝐹= = 𝐷 = 0.6
in
𝑟 ( ) ( )
g
2 2
En
re
600
ltu
= = 200
u
0.3
ic
gr
A
150
(1 − 0.2032)
TE
𝑇. 𝐸. =
200
A
G
of
te
𝑇. 𝐸. = 59.76 %
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
𝑄. 2 → GATE 1994
two track
R)
A
IC
𝑏 = 0.36
&
RS
1680
𝑙= = 1.68 𝑚 l = 1.63
,A
1000
FO
A
𝜔 = 31.75 𝐾𝑁
nk
Ba
𝐶𝑝 = 14 × 103 𝜑 = 30° 0.36 m
g,
rin
ee
lugs Angle of internal friction
g in
S = C + En
N tan𝜑
re
ltu
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
u
sher force Cohesion force ( ) [for each truck]

ic
2
gr
A
𝐶𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

TE
A
𝑁
G
𝑆 = (𝐶𝑝 ) × 𝐴 + ( ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑
of
2
te
tu
𝐴 = 1.68 × 0.36 = 0.6048𝑚2

sti
In
31.75 × 103
ng
3)
𝑆 = (14 × 10 × 0.6048 + ( ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛30°
hi
2
oc
(C
ll
𝑆 = 17362 𝑁 [𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 ]

rA
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝑆 = 35265.27 𝑁

o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
𝑄. 3 → GATE 2017
R)
A
IC
𝑃 = 8 𝐾𝑁
&
RS
𝑅 = 4 𝐾𝑁
,A
FO
𝑛𝑇 = 57%
A
nk
𝑃
Ba
𝑛𝑇 = (1 − 𝑠)
𝐹
g,
rin
ee
𝑃
in
0.57 = ( ) (1 − 𝑠 )
𝑃+𝑅
g
En
re
2
ltu
0.57 = (1 − 𝑠)
3
u
ic
gr
A
1 − 𝑠 = 0.855
TE
A
𝑠 = 0.145
G
of
te
𝑠 = 14.5%
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
Chapter3-Tractor Mechanism
(Resting on Ground)
R)
A
IC
&
RS
,A
𝜔𝑡(𝐶𝑔 )
FO
A
A
nk
Ba
l1 l2 B
g,
rin
ee
in
l
g
Rr En Rf
re
ltu
u
∈𝑌=0
ic
𝑅𝑟 + 𝑅𝑓 = 𝜔𝑡
gr
A
TE
Moment about A should bezero

A
G
of
𝑅𝑓 × 𝑙 − 𝜔𝑡 × 𝑙1 = 0
te
tu
sti
𝜔𝑡 × 𝑙1 𝜔𝑡 × 𝑙2
In
𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅𝑟 =
𝑙 𝑙
ng
hi
oc
𝑙 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
(C
ll
𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

rA
o
eF
𝑙1 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

at
G
Farm Power
R)
A
IC
&
RS
c s 𝜔𝑡
,A
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
FO
A
nk
𝛼 y
Ba
g,
P
rin
ee
in
Rr 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 Rf
g
En
re
𝑦 = ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
ltu
𝑆 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏⁄𝜔 (𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

u
ic
gr
𝛼 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙
A
TE
A
G
of
te
tu
𝜔𝑡
sti
In
ng
𝛼
hi
oc
Rf
(C
ll
rA
𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 Rf
o
eF
at
G
𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅𝑟 = 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
Farm Power
Taking moment about A
R)
A
IC
&
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 A 𝜔𝑡
RS
S
,A
B
FO
l1
A
y
nk
Ba
RA 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 RB
g,
rin
ee
g in
𝜔𝑡 × 𝐷1 − 𝑅𝑓 × 𝐷 − (𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼). 𝑦 − (𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)𝑠 = 0
En
re
𝜔𝑡 × 𝑙1 [(𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)𝑦 + (𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)𝑠]
ltu
− 𝑅𝑓 −
u
𝑙 𝑙
ic
gr
A
𝜔𝑡 × 𝑙1 (𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)𝑦 + (𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)𝑠
TE
𝑅𝑓 = −( )
A
𝑙 𝑙
G
of
te
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
Weight transfer when pull is an angle
R)
A
(𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) × 𝑦 + (𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) × 𝑠
IC
𝑤𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 =
𝑙
&
RS
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙
,A
FO
𝑌 = ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
A
nk
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙
Ba
g,
rin
𝑆 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
ee
in
𝑙 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
g
En
re
ltu
ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0
u
ic
gr
A
and 𝑦=0
TE
A
G
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = 0°

of
te
tu
sti
𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 × 𝑦
In
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = ( )
𝑙
ng
hi
oc
(C
(𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙) × (ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

