Biological Fixed Film Systems

Biological Fixed Film Systems
Kusumakar Sharma, Xiaoqi (Jackie) Zhang, Yang Liu, Wei Lin, Tong Yu
doi:10.2175/106143008X328572
Introduction focus is on those that relate to the biofilm aspect of the
Overview. The work reviewed here was process.
published during 2007 and described researches that
involve biofilms treating pollutants. This review generally Biofilm Measurement and Characterization
excludes research in medical biofilms, dental biofilms, Biofilm Formation. The characterization and
biofilms causing corrosion and biofilm formation in performance of constructed nitrifying biofilms during
drinking water treatment and distribution systems. nitrogen bioremediation of a wastewater effluent was
Anaerobic Processes is a separate section of this issue, studied by Franco-Rivera et al. (2007). Their research
therefore, anaerobic biofilm treatment systems research is demonstrated that low-density polyester dacron could be
not reviewed here. However, denitrification in biofilm effectively used for the construction of nitrifying biofilms
treatment systems is covered when appropriate. Similarly, obtaining high removal efficiencies of nitrogen in a
biofilm systems for the treatment of air pollutants are not relatively short time. The influence of high salinity on
covered in this section (subject of the Gaseous Emissions bioiflm formation and benzoate assimilation by
from Wastewater Facilities section). Pseudomonas Aeruginosa was studied by Bazire et al.
Coverage. The references are divided on the (2007). The osmoprotectant glycine betaine partially
basis of fundamental research area or reactor types. restored both the biofilm formation and benzoate
Fundamental research into biofilms is presented in three degradation, suggesting that it could be used as a
sections: biofilm measurement and characterization, complement in bioremediation processes.
biofilm structures and functions, and biofilm modeling. The effect of protein, polysaccaharide, and
The reactor types are also covered in three sections: oxygen concentration profiles on biofilm cohesiveness was
trickling filters and rotating biological contactors, investigated by Ahimou et al. (2007). They found that
submerged biofilm reactors, and membrane bioreactors. biofilm cohesion increased with depth but not with age.
Thereafter, innovative reactors that are not easily classified Level of biofilm cohesive energy per unit volume was
are presented in an additional other fixed film systems strongly correlated with biofilm polysaccharide
section. For the references on membrane bioreactors, the concentration. Casey (2007) revealed experimental
1078
Water Environment Research, Volume 80, Number 10—Copyright © 2008 Water Environment Federation
evidence of biofilm consolidation by tracer measurements. structure. This method is proposed based on the linear
It appears that sudden changes in biofilm structure (directly relationship between the intensity of a pixel in biofilm
related to the rate of change of biofilm mass transfer images grabbed on the x-y plane and the corresponding
resistance) may occur following transitions in rate of number of cells in the z direction, which allows the
biomass production. calculation of the biofilm thickness.
Microscopy. The spatial distribution of copper Grossmann et al. (2007) studied the identification
in microbial biofilms by scanning electron microscopy of fluorescent uranium(V) and uranium(VI) microparticles
(SEM) was examined by Hu, Jin et al. (2007). The results in a multispecies biofilm by confocal laser scanning
provided direct evidence in support of the concept that microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence spectroscopy (FSC).
formation of a biofilm may confer resistance to transient The detection of uranium(V) in a multispecies biofilm was
spikes in the bulk solution concentration of toxic metal interpreted as a short-lived intermediate of the uranium(VI)
species by retarding metal diffusion and reducing the metal to uranium(IV) redox reaction. Its presence clearly
exposure of cells within the biofilm. documented that the uranium(VI) reduction is not a two
An enhanced visualization of microbial biofilms electron step but that only one electron was involved.
by staining and environmental scanning electron Microbial Community Structure. Garcia-de-
microscopy (ESEM) was reported by Priester et al. (2007). Lomas et al. (2007) looked at the role of the nitrate-
This study provided transferable staining and ESEM reducing, sulfide oxidizing bacteria (SOB) in the nitrate
imaging protocols suitable for a wide range of biofilms, mediated inhibition of sulfide net production by anaerobic
plus a novel tool for quantifying biofilm image data. Reese wastewater biofilms in two experimental bioreactors,
and Guggenheim (2007) described a novel transmission continuously fed with the primary effluent of a wastewater
electron microscope (TEM) contrasting technique for extra treatment plant, one used as control and the other one
cellular polysaccharides in vitro biofilms. Applying this supplemented with nitrate.
method provided images of biofilms with an intact matrix Simoes, Pereira et al. (2007) investigated the
in which differentially contrasted bacteria were embedded. phenotypic characteristics of monoculture P. Fluorescens
Spettmann et al. (2007) reported simultaneous visualization biofilms grown under turbulent and laminar flow, using
of biofouling, organic and inorganic particle fouling on flow cells reactors with stainless steel substrata. The results
separation membranes. They established an experimental indicated that turbulent flow-generated biofilm cells were
system for the generation and microscopic visualization of significantly less extensive, with decreased metabolic
mixed deposits using fluorescent labeled model foulants. activity and a lower protein and polysaccharides
de Carvalho and da Fonseca (2007) used an composition per cell than those from laminar flow-
optical microscope to assess the three-dimensional biofilm generated biofilms.
1079
Sensors and Microsensors. Lee, Seo et al. higher.
(2007) described a novel needle-type microelectrode array The quantification of anaerobic ammonium
(MEA) for simultaneous in situ measurements of dissolved oxidizing (Anammox) bacteria in enrichment cultures by
oxygen (DO) and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) real-time polymeric chain reaction (PCR) was described by
fabricated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Tsushima, Kindaichi et al. (2007). These results suggested
technologies. This work demonstrated that the MEA was that the real-time PCR assay developed in this study is
able to monitor local concentration changes with a high useful and reliable for quantifying the populations of
spatial resolution and provided the versatility of the Anammox bacteria in environmental and engineering
microelectrode technique needed for biofilm studies as well samples.
as the capability for repetitive measurements. The capabilities of optical coherence tomography
Extracellular Polymeric Substances. Yeo et (OCT) for the monitoring of biofilm structures and their
al. (2007) studied the effect of extracellular polymeric detachment was demonstrated by Haisch and Niessner
substances (EPS) on bacterial adhesion to the membrane (2007). OCT was able to reveal spatially resolved
surface in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) using structural information on biofilm without staining. Kuhl et
Pseudomonas Fluorescens. The results of the particle size al. (2007) presented the first application of combined
distribution showed that the addition of Ca2+ increased imaging of oxygen and bacteria in a biofilm flow chamber
flocculation, allowing the formation of a complex with the mounted on a microscope equipped with a spinning-disk
bacteria and EPS. Yet the addition of Ca2+ showed no confocal unit and a luminescence lifetime camera system.
significant differences in the hydrophobicity. The Biofilm growth on polymeric surfaces using ultrasonic
development of a continuous protein and polysaccharide frequency-domain reflectometry (UFDR) was monitored by
measurement method by sequential injection analysis for Kujundzic et al. (2007). These results suggest that UFDR
application in MBR systems was reported by Mehrez et al. could be used as a non-destructive tool to monitor
(2007). biofouling in a wide variety of applications.
Novel Techniques. Wolf, Almeida et al. (2007) Paramonova et al. (2007) presented low-load
presented an improved method relying on a combination of compression testing (LLCT) as a new method for
principal component analysis (PCA) and feed forward measuring biofilm thickness. CLSM underestimates the
artificial neural networks (ANN) for deconvoluting biofilm thickness due to poor penetration of different
complex spectral maps from bidimensional fluorescence fluorescent dyes, especially through the thicker biofilms,
monitoring. Correlations between principal components whereas LLCT does not suffer from this thickness
and ANN predicted process performance parameters were limitation.
good with correlation coefficients in the order of 0.7 or
1080
Chavant et al. (2007) described the A quantitative description of the microbial
implementation of a new assay named the BioFilm Ring biocoenosis in subsurface vertical flow constructed
Test to evaluate the ability of bacteria to form biofilms. The wetlands fed with municipal wastewater was carried out by
BioFilm Ring Test gave similar but faster results than the Tietz et al. (2007). Three different methods (substrate
crystal violet method. Microfabricated biochips to induced respiration, ATP measurement and fumigation-
continuously monitor cell population dynamics in a non- extraction) were applied to measure the microbial biomass
invasive manner was developed by Richter et al. (2007). at different depths of planted and unplanted systems. The
They also described the novel combination of contact-less characteristics of granular sludge developed in an upflow
dielectric microsensors and microfluidics to promote anaerobic sludge fixed-film bioreactor treating palm oil
biofilm formation for quantitative cell analysis. mill effluent was studied by Zinatizadeh et al. (2007).
Power et al. (2007) used thermodynamic theory
to develop a novel model that allows for the quantitative Biofilm Structures and Functions
determination of the Gibbs free energy of adhesion for the Microbial Community Composition. The
initial bacterial attachment process. Merod et al. (2007) diversity and the phylogenetic affiliation of bacteria in a
showed that the failure to remove extraneous images biofouling layer on reverse osmosis (RO) membranes was
skewed a seemingly objective analysis of biofilm determined by Bereschenko et al. (2007). The researchers
architecture and significantly altered statistically derived found that five distinct bacterial genotypes (Sphingomonas,
conclusions. Beta proteobacterium, Flavobacterium, Nitrosomonas and
Others. Ferrera et al. (2007) explored the Sphingobacterium) were dominant genera on surfaces of
potential of microbial mats to develop sulfide-oxidizing fouled RO membranes. The biofilm community structure
biofims. The results showed that a complex community of a biofouled RO membrane was examined using a
with high genetic and metabolic diversity, including many polyphasic approach and the dominant phylotypes retrieved
uncultured organisms, could develop in a laboratory-scale were related to the order of Rhizobiales (Pang and Liu,
reactor. Rani et al, (2007) looked at the spatial patterns of 2007). These findings suggested that Rhizobiales
DNA replication, protein synthesis, and oxygen organisms are ecologically significant in membrane biofilm
concentration within bacterial biofilms. These results communities under both aerobic and anoxic conditions and
suggested that staphylococcal biofilms contained cells in at may be responsible for biofouling in membrane separation
least four distinct states: growing aerobically, growing systems.
fermentatively, dead, and dormant. The variety of activity Ju et al. (2007) conducted the molecular and
states represented in a biofilm may contribute to the special ecological analyses of microbial community structures in
ecology and tolerance to antimicrobial agents of biofilms. biofilms of a full-scale aerated upflow biobead process
1081
reactors. The results of this study showed that organic and Xiao et al. (2007) studied bacterial diversity in
inorganic nutrients were efficiently removed by both sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) for landfill
denitrifying microbial populations in the anaerobic tank leachate treatment using PCR and denaturing gradient gel
and heterotrophic and nitrifying bacterial biofilms well electrophoresis (DGGE). Results indicated that the
formed in those three functional biobead reactors. bacterial diversity of the biofilm in SBBR and the landfill
Autotrophic Anammox biofilms were leachate was abundant, and no obvious change of
investigated for their spatial organization, community community structure happened during running in the
composition, and in situ activities by using molecular biofilm, in which most bacteria came from the landfill
biological techniques combined with microelectrodes leachate.
(Kindaichi et al., 2007). Tsushima, Ogasawara et al. Molina-Munoz et al. (2007) used a pilot-scale
(2007) developed a super high-rate Anammox reactor and submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) for the treatment
analyzed biofilm structure and function with a real-time of domestic wastewater to study the influence of the
quantitative PCR. The community composition of total variations in the concentration of volatile suspended solids
bacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in a full- (VSS) on the enzymatic activities (acid and alkaline
scale aerated submerged biofilm reactor (ASBR) for phosphatases, glucosidase, protease, esterase, and
drinking water pretreatment was characterized by analysis dehydrogenase) and biodiversity of the bacterial
of 16S rRNA gene and the functional gene amoA, community in the sludge. The evolution of species
respectively (Qin et al., 2007). interactions in a biofilm community was examined by
Methanogenic population dynamics and Hansen, Rainey et al. (2007). Their results showed that
performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor evolution in a spatially structured environment could
(AnMBR) treating swine manure under high shear stabilize interactions between species, provoke marked
conditions was investigated by Padmasiri et al. (2007). The changes in their symbiotic nature and affect community
levels of hydrogenotrophic methanogens of the order of function.
Methanomicrobiales increased during decreased reactor Factors Affecting Biofilm Structures and
performance suggesting that syntrophic interactions Functions. The nitrification performance and microbial
involving hydrogenotrophic methanogens remained intact community analysis in carbon membrane-aerated biofilm
regardless of the degree of shear in the AnMBR. Gu et al. reactor (CMABR) was examined by Liu, Yang et al.
