Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Date of birth
1st: first 11th: eleventh Writing and saying the date
2nd: second 12th: twelfth We write We say
3rd: third 13th: thirteenth 12th march The twelfth of march
4th: fourth 14th: fourteenth
5th: fifth 20th: twentieth 22/1 The twenty-second of
6th: sixth 21st: twenty-first January
7th: seventh 22nd: twenty-second
8th: eight 23rd: twenty-third Meses
9th: ninth 24th: twenty-fourth January, February, March, April,
May, June, July, August,
10th: tenth 30th: thirtieth September, October, November,
31st: thirty-first December
I ´m (am)
Negative (-)
Am I Yes, I am.
No, I’m not.
Is He/She/It Late? Yes, He/She/It Is.
Italian? No, He/She/It isn’t.
Are You/We/They Yes, You/We/They are.
No, You/We/They Aren’t.
Possessive´s
Usamos Possessive determiner para decir que algo o alguien pertenece a una persona, o
mascota. El possessive siempre está después de un sustantivo o una frase.
´s es también una
• Con regular plural nouns se usa ( ´ ). Cuando termina en s va (s´)
contracción de is. Ej: My
Ejemplo: My parents´ house name is James/ My name´s
James
• En otros casos o si es más de un sustantivo ponemos ( ´s ) en el último nombre.
Ejemplo: Sara and Ricardo´s daughter.
Vocabulary-Countries, nationalities and languages- Family- Regular and irregular plural nouns
Country Nationality Main language
Mexico Mexican Spanish
The USA American English
Italy Italian Italian
China Chinese Chinese
Vietnam Vietnamese Vietnamese
Turkey Turkish Turkish
The UK British English
Poland Polish Polish
Pakistan Pakistani Urdu
France French French
Greece Greek Greek
Male Female
Brother Sister
Son Daughter
Husband Wife
Father Mother
Uncle Aunt
Grandfather Grandmother
Grandson (nieto) Granddaughter (nieta)
Nephew (sobrino) Niece (sobrina)
Stepfather (padrastro) Stepmother (madrastra)
Brother-in-law (cuñado) Sister-in-law (cuñada)
Irregular nouns:
1) Algunos sustantivos son irregulares en el plural
child -> children person -> people
man -> men woman -> women
2) Algunos sutantivos que terminan en -f o -fe, tienen plurales en -ves
Wife -> wives half -> halves knife -> knives
3) No se le agrega -s a los verbos irregulares
Grammar
Present simple positive
• Usamos el presente simple para hablar sobre acciones repetidas y cosas que siempre
son ciertas.
• Para hacer el present simple positive se usa:
I / You / We / They + infinitive sin “to”
He / She / It + infinitive sin “to” + (e)s
• Cuando los verbos terminan en -ch, -sh, -s, -ss, -z, -o, -x agregamos “es” para he/she/it
• Cuando los verbos terminan en consonante + -y ponemos “ies”
• Para la tercera persona he/she/it have tiene la forma de has.
• Usamos el presente simple para hablar sobre habitos o rutinas.
Adverbs of frequency
• Always (siempre)
• Usually (usualmente)
• Often (a menudo)
• Sometimes (algunas veces)
• Hardly ever (casi nunca)
• Never (nunca)
Vocabulary
Daily activities
Get up Go home Go to the bed Go to work / college
Have a shower Have lunch / dinner Listen to music Make breakfast
Play videogames Read a book See friends Watch tv / a film
Telling the time
Verbs + Preposition
Algunos verbos tienen una preposición ( With, For, About, To) después de ellos.
• Caitlin listen to music every day.
• Are you looking for your keys?
No usamos una preposicion cuando no hay un objeto.
Wait! NOT Wait for!
Listen! NOT Listen to!
Grammar
Yes/No questions
Questions with be
Are you a pilot? Is your job very difficult?
Yes, i am / No, I’m not Yes, it is / No, it isn’t
Questions with other verbs
Does your job make you happy? Do you have an unusual job?
Yes, it does / No, it doesn’t Yes, I do / No, I don’t
Wh- questions
What (Qué): para preguntar sobre cosas.