𝜔𝑡 =
ll
rA
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
Coefficient of friction when pull is acting an angle.
R)
A
IC
&
RS
,A
𝜔𝑡
FO
A
nk
Ba
𝛼
g,
rin
F
ee
in
𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
g
En
re
ltu
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
u
𝜇= =
ic
𝑁 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑅𝑟 + 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟

gr
A
TE
A
𝑁 = 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
G
of
= (𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) + 𝑅𝑟 + (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟)

te
tu
sti
In
(𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 )𝑦 + (𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼). 𝑆
ng
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 =
hi
𝑙
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
Numerical
Q1. A rear wheel drive tractor wheel weighing 18KN has the static weight divided in such a way that 12
KN in on the rear wheels and 6KN on the front wheels. The Tractor is pulling a plough at a speed of 5
R)
km/hr. The Plough exerts an inclined drawbar pull of 10 KN with the line of pull making an angle of 15
A
IC
degree with the horizontal. The axle power is 20 KW and the wheel base of the tractor is 2100mm and
hitch height is 500mm Calculate
&
(a) The dynamic weight on the rear axle is
RS
(b) The tractive efficiency of the tractor is [GATE 2003]
,A
FO
Q2. A rear wheel drive tractor wheel weighing 20 KN has 40 percent of his supported by the front wheels.
A
The Tractor is pulling a plough at a speed of 8 km/hr. The Plough exerts an inclined drawbar pull of 8 KN
nk
with the line of pull making an angle of 15 degree with the horizontal. The Coefficient of rolling
Ba
resistance is 0.04 and the wheel base of the tractor is 2100mm and hitch height is 500mm .Calculate (a)
g,
the coefficient of traction
rin
(b) If the wheel slip is 20 percent, find out the tractive efficiency [GATE 2008]
ee
in
Q3. A rear wheel drive tractor wheel weighing 23 KN has a wheel base of the 2100mm and centre of
g
En
gravity is 710mm ahead of rear axle centre line. The Tractor is pulling a implement at a speed of 6 km/hr.
The implement exerts an drawbar pull of 15 KN and the hitch height is 485mm. The axle power is 33.3
re
KW. Determine
ltu
(a) Weight transfer on rear axle

u
ic
(b) The coefficient of traction

gr
(c) tractive efficiency [GATE 1999]

A
TE
Q4. A 2 wheel drive 35 hp tractor has 1.5 m rear wheel diameter. The engine runs at 1200 rev / min and
A
the total reduction of the speed is 30: 1,. Find out the travelling speed of the tractor and the tractive force
G
at each driving wheel. [GATE 1992]

of
te
tu
Q5. A 35 kW two-wheel drive tractor weighing 20 kN is fitted with 6-16 8PR tyre at the front axle and
sti
13.6-28 12PR tyre at the rear axle. The ratio of section height and section width for all tyres is 0.75. The
In
tractor has a wheel base of 2.1 m and the center of gravity is located 0.7 m ahead of the rear axle center on
ng
a horizontal plane. The tractor is to be towed on a level ground having sandy clay loam soil at 10%
hi
moisture content with a cone index of 1200 kPa.