(2007) investigated the nitrifying community structure in a (2007). Influent NH4+-N concentrations and hydraulic
single-stage submerged attached-growth bioreactor retention time (HRT) were varied to investigate
(SAGB) that successfully achieved stable nitrogen removal nitrification performance of reactor, oxygen utilization and
over nitrite of a high-strength ammonia wastewater. NH4+-N removal. Tarre et al. (2007) examined the changes
1082
in ammonia oxidiser population during transition to low pH stable performance of the MBRs treating complex
in a biofilm reactor starting with Nitrosomonas Europaea. municipal wastewater. Ivnitsky et al. (2007) studied the
It demonstrated high rate nitrification at low pH with structure and microbial communities of biofilms
known autotrophic nitrifying bacteria originating from developing on cross-flow nanofiltration (NF) membranes at
wastewater treatment plants refuting previous assumptions different temperatures (200C, 250C or 340C) and operation
that nitrification is significantly inhibited at low pH. lengths (from 8 hour to 24 days). They found that even
Matsumoto et al. (2007) reported experimental though the microbial population might be important with
and simulation analysis of community structure of respect to biofouling patterns, but membrane permeability
nitrifying bacteria in a membrane aerated biofilm reactor decline seems to be more substantially influenced by the
(MABR). They compared the microenvironment observed formation and accumulation of EPS.
in a membrane aerated biofilm (MAB) to that derived from Koskinen et al. (2007) examined the relationship
a two-dimensional computational model with individual between instability of H2 production and compositions of
AOB and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) embedded in a bacterial communities within a dark fermentation fluidized-
continuum EPS matrix. bed bioreactor. They suggested that the instability of H2
Rochex and Lebeault (2007) determined the fermentation in biofilm reactors was due to enrichment and
effect of varying nutrient conditions on biofilm formation efficient adhesion of H2 consumers on the carrier and,
of a Pseudomonas Putida strain isolated from a paper therefore, biofilm reactors did not favor mesophilic H2
machine under controlled conditions. In practice, fermentation.
controlling nutrient levels may be interesting to reduce Structural/Functional Examination by Non-
biofilm formation in the paper industry. The influence of molecular Techniques. The structure and shear strength
the hydrodynamic environment on quorum sensing in of microbial biofilms, as determined with CLSM and fluid
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa biofilms was studied by Kirisits dynamic gauging using a novel rotating disc biofilm
et al. (2007). They provided experimental and modeling reactor, were determined by Mohle et al. (2007). The
evidence that the hydrodynamic environment can impact thickness of heterotrophic mixed culture biofilms was
quorum sensing (QS) in a Pseudomonas Aeruginosa found to depend on substrate concentration and shear force
biofilm. at the biofilm surface during the cultivation. Ngo Thi and
Miura, Hiraiwa et al. (2007) determined the Naumann (2007) investigated the heterogeneity of cell
bacterial community structures in MBRs treating municipal growth in microbial colonies by fourier-transform infrared
wastewater. Their results suggest that not only the (FTIR) microspectroscopy. Results demonstrated that
stability, but also the adequate dynamics ("flexibility") of FTIR microspectroscopy could be a useful tool for
the bacterial community structure are important for the investigation of spatial heterogeneity of cell growth within
1083
microbial macro-colonies. technology for the treatment of olive washing waters with
Attachment and Detachment. Coufort et al. the purpose of its reutilization.
(2007) reported the cohesion and detachment in biofilm Xavier and Foster (2007) examined a hypothesis
systems for two electron acceptors and for two electron by using a detailed individual-based simulation of a biofilm
donors. The top layer, which represented 60% of the to investigate the outcome of evolutionary competitions
biofilm mass, was very fragile and was easily detached; the between strains that differ in their level of polymer
basal layer, which represented 20% of the biofilm mass, production. The performance of the MBR and sequencing
was very cohesive and resisted shear stresses up to 13 Pa. batch reactor (SBR) processes for treating real textile
Lewandowski et al. (2007) examined the effect of dyeing wastewater was compared by You et al. (2007). The
detachment on biofilm structure and activity and found that removal efficiencies of the MBR process for color,
biomass accumulation in biofilm reactors shows a distinct chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen
pattern composed of three phases: (1) growth, (2) demand (BOD), and SS were 54%, 79%, 99%, and 100%,
detachment, (3) regrowth. respectively, all higher than the corresponding parameters
The influence of biofilm composition on the for the SBR process, i.e., 51%, 70%, 96%, and 60%.
resistance to detachment was investigated by Simoes, Cleto
et al. (2007). The overall results demonstrated that P. Biofilm Modeling
Fluorescens and B. Cereus formed physiologically distinct A multidimensional global mass balance model
biofilms, B. Cereus biofilms had a substantially higher using a bottom up approach for biofilm growth and
mechanical stability than P. Fluorescens biofilms. Ploux et metabolism was developed for nitrification in a moving bed
al. (2007) provided quantitative and morphological analysis biofilm process (Alpkvist, Bengtsson et al., 2007). Model
of biofilm formation on self-assembled monolayers. Their simulation results showed oxygen as a limiting factor for
results suggested a little influence of the surface chemistry the amount of biomass involved in the nitrification process.
on adherent bacteria amount, but a clear impact on The Morris qualitative screening method and the
dynamics of biofilm growth as well as on biofilm structure. quantitative variance-based Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity
Others. Biofilm on the plant roots was Test (FAST) were compared for global sensitivity analyses
characterized by Munch, et al. (2007) to demonstrate major of a biofilm model for two-step nitrification (Brockmann
role of these associated bacteria. Pozo et al. (2007) studied and Morgenroth, 2007). Parameters that were evaluated
the removal of organic load from olive washing water by an under a range of operating conditions included kinetic and
aerated submerged biofilter and the profiling of the stoichiometric parameters, and also biofilm parameters,
bacterial community involved. The data provided results such as internal and external mass transfer, the biofilm
that support the suitability of the submerged filter thickness, and the biomass density.
1084
A sensitivity analysis was carried out and the utilize bicarbonate as a carbon source in the absence of
hierarchy of biofiltration model parameters was classified CO2. A systematic approach to estimate and evaluate
into strong and low influence on the effluent concentrations parameters for deammonification in biofilms from batch
of a submerged biofiltration nitrification process (Vigne et and continuous flow experimental data was evaluated
al, 2007). Simulation results showed that filtration module (Brockmann, Rosenwinke et al., 2007). Based on a regional
and the mean density of biofilm had strong influence on steady state sensitivity analysis, 9 of the 16 kinetic and
effluent total suspended solids (TSS) and the total head loss stoichiometric parameters in the model were identified with
in the reactor, while effluent NH4+-N and NO3--N significant influence on model predictions.
concentrations were strongly affected by the specific A hydrogen-based, denitrifying membrane-
autotrophic growth rate, the maximum biofilm thickness biofilm reactor (MBfR) was employed to study the kinetics
and the reduction coefficient of diffusivity in the biofilm. A of microbial bromate reduction (Downing and Nerenberg,
multi-population biofilm model for completely autotrophic 2007a). Kinetic parameters were determined using the data
nitrogen removal was developed and implemented in the from short-term tests on a completely mixed MBfR at
simulation program AQUASIM to corroborate the concept steady state with an influent of 5 mg/L of nitrate plus 100
of a redox-stratification controlled biofilm (ReSCoBi) g/L of bromate. A method for estimation of the maximum
(Terada et al., 2007). The model considers both counter- substrate utilization rate, qmax, using batch reactors with
and co-diffusion biofilm geometries and simulation results denitrification biofilm was introduced and compared with
showed that counter-diffusion biofilms have a wider the traditional method of using batch reactors with
application range for autotrophic total nitrogen (TN) suspended growth for qmax estimation (Rabah et al, 2007).
removal than co-diffusion biofilms. The authors concluded that qmax can be obtained using
A mixed phototrophic biofilms model attached growth batch reactors, if the effectiveness factor is
(PHOBIA), which focuses on the interactions between approximately equal to 1 and the bulk concentration of the
photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and chemoautotrophic rate-limiting substrate, C, is much higher than the half-
(nitrifying) functional microbial groups, was introduced velocity constant, KS.
(Wolf, Picioreanu et al., 2007). The PHOBIA model A bench-scale horizontal-flow anaerobic
combines a number of kinetic mechanisms specific to immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactor, containing anaerobic
phototrophic microbial communities, such as internal biomass from various sources immobilized in polyurethane
polyglucose storage under dynamic light conditions, foam matrices, was employed to study the degradation
phototrophic growth in the darkness using internally stored kinetics of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX)
reserves, photoadaptation and photoinhibition, preference in synthetic feed solutions (deNardi et al., 2007). A first-
for ammonia over nitrate as N-source and the ability to order kinetic model was successfully applied and the BTEX
1085
degradation rates were found 10 to 94 folds higher than starvation. A series of respirometric experiments was
those found in reports on microcosm studies. performed on conventional activated sludge and sludge
A model of biofilm accumulation was derived from a MBR to assess the temporal variability of oxygen
from a stochastic differential equation (SDE) based on the half-saturation constant, KO,AUT, of autotrophic bacteria
logistic equation, adding a stochastic term for the sloughing (Daebel et al., 2007). The authors concluded from
events and measurement noise (Bohn et al., 2007). estimation of KO,AUT values for both AOB and NOB that
Experimental light absorbance data that correlate with KO,AUT is a time variable parameter and should be
biofilm biomass obtained from the development of considered accordingly.
phototrophic biofilms were analyzed to illustrate the use of The effect of temperature on the performance of a
the model. Using an immersed boundary method, Alpkvist bench scale anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor
and Klapper (2007) modeled biofilm by a system of (AnSBBR) with liquid-phase recirculation was assessed for
viscoelastic, breakable springs embedded in a fluid flow, COD removal from a synthetic wastewater under (Agibert
evolving according to the basic physical laws of et al. 2007). A first-order mathematical model was applied
conservation of mass and momentum. The model was used to fit the experimental data, and kinetic parameter value of
to simulate biofilm deformation and detachment under fluid the model varied from 0.46 per hour to 0.81 per hour as
shear stress. A non-linear Burger material law was used to operating temperatures changed from 15 0C to 35 0C.
represent the viscoelastic response of a representative An integrated methodology was developed for
microbial biofilm in a two-dimensional finite element theoretical analysis of solute transport and reaction in
model (Towler et al., 2007). Simulations revealed that cellular biological media, such as tissues, microbial flocs,
softer biofilms (characterized by lower elastic moduli) were and biofilms (Kapellos et al., 2007). The model was used to
highly susceptible to lift forces and consequently were predict the qualitative trend as well as the quantitative
subject to even greater drag forces found higher in the variability of a large number of published experimental
velocity field. data on the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in cell-
Three hypothetical mechanisms of detachment entrapping gels, microbial flocs, biofilms, and mammalian
(fluid shear forces, local nutrient availability, and erosive tissues. A comprehensive, simplified microbial biofilm
process of individual cells) were incorporated into a three- model was developed to evaluate the impact of bioreactor
dimensional computer model of biofilm development operating parameters on changes in microbial population
(Chambless and Stewart, 2007). Each of the mechanisms abundance (Lu et al., 2007). The results of model
was characterized with respect to four criteria: the resulting simulations showed that for certain operating conditions,
biofilm structure, the existence of a steady state, the competition for growth limiting nutrients generated
propensity for sloughing events, and the dynamics during oscillations in the abundance of planktonic and sessile
1086
microbial populations. internal porosity are readily implemented in the model. A
Kinetics of particle removal as a response to biofilm model that combines cell growth with twitching
bioflocculation at the surface of aerobic biofilms was motility in a three-dimensional individual-based approach
studied (Boltz and La Motta, 2007). Synthetic organic and was developed (Picioreanu et al., 2007). Model simulations
inorganic particle suspensions, with micronutrients, were describe the tendency of motile cells to form flat biofilms
continuously fed to a rotating disc biofilm reactor to verify spreading out on the substratum, in contrast with the
a first order kinetic expression that was used to describe immotile variants that form only round colonies.
bioflocculation and to demonstrate that biofilocculation is
the primary particle removal mechanism. A one- Trickling Filters and Rotating Biological
dimensional dynamic layered biofilm model that allows the Contactors
use of one parameter set for a large range of process Effect of aeration rate on the removal of organic
situations was developed (Takacs et al., 2007). The model matter and nitrogen was studied for a trickling filter system
was able to simulate complex interactions that occur in packed with an organic media, which was used to treat pig
aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic layers of the biofilm, and manure (Garzon-Zuniga et al., 2007). For aeration rates
was shown to match a variety of design guidelines, as well ranging from 3.4 m3/m2.h to 34 m3/m2.h, experimental
as experimental results from batch testing and full-scale results showed that BOD5 and TSS removals were not
plant operation. affected by the aeration rate, but nitrification was hindered
A theory was developed to quantify the variation at low aeration rate. Laboratory-scale trickle filter
in mechanical properties of a porous multi-phase biofilm microcosms (continuous and recirculating flow) were
under compression due to void closure (Laspidou and constructed and operated to investigate the biodegradation
Aravas, 2007). The principles of continuum mechanics and adsorption of phthalates and to isolate phthalate
were modified to represent a biofilm composed of four degrading microorganisms (Oliver et al., 2007). It was
different phases, three different solid biomass materials found that adsorption was critical for the removal of both
(active biomass, extracellular polymers and inert biomass) Diethyl ester (DEP) (77.5%) and Di2ethylhexyl ester
and pores. A one-dimensional mixed-culture biofilm model (DEHP) (55.7%), and higher DEHP removal was achieved
was derived based on a hypothesis that each particulate in recirculating flow microcosms as compared to
component would have different space occupancy within continuous flow microcosms.
biofilm (Lee and Park, 2007). The unique feature of this A comparison of incomplete nitrification in
model is that internal pore development during biofilm completely and partially submerged rotating biological
growth can be predicted implicitly so that the changes of contactors (RBCs) were carried out (Antileo et al., 2007).
effective diffusivities of soluble components depending on Higher nitrite accumulation (96%) was achieved in the
1087
submerged RBC as compared to 50 % to 90% (SFBBR) for treating wastewater. Current applications,
accumulation rate in the partially submerged RBC. ongoing research and developments of fixed bed biofilm
Combination of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (FBBR) were also included in the review. Research
and RBC having higher biomass concentration and higher on effect of temperature and salinity on wastewater
sludge retention time (SRT) was applied for the sequential treatment performance of SFBBR revealed that dissolved
treatment of 2-chlorophenol (CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol organic carbon (DOC) degradation was neither affected by
(DCP) containing synthetic wastewater (Majumder and high DOC/BOD loading and temperature nor by high salt
Gupta, 2007). Under optimum HRT combinations of the loading (Chapanova et al., 2007) but ammonium
reactors and influent concentration of 30 mg/L for each of conversion and its removal decreased at lower temperature.