Who (quién): para preguntar sobre personas.
When (Cuando): para preguntar sobre tiempos.
Where (Donde): para preguntar sobre lugares.
Why (por qué): para preguntar sobre razones.
How often (que tan a menudo): para preguntar sobre frecuencia. Ej: once a week, every
day.
Ejemplo: Where do you live?
Vocabulary
Business man/woman Cleaner (limpiador/a) Dentist
(empresario/a)
Chef Hairdresser (peluquero/a) Photographer
Journalist (periodista) Mechanic (mecanico/a) Musician (músico/a)
Nurse (enfermero/a) Pilot (piloto) Student (estudiante)
Accountant (Contador/a) Builder (constructor) Teacher (profesor/a)
Engineer (ingeniero/a) Baker (panadero/a) Cashier (cajero/a)
-er suffix
➢ A veces agregamos -er a un verbo para convertirlo en un sustantivo.
-er se puede significar la persona o cosa que hace la acción.
• I teach | I’m a teacher.
• It plays MP3s | It’s an MP3 player.
Usamos there is/there are para decir que algo o alguien existe.
También se usa para describir lugares.
En una lista usamos there is si la primera palabra es singular y there are si la primera
palabra es plural.
En oraciones positivas, normalmente usamos “some” o un numero antes de el
sustantivo plural.
➢ Usualmente usamos “any” antes de sustantivos plurales en oraciones negativas o
preguntas.
▪ There aren’t any chairs (no hay sillas)
▪ Are there any tables?
➢ Usamos “many” antes de sustantivos plurales en oraciones negativas cuando
queremos decir que hay menos de lo que nos gustaría o esperamos.
▪ There aren’t many tables (hay, pero no suficientes)
Articles a/an, the
Antes de sustantivos podemos usar a/an, the o no article(-).
• La primera vez que describimos una persona o cosa, usualmente usamos “a” o “an”.
▪ Usamos “a” cuando la palabra empieza con una consonante.
▪ Usamos “an” cuando la palabra empieza con una vocal o con H.
• La primara vez que describimos personas o cosas usando un sustantivo plural,
usamos “no article”.
• Usamos “the” con sustantivos singulares o plurales, para decir “sabes a que me
refiero”, porque hemos hablado de esto o estos, o porque solo hay uno.
• Usualmente usamos “no article(-)” con nombres de ciudades, países o calles.
(Excepto con the UK, the USA)
Vocabulary
Places in a town
Town(ciudad) Places(lugares) Underground(subterráneo)
Near(cerca) Campsite(camping) Roads(carreteras)
Railway station(estación de Chemist(quimico/a) Theatre(teatro)
ferrocarril)
She is working today. - Para los verbos que terminan con una vocal
+ una consonante, repetimos la ultima letra y
Negative: agregamos -ing. Ej: Get -> Getting.
I’m not working today.
You aren’t working today.
He isn’t working today. • Usamos present continuous para hablar
Yes/No questions: de cosas que pasan en este momento o
alrededor de este momento.(hoy, este
Am I reading?
mes).
Are you reading? • Usamos present simple para hablar
sobre rutinas, habitos, y cosas que pasan
Is he reading?
todo el tiempo.
Short answers:
Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.
Vocabulary
Shopping
Baker’s (Panadero) Butcher’s (carnicero) Cash(dinero en efectivo)
Grammar
Was and were
• Was y Wasn’t son la forma pasada de is y isn’t
• Were y Weren’t son la forma pasada de are y aren´t
Positive:
- I was at home. - We were at home.
- He was at home. - They were at home.
Negative:
- I wasn’t at home. - We weren’t at home.
- She wasn’t at home. - They weren’t at home.
Yes/No questions:
- Was I at home? - Were we at home?
- Was it at home? - Were you at home yesterday?
Short answers:
Yes, I was. - Yes, we were.
No, I wasn’t. - No, we weren’t.
Past simple regular verbs
• El pasado simple es lo mismo para todas las personas (he,you,they,it..)
• Usamos el pasado simple para hablar sobre acciones terminadas/estados en el
pasado.