oc
[GATE 2007]
(C
The wheel numeric for each of the rear wheels is

ll
(A) 39.50 (B) 58.17 (C) 79.01 (D) 116.37

rA
Rolling resistance of each of the front wheels is

o
(A) 0.244 kN (B) 0.354 kN (C) 0.575 kN (D) 0.707 kN

eF
(B)
at
G
Q6. A two-wheel drive tractor is pulling a load of 12 kN horizontally on a leveled surface at a forward
speed of 5.0 km h-1. The rolling radius of the traction wheel and wheel slip are 0.65 m and 20%
respectively. If the rear axle torque is 9 kN m, the tractive efficiency
Farm Power
(A) 56.7% (B) 62.1% (C) 69.3% (D) 78.5% . [GATE 2009]
Q7. The diameter of an undeflected tractor wheel fitted with 13.6 — 28, 12 PR tyre with an aspect ratio of
R)
0.75 is [GATE 2009]
A
IC
(A) 0.99 m (B) 1.05 m
(C) 1.23 m (D) 1.40 m
&
RS
Q8. A 37 kW two-wheel drive tractor weighing 20 kN with a wheel base of 2.1 m is having the option to
,A
be fitted with either 12.4 - 2 12PR or 13.6 - 28 12 PR at the rear axle. The ratio of section height and
FO
section width for all tyres is 0.75. On a level ground, the weight distribution on the front and rear axles is
A
35 and 65% of the total tractor weight, respectively. Cone index of soil is 1200 kPa.
nk
(a)The motion resistance ratio of each of the rear wheels when fitted with the above-mentioned tyres at
Ba
normal tyre inflation pressure while moving on a level ground will be [GATE 2010]
g,
rin
(A) 0.04. (1.04 (8)0.047. 0..055 (C) 0.051. 0.049 (D) 0,057. 0.055
ee
(b)Net traction developed in kN by the rear wheels when fitted with 13.6 - 28 12 PR tyre at normal
in
inflation pressure on a level ground with IS% wheel slip will be
g
(A) 8.79 (B) 9.18 (C) 9.78 MI) 10.32 En
re
ltu
Q9. A towed pneumatic wheel (width to diameter ratio of 0.3) is to be rolled on a leveled concrete surface.
u
Total wheel load is 2000 N. [GATE 2011]

ic
gr
(a)The force in N required to roll the wheel on the horizontal concrete surface would be
A
(A) 80 (B) 91 (C) 800 (D) 912

TE
(b) The minimum slope in degrees of the concrete surface with respect to the horizontal at which the
A
Wheel itself will start rolling downward is

G
(A) 2.29 (B) 5.28 (C) 23.58 (D) 27.13

of
te
Q10. Which one of the following is NOT a towed wheel? [GATE 2011]
tu
(A) wheels of power tiller (B) front wheels of two wheel drive tractor
sti
(C) wheels of bullock cart (D) wheels of trailer

In
ng
Q11. Which one of the following statements is NOT appropriate regarding cone index
hi
[ [GATE 2012]
oc
(C
(A) It reflects strength of soil

ll
(B) It is a composite parameter

rA
(C)It is dimensionless
o
(D) It is measured at a constant penetration rate of 30 mm/s

eF
at
Q12. A two wheel drive tractor, weighing 15.84 kN with a wheel base of 2160 mm, has
G
the static weight divided between the front and rear axles in the ratio of 30 : 70 on a
horizontal level surface. The hitch point is at a height of 700 mm from the ground and at
Farm Power
a horizontal distance of 120 mm to the rear side from the center of the rear axle. Pull acts
at an angle of 12° downwards from the horizontal. The maximum pull in kN, when the
front wheels would just start rising from the ground is [GATE 2012]
R)
A
IC
Q13. A four-wheel-drive tractor has a static weight of 50 kN with 40% weight on rear axle and 60% on front
&
axle. The wheel base is 2 m. The tractor is pulling a disc harrow that exerts a level drawbar pull at a hitch
height of 0.5 m from the ground. During the operation, when the dynamic reaction on each axle is same, the
RS
dynamic traction ratio developed by the tractor is _ [GATE 2014]
,A
FO
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.5 (D).8
A
Q14. A tractor weighing 21 kN has 70% static weight on rear axle and its wheel base is
nk
1.8 m. The drawbar hitch is located 25 cm behind the rear axle centre and 35 cm above
Ba
the ground level. To overcome longitudinal instability, the front end loading is provided
g,
at a distance of 20 cm ahead of the front axle centre. It is observed that, there is front-end
rin
instability in the tractor due to a pull of 30 kN inclined at 20 downward from the
ee
horizontal. A minimum front-end load required to overcome the instability in N is
__________ [GATE 2016]
g in
En
Q15. A two-wheel drive tractor weighing 18 kN has a wheel base 1.8 m. Its centre of
gravity is located 600 mm ahead of the rear axle centre, under static condition, on a level
re
ltu
ground. When this tractor is used to pull a disc plough hitched at a height of 390 mm
from the ground, the draft observed is 6 kN. The change in reaction on rear wheels of the
u
ic
tractor due to pull in kN is [ GATE 2018]