the target compounds, effluent CP concentration below In addition, high salt loading (20 g/L) caused strong
detectable limit and DCP of 0.1 mg/L were achieved. inhibition in ammonium removal rate over the whole
A one-dimensional mathematical model for a temperature range.
three-stage RBC process was developed to explore the A bench scale FBBR used to determine the
operational flexibilities of the system and to help optimize optimal conditions to acquire constant partial nitritation
the process design (Dutta et al, 2007). Sensitivity analysis preceding Anammox process for treating landfill leachate
was performed with the model to study the significance of revealed that both the DO concentration and the ammonium
variation of different system parameters and model volumetric loading rate (AVLR) had effects on the partial
simulation results were campared with bench-scale nitritation (Liang and Liu, 2007). The impact of
experimental data. The efficiency of a packed cage RBC temperature was related to AVLR at certain DO
system was studied with synthetic wastewater containing concentration, and the temperature range of 250C to 300C
800 mg/L BOD5 and various cyanide residue was suitable for treating high strength ammonium leachate.
concentrations (Sirianuntapiboon and Chuamkaew, 2007). In addition, according to the DGGE analysis result of the
An increase of influent cyanide concentration from 5 mg/L bio-film in the reactor, there were 25 kinds of 16S rRNA
to 40 mg/L led to a decrease in bio-film growth and the gene fragments, which indicated that abundant microbial
consequent reduction in BOD removal and nitrification communities existed in the biofilm.
efficiencies of the system. Ramos et al. (2007) studied performance
efficiency of FBBR (packed with clayey schists) for
Submerged Biofilm Reactors reducing COD, phenol and TN under different running
Fixed Bed Biofilm Reactor. Schlegel and conditions such as influent flow, air loading and effluent
Koeser (2007) wrote a review of reactor and process design recirculation. The results showed that the systems was
considerations of submerged fixed bed biofilm reactor
1088
highly effective in removing COD and phenol but less entrapment was playing an important role in the retention
effective to nitrification, however TN removal was 83%. of the biomass inside the reactor which enhanced the COD
A study on effect of backwashing on perchlorate removal at higher influent load. Celis-Garcia et al. (2007)
removal in a FBBR (packed with glass beads) revealed that also used an anaerobic down-flow FBBR packed with
perchlorate removal was dependent on influent DO polyethylene particles to treat sulfate-rich synthetic
concentration, such that lower the DO concentration higher wastewater using volatile fatty acids (VFA) as electron
the removal of perchlorate before backwashing (Choi, et donors. After one year of reactor operation with varying
al., 2007). The immediate effect of backwashing depended loading of COD to sulfate ratio, a COD removal of 93%
on influent DO concentration. Kocamemi and Cecen (2007) and a sulfate removal of 75% were reached, but the high
in a study on inhibitory effect of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA) sulfide concentrations did not affect reactor performance.
in a packed bed nitrifying biofilm reactor revealed that To improve the performance of AnMBR at high
DCA had inhibitory effect on NH4+ conversion to organic loading rate (OLR) for treating slaughter house
hydroxylamine but no inhibitory effect on the conversion of wastewater, Saddoud and Sayadi (2007) integrated FBBR
nitrite to nitrate. with AnMBR. The integrated system improved the
Biofilms of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) performance of the anaerobic digestion by totally removing
grown in three identically operated FBBR (filled separately tested pathogens and it successfully overcame the VFA
with hematite, calcite and dolomite) were used to accumulation problem in the AnMBR. While Sumino et al.
effectively reduce dissolved uranium(VI) and subsequently (2007) integrated FBBR with UASB in a pilot scale sewage
immobilize uranium(IV) (Marsili et al., 2007). Based on treatment systems to compare methane production and
the formation and activity of arsenic(III)-oxidizing biofilm sulfate reduction activities at 50C and 350C. Jayaweera et
grown in pozzolana packed FBBR Michel et al. (2007) al. (2007) investigated performance of an anaerobic upflow
proposed that efficiency of FBBR for the bioremediation of bioreactor, filled with coir fiber as medium for biomass
arsenic-contaminated waters can be optimized by growth, in removing iron and manganese wile treating
controlling different factors such as temperature and EPS textile effluent. The results showed that coir provided a
addition and/or synthesis that increases biofilm density and good filtration and biodegradation platform for iron and
activity. manganese removal.
Anaerobic FBBR filled, with polyethylene Tanaka et al. (2007) used granular medium
material (Bioflow 30) when operated for six months to treat consisting (1.5 - 5 mm in diameter) of inert perlite particles
wine residue after distillation (vinasse), was able to remove as nuclei and an effective surface layer containing sulfur,
more than 80% of COD at higher COD load of 30 g/L.d CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 to fill downflow FBBR for treating
(Thanikal et al., 2007).The research revealed that piggery wastewater. The performance of the granular
1089
medium with downflow FBBR in removing nitrogen and statistical analysis to arrive partial least square model that
phosphorus was discussed. While, Martin et al. (2007) predicted effluent BOD concentration of a MBBR treating
reported a comparative results of two FBBRs one filled pulp mill wastewater.
with sepiolite and another with granular activated carbon A pilot scale MBBR using Kaldnes rings as
(GAC) tested against synthetic and industrial wastewater. support for biofilm growth which facilitates Anammox and
The results showed that GAC filled FBBR removed COD, Nitrosomonas growth within same biofilm layer revealed
ammonia and TN better than the other reactor, but sepiolite nitrogen removal rate as high as 1.9 g N/m2.d (Szatkowska
filled FBBR removed phosphorus better than the other et al., 2007). Batch tests showed that nitrogen removal
reactor. Onnis-Hayden et al. (2007) used single submerged could be improved by addition of nitrite, but in the
attached growth bioreactor (SAGB), filled with sand media simultaneous partial nitritation and Anammox process, the
and operated in controlled aeration mode, to investigate the partial nitritation was the rate-limiting step. Rouse et al.
efficacy of the reactor of TN removal while treating high- (2007) used PVA-gel beads as bio-carrier in a pilot-scale
strength ammonia recycle stream via nitrite. MBBR and reported that nitrification rate of 15 mg/L.h was
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor. A model, based sustained at 2.5 hour HRT and 150C after one year of
on activated sludge model (ASM-1) growth kinetics, was operation.
developed for a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and Germain et al. (2007) compared the performance
simulated results were validated with results from pilot- of integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) pilot plant
scale MBBR treating municipal wastewater (Mannina et and a MBBR coupled with an activated sludge process
al., 2007; Plattes et al., 2007). Once attachment of particles (MBBR/AS), focusing on nitrification, operated under
to the biofilm and detachment of biofilm into the bulk different temperatures, carbon loadings and SRTs. IFAS
liquid was included in the model it was claimed that this showed better performance of TN removal at higher
model, along with estimated parameters, was able to predict temperature, but vice versa at lower temperature when
effluent water quality. In another research, Larrea et al. compared to MBBR/AS reactor.
(2007) used performance data of lab-scale MBBR treating Chen et al. (2007) studied performance of a
municipal wastewater to calibrate mixed-culture biofilm MBBR to treat pesticide wastewater by integrating Fenton-
model and simulate it in AQUASIM 2.1. Although higher coagulation process. The results demonstrated that higher
amount of heterotrophic biomass was simulated in biofilm bio-carrier volume fraction (more than 20%) enhanced
and bulk water, contrasting the result of ASM simulation, COD removal at 3 g COD/L feed. Four MBBRs in series
the new configuration of MBBR in conventional pre- with anoxic, oxic, anoxic and oxic conditions, respectively,
denitrification, nitrification reactor enhanced the nitrogen were studied to examine the effect of the distribution
conversion process. Goode et al. (2007) used multivariate between stages of raw stream wastewater, the recirculation
1090
ratio, and the effect of increasing nitrogen and organic (PCP). The DGGE, SEM and fluorescence in situ
carbon loads on nitrogen and carbon removal (Tomaszek hybridization (FISH) were used to determine composition
and Grabas, 2007). It was concluded that in this system the and activities of methanogenic archea. The fate and impact
proper selection of recirculation ratio and the parameters of of heavy metals (copper and zinc) in biofilms was
the coefficient of raw wastewater stream distribution theta investigated in fixed film reactors treating landfill leachate
ensured greater efficiency of nitrogen removal than by Scullion et al. (2007).
activated sludge systems. Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor. The
Sheli and Moletta (2007) studied anaerobic performance of AnSBBR treating diluted cheese whey was
sequentially mixed MBBR to treat vinasse with increasing investigated by subjecting different feeding time strategies
OLR and decreasing HRT. Soluble COD removal and volumetric loading rates (VLRs) (Damasceno et al.,
efficiency was 81.3% to 89.2% at an OLR of 29.6 g 2007). While Bezerra et al. (2007) investigated the effect of
sCOD/L.d at 1.55 days of HRT. VLRs, shocking loads and alkalinity supplementation on
Immobilized Biomass Reactor. A radial-flow AnSBBR treating cheese whey. The research reported that
aerobic-anoxic immobilized biomass reactor was operated experimental shock loads did not impair reactor
in continuous flow mode by Fazolo et al. (2007) to performance, but salt supplementation improved reactor
investigate removal of nitrogen and organic matter. The performance.
researchers reported that changes in the airflow rate and Mohan, Lalit Babu et al. (2007) revealed that
HRT were found to interfere in the apparent kinetic recirculation improved the performance of AnSBBR
constants to the nitritation and nitratation, obtained from treating hypersaline composite chemical wastewater.
the batch experiments. Jajuee et al. (2007) reported that While, Mohan, Rao et al. (2007) investigated sulfate
biodegradation of p-xylene and naphthalene and oxygen removal efficiency of a SBBR operated in anoxic-aerobic-
transfer in an immobilized bioreactor followed Monod anoxic batch mode at different OLRs. The batch-mode
kinetics. Efficacy of simultaneous nitrification and SBBR reactor performance was found better when
denitrification of a fixed biofilm hybrid system in treating compared to suspended growth system integrated with
coke wastewater was investigated by Qi et al. (2007). GAC. Effect of solid-phase mass transfer, based on
HAIB reactor containing denitrifying biomass bioparticle size, on the performance of AnSBBR was
was evaluated with respect to its ability to remove organic investigated by Cubas et al. (2007). A modified first-order
matter, nitrate, and BTEX in a short operating period of 30 kinetic model provided a good representation of the
days (Gusmao et al., 2007). Saia et al. (2007) used HAIB behavior of the dynamic concentration profiles of
reactor operated under methanogenic and halophylic substrates in that AnSBBR.
conditions to investigate degradation of pentachlorophenol
1091
Singh et al. (2007) studied the performance of et al. (2007) reported almost complete COD removal and
AnSBBR in treating azo dye. Partial decolorization and greater than 95 % of TKN removal when a hybrid reactor
degradation of monoazo dyes (acid orange 6 and acid consisting of anaerobic mesophilic bed reactor packed with
orange 7) were achieved in anaerobic condition, and a mixture of GAC and tezontle, and an aerobic suspended
presence of nitrate did not affect the decolorization. Three growth reactor was used to treat organic chemical
laboratory scale SBBRs using Kaldnes, Liapor and Linpor wastewater with high COD concentration.
media support for biofilm growth, respectively, were Dolgen et al. (2007) reported a comparative result
investigated with municipal wastewater against removal of fixed bed reactor, fluidized bed reactor and a hybrid of
efficiency of nitrogen (Valdivia et al., 2007). Reactor with these two reactors based on influent and effluent substrate
Linpor showed highest efficiency of nitrogen removal at concentrations. Gobel et al. (2007) presented the fate of
experimental loading, while reactor with Kaldnes was least sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in different
efficient of all three at those loadings. wastewater treatment technologies.
