OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

GRADUATE SCHOOL

Name: Ignacio, Mark Jayson C.

Seminar in Dissertation Writing/Thesis Writing

Program: Masters in Public Health Campus: Valenzuela

Professor: DR. JOSEFINA C. MENDOZA

Adviser:

Proposed Title:

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Professional Pharmacists

Towards Antibiotic Use and Antimicrobial Resistance
Introduction (Background of the Study)

Antimicrobial resistance occurs when an antibiotic is not used

appropriately. Antibiotics has a widespread effectiveness against microbes

which fights many diseases that microbes carries. Proper antibiotic use

should be understood by many because this could make us vulnerable to

diseases in the future.

Many secluded and urban cities are dealing with antimicrobial

resistance because of lack of knowledge regarding proper use of antibiotics.

Many patients stop the regimen right after they feel better even they only

took it for a day. Antibiotics should be commonly consumed for seven days

for the microbes to be completely neutralized. Many people or “sari-sari

store” owners sell antibiotics without prescription that can be a large

contributor of antimicrobial resistance.

The purpose of this study is to promote antimicrobial resistance for

better healthcare services and to offer a better quality of life. This aims to

help, not only the healthcare professionals but also, the people who has

little-to-none knowledge about the proper use of antibiotics to keep them

away from possible harm/danger and provide them the best healthcare

services they deserve.

This study will be beneficial to all humankind because this will give

them a better quality of life ahead of them since this is a very common yet

critical problem in our society. This will give them the knowledge and the

information regarding the proper use of antibiotics and antimicrobial

resistance.

Statement of the Problem

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 age;
1.2 gender
1.3 highest educational attainment
1.4 additional trainings
1.5 years of experience in the profession
1.6 job position
2. What is the assessment of the respondents on their knowledge towards
antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance in terms of:
2.1
3. What is the assessment of the respondents on their attitudes towards
antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance in terms of:
3.1
 4. What is the assessment of the respondents on their practices regarding
antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance in terms of:
4.1
5. Is there a significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on their
knowledge towards antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance when profile is
considered?
6. Is there a significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on their
attitudes towards antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance when profile is
considered?
7. Is there a significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on their
practices regarding antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance when profile is
considered?
8. Do the respondents’ knowledge and attitudes significant affect their practices
regarding antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance?
9. Based on the results of the study, what valuable inputs can be given to
enhance pharmacists’ practice regarding antibiotic use and antimicrobial
resistance?

Hypothesis

1. There is a significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on their

knowledge towards antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance
2. There is no significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on
their knowledge towards antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance
3. There is a significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on their
attitudes towards antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance
4. There is no significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on
their attitudes towards antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance
5. There is a significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on their
practices regarding antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance
6. There is no significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on
their practices regarding antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance

Scope and Delimitations

a. Title
b. The variables
c. Where you are conducting the study (locale)
d. Population ( respondents/participants)
e. Inclusion criteria
f. Exclusion criteria (who are not included)
 g. Timeframe ( example: this research will be conducted from June
2021 to December 2021)

Research Design

This research will use the descriptive-evaluative, descriptive-

comparative, and descriptive-correlational research designs.

Descriptive-evaluative design will be used to determine and analyse

the profile of the respondents.

( example)

Research Locale (where the research will be done/ )

The research will be conducted in all public hospitals in Valenzuela City.

There are 6 public hospitals in the city. Hospital A has 100 bed capacity and
employs 50 nurses, hospital B has 110 bed capacity and 60
nurses…………………..

Population and Sampling Technique (total population first)

There is a total of 1,000 nurses working in the 8 private hospital. The

sample size of 282 nurses was acquired by using the Cochran’s formula.
They will be randomly selected.

Random sampling technique will be used. The number of participants

will be determined using Cochran’s formula.

Participants/Respondents/Population and Sampling of the Study (who

will be the respondents? List them like in the table below)

Public Secondary school teachers I – III who are at least one year in

the service and who belong to any of the public secondary schools in

Valenzuela City, their master teachers, and school principals were the

respondents of this study. There is a total of twenty-five (25) principals, one

hundred twenty-six (126) Master teachers, and 1901 junior high school and

senior high school teachers in Valenzuela City’s public secondary schools.

Because of the big number of the population of public secondary school

teachers, purposive multi sampling was used in selecting the teachers that

was proportionate to the number of school principals and master teachers.

Cochran’s method was used to get the number of teacher respondents

for this study. A total of 654 participants out of 892 (estimated number of

particpants at 45% of the total population per participating school) which

accounted for at a total of 73.32% retrieval.

Each of the participants were also given a unique code based on the

school where they are currently teaching.an example is School 1A with a

partipant coded as 1A01, 1A02, 1A03, etc. The same goes with the rest of

the school such as School 2B has 2B01, 2B02, 2B03, etc.

Public Principal Master Total Overall Estimated Total

Secondary (s) Teacher Number Total No. Number of
School (s ) of per Participants Respondents
CODE Teachers School (45%) per School
1 A 1 6 80 87 39 27
2 B 1 6 72 79 36 25
3 C 1 8 75 84 38 29
4 D 1 7 59 67 30 25
5 E 1 8 63 72 32 25
6 F 1 7 64 72 32 30
7 G 1 6 72 79 36 28
8 H 1 6 65 73 33 25
9 I 1 7 126 134 60 35
10 J 1 6 80 87 39 32
11 K 1 6 65 72 32 25
12 L 1 8 60 69 31 25
13 M 1 8 68 77 35 26
14 N 1 6 76 83 37 28
15 O 1 5 62 68 30 25
16 P 1 6 65 72 32 25
17 Q 1 6 62 69 31 20
18 R 1 7 78 86 39 28
19 S 1 6 75 82 38 26
20 T 1 8 58 67 30 24
 21 U 1 6 65 72 32 23
22 V 1 6 78 85 38 29
23 W 1 7 82 90 40 29
24 X 1 6 78 85 38 20
25 Y 1 6 68 75 34 20
TOTAL 25 126 1901 1918 892 654

Total number of respondents x 100% = 654 (100) = 73.32%

Total number of estimated 892

Population (45%)

Research Instrument (this is the survey questionnaire. Describe The

questionnaire)

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will submit letters of request to the chief pharmacist to ask for formal

permission for their hospital to be part of the study specifically their pharmacists to

be the respondents. After which, the researcher will give the questionnaire to the

respondents and will be advised to seal the accomplished survey in the provided

envelope for confidentiality. After the responses are all gathered, the data will be

tabulated and statistically analyzed.