gr
A
(A) 1.30 (B) 1.95 (C) 3.90 (D) 5.85

TE
A
G
of
te
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
𝑄. 1 → GATE 2003
G
Farm Power
𝜔𝑡 = 18 𝐾𝑁
𝑅𝑟 = 12 𝐾𝑁
R)
A
𝑅𝑓 = 6 𝐾𝑁
IC
&
𝑉𝑎 = 5 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ𝑟
RS
,A
𝑦 = 0.5
FO
𝑃 = 10 𝐾𝑁
A
nk
𝛼 = 15°
Ba
g,
𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 20 𝑘𝑤
rin
𝑙 = 2.1 𝑚
ee
gin
(A) Dynomic weight (N) En
re
ultu
𝑁 = 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑅𝑟 + (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟)

ic
gr
(𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 )𝑦 + (𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)𝑠
A
TE
𝑙
A
G
(10𝑐𝑜𝑠15°)0.5 + (10𝑠𝑖𝑛15°)0
=
of
2.1
te
tu
= 4.59𝐾𝑁 × 0.5 = 2.295

sti
In
4.59
𝑁 = (10𝑠𝑖𝑛15° + 12 + ) 𝐾𝑁
ng
2
hi
oc
(C
𝑁 = 16.88 𝐾𝑁
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
B) Tractive Efficiency
R)
A
IC
𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
=
&
RS
,A
𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 20 𝑘𝑤
FO
A
nk
𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 × 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
Ba
g,
= 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 × 𝑌𝑎
rin
ee
5
in
= (10𝑐𝑜𝑠15°)5 ×
g
18 En
re
ltu
= 13.41 𝑘𝑤
u
ic
gr
13.41
A
𝑇. 𝐸 = ( ) × 100
20
TE
A
G
of
𝑇. 𝐸 = 67.07%
te
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
𝑄. 2 → GATE 2008
R)
𝜔𝑡 = 20 𝐾𝑁
A
IC
𝑅𝑓 = 12 𝐾𝑁
&
RS
,A
𝑉𝑎 = 8 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ𝑟
FO
A
nk
𝑃 = 8𝐾𝑁
Ba
g,
𝛼 = 10°
rin
ee
in
𝑦 = 500 𝑚𝑚 (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
g
En
𝑙 = 2.1 𝑚
re
ltu
u
ic
𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
(a) 𝜇= =
gr
𝑁 𝑁
A
TE
𝑁 = 𝑅𝑟 + 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟)

A
G
of
𝑅𝑟 = 12
te
tu
sti
(𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)𝑦 + (𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)𝑆
In
𝑙
ng
hi
oc
(8𝑐𝑜𝑠10) × 0.5
=
(C
2.1
ll
rA
= 1.87
o
eF
at
12𝑐𝑜𝑠10
G
𝜇= = 0.74
12 + 12𝑠𝑖𝑛10 + 1.87
Farm Power
𝑆 = 20% 𝜌 = 0.04
R)
𝑃
A
𝑇. 𝐸 = (1 − 𝑠 )
IC
𝐹
&
𝜇
RS
= (1 − 𝑠 )
𝜇+𝜌
,A
FO
0.74
A
=( ) (1 − 0.2)
nk
0.74 + 0.04
Ba
g,
= 75.89%
rin
ee
gin
En
re
ltu
u
ic
gr
A
TE
A
G
of
te
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
(c) 𝑇. 𝐸 = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
R)
𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
A
=
IC
𝑎𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
&
RS
𝐷. 𝑃 = 𝑃 × 𝑉𝑎
,A
FO
5
= 1500 × 6 × × 10
A
18
nk
Ba
2.5
g,
𝑇. 𝐸 = × 100
rin
33.33
ee
gin
𝑇𝐸 = 74.4% En
re
ultu
ic
gr
A
TE
A
G
of
te
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
𝑄. 4 → GATE 1992
R)
𝑃 = 35 ℎ𝑝
A
IC
𝐷 = 1.5 𝑚
&
RS
,A
𝑁𝑒 = 1200 𝑟𝑝𝑚
FO
A
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 30: 1
nk
Ba
𝜋. 𝐷. 𝑁
g,
𝑉𝑡 =
rin
60
ee
in
3.14×1.5×20
g
𝑉𝑡 =
60 En
re
𝑉𝑡 = 94.2 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
ltu
P
u
ic
gr
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 30: 1

A
TE
1
A
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = × 94.2

G
3
of
te
𝑉𝑎 = 3.1 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
tu
sti
In
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃 × 𝑉𝑎
ng
hi
oc
35 × 746 = 𝑃 × 3.1
(C
ll
𝑃 = 8422.58 𝑁
rA
o
eF
at
G
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 4211.29