Hybrid Reactor. Kinetics of biomass growth and Biological Activated Carbon. A mathematical
substrate utilization rates of an anaerobic hybrid reactor model of the non-steady-state adsorption and
(combining sludge blanket and filter), treating distillery biodegradation capacities of biological activated carbon
spent wash, were evaluated with existing models to predict (BAC) filter was developed by Liang and Chiang (2007).
effluent substrate concentration (Sunil Kumar et al., 2007). The simulation results showed that the biofilm thickness
Effects of HRT on COD, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and increased biodegradation but hindered adsorption, however,
toxicity removal performance of a hybrid-loop bioreactor increasing diffusivity enhanced both biodegradation and
system consisting of a packed column biofilm and an adsorption processes.
aerated tank bioreactor were investigated by Eker and Wang and Li (2007) incorporated GAC in an
Kargi (2007). The research demonstrated that percent TCP, immobilized MBR for the biodegradation of phenol by
COD and toxicity removals increased with increasing HRT, Pseudomonas Putida and reported that complete
but volumetric and specific removal rates of COD and TCP biodegradation of 1000 mg/L of phenol was attained within
were maximum at HRT of 5 h. 25 hour of operation. Liu, Ren et al. (2007) investigated the
The role of the carrier geometry or surface performance of a submerged MBR amended with powered
characteristics, investigated in two hybrid reactors using activated carbon treating Chinese traditional medicine by
virgin and recycled carriers for biofilm growth and employing controlled backwashing. The result suggested
nitrification efficiency, highlighting the autotrophic that the integrated system extended cleaning duration of
activity, was compared with suspended growth system MBR by up to 1.25 times.
without any carrier (Paul et al., 2007). Mijaylova-Nacheva
1092
Biological Aerated Filter. Natural zeolite and 500C with the reactor being operated in closed loop recycle
expanded clay were used as filter media for biological mode and suspended photocatalyst being re-circulated.
aerated filter (BAF) to treat municipal wastewater (He et
al., 2007). The BAFs subjected to varying temperature and Membrane Bioreactors
ammonium shock loads exhibited that zeolite BAF had a Nutrient Removal. To improve the treatment
stronger adaptability to ammonium shock load at low efficiency of the MBRs such that high quality effluent is
temperature compared to expanded clay BAF. obtained, several studies were performed to optimize the
Wang, Gu et al. (2007) combined BAF with pre- parameters in the MBR processes. The treatment efficiency
chemical oxidation (ozonation and Fenton reagent of ammonia-rich synthetic wastewater (centrate) in a
application) to investigate the color and COD removal from laboratory scale MBR was investigated. Results
wastewater containing acid red rose dye. The result showed demonstrated that complete nitrification of centrate during
that majority of the organic matter was removed by BAF treatment was achieved at one day HRT and 50 days SRT,
thus paving its adaptability for treating grey water. Rudiger with a suitable ammonium loading rate at 0.3 mg N/mg
et al. (2007) integrated BAF and electrochemical oxidation VSS.d (Chandrasekeran et al., 2007). A study on a
technique to treat persistent organic compounds in membrane enhanced biological phosphorous removal
industrial wastewater. Hansen, Thogersen et al. (2007) process (MEBPR) showed that complete nitrification was
wrote a comparison of cost and process performance of independent of the prevailing operating conditions, whereas
activated sludge and BAF based on over ten years of full a significant improvement of COD removal efficiency was
sale operation experience. obtained at longer SRTs. In absence of carbon-limiting
Other Submerged Biofilm Reactor. A coupled conditions, the MEBPR process was able to achieve low
computational fluid dynamic model, combining phosphorus concentrations in the effluent at 5h HRT and
hydrodynamics with biochemical reactions, was developed 20d SRT (Monti et al., 2007).
to simulate the local transient flow patterns and the A long term study of MBRs for the treatment of
dynamic behaviors of cell growth and phenol synthetic municipal wastewater suggested that SND could
biodegradation by yeast Candida Tropicalis in an internal be greatly influenced by the operating DO concentration
loop airlift reactor (Feng et al., 2007). Photocatalytic (Holakoo et al., 2007). In another study of nutrient
oxidation of aqueous solutions of TCP as a model pollutant removal, a MBR biological nutrient removal system was
in industrial wastewater was carried out in a pilot scale investigated under different mixed liquor concentrations.
cocurrent downflow contactor reactor (Ochuma et al., Results demonstrated that variation of mixed liquor
2007). The reactions were carried out in the presence of concentrations had no effect on the specific denitrification
ultra-violet radiation, oxygen and TiO2 photocatalyst at rates and on the phosphorous removal. The denitrification
1093
took place at a single specific rate with respect to the active nitrification and Anammox process. After 116d of
mass of ordinary heterotrophic organisms (Parco et al., operation, the maximum nitrogen removal reached 0.77 kg
2007). N/m3.d at ammonium VLR of 0.87 kg N/m3.d. Chae and
Several researchers demonstrated that improved Shin (2007) reported improved nutrient removal in a pilot
nutrient removal could be achieved with the application of scale vertical submerged MBR. In this study, condensate of
innovative MBR processes. The integrated system of an food waste was supplemented with 0.86% of the influent
anaerobic MBR followed by RO showed overall nutrient flow rate, which led to the increase of TN and total
removal efficiency for the domestic wastewater to be phosphorous (TP) removal efficiencies from 74% to 81%
greater than 99% for TOC, greater than 91% for TKN, and and 78% to 91%, respectively. In addition, a simple
about 99% for phosphorus (Grundestam and Hellstrom, modification for submerged MBRs, by inserting baffles to
2007). Rezania et al. (2007) combined MBR with a novel create alternative aerobic/anoxic conditions, was proposed.
hydrogen delivery unit for nitrate removal from a synthetic With appropriate operating conditions, the system could
groundwater feed. The system successfully reduced nitrate remove more than 70% of TN contained in the feed water
from 25 mg NO3--N/L to below the detection limit, and without any external carbon source. A good treatment
separated biomass from treated water to produce effluent performance in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) and
free of suspended solids. In order to treat wastewater to a phosphorus removal was also obtained (Kimura, Enomoto
low residual COD concentration such as 125 mg/L, an et al., 2007).
integrated system of MBR-ozonation was designed. Test Sludge management. The sludge from a bench
results showed that reduction of COD by an extra scale MBR operated for about one year with complete solid
ozonation step followed by MBR required a high ozone retention was evaluated. The results showed similar
dosage (Gommers et al., 2007). dewatering properties of conventional waste activated
A novel process, hybrid membrane biofilm sludge, suggesting that the upgrade of wastewater treatment
process (HMBP), for TN removal was introduced by plants with the MBR technology would not affect the
Downing and Nerenberg (2007b). In this process, a behavior of the dewatering equipment (Pollice et al., 2007).
nitrifying biofilm was initially established on the In another study, the thickening and dewatering of waste
membranes and acetate was added to the influent as BOD. activated sludge from a pilot scale submerged MBR was
Results showed that effective TN removal (75%) was investigated. It was found that the elevated levels of
achieved at 5d SRT. Gong et al. (2007) developed a filamentous microorganisms resulted in higher diluted
laboratory scale MABR equipped with non-woven fabrics sludge volume index (DSVI) values and lower centrifuged
support around the gas-permeable carbon tube for single- pellet concentration, while elevated levels of Nocardioform
stage autotrophic nitrogen removal based on partial bacteria resulted in lower solids float concentrations, and
1094
higher colloidal material reduced solids recovery in batch for 62 % to 87% of the total membrane fouling rates.
flotation experiments. Sludge filterability was shown to be However, the deposition of mixed liquor colloids became
a function of EPS and colloidal material (Merlo et al., the predominant mechanism for membrane fouling under
2007). In an attempt to evaluate the effects of the the vigorous aeration condition (Fan and Zhou, 2007). The
disintegration treatment on the excess sludge production in effects of a sequencing variation of DO concentrations on
MBRs, a new wastewater treatment process combining a the membrane fouling were studied in a laboratory scale
MBR with chemical sludge disintegration was developed. submerged MBR under both aerobic and anoxic phases.
This study revealed that a complete control of excess Fouling rate was found to be higher in the anoxic condition
sludge production in the membrane coupled bioreactor was than in the aerobic condition. Even in identical microbial
possible without significant deterioration of the treated communities, the number of colloidal particles and soluble
water quality and membrane performances (Oh et al., EPS in the bulk solution increased during the anoxic
2007). condition, which caused a reduction in the porosity of the
In order to address the rheological behavior of the bio-cake (Hong et al., 2007).
biomass in a MBR operated under different SRTs, three The long-term operation of two thermophilic
models most commonly adopted for rheological anaerobic submerged MBRs using acidified and partially
simulations were evaluated and compared. Results showed acidified synthetic wastewaters showed the applicable flux
Ostwald model was easier to be used for the determination in the reactors was mainly limited by cake formation over
of the sludge apparent viscosity (Laera et al., 2007). the membrane surfaces, and irrespective of the degree of
Membrane Fouling. Operating conditions. substrate acidification. During the study, membranes were
Several operating factors were reported to influence MBR subjected to low levels of irreversible fouling (Jeison and
fouling. A study for the impact of mixed liquor properties van Lier, 2007).
and aeration intensity on membrane fouling in a pilot scale Soluble microbial products (SMP). SMP are
submerged MBR demonstrated that fouling increased with currently considered as the major cause of membrane
increasing mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) fouling in MBRs. Lyko et al. (2007) investigated a full
concentrations and decreasing coarse bubble aeration scale MBR over a period of approximately 2 years. In this
intensity (Trussell et al., 2007). In a submerged hollow- study, the composition of soluble EPS in the sludge
fiber MBR, the interactions of mixed liquor fractions and supernatant and permeate as well as bound EPS extracted
the impacts on the membrane fouling was examined at from fouled membranes were determined. Results revealed
different aeration intensities. Results revealed that in the an important influence on membrane fouling by soluble
absence of aeration, the membrane fouling was largely humic substances and carbohydrates in complexes with
dependent on the concentration of MLSS, which accounted metal cations, e.g., Fe2+ and Fe3+.
1095
As expected, many operating parameters affect Microbial community of fouling layer. The
SMP levels in MBRs. A laboratory scale MBR was compositions of planktonic and biofilm microbial
operated at SRT of 10d, 20d, and 40d for the treatment of communities in pilot scale submerged MBRs were
readily biodegradable synthetic wastewater. Results analyzed using molecular based methods. According to the
showed that accumulation of SMP in the MBR increased study, biofilms gradually developed on the membrane
with decreasing SRT (Liang, Liu et al., 2007). In another surfaces with time, and induced the membrane fouling. The
MBR fouling study, SMP loading rate was identified to be FISH results showed the microbial communities on
the main parameter affecting SMP elimination, and the membrane surfaces were quite different from those in the
degree of elimination decreased at low DO and low nitrate planktonic biomass in the mixed liquor. Moreover, FISH
concentrations. In addition, this study revealed that the and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses revealed a specific
nitrite-oxidizing community was responsible for the phylogenic group of bacteria, the Betaproteobacteria,
formation of smaller SMP molecules that can pass through played a major role in the biofilm development, which led
the membrane (Drews, Mante et al., 2007). to the severe irreversible membrane biofouling (Miura,
In a study of continuous measurement of fouling Watanabe et al., 2007a).
active compounds (protein and polysaccharides) in MBR Mitigation of MBR fouling. To prevent fouling
pilot lines, Ernst et al. (2007) demonstrated the moderate before its occurrence, attempts were made to control SMP
daily variations of EPS in MBR, where protein changes accumulation. One study showed that presence of
tended to react more pronounced to operational changes Chloroflexi in the MBRs preferentially degraded
than polysaccharides. Moreover, fouling of the membrane carbohydrates and consequently reduced membrane fouling
by yeast cells and different protein mixtures was studied. potential. Additional experiments revealed that the
Results revealed that different types of proteins exhibited members of Chloroflexi were metabolically versatile and
very different filtration behaviors. When filtering washed could utilize glucose and N-acetyl glucosamine under both
yeast together with ovalbumin and/or a mixture of BSA and oxic and anoxic conditions (Miura, Watanabe et al.,
ovalbumin, the ovalbumin fouling dominated the system. 2007b). McAdam et al. (2007) examined the influence of
Capture of aggregates by the cake did not reduce fouling by carbon substrate chemistry on MBR fouling in anoxic
the protein and increased the resistance of the cake. For conditions, and reported that use of primary alcohol
mixtures of BSA and washed yeast, the presence of a cake (ethanol) encouraged the growth of flocs similar to
of yeast cells reduced the membrane fouling by the protein, activated sludge through producing low concentrations of
however, the extra resistance due to the cake resulted in a primary particles and high molecular weight SMP. The
flux lower than that when filtering BSA alone (Hughes et application of ethanol was found to result in sufficient
al., 2007).
1096
suppression of fouling to extend the filtration time by a blocking provided a rapid irreversible fouling during
factor of three. filtration start-up, which created the need for more frequent
An attempt to improve the antifouling chemical cleaning after start-up without inoculums.
characteristics by the surface modification of Application. Several studies were conducted to
polypropylene hollow fiber microporous membranes investigate the feasibility of MBRs for reducing
through N2-low-temperature plasma treatment showed that pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater. The elimination
relative pure water flux of the modified membranes of six acidic pharmaceuticals (clofibric acid, diclofenac,
increased with the extension of plasma treatment time. ibuprofen, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, and naproxen) in
Additional experiments were performed in a submerged WWTP using traditional activated sludge systems and
MBR, where filtration of activated sludge was carried out MBRs was compared. The MBRs exhibited greater
by using synthetic wastewater. After continuous operation elimination rates for the examined pharmaceuticals than did
for about 90h, flux recoveries for the N2 plasma-treated the activated sludge systems, and biodegradation was found
membranes for 8 minutes were 62.9% and 67.8% higher to be the main mechanism for the pharmaceutical
than those of the virgin membrane after water and NaOH elimination. The dependency of elimination rates of the
cleaning. However, the irreversible fouling resistance pharmaceuticals on SRTs was also observed in this study
decreased after plasma treatment (Yu et al., 2007). (Kimura, Hara et al., 2007; Radjenovic et al., 2007).