❖ Para los verbos que terminan en -e, agregamos -d.
move → moved | live → lived
❖ Para los verbos que terminan en consonante + -y, borramos la -y y agregamos -ied.
marry → married | study → studied
❖ Para los verbos que terminan en una vocal + una consonante, duplicamos la
consonante y agregamos -ed.
stop → stopped
Vocabulary
Time expressions
Weeks (semanas) Century (siglo) Year (año)
Months (meses) A long time (mucho tiempo) Summer (Verano)
In 2002 Last night (anoche) Six months ago(6 meses atras)
Winter (invierno)❄ Autumn (otoño) Spring (primavera)
Adverbs of degree
• Cuando usamos adjetivos para describir cosas, nosotros también queremos enseñar
que tan fuertemente lo sentimos. Para esto podemos usar adverbios antes de los
adjetivos.
- A bit (un poquito) - Really (realmente)
- Quite (bastante) - Very (muy)
I’m a bit cold. | The exam was quite easy. | He is really nice. | Russia is a very big country.
Grammar
Past simple irregular verbs
Past simple negative
Subject + did not/ didn’t + infitive without to
- Danielle didn’t go to work yesterday.
Vocabulary
A healthy lifestyle
Healthy (saludable) Body (cuerpo) Mind (mente)
Agree (de acuerdo) Eat Drink
Go Ride (andar) Sleep
Take (toma) Walk (caminar) Smoked (ahumado)
Exercise (ejercicio) Size (tamaño) Told (dicho)
Sports and fitness
Cycle Do athletics (hacer atletismo) Do judo
Do yoga Go fishing (ir a pescar) Go to the gym
Jog/run Play football Ski
Swim Play basketball Play tennis
To keep fit (para mantenerse To have fun (divertirse) Win (ganar)
en forma)
Lose weight (perder peso) Gain weight (ganar peso)
Grammar
Past simple questions
Yes/No questions
• Respondemos con respuestas cortas con did o didn’t, no ponemos el verbo.
Did + Subject + infinitive verb without to?
- Did you swim in the sea?
+ Yes, I did.
- Did he visit the whole island?
+ No, he didn’t.
Wh-Questions
Question word + Did + Subject + infinitive verb without to?
Importante (saber responder):
❖ Where did you go on your last holidays?
❖ Did you go with a friend?
❖ What did you do?
❖ Did you have a good time?
❖ How long did you stay?
❖ Where did you stay?
❖ Did you like the food?
Usamos should para hablar de cosas que creemos que son una buena idea, es la cosa
correcta de hacer, es mas un consejo.
Usamos shouldn’t para hablar de cosas que creemos que son una mala idea, la cosa
incorrecta de hacer.
Subject + Should/ Shouldn´t + infinitive without to
- You should sleep eight hours a night.
- He shouldn’t go out tonight.
- Should I eat more fruit?
Usamos have to para hablar sobre reglas, algo que es necesario.
Usamos don’t have to cuando algo no es necesario, puedes elegir.
I / you / we / they + have to + infinitive verb
He / she / it + has to + infinitive verb
- She has to wear uniform at work.
- I don’t have to work on Sundays.
Para preguntas se usa el Do/Does adelante.
- Do you have to wear a uniform?
- Where does he have to go?
Vocabulary
Talking about holidays
Kind of holidays (tipo de Staying in your own country Going to another country (ir a
vacaciones) (quedarse en su pais propio) otro pais)
Going on a city break ( Staying in the countryside Going with a group of friends
(quedarse en el campo)
Going on your own (yendo por Going with family Lie on the beach (acostarse en
tu cuenta) la playa)
The town (la ciudad) Lost (perdido/a) Cheap hotels (hotels baratos)
Guest houses (casas de Local people Sightseeing (turismo)
huespedes)
Trek (emigrar) Expensive (costosos)
Transport
Take/get… ...the bus …a taxi …the train …the underground
(subterraneo)
(perder) Miss… …the bus …your plane …your train
Go by… …public transport …car …bike
Go on… …foot (pie)