= 4.2𝐾𝑁
Farm Power
𝑄. 5 → GATE 2007
Tractor
R)
A
IC
&
𝑃 = 35𝑘𝜔
RS
𝜔 = 20𝐾𝑁
,A
FO
6 − 16 8 PR type Front
A
ℎ
nk
= 0.75
Ba
𝑏
g,
𝑙 = 2.1𝑚
rin
ee
gin
En
20 KN
re
ultu
ic
0.7m
gr
A
TE
A
G
of
2.1m Rf
te
tu
sti
𝐶. 𝐼 = 1200 × 103 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙

In
ng
Static
hi
oc
(C
𝜔𝑡 × 𝑙1
𝑅𝑓 =
ll
𝑙
rA
o
eF
20 × 0.7
at
= = 6.66 𝐾𝑀
2.1
G
Farm Power
For Rear Wheel
R)
𝑅𝑟 = 13.33 𝐾𝑁
A
IC
13.6 − 28 12 Pr type
&
𝑏 = 13.6 × 0.0254 = 0.345 𝑚
RS
,A
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 28 × 0.0254 = 0.712 𝑚
FO
(𝐶. 𝐼)𝑏𝑑
A
𝐶𝑛 =
nk
𝑅𝑟 𝑓
Ba
ℎ
g,
= 0.75
rin
𝑏
ee
𝑑 = 1.062 × 𝑑𝑟𝑚 + 2 × ℎ
gin
En
= 1.062 × 0.7112 + 2 × 0.75 × 0.345
re
ultu
𝑑 = 1.272
ic
gr
A
TE
𝐶. 𝐼 = 1200
A
G
𝐶𝑛 =
of
𝑅𝑟𝑠
te
tu
13.33
sti
𝑅𝑟𝑠 =
2
In
ng
= 6.67
hi
oc
1200 × 0.345 × 1.272

(C
=
6.67
ll
rA
= 78.95 ≈ 79
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
Front
R)
A
𝐶𝑛 =
𝑅𝑟𝑠
IC
&
6 − 16 8 𝑃𝑅
RS
𝑅𝑓 = 6.66
,A
FO
𝑅𝑓 = 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑅𝑓 = 13.33 𝑘𝑁
A
nk
13.33
Ba
𝑅𝑟𝑠 = = 6.665 𝑘𝑁
2
g,
rin
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 0.0254 𝑚
ee
in
𝑏 = 6 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 6 × 0.0254 𝑚 = 0.1524 𝑚
g
En
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 16 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 16 × 0.0254 = 0.4064
re
ltu
ℎ
𝑑 = 1.062 × 𝑑 + 2 × ℎ = 0.75
u
𝑏
ic
gr
= 1.062 × 0.4064 + 2 × 0.75 × 0.1524

A
TE
𝑑 = 0.6601 𝑚
A
G
6.66
of
𝑅𝑓𝑠 = = 3.33
2
te
tu
sti
𝐶𝑛 =
In
𝑅𝑓𝑠
ng
1200 × 103 × 01524 × 0.6601

hi
oc
= = 36.25
3.33 × 103
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
1.2
𝜌= + 0.04
36.25
R)
A
= 0.0781
IC
&
𝑅
RS
𝜌=
,A
𝑅𝑓𝑠
FO
A
𝑅 = 0.0731 × 3.33
nk
Ba
g,
𝑅 = 0.243 𝐾𝑁
rin
ee
g in
𝐶𝑛 = ∞
En
re
ultu
1.2
ic
𝜌= + 0.04
gr
𝐶𝑛
A
TE
𝑅
A
𝜌 = 0.04 =
G
𝑤𝑡
of
te
𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝐹 ) = 0.04 × 20