A dialyzer/zeolite (D/Z) unit in an anaerobic A study on a pilot scale MBR and downstream
MBR was employed to control membrane fouling caused adsorption to activated carbon and UV-treatment to remove
by struvite precipitation. The D/Z unit was designed to cytostatic agents from hospital wastewater indicated
selectively remove NH4+ ions, one of the main components genotoxic effects of the cytostatic agents were reduced
of struvite. Results showed that D/Z unit played a significantly by the MBR system (Lenz et al., 2007). In
significant role in controlling struvite precipitation, thereby another investigation, the high removal efficiency of
enhancing permeate flux for the case of the ceramic cytostatic agents, i.e., anthracyclines and 5-Fluorouracil (5-
membrane. For the polymeric membrane, however, no FU), in MBR effluents was observed. The study on the
significant improvement in flux was observed even with the removal mechanisms revealed that 5-FU was eliminated by
D/Z unit because the fouling of the polymeric membrane biodegradation, while anthracyclines were removed by
was mainly due to the deposition of biomass rather than the adsorption processes, indicating the removal of
struvite precipitation (Kim, Lee et al., 2007). anthracyclines only represented a displacement of the drugs
Di Bella et al. (2007) revealed the importance of from the liquid to the solid phase (Mahnik et al., 2007).
pore blocking control at the beginning of filtration process Hu, Chen et al. (2007) investigated the fate of
for fouling prevention. According to this study, pore active and potential endocrine disrupting compounds in
1097
both pilot scale and laboratory scale MBR systems. Results was degraded only in the presence of phenol as co-
showed that overall removal of estrogen (E1) and 17beta- substrate.
estradiol (E2) were 68% and 81% respectively. For MBR was employed to treat sulphuric textile dye
alkylphenol compounds, bisphenol A (BPA) was removed Cassulfon CMR and showed very high potential to treat
well with a removal efficiency of 69% to 90%, but 4- such dye effluents (Chamam et al., 2007). The application
nonylphenol (4-NP) concentration was amplified after of combined nanofiltration membrane and the UASB for
MBR treatment. The optimum operational parameters were textile wastewater treatment and in-plant reuse was studied
tested for the Chinese traditional medicine wastewater by Gomes et al. (2007). Results showed the quality of the
treatment by submerged MBRs. The study indicated the water recovered from this treatment was limited by the low
optimum operation could be achieved at 5h HRT, 100d removal of the buffering chemicals. It was suggested that
SRT, 10.664 kg/m3d to 20.451 kg/m3d COD loading rate, additional treatment was required to improve the effluent
and 7543 mg/L to 13694 mg/L MLSS (Ren et al., 2007). water quality for water reuse.
A H2-based, denitrifying and sulfate-reducing MBRs were compared with conventional
MBR achieved the effective removal of 1,1,1- activated sludge systems for micropollutant degradation.
trichloroethane (TCA) and chloroform (CF) by reductive Results demonstrated that although MBRs did not always
dechlorination, and the increase of H2 pressure improved improve the overall micropollutant removal efficiencies,
TCA and CF dechlorination rates (Chung and Rittmann they showed quicker responses to variable influent
2007). In a separate study, the H2-based MBR was concentrations (De Wever et al., 2007). Lerner et al. (2007)
successfully used to reduce multiple oxidized contaminants compared MBRs and activated sludge systems for the paper
(nitrate, perchlorate, selenate, chromate, arsenate, and mill wastewater treatment, and revealed that MBRs
dibromochloropropane contaminants) simultaneously produced better effluent water quality than activated sludge
(Chung, Rittmann et al., 2007). The significant degradation systems only in terms of suspended solids. A pilot scale
(99% removal) of perchlorate from drinking water was MBR was employed to treat wastewater generated in
achieved by the MBR cultured with autohydrogenotrophic wineries. During the steady state, more than 97% of the
bacteria in the presence of excess hydrogen (Padhye et al., influent COD was removed from the wastewater with an
2007). Moreover, the application of MBRs for three influent COD concentration ranging between 1000 and
chlorinated compounds, i.e.,1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2- 4000 mg/L (Artiga et al., 2007).
dichlorobenzene and 2-chlorophenol, was evaluated by Reclamation and recovery. MBR was
Carucci et al. (2007). Results showed different chlorinated successfully utilized to treat toilet wastewater in the ski
compounds had different removal rates. 2-chlorophenol resort of Zermatt. Nitrogen and phosphorous removal
reached 100% and 80%, respectively, and close to 100% of
1098
the treated wastewater was reused for toilet flushing Other Fixed Film Systems
(Boehler et al., 2007). Investigation on effect of flow velocity on the
Modeling. A pilot scale MBR was run biofilm community succession in stream ecosystem
continuously for one year to investigate the overall process revealed that there was a shift from a predominantly
performances and the sub-critical flux behaviors. A physical control to coupled biophysical controls on
mathematical formulation was proposed according to the bacterial community succession in stream biofilms
local flux approach to model the sub-critical trans- (Besemer et al., 2007).
membrane pressure (TMP) transients. The model involved Correlation between microbial surface
both bound and free forms of EPS and, once experimentally thermodynamics using the extended DLVO theory and
calibrated, it provided a fair prediction of the TMP jump kinetic adhesion of various bacterial cells to sand was
(Guglielmi et al., 2007). investigated (Jacobs et al., 2007). Kinetics of bacterial
In another study, the dependency of maintenance retention by the porous media was largely influenced by the
parameters on operating conditions was determined for a electrostatic interactions which were correlated with omega
model organism (Ustilago Maydis) in MBRs and results from the model. The results obtained with a large variety of
from different evaluation methods were compared. It was different physicochemical bacterial strains highlighted the
concluded that a continuous fit of respiration data to influence of both surface thermodynamics and porous
biomass concentration gave more consistent and reliable media related effects as well as the limits of using the
results than the traditional methods of plotting specific XDLVO theory for evaluating bacterial retention through
uptake versus growth rate (Drews and Kraume 2007). porous media. Kim and Jaffe (2007) investigated
Economics of the MBR process. The capital and relationship between biodegradability and physiological
operating costs associated with a small package plant MBR conditions of bacteria after a prolonged exposure to a
for small scale domestic duty was appraised based on a contaminant, toluene, and reported bacterial physiology and
medium-strength municipal wastewater. Results indicated spatial population distribution in the porous media.
the possibility to produce a single household MBR at a Effect of influent concentration on
capital cost similar to the current market cost for package microorganism activity and distribution in surface flow
treatment plants, while the operational costs of the MBRs wetlands treating wood leachate was investigated by Tao et
might significantly exceed those of more conventional al. (2007). The results revealed that heterotrophic activity
package plant designs. It was concluded that the market for and its distribution among water, epiphytic biofilm and
package MBRs can be significantly influenced by the sediment in the mesocosm wetlands were affected by
recycling potential of the effluent produced (Fletcher et al., availability of bacterial substrates and grazing pressure of
2007). nanoflagellates. Gagnon et al. (2007) investigated influence
1099
of macrophyte species on microbial density and activity in References
constructed wetlands. The results showed that microbial Agibert, S. A.; Moreira, M. B.; Ratusznei, S. M.; Rodrigues, J. A.;
density and activity were higher in the presence of plants, Zaiat, M.; Foresti, E. (2007) Influence of Temperature
on Performance of an Anaerobic Sequencing Biofilm

with significantly higher values associated with Phalaris
Batch Reactor with Circulation Applied to Treatment of
arundinacea. Greater density of aerobic or facultative
Low-Strength Wastewater. Appl Biochem Biotechnol,
bacteria was present in planted microcosm, particularly on
136 (2), 193.
root surface, suggesting root oxygen release. Microbes
Ahimou, F.; Semmens, M. J.; Haugstad, G.; Novak, P. J. (2007)
were present on substrate and roots as an attached biofilm Effect of Protein, Polysaccharide, and Oxygen
and abundance was correlated to root surface throughout Concentration Profiles on Biofilm Cohesiveness. Appl
depth. Plant species root morphology and development Environ Microbiol, 73 (9), 2905.
seemed to be a key factor influencing microbial-plant Alpkvist, E.; Bengtsson, J.; Overgaard, N. C.; Christensson, M.;
Heyden, A. (2007) Simulation of Nitrification of

interaction.
Municipal Wastewater in a Moving Bed Biofilm
Process: A Bottom-up Approach Based on a 2D-

Kusumakar Sharma is doctoral student in the Department
Continuum Model for Growth and Detachment. Water
of Civil and Environmental Engineering at University of
Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 247.
Alberta. Xiaoqi (Jackie) Zhang is an associate professor in Alpkvist, E.; Klapper, I. (2007) Description of Mechanical
the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Response Including Detachment Using a Novel Particle
University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Yang Liu is Model of Biofilm/Flow Interaction. Water Sci Technol,
postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Civil and 55 (8-9), 265.
Antileo, C.; Roeckel, M.; Lindemann, J.; Wiesmann, U. (2007)

Environmental Engineering at Northwestern University,
Operating Parameters for High Nitrite Accumulation
Wei Lin is an associate professor in the Department of
During Nitrification in a Rotating Biological Nitrifying
Civil Engineering at North Dakota State University. Tong
Contactor. Water Environ Res, 79 (9), 1006.
Yu is an associate professor in the Department of Civil and
Artiga, P.; Carballa, M.; Garrido, J. M.; Mendez, R. (2007)
Environmental Engineering at University of Alberta. Treatment of Winery Wastewaters in a Membrane
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Tong Yu, Submerged Bioreactor. Water Sci Technol, 56 (2), 63.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bazire, A.; Diab, F.; Jebbar, M.; Haras, D. (2007) Influence of
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, High Salinity on Biofilm Formation and Benzoate
Assimilation by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. J Ind

Canada; or E-mail: Tong.Yu@ualberta.ca .
Microbiol Biotechnol, 34 (1), 5.
Bereschenko, L. A.; Stams, A. J.; Heilig, G. H.; Euverink, G. J.;
Nederlof, M. M.; Van Loosdrecht, M. C. (2007)
Investigation of Microbial Communities on Reverse
1100
Osmosis Membranes Used for Process Water Bioreactors for the Bioremediation of Chlorinated
Production. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 181. Compounds Polluted Groundwater. Water Sci Technol,
Besemer, K.; Singer, G.; Limberger, R.; Chlup, A. K.; 55 (10), 209.
Hochedlinger, G.; Hodl, I.; Baranyi, C.; Battin, T. J. Casey, E. (2007) Tracer Measurements Reveal Experimental
(2007) Biophysical Controls on Community Succession Evidence of Biofilm Consolidation. Biotechnol Bioeng,
in Stream Biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73 (15), 98 (4), 913.
4966. Celis-Garcia, L. B.; Razo-Flores, E.; Monroy, O. (2007)
Bezerra, R. A.; Rodrigues, J. A.; Ratusznei, S. M.; Zaiat, M.; Performance of a Down-Flow Fluidized Bed Reactor
Foresti, E. (2007) Whey Treatment by AnSBBR with under Sulfate Reduction Conditions Using Volatile
Circulation: Effects of Organic Loading, Shock Loads, Fatty Acids as Electron Donors. Biotechnol Bioeng, 97
and Alkalinity Supplementation. Appl Biochem (4), 771.
Biotechnol, 143 (3), 257. Chae, S. R.; Shin, H. S. (2007) Effect of Condensate of Food
Boehler, M.; Joss, A.; Buetzer, S.; Holzapfel, M.; Mooser, H.; Waste (CFW) on Nutrient Removal and Behaviours of
Siegrist, H. (2007) Treatment of Toilet Wastewater for Intercellular Materials in a Vertical Submerged
Reuse in a Membrane Bioreactor. Water Sci Technol, Membrane Bioreactor (VSMBR). Bioresour Technol,
56 (5), 63. 98 (2), 373.
Bohn, A.; Zippel, B.; Almeida, J. S.; Xavier, J. B. (2007) Chamam, B.; Heran, M.; Amar, R. B.; Grasmick, A. (2007)
Stochastic Modeling for Characterisation of Biofilm Comparison of Textile Dye Treatment by Biosorption
Development with Discrete Detachment Events and Membrane Bioreactor. Environ Technol, 28 (12),
(Sloughing). Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 257. 1325.
Boltz, J. P.; La Motta, E. J. (2007) Kinetics of Particulate Organic Chambless, J. D.; Stewart, P. S. (2007) A Three-Dimensional
Matter Removal as a Response to Bioflocculation in Computer Model Analysis of Three Hypothetical
Aerobic Biofilm Reactors. Water Environ Res, 79 (7), Biofilm Detachment Mechanisms. Biotechnol Bioeng,
725. 97 (6), 1573.
Brockmann, D.; Morgenroth, E. (2007) Comparing Global Chandrasekeran, P.; Urgun-Demirtas, M.; Pagilla, K. R. (2007)
Sensitivity Analysis for a Biofilm Model for Two-Step Aerobic Membrane Bioreactor for Ammonium-Rich
Nitrification Using the Qualitative Screening Method of Wastewater Treatment. Water Environ Res, 79 (11),
Morris or the Quantitative Variance-Based Fourier 2352.
Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST). Water Sci Technol, Chapanova, G.; Jank, M.; Schlegel, S.; Koeser, H. (2007) Effect of
56 (8), 85. Temperature and Salinity on the Wastewater Treatment
Brockmann, D.; Rosenwinke, K. H.; Morgenroth, E. (2007) Performance of Aerobic Submerged Fixed Bed Biofilm
Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of a Model for Reactors. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 159.
Deammonification in Biofilms and Evaluation of the Chavant, P.; Gaillard-Martinie, B.; Talon, R.; Hebraud, M.;
Model. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 291. Bernardi, T. (2007) A New Device for Rapid
Carucci, A.; Manconi, I.; Manigas, L. (2007) Use of Membrane Evaluation of Biofilm Formation Potential by Bacteria.