tu
sti
In
= 0.8 𝐾𝑁
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
𝑄. 6 → GATE 2009
R)
𝑃 = 12 𝐾𝑁
A
IC
𝑉 = 5 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ𝑟
&
RS
,A
𝑟 = 0.65
FO
A
nk
𝑠 = 20%
Ba
g,
𝑇 = 9 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
rin
ee
𝑃
in
𝑇. 𝐸. = (1 − 𝑠 )
g
𝐹 En
re
ltu
𝑇 =𝐹×𝑟
u
ic
gr
9 × 103 = 𝐹 × 0.65
A
TE
9 × 103
A
𝐹= = 13.84
G
0.65
of
te
tu
12
(1 − 0.2)
sti
𝑇. 𝐸. =
13.84
In
ng
69.27%
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
𝑄. 7 → GATE 2009
R)
13.6 − 28 12 𝑃𝑟
A
IC
𝑏 = 13.6 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 13.6 × 0.0254 = 0.345
&
RS
,A
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 28 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 28 × 0.0254 = 0.7112
FO
A
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑚 + 2 × ℎ
nk
Ba
𝑑 = 0.7712 + 2 × 0.75 × 0.345
g,
rin
ee
= 1.2287 ≈ 1.23 𝑚
gin
En
re
ultu
ic
gr
A
TE
A
G
of
te
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
𝑄. 8 → GATE 2010
R)
A
IC
20𝐾𝑁
&
RS
,A
FO
A
nk
Ba
g,
2.1𝑚
rin
ee
in
𝐶. 𝐼. = 1200 𝑘𝑃𝑎
g
En
(𝐶 . 𝐼. ). 𝑏𝑑
re
𝐶𝑛 =
ltu
𝑅𝑟𝑓
u
ic
gr
𝐹𝑜𝑟 12.4 − 28 𝑃𝑟 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒

A
TE
A
𝑏 = 12.4 × 0.0284 = 0.31496

G
of
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 28 × 0.0254 = 0.7112

te
tu
sti
𝑑 = 1.062 × 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑚 + 2 × ℎ
In
ng
hi
= 1.062 × 0.7112 + 2 × 0.75 × 0.315

oc
(C
ll
rA
𝑑 = 1.2277 𝑚
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
R)
(𝐶. 𝐼. )𝑏𝑑
A
𝐶𝑛 =
IC
𝑅𝑓𝑤
&
RS
1200 × 0.315 × 0.7112
=
,A
𝑅𝑓𝑤
FO
A
𝑅𝑟 = 0.65 × 20
nk
Ba
g,
= 13
rin
ee
𝑤𝑡 = 20
gin
En
𝑅𝑓 = 0.35 × 20 = 7.0
re
ultu
7
ic
𝑅𝑓𝑤 = = 3.5 𝐾𝑁
gr
2
A
TE
1200 × 0.3196 × 0.7112

A
𝐶𝑛 =
G
6.5
of
te
tu
𝐶𝑛 = 71.93 = 71.355
sti
In
1.2
ng
𝜌= + 0.04
hi
𝐶𝑛
oc
(C
𝜌𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 = 0.056
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
𝑓𝑜𝑟 18.6 − 28 12 𝑝𝑟 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒
R)
(𝐶. 𝐼. )𝑏𝑑
𝐶. 𝐼. =
A
𝑅𝑟𝑠
IC
&
13
RS
𝑅𝑟𝑠 = = 6.5 𝐾𝑁
,A
2
FO
𝑏 = 0.345
A
nk
Ba
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 0.7112
g,
rin
1200 × 1.272 × 0.345
ee
𝐶. 𝐼. =
6.5
gin
= 81.1
En
re
ltu
1.2
u
ic
𝜌= + 0.04
gr
81
A
TE
A
𝜌 = 0.0548
G
of
te
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
8 → (𝑏 )
R)
𝜇𝑔 = 0.75[1 − 𝑒 −0.3𝐶𝑛𝑆 ]
A
IC
𝛿 = 0.15
&
RS
𝐶𝑛 = 81
,A
FO
𝜇𝑔 = 0.75[1 − 𝑒 −0.3×81×0.15 ]
A
nk
Ba
= 0.73
g,
rin
𝐹
ee
𝜇𝑔 =
in
𝑅𝑟
g
En
𝐹 = 13 × 0.7306
re
ultu
ic
gr
𝐹 = 9.496
A
TE
A
G
of
te
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
𝑄. 9 → GATE 2011
R)
𝑤 = 2000𝑁
A
IC
1.2
&
𝜌= + 0.04
𝐶𝑛
RS
,A
𝐶𝑛 = ∞
FO
A
nk
𝜌 = 0.04
Ba
g,
𝑅
rin
𝜌=
𝜔
ee
gin
𝑅 = 0.04 × 2000
En
re
ltu
𝑅 = 80𝑁
u
ic
gr
A
TE
𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
A
G
R
of
𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
te
tu
sti
𝜃
In
ng
hi
oc
𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 80
(C
ll
80
rA
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = = 0.04
o
2000
eF
at
G
𝜃 = 2.292°
Farm Power
𝑄. 11 → GATE 2012
R)
A
IC
&
𝜔𝑡 = 15.84
RS
,A
120°
FO
A
nk
P
Ba
𝑙 = 2. .16 𝑚 𝑅𝑓
g,
rin
ee
𝑦 = 0.70
gin
𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅𝑓𝑠 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 En
re
ltu
𝜔𝑡 × 𝑙1
u
𝑅𝑓𝑠 = = 15.84 × 0.30

ic
𝑙
gr
A
TE
= 4.752
A
G
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 × 𝑦 + 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 × 𝑆
of
𝑙
te
tu
sti
𝑐𝑜𝑠12 × 0.7 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛12 × 0.12

In
= 𝑃[ ]
2.16
ng
hi
oc
= 0.328𝑃
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
𝑅𝑓1 = 0 For max pull
R)
𝑅𝑓1 = 𝑅𝑓𝑠 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟
A
IC
&
= 4.752 − 0.328𝑃
RS
4.752
,A
𝑃=
FO
0.328
A
nk
𝑃 = 14.48 𝐾𝑁
Ba
g,
rin
ee
g in
En
re
ultu
ic
gr
A
TE
A
G
of
te
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
𝑄. 13 → GATE 2014
R)
𝑤𝑡 = 50𝐾𝑁
A
IC
&
RS
,A
FO
40% 60%
A
nk
Rear Print
Ba
g,
rin
𝐿 = 2𝑚 𝑦 = 0.5
ee
in
g
En
re
ultu
ic
gr
A
TE
A
G
of
te
𝑅𝑓 = 0.6 × 50 = 30𝐾𝑁
tu
sti
In
𝑅𝑟 = 0.4 × 50 = 20𝐾𝑁
ng
hi
𝑃
oc
𝜇𝑑 =
(C
𝜔𝑡
ll
rA
𝑅𝑓1 = 𝑅𝑓 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟

o
eF
at
𝑃×𝑦
G
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = =
𝑙
Farm Power
R)
A
IC
𝑃 × 0.5
𝑅𝑓1 = 30 −
&
2
RS
,A
𝑃 × 0.5
FO
𝑅𝑓1 = 30 −
2
A
nk
50
Ba
𝑅𝑓1 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 = = 25
2
g,
rin
ee
𝑃 × 0.5
in
25 = 30 −
g
2
En
re
𝑃 × 0.5
ltu
=5
2
u
ic
gr
A
100
𝑃= = 20
TE
0.5
A
G
𝑃 20
of
𝜇𝑑 = = = 0.4
te
𝜔 50
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
𝑄. 14 → GATE 2016
R)
2.0
A
IC
&
𝜔𝑡 = 21𝐾𝑁
RS
,A
𝜔
FO
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑙1 = 0.3
A
nk
P
Ba
𝑙 = 1.8 𝑅𝑓1
g,
rin
𝑅𝑓 = 21 × 0.3 = 6.3
ee
gin
𝑅𝑟 = 21 × 0.7 = 14.7 En
re
𝜔𝑡 × 𝑙1
ltu
𝑅𝑓 = 6.3 =
u
𝑙
ic
gr
A
21 × 𝑙1
TE
6.3 =
1.8
A
G
of
𝑙1 = 0.54 𝑚
te
tu
sti
𝑅𝑓1 × 1.8 − 𝜔 × 0.2 − 21 × 0.54 + 30𝑐𝑜𝑠20° × 0.35 + 30𝑠𝑖𝑛20° × 0.25 = 0