1101
J Microbiol Methods, 68 (3), 605. de Carvalho, C. C.; da Fonseca, M. M. (2007) Assessment of
Chen, S.; Sun, D.; Chung, J. S. (2007) Treatment of Pesticide Three-Dimensional Biofilm Structure Using an Optical
Wastewater by Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor Combined Microscope. Biotechniques, 42 (5), 616, 618.
with Fenton-Coagulation Pretreatment. J Hazard De Wever, H.; Weiss, S.; Reemtsma, T.; Vereecken, J.; Muller, J.;
Mater, 144 (1-2), 577. Knepper, T.; Rorden, O.; Gonzalez, S.; Barcelo, D.;
Choi, Y. C.; Li, X.; Raskin, L.; Morgenroth, E. (2007) Effect of Dolores Hernando, M. (2007) Comparison of
Backwashing on Perchlorate Removal in Fixed Bed Sulfonated and Other Micropollutants Removal in
Biofilm Reactors. Water Res, 41 (9), 1949. Membrane Bioreactor and Conventional Wastewater
Chung, J.; Rittmann, B. E. (2007) Bio-Reductive Dechlorination of Treatment. Water Res, 41 (4), 935.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane and Chloroform Using a deNardi, I. R.; Zaiat, M.; Foresti, E. (2007) Kinetics of BTEX
Hydrogen-Based Membrane Biofilm Reactor. Degradation in a Packed-Bed Anaerobic Reactor.
Biotechnol Bioeng, 97 (1), 52. Biodegradation, 18 (1), 83.
Chung, J.; Rittmann, B. E.; Wright, W. F.; Bowman, R. H. (2007) Di Bella, G.; Durante, F.; Torregrossa, M.; Viviani, G.; Mercurio,
Simultaneous Bio-Reduction of Nitrate, Perchlorate, P.; Cicala, A. (2007) The Role of Fouling Mechanisms
Selenate, Chromate, Arsenate, and in a Membrane Bioreactor. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9),
Dibromochloropropane Using a Hydrogen-Based 455.
Membrane Biofilm Reactor. Biodegradation, 18 (2), Dolgen, D.; Alpaslan, M. N.; Azbar, N.; Unlu, B. (2007)
199. Comparative Evaluation of the Nutrient and COD
Coufort, C.; Derlon, N.; Ochoa-Chaves, J.; Line, A.; Paul, E. Removal Performances of Various Sequentially
(2007) Cohesion and Detachment in Biofilm Systems Operated Biofilm Reactors. Environ Technol, 28 (8),
for Different Electron Acceptor and Donors. Water Sci 921.
Technol, 55 (8-9), 421. Downing, L. S.; Nerenberg, R. (2007a) Kinetics of Microbial
Cubas, S. A.; Foresti, E.; Rodrigues, J. A.; Ratusznei, S. M.; Zaiat, Bromate Reduction in a Hydrogen-Oxidizing,
M. (2007) Effects of Solid-Phase Mass Transfer on the Denitrifying Biofilm Reactor. Biotechnol Bioeng, 98
Performance of a Stirred Anaerobic Sequencing Batch (3), 543.
Reactor Containing Immobilized Biomass. Bioresour Downing, L. S.; Nerenberg, R. (2007b) Performance and Microbial
Technol, 98 (7), 1411. Ecology of the Hybrid Membrane Biofilm Process for
Daebel, H.; Manser, R.; Gujer, W. (2007) Exploring Temporal Concurrent Nitrification and Denitrification of
Variations of Oxygen Saturation Constants of Wastewater. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 355.
Nitrifying Bacteria. Water Res, 41 (5), 1094. Drews, A.; Kraume, M. (2007) On Maintenance Models in
Damasceno, L. H.; Rodrigues, J. A.; Ratusznei, S. M.; Zaiat, M.; Severely and Long-Term Limited Membrane
Foresti, E. (2007) Effects of Feeding Time and Organic Bioreactor Cultivations. Biotechnol Bioeng, 96 (5), 892.
Loading in an Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Biofilm Drews, A.; Mante, J.; Iversen, V.; Vocks, M.; Lesjean, B.;
Reactor (AnSBBR) Treating Diluted Whey. J Environ Kraume, M. (2007) Impact of Ambient Conditions on
Manage, 85 (4), 927. SMP Elimination and Rejection in MBRs. Water Res,
1102
41 (17), 3850. Characterization and Performance of Constructed
Dutta, S.; Hoffmann, E.; Hahn, H. H. (2007) Study of Rotating Nitrifying Biofilms During Nitrogen Bioremediation of
Biological Contactor Performance in Wastewater a Wastewater Effluent. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 34
Treatment Using Multi-Culture Biofilm Model. Water (4), 279.
Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 345. Gagnon, V.; Chazarenc, F.; Comeau, Y.; Brisson, J. (2007)
Eker, S.; Kargi, F. (2007) Performance of a Hybrid-Loop Influence of Macrophyte Species on Microbial Density
Bioreactor System in Biological Treatment of 2,4,6-Tri- and Activity in Constructed Wetlands. Water Sci
Chlorophenol Containing Synthetic Wastewater: Technol, 56 (3), 249.
Effects of Hydraulic Residence Time. J Hazard Mater, Garcia-de-Lomas, J.; Corzo, A.; Carmen Portillo, M.; Gonzalez, J.
144 (1-2), 86. M.; Andrades, J. A.; Saiz-Jimenez, C.; Garcia-Robledo,
Ernst, M.; Mehrez, R.; Drews, A.; Iversen, V.; Kraume, M.; Jekel, E. (2007) Nitrate Stimulation of Indigenous Nitrate-
M. (2007) Continuous Measurement and Control of Reducing, Sulfide-Oxidising Bacterial Community in
Fouling Active Compounds in Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Anaerobic Biofilms. Water Res, 41 (14),
Systems. Water Sci Technol, 56 (7), 11. 3121.
Fan, F.; Zhou, H. (2007) Interrelated Effects of Aeration and Garzon-Zuniga, M. A.; Lessard, P.; Aubry, G.; Buelna, G. (2007)
Mixed Liquor Fractions on Membrane Fouling for Aeration Effect on the Efficiency of Swine Manure
Submerged Membrane Bioreactor Processes in Treatment in a Trickling Filter Packed with Organic
Wastewater Treatment. Environ Sci Technol, 41 (7), Materials. Water Sci Technol, 55 (10), 135.
2523. Germain, E.; Bancroft, L.; Dawson, A.; Hinrichs, C.; Fricker, L.;
Fazolo, A.; Foresti, E.; Zaiat, M. (2007) Removal of Nitrogen and Pearce, P. (2007) Evaluation of Hybrid Processes for
Organic Matter in a Radial-Flow Aerobic-Anoxic Nitrification by Comparing MBBR/AS and IFAS
Immobilized Biomass Reactor Used in the Configurations. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 43.
Posttreatment of Anaerobically Treated Effluent. Appl Gobel, A.; McArdell, C. S.; Joss, A.; Siegrist, H.; Giger, W. (2007)
Biochem Biotechnol, 142 (1), 44. Fate of Sulfonamides, Macrolides, and Trimethoprim in
Feng, W.; Wen, J.; Liu, C.; Yuan, Q.; Jia, X.; Sun, Y. (2007) Different Wastewater Treatment Technologies. Sci
Modeling of Local Dynamic Behavior of Phenol Total Environ, 372 (2-3), 361.
Degradation in an Internal Loop Airlift Bioreactor by Gomes, A. C.; Goncalves, I. C.; de Pinho, M. N.; Porter, J. J.
Yeast Candida Tropicalis. Biotechnol Bioeng, 97 (2), (2007) Integrated Nanofiltration and Upflow Anaerobic
251. Sludge Blanket Treatment of Textile Wastewater for in-
Ferrera, I.; Sanchez, O.; Mas, J. (2007) Characterization of a Plant Reuse. Water Environ Res, 79 (5), 498.
Sulfide-Oxidizing Biofilm Developed in a Packed- Gommers, K.; De Wever, H.; Brauns, E.; Peys, K. (2007)
Column Reactor. Int Microbiol, 10 (1), 29. Recalcitrant COD Degradation by an Integrated System
Fletcher, H.; Mackley, T.; Judd, S. (2007) The Cost of a Package of Ozonation and Membrane Bioreactor. Water Sci
Plant Membrane Bioreactor. Water Res, 41 (12), 2627. Technol, 55 (12), 245.
Franco-Rivera, A.; Paniagua-Michel, J.; Zamora-Castro, J. (2007) Gong, Z.; Yang, F.; Liu, S.; Bao, H.; Hu, S.; Furukawa, K. (2007)
1103
Feasibility of a Membrane-Aerated Biofilm Reactor to Process Performance of Activated Sludge (AS) and
Achieve Single-Stage Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal Biological Aerated Filters (BAF) over Ten Years of
Based on Anammox. Chemosphere, 69 (5), 776. Full Sale Operation. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 99.
Goode, C.; LeRoy, J.; Allen, D. G. (2007) Multivariate Statistical Hansen, S. K.; Rainey, P. B.; Haagensen, J. A.; Molin, S. (2007)
Analysis of a High Rate Biofilm Process Treating Kraft Evolution of Species Interactions in a Biofilm
Mill Bleach Plant Effluent. Water Sci Technol, 55 (6), Community. Nature, 445 (7127), 533.
47. He, S. B.; Xue, G.; Kong, H. N. (2007) The Performance of BAF
Grossmann, K.; Arnold, T.; Krawczyk-Barsch, E.; Diessner, S.; Using Natural Zeolite as Filter Media under Conditions
Wobus, A.; Bernhard, G.; Krawietz, R. (2007) of Low Temperature and Ammonium Shock Load. J
Identification of Fluorescent U(V) and U(Vi) Hazard Mater, 143 (1-2), 291.
Microparticles in a Multispecies Biofilm by Confocal Holakoo, L.; Nakhla, G.; Bassi, A. S.; Yanful, E. K. (2007) Long
Laser Scanning Microscopy and Fluorescence Term Performance of MBR for Biological Nitrogen
Spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol, 41 (18), 6498. Removal from Synthetic Municipal Wastewater.
Grundestam, J.; Hellstrom, D. (2007) Wastewater Treatment with Chemosphere, 66 (5), 849.
Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor and Reverse Osmosis. Hong, S. H.; Lee, W. N.; Oh, H. S.; Yeon, K. M.; Hwang, B. K.;
Water Sci Technol, 56 (5), 211. Lee, C. H.; Chang, I. S.; Lee, S. (2007) The Effects of
Gu, A. Z.; Pedros, P. B.; Kristiansen, A.; Onnis-Hayden, A.; Intermittent Aeration on the Characteristics of Bio-
Schramm, A. (2007) Nitrifying Community Analysis in Cake Layers in a Membrane Bioreactor. Environ Sci
a Single Submerged Attached-Growth Bioreactor for Technol, 41 (17), 6270.
Treatment of High-Ammonia Waste Stream. Water Hu, J. Y.; Chen, X.; Tao, G.; Kekred, K. (2007) Fate of Endocrine
Environ Res, 79 (13), 2510. Disrupting Compounds in Membrane Bioreactor
Guglielmi, G.; Saroj, D. P.; Chiarani, D.; Andreottola, G. (2007) Systems. Environ Sci Technol, 41 (11), 4097.
Sub-Critical Fouling in a Membrane Bioreactor for Hu, Z.; Jin, J.; Abruna, H. D.; Houston, P. L.; Hay, A. G.; Ghiorse,
Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Experimental W. C.; Shuler, M. L.; Hidalgo, G.; Lion, L. W. (2007)
Investigation and Mathematical Modelling. Water Res, Spatial Distributions of Copper in Microbial Biofilms
41 (17), 3903. by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Environ Sci
Gusmao, V. R.; Chinalia, F. A.; Sakamoto, I. K.; Varesche, M. B. Technol, 41 (3), 936.
(2007) Performance of a Reactor Containing Hughes, D. J.; Cui, Z.; Field, R. W.; Tirlapur, U. K. (2007)
Denitrifying Immobilized Biomass in Removing Membrane Fouling by Cell-Protein Mixtures: In Situ
Ethanol and Aromatic Hydrocarbons (BTEX) in a Short Characterisation Using Multi-Photon Microscopy.
Operating Period. J Hazard Mater, 139 (2), 301. Biotechnol Bioeng, 96 (6), 1083.
Haisch, C.; Niessner, R. (2007) Visualisation of Transient Ivnitsky, H.; Katz, I.; Minz, D.; Volvovic, G.; Shimoni, E.;
Processes in Biofilms by Optical Coherence Kesselman, E.; Semiat, R.; Dosoretz, C. G. (2007)
Tomography. Water Res, 41 (11), 2467. Bacterial Community Composition and Structure of
Hansen, R.; Thogersen, T.; Rogalla, F. (2007) Comparing Cost and Biofilms Developing on Nanofiltration Membranes
1104
Applied to Wastewater Treatment. Water Res, 41 (17), Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 75 (1), 187.
3924. Kimura, K.; Enomoto, M.; Watanabe, Y. (2007) Modification of
Jacobs, A.; Lafolie, F.; Herry, J. M.; Debroux, M. (2007) Kinetic Submerged Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) by
Adhesion of Bacterial Cells to Sand: Cell Surface Inserting Baffles: Pilot Scale Study. Water Sci Technol,
Properties and Adhesion Rate. Colloids Surf B 55 (7), 119.
Biointerfaces, 59 (1), 35. Kimura, K.; Hara, H.; Watanabe, Y. (2007) Elimination of
Jajuee, B.; Margaritis, A.; Karamanev, D.; Bergougnou, M. A. Selected Acidic Pharmaceuticals from Municipal
(2007) Kinetics of Biodegradation of P-Xylene and Wastewater by an Activated Sludge System and
Naphthalene and Oxygen Transfer in a Novel Airlift Membrane Bioreactors. Environ Sci Technol, 41 (10),
Immobilized Bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng, 96 (2), 3708.