In
ng
hi
𝑅𝑓1 = 0
oc
(C
ll
rA
𝜔 = 755 𝐾𝑁
o
eF
at
G
𝑄. 15 → GATE 2018
Farm Power
𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄
R)
𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅𝑟 = 𝜔𝑡
A
IC
𝜔𝑡 × 𝑙1 18 × 0.6
𝑅𝑓 = =
&
𝑙 1.8
RS
= 6 𝐾𝑁
,A
FO
𝑃 = 6 𝐾𝑁
A
𝑦 = 0.39, 𝑙 = 1.8
nk
Ba
𝑅𝑟 = 12 𝐾𝑁
g,
rin
𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄
ee
in
𝑅𝑟 1 = 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 + 𝑅𝑟
g
En
𝑅𝑓1 = 𝑅𝑓 − (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟)
re
ltu
𝑃×𝑦
u
𝑅𝑟 1 = 12 +
ic
𝑙
gr
A
6 × 0.39
TE
= 12 +
1.8
A
G
= 13.3 𝐾𝑁
of
te
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑅𝑟 1 − 𝑅𝑟
tu
sti
= 13.3 − 12 = 1.3 𝐾𝑁
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G
Farm Power
𝑄. 16 → GATE 2017
R)
𝜔 = 19.5 𝐾𝑁
A
IC
𝑅𝑟 = 0.7 × 19.5
&
RS
,A
𝑅𝑓 = 0.3 × 19.5
FO
A
𝑃 = 8 𝐾𝑁 𝑌 = 0.450
nk
Ba
𝑅𝑟 1 = 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑅𝑟 + 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟
g,
rin
ee
gin
En
re
ltu
19.5 𝐾𝑁
u
ic
gr
A
TE
A
G
of
te
tu
𝑅𝑟 1 1.8 𝑚 𝑅𝑓1
sti
In
ng
𝑅𝑓 = 5.85 𝐾𝑁
hi
oc
(C
𝑅𝑟 = 13.65
ll
rA
𝑃×𝑦
𝑅𝑟 1 = 13.65 +
o
eF
𝑙
at
G
8 × 0.450
= 13.65 + = 15.65 𝐾𝑁
1.8
Farm Power
𝑃𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 2188 𝐾𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙
R)
2188
A
𝑃𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 =
0.9
IC
&
= 2431 𝑘 𝑃𝑎
RS
,A
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2431 + 500
FO
A
nk
= 2931 𝑘 𝑃𝑎
Ba
25 × 10−3 2931 × 103
g,
rin
𝑃𝑖 = ×
60 0.80
ee
gin
𝑃𝑖 = 1526 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡En
re
ltu
𝑃𝑖 = 1.526 𝑘𝑤
u
ic
gr
A
TE
A
G
of
te
tu
sti
In
ng
hi
oc
(C
ll
rA
o
eF
at
G

Traction Chapter Demo

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𝑃 = 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 [𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒]

𝑅𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝐹 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙⁄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

Gross Tractive Coefficient

= 𝜇𝑔 [𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡]

= 𝜇 [𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑁 → 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 [ 𝑖𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 ]

If pull is acting as horizontal then

N will be equal to weight of trator

if pull is acting as horizontal then

N will be equal to the weight of tractor

𝜑 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑢𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐹 = 2 × [𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑐ℎ]

Pull is acting as horizontal

3. Tractive Efficiency GATE 1991

sher force Cohesion force ( ) [for each truck]

𝐶𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐴 = 1.68 × 0.36 = 0.6048𝑚2

𝑆 = 17362 𝑁 [𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 ]

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝑆 = 35265.27 𝑁

Moment about A should bezero

𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑙1 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑆 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏⁄𝜔 (𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

Taking moment about A

Weight transfer when pull is an angle

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = 0°

(𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙) × (ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

Coefficient of friction when pull is acting an angle.

𝑁 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑅𝑟 + 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟

= (𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) + 𝑅𝑟 + (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟)

(a) Weight transfer on rear axle

(b) The coefficient of traction

(c) tractive efficiency [GATE 1999]

at each driving wheel. [GATE 1992]

moisture content with a cone index of 1200 kPa.

The wheel numeric for each of the rear wheels is

(A) 39.50 (B) 58.17 (C) 79.01 (D) 116.37

Rolling resistance of each of the front wheels is

(A) 0.244 kN (B) 0.354 kN (C) 0.575 kN (D) 0.707 kN

Total wheel load is 2000 N. [GATE 2011]

(A) 80 (B) 91 (C) 800 (D) 912

Wheel itself will start rolling downward is

(A) 2.29 (B) 5.28 (C) 23.58 (D) 27.13

(C) wheels of bullock cart (D) wheels of trailer

(A) It reflects strength of soil

(B) It is a composite parameter

(D) It is measured at a constant penetration rate of 30 mm/s

tractor due to pull in kN is [ GATE 2018]

(A) 1.30 (B) 1.95 (C) 3.90 (D) 5.85

𝑁 = 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑅𝑟 + (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟)

= 4.59𝐾𝑁 × 0.5 = 2.295

𝑁 = 𝑅𝑟 + 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟)

(c) 𝑇. 𝐸 = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 30: 1

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = × 94.2

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 4211.29

𝐶. 𝐼 = 1200 × 103 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙

For Rear Wheel

1200 × 0.345 × 1.272