232. Kindaichi, T.; Tsushima, I.; Ogasawara, Y.; Shimokawa, M.;
Jayaweera, M. W.; Gomes, P. I.; Wijeyekoon, S. L. (2007) Iron Ozaki, N.; Satoh, H.; Okabe, S. (2007) In Situ Activity
and Manganese Removal from Textile Effluents in and Spatial Organization of Anaerobic Ammonium-
Anaerobic Attached-Growth Bioreactor Filled with Oxidizing (Anammox) Bacteria in Biofilms. Appl
Coirfibres. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 143. Environ Microbiol, 73 (15), 4931.
Jeison, D.; van Lier, J. B. (2007) Thermophilic Treatment of Kirisits, M. J.; Margolis, J. J.; Purevdorj-Gage, B. L.; Vaughan, B.;
Acidified and Partially Acidified Wastewater Using an Chopp, D. L.; Stoodley, P.; Parsek, M. R. (2007)
Anaerobic Submerged MBR: Factors Affecting Long- Influence of the Hydrodynamic Environment on
Term Operational Flux. Water Res, 41 (17), 3868. Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms.
Ju, D. H.; Choi, M. K.; Ahn, J. H.; Kim, M. H.; Cho, J. C.; Kim, J Bacteriol, 189 (22), 8357.
T.; Kim, T.; Seong, C. N.; Ka, J. O. (2007) Molecular Kocamemi, B. A.; Cecen, F. (2007) Inhibitory Effect of the
and Ecological Analyses of Microbial Community Xenobiotic 1,2-Dichloroethane in a Nitrifying Biofilm
Structures in Biofilms of a Full-Scale Aerated up-Flow Reactor. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 67.
Biobead Process. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 17 (2), 253. Koskinen, P. E.; Kaksonen, A. H.; Puhakka, J. A. (2007) The
Kapellos, G. E.; Alexiou, T. S.; Payatakes, A. C. (2007) A Relationship between Instability of H2 Production and
Multiscale Theoretical Model for Diffusive Mass Compositions of Bacterial Communities within a Dark
Transfer in Cellular Biological Media. Math Biosci, 210 Fermentation Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor. Biotechnol
(1), 177. Bioeng, 97 (4), 742.
Kim, H. S.; Jaffe, P. R. (2007) Spatial Distribution and Kuhl, M.; Rickelt, L. F.; Thar, R. (2007) Combined Imaging of
Physiological State of Bacteria in a Sand Column Bacteria and Oxygen in Biofilms. Appl Environ
Experiment During the Biodegradation of Toluene. Microbiol, 73 (19), 6289.
Water Res, 41 (10), 2089. Kujundzic, E.; Fonseca, A. C.; Evans, E. A.; Peterson, M.;
Kim, J.; Lee, C. H.; Choo, K. H. (2007) Control of Struvite Greenberg, A. R.; Hernandez, M. (2007) Ultrasonic
+
Precipitation by Selective Removal of NH4 with Monitoring of Early-Stage Biofilm Growth on
Dialyzer/Zeolite in an Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor. Polymeric Surfaces. J Microbiol Methods, 68 (3), 458.
1105
Laera, G.; Giordano, C.; Pollice, A.; Saturno, D.; Mininni, G. Capacities of BAC Filters. J Hazard Mater, 139 (2),
(2007) Membrane Bioreactor Sludge Rheology at 316.
Different Solid Retention Times. Water Res, 41 (18), Liang, S.; Liu, C.; Song, L. (2007) Soluble Microbial Products in
4197. Membrane Bioreactor Operation: Behaviors,
Larrea, L.; Albizuri, J.; Abad, A.; Larrea, A.; Zalakain, G. (2007) Characteristics, and Fouling Potential. Water Res, 41
Optimizing and Modelling Nitrogen Removal in a New (1), 95.
Configuration of the Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor Liang, Z.; Liu, J. X. (2007) Control Factors of Partial Nitritation
Process. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 317. for Landfill Leachate Treatment. J Environ Sci (China),
Laspidou, C. S.; Aravas, N. (2007) Variation in the Mechanical 19 (5), 523.
Properties of a Porous Multi-Phase Biofilm under Liu, H. J.; Yang, F. L.; Zhang, H. M.; Hu, S. W.; Sun, C. (2007)
Compression Due to Void Closure. Water Sci Technol, Nitrification Performance and Microbial Community
55 (8-9), 447. Analysis in Carbon Membrane-Aerated Biofilm
Lee, J. H.; Seo, Y.; Lim, T. S.; Bishop, P. L.; Papautsky, I. (2007) Reactor. Huan Jing Ke Xue, 28 (9), 2123.
MEMS Needle-Type Sensor Array for in Situ Liu, X. L.; Ren, N. Q.; Ma, F. (2007) Effect of Powdered
Measurements of Dissolved Oxygen and Redox Activated Carbon on Chinese Traditional Medicine
Potential. Environ Sci Technol, 41 (22), 7857. Wastewater Treatment in Submerged Membrane
Lee, M. W.; Park, J. M. (2007) One-Dimensional Mixed-Culture Bioreactor with Electronic Control Backwashing. J
Biofilm Model Considering Different Space Environ Sci (China), 19 (9), 1037.
Occupancies of Particulate Components. Water Res, 41 Lu, T.; Saikaly, P. E.; Oerther, D. B. (2007) Modelling the
(19), 4317. Competition of Planktonic and Sessile Aerobic
Lenz, K.; Mahnik, S. N.; Weissenbacher, N.; Mader, R. M.; Krenn, Heterotrophs for Complementary Nutrients in Biofilm
P.; Hann, S.; Koellensperger, G.; Uhl, M.; Knasmuller, Reactor. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 227.
S.; Ferk, F.; Bursch, W.; Fuerhacker, M. (2007) Lyko, S.; Al-Halbouni, D.; Wintgens, T.; Janot, A.; Hollender, J.;
Monitoring, Removal and Risk Assessment of Dott, W.; Melin, T. (2007) Polymeric Compounds in
Cytostatic Drugs in Hospital Wastewater. Water Sci Activated Sludge Supernatant - Characterisation and
Technol, 56 (12), 141. Retention Mechanisms at a Full-Scale Municipal
Lerner, M.; Stahl, N.; Galil, N. I. (2007) Comparative Study of Membrane Bioreactor. Water Res, 41 (17), 3894.
MBR and Activated Sludge in the Treatment of Paper Mahnik, S. N.; Lenz, K.; Weissenbacher, N.; Mader, R. M.;
Mill Wastewater. Water Sci Technol, 55 (6), 23. Fuerhacker, M. (2007) Fate of 5-Fluorouracil,
Lewandowski, Z.; Beyenal, H.; Myers, J.; Stookey, D. (2007) The Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, and Daunorubicin in Hospital
Effect of Detachment on Biofilm Structure and Wastewater and Their Elimination by Activated Sludge
Activity: The Oscillating Pattern of Biofilm and Treatment in a Membrane-Bio-Reactor System.
Accumulation. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 429. Chemosphere, 66 (1), 30.
Liang, C. H.; Chiang, P. C. (2007) Mathematical Model of the Majumder, P. S.; Gupta, S. K. (2007) Removal of Chlorophenols
Non-Steady-State Adsorption and Biodegradation in Sequential Anaerobic-Aerobic Reactors. Bioresour
1106
Technol, 98 (1), 118. 4922.
Mannina, G.; Di Trapani, D.; Torregrossa, M.; Viviani, G. (2007) Michel, C.; Jean, M.; Coulon, S.; Dictor, M. C.; Delorme, F.;
Modelling of Hybrid Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors: A Morin, D.; Garrido, F. (2007) Biofilms of As(Iii)-
Pilot Plant Experiment. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), Oxidising Bacteria: Formation and Activity Studies for
237. Bioremediation Process Development. Appl Microbiol
Marsili, E.; Beyenal, H.; Di Palma, L.; Merli, C.; Dohnalkova, A.; Biotechnol, 77 (2), 457.
Amonette, J. E.; Lewandowski, Z. (2007) Uranium Mijaylova-Nacheva, P.; Ramirez-Camperos, E.; Cuevas-Velasco,
Immobilization by Sulfate-Reducing Biofilms Grown S. (2007) Treatment of Organic Synthesis Wastewater
on Hematite, Dolomite, and Calcite. Environ Sci Using Anaerobic Packed Bed and Aerobic Suspended
Technol, 41 (24), 8349. Growth Bioreactors. Water Sci Technol, 55 (7), 235.
Martin, M.; Enriquez, L. L.; Fernandez-Polanco, M.; Villaverde, Miura, Y.; Hiraiwa, M. N.; Ito, T.; Itonaga, T.; Watanabe, Y.;
S.; Garcia-Encina, P. A. (2007) Nutrients Removal in Okabe, S. (2007) Bacterial Community Structures in
Hybrid Fluidised Bed Bioreactors Operated with MBRs Treating Municipal Wastewater: Relationship
Aeration Cycles. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 51. between Community Stability and Reactor
Matsumoto, S.; Terada, A.; Aoi, Y.; Tsuneda, S.; Alpkvist, E.; Performance. Water Res, 41 (3), 627.
Picioreanu, C.; van Loosdrecht, M. C. (2007) Miura, Y.; Watanabe, Y.; Okabe, S. (2007a) Membrane Biofouling
Experimental and Simulation Analysis of Community in Pilot-Scale Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) Treating
Structure of Nitrifying Bacteria in a Membrane-Aerated Municipal Wastewater: Impact of Biofilm Formation.
Biofilm. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 283. Environ Sci Technol, 41 (2), 632.
McAdam, E. J.; Judd, S. J.; Cartmell, E.; Jefferson, B. (2007) Miura, Y.; Watanabe, Y.; Okabe, S. (2007b) Significance of
Influence of Substrate on Fouling in Anoxic Immersed Chloroflexi in Performance of Submerged Membrane
Membrane Bioreactors. Water Res, 41 (17), 3859. Bioreactors (MBR) Treating Municipal Wastewater.
Mehrez, R.; Ernst, M.; Jekel, M. (2007) Development of a Environ Sci Technol, 41 (22), 7787.
Continuous Protein and Polysaccharide Measurement Mohan, S. V.; Lalit Babu, V.; Vijaya Bhaskar, Y.; Sarma, P. N.
Method by Sequential Injection Analysis for (2007) Influence of Recirculation on the Performance
Application in Membrane Bioreactor Systems. Water of Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor
Sci Technol, 56 (6), 163. (AnSBBR) Treating Hypersaline Composite Chemical
Merlo, R. P.; Trussell, R. S.; Hermanowicz, S. W.; Jenkins, D. Wastewater. Bioresour Technol, 98 (7), 1373.
(2007) Effects of Sludge Properties on the Thickening Mohan, S. V.; Rao, N. C.; Sarma, P. N. (2007) Low-Biodegradable
and Dewatering of Waste Activated Sludge. Water Composite Chemical Wastewater Treatment by Biofilm
Environ Res, 79 (12), 2412. Configured Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBBR). J
Merod, R. T.; Warren, J. E.; McCaslin, H.; Wuertz, S. (2007) Hazard Mater, 144 (1-2), 108.
Toward Automated Analysis of Biofilm Architecture: Mohle, R. B.; Langemann, T.; Haesner, M.; Augustin, W.; Scholl,
Bias Caused by Extraneous Confocal Laser Scanning S.; Neu, T. R.; Hempel, D. C.; Horn, H. (2007)
Microscopy Images. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73 (15), Structure and Shear Strength of Microbial Biofilms as
1107
Determined with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Removal from High-Strength Ammonia Recycle
and Fluid Dynamic Gauging Using a Novel Rotating Stream Using a Single Submerged Attached Growth
Disc Biofilm Reactor. Biotechnol Bioeng, 98 (4), 747. Bioreactor. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 59.
Molina-Munoz, M.; Poyatos, J. M.; Vilchez, R.; Hontoria, E.; Padhye, L.; Rainwater, K.; Jackson, W. A.; Morse, A. (2007)
Rodelas, B.; Gonzalez-Lopez, J. (2007) Effect of the Kinetics for a Membrane Reactor Reducing
Concentration of Suspended Solids on the Enzymatic Perchlorate. Water Environ Res, 79 (2), 140.
Activities and Biodiversity of a Submerged Membrane Padmasiri, S. I.; Zhang, J.; Fitch, M.; Norddahl, B.; Morgenroth,
Bioreactor for Aerobic Treatment of Domestic E.; Raskin, L. (2007) Methanogenic Population
Wastewater. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 73 (6), 1441. Dynamics and Performance of an Anaerobic Membrane
Monti, A.; Hall, E. R.; Koch, F. A.; Dawson, R. N.; Husain, H.; Bioreactor (AnMBR) Treating Swine Manure under
Kelly, H. G. (2007) Toward a High-Rate Enhanced High Shear Conditions. Water Res, 41 (1), 134.
Biological Phosphorus Removal Process in a Pang, C. M.; Liu, W. T. (2007) Community Structure Analysis of
Membrane-Assisted Bioreactor. Water Environ Res, 79 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Biofilms and the
(6), 675. Significance of Rhizobiales Bacteria in Biofouling.
Munch, C.; Neu, T.; Kuschk, P.; Roske, I. (2007) The Root Environ Sci Technol, 41 (13), 4728.
Surface as the Definitive Detail for Microbial Paramonova, E.; de Jong, E. D.; Krom, B. P.; van der Mei, H. C.;
Transformation Processes in Constructed Wetlands-a Busscher, H. J.; Sharma, P. K. (2007) Low-Load
Biofilm Characteristic. Water Sci Technol, 56 (3), 271. Compression Testing: A Novel Way of Measuring
Ngo Thi, N. A.; Naumann, D. (2007) Investigating the Biofilm Thickness. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73 (21),
Heterogeneity of Cell Growth in Microbial Colonies by 7023.
FTIR Microspectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem, 387 (5), Parco, V.; du Toit, G.; Wentzel, M.; Ekama, G. (2007) Biological
1769. Nutrient Removal in Membrane Bioreactors:
Ochuma, I. J.; Fishwick, R. P.; Wood, J.; Winterbottom, J. M. Denitrification and Phosphorus Removal Kinetics.
(2007) Photocatalytic Oxidation of 2,4,6- Water Sci Technol, 56 (6), 125.
Trichlorophenol in Water Using a Cocurrent Downflow Paul, E.; Wolff, D. B.; Ochoa, J. C.; da Costa, R. H. (2007)
Contactor Reactor (CDCR). J Hazard Mater, 144 (3), Recycled and Virgin Plastic Carriers in Hybrid
627. Reactors for Wastewater Treatment. Water Environ
Oh, Y. K.; Lee, K. R.; Ko, K. B.; Yeom, I. T. (2007) Effects of Res, 79 (7), 765.
Chemical Sludge Disintegration on the Performances of Picioreanu, C.; Kreft, J. U.; Klausen, M.; Haagensen, J. A.; Tolker-
Wastewater Treatment by Membrane Bioreactor. Water Nielsen, T.; Molin, S. (2007) Microbial Motility
Res, 41 (12), 2665. Involvement in Biofilm Structure Formation- A 3D
Oliver, R.; May, E.; Williams, J. (2007) Microcosm Investigations Modelling Study. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 337.
of Phthalate Behaviour in Sewage Treatment Biofilms. Plattes, M.; Fiorelli, D.; Gille, S.; Girard, C.; Henry, E.; Minette,
Sci Total Environ, 372 (2-3), 605. F.; O'Nagy, O.; Schosseler, P. M. (2007) Modelling and
Onnis-Hayden, A.; Pedros, P. B.; Reade, J. (2007) Total Nitrogen Dynamic Simulation of a Pilot-Scale Moving Bed
1108
Bioreactor for the Treatment of Municipal Wastewater: Pretreatment in China. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 268 (1),
Model Concepts and the Use of Respirometry for the 126.
Estimation of Kinetic Parameters. Water Sci Technol, Rabah, F. K.; Dahab, M. F.; Zhang, T. C. (2007) Estimation of the
55 (8-9), 309. Intrinsic Maximum Substrate Utilization Rate Using
Ploux, L.; Beckendorff, S.; Nardin, M.; Neunlist, S. (2007) Batch Reactors with Denitrifying Biofilm: A Proposed
Quantitative and Morphological Analysis of Biofilm Methodology. Water Environ Res, 79 (8), 887.
Formation on Self-Assembled Monolayers. Colloids Radjenovic, J.; Petrovic, M.; Barcelo, D. (2007) Analysis of
Surf B Biointerfaces, 57 (2), 174. Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater and Removal Using a
Pollice, A.; Giordano, C.; Laera, G.; Saturno, D.; Mininni, G. Membrane Bioreactor. Anal Bioanal Chem, 387 (4),
(2007) Physical Characteristics of the Sludge in a 1365.
Complete Retention Membrane Bioreactor. Water Res, Ramos, A. F.; Gomez, M. A.; Hontoria, E.; Gonzalez-Lopez, J.
41 (8), 1832. (2007) Biological Nitrogen and Phenol Removal from
Power, L.; Itier, S.; Hawton, M.; Schraft, H. (2007) Time Lapse Saline Industrial Wastewater by Submerged Fixed-Film
Confocal Microscopy Studies of Bacterial Adhesion to Reactor. J Hazard Mater, 142 (1-2), 175.
Self-Assembled Monolayers and Confirmation of a Rani, S. A.; Pitts, B.; Beyenal, H.; Veluchamy, R. A.;
Novel Approach to the Thermodynamic Model. Lewandowski, Z.; Davison, W. M.; Buckingham-
Langmuir, 23 (10), 5622. Meyer, K.; Stewart, P. S. (2007) Spatial Patterns of
Pozo, C.; Rodelas, B.; Martinez-Toledo, M. V.; Vilchez, R.; DNA Replication, Protein Synthesis, and Oxygen
Gonzalez-Lopez, J. (2007) Removal of Organic Load Concentration within Bacterial Biofilms Reveal Diverse
from Olive Washing Water by an Aerated Submerged Physiological States. J Bacteriol, 189 (11), 4223.
Biofilter and Profiling of the Bacterial Community Reese, S.; Guggenheim, B. (2007) A Novel TEM Contrasting
Involved in the Process. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 17 (5), Technique for Extracellular Polysaccharides in in Vitro
784. Biofilms. Microsc Res Tech, 70 (9), 816.
Priester, J. H.; Horst, A. M.; Van de Werfhorst, L. C.; Saleta, J. L.; Ren, N. Q.; Yan, X. F.; Chen, Z. B.; Hu, D. X.; Gong, M. L.; Guo,
Mertes, L. A.; Holden, P. A. (2007) Enhanced W. Q. (2007) Feasibility and Simulation Model of a
Visualization of Microbial Biofilms by Staining and Pilot Scale Membrane Bioreactor for Wastewater
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy. J Treatment and Reuse from Chinese Traditional
Microbiol Methods, 68 (3), 577. Medicine. J Environ Sci (China), 19 (2), 129.
Qi, R.; Yang, K.; Yu, Z. X. (2007) Treatment of Coke Plant Rezania, B.; Oleszkiewicz, J. A.; Cicek, N. (2007) Hydrogen-
Wastewater by SND Fixed Biofilm Hybrid System. J Dependent Denitrification of Water in an Anaerobic
Environ Sci (China), 19 (2), 153. Submerged Membrane Bioreactor Coupled with a
Qin, Y. Y.; Li, D. T.; Yang, H. (2007) Investigation of Total Novel Hydrogen Delivery System. Water Res, 41 (5),
Bacterial and Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacterial 1074.
Community Composition in a Full-Scale Aerated Richter, L.; Stepper, C.; Mak, A.; Reinthaler, A.; Heer, R.; Kast,
Submerged Biofilm Reactor for Drinking Water M.; Bruckl, H.; Ertl, P. (2007) Development of a
1109
Microfluidic Biochip for Online Monitoring of Fungal Water Sci Technol, 56 (2), 1.
Biofilm Dynamics. Lab Chip, 7 (12), 1723. Simoes, M.; Cleto, S.; Pereira, M. O.; Vieira, M. J. (2007)
Rochex, A.; Lebeault, J. M. (2007) Effects of Nutrients on Biofilm Influence of Biofilm Composition on the Resistance to
Formation and Detachment of a Pseudomonas Putida Detachment. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 473.
Strain Isolated from a Paper Machine. Water Res, 41 Simoes, M.; Pereira, M. O.; Sillankorva, S.; Azeredo, J.; Vieira, M.
(13), 2885. J. (2007) The Effect of Hydrodynamic Conditions on
Rouse, J. D.; Burica, O.; Strazar, M.; Levstek, M. (2007) A Pilot- the Phenotype of Pseudomonas Fluorescens Biofilms.
Plant Study of a Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor System Biofouling, 23 (3-4), 249.
Using PVA Gel as a Biocarrier for Removals of Singh, P.; Sanghi, R.; Pandey, A.; Iyengar, L. (2007)
Organic Carbon and Nitrogen. Water Sci Technol, 55 Decolorization and Partial Degradation of Monoazo
(8-9), 135. Dyes in Sequential Fixed-Film Anaerobic Batch
Rudiger, A.; Rudiger, I.; Jurisevic, L. (2007) Aqua-Biomant: Reactor (SFABR). Bioresour Technol, 98 (10), 2053.
Integrated Biological and Electrochemical Oxidation Sirianuntapiboon, S.; Chuamkaew, C. (2007) Packed Cage
for Industrial Wastewater Treatment. Water Sci Rotating Biological Contactor System for Treatment of
Technol, 55 (12), 195. Cyanide Wastewater. Bioresour Technol, 98 (2), 266.
Saddoud, A.; Sayadi, S. (2007) Application of Acidogenic Fixed- Spettmann, D.; Eppmann, S.; Flemming, H. C.; Wingender, J.
Bed Reactor Prior to Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (2007) Simultaneous Visualisation of Biofouling,
for Sustainable Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment. Organic and Inorganic Particle Fouling on Separation
J Hazard Mater, 149 (3), 700. Membranes. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 207.
Saia, F. T.; Damianovic, M. H.; Cattony, E. B.; Brucha, G.; Sumino, H.; Takahashi, M.; Yamaguchi, T.; Abe, K.; Araki, N.;
Foresti, E.; Vazoller, R. F. (2007) Anaerobic Yamazaki, S.; Shimozaki, S.; Nagano, A.; Nishio, N.
Biodegradation of Pentachlorophenol in a Fixed-Film (2007) Feasibility Study of a Pilot-Scale Sewage
Reactor Inoculated with Polluted Sediment from Treatment System Combining an up-Flow Anaerobic
Santos-Sao Vicente Estuary, Brazil. Appl Microbiol Sludge Blanket (UASB) and an Aerated Fixed Bed
Biotechnol, 75 (3), 665. (AFB) Reactor at Ambient Temperature. Bioresour
Schlegel, S.; Koeser, H. (2007) Wastewater Treatment with Technol, 98 (1), 177.
Submerged Fixed Bed Biofilm Reactor Systems-Design Sunil Kumar, G.; Gupta, S. K.; Singh, G. (2007) Biodegradation of
Rules, Operating Experiences and Ongoing Distillery Spent Wash in Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor.
Developments. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 83. Water Res, 41 (4), 721.
Scullion, J.; Winson, M.; Matthews, R. (2007) Inhibition and Szatkowska, B.; Cema, G.; Plaza, E.; Trela, J.; Hultman, B. (2007)
Recovery in a Fixed Microbial Film Leachate A One-Stage System with Partial Nitritation and
Treatment System Subject to Shock Loading of Copper Anammox Processes in the Moving-Bed Biofilm
and Zinc. Water Res, 41 (18), 4129. Reactor. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 19.
Sheli, C.; Moletta, R. (2007) Anaerobic Treatment of Vinasses by Takacs, I.; Bye, C. M.; Chapman, K.; Dold, P. L.; Fairlamb, P. M.;
a Sequentially Mixed Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor. Jones, R. M. (2007) A Biofilm Model for Engineering
1110
Design. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 329. Aeration Intensity on Membrane Fouling in a
Tanaka, Y.; Yatagai, A.; Masujima, H.; Waki, M.; Yokoyama, H. Submerged Membrane Bioreactor at High Mixed
(2007) Autotrophic Denitrification and Chemical Liquor Suspended Solids Concentrations. Water Res, 41
Phosphate Removal of Agro-Industrial Wastewater by (5), 947.
Filtration with Granular Medium. Bioresour Technol, Tsushima, I.; Kindaichi, T.; Okabe, S. (2007) Quantification of
98 (4), 787. Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria in
Tao, W.; Hall, K. J.; Ramey, W. (2007) Effects of Influent Enrichment Cultures by Real-Time PCR. Water Res, 41
Strength on Microorganisms in Surface Flow (4), 785.
Mesocosm Wetlands. Water Res, 41 (19), 4557. Tsushima, I.; Ogasawara, Y.; Shimokawa, M.; Kindaichi, T.;
Tarre, S.; Shlafman, E.; Beliavski, M.; Green, M. (2007) Changes Okabe, S. (2007) Development of a Super High-Rate
in Ammonia Oxidiser Population During Transition to Anammox Reactor and in Situ Analysis of Biofilm
Low pH in a Biofilm Reactor Starting with Structure and Function. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 9.
Nitrosomonas Europaea. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), Valdivia, A.; Gonzalez-Martinez, S.; Wilderer, P. A. (2007)
363. Biological Nitrogen Removal with Three Different
Terada, A.; Lackner, S.; Tsuneda, S.; Smets, B. F. (2007) Redox- SBBR. Water Sci Technol, 55 (7), 245.
Stratification Controlled Biofilm (ReSCoBi) for Vigne, E.; Choubert, J. M.; Canler, J. P.; Heduit, A.; Lessard, P.
Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal: The Effect (2007) Toward an Operational Dynamic Model for
of Co- Versus Counter-Diffusion on Reactor Tertiary Nitrification by Submerged Biofiltration.
Performance. Biotechnol Bioeng, 97 (1), 40. Water Sci Technol, 55 (8-9), 301.
Thanikal, J. V.; Torrijos, M.; Habouzit, F.; Moletta, R. (2007) Wang, C.; Li, Y. (2007) Incorporation of Granular Activated
Treatment of Distillery Vinasse in a High Rate Carbon in an Immobilized Membrane Bioreactor for the
Anaerobic Reactor Using Low Density Polyethylene Biodegradation of Phenol by Pseudomonas Putida.
Supports. Water Sci Technol, 56 (2), 17. Biotechnol Lett, 29 (9), 1353.
Tietz, A.; Kirschner, A.; Langergraber, G.; Sleytr, K.; Haberl, R. Wang, X.; Gu, X.; Zhou, X.; Wang, W.; Lin, D. (2007) Treatment
(2007) Characterisation of Microbial Biocoenosis in of Wastewater Containing Acid Rose Red Dye by
Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands. Sci Biologically Aerated Filter after Chemical Oxidation.
Total Environ, 380 (1-3), 163. Environ Technol, 28 (8), 831.
Tomaszek, J. A.; Grabas, M. (2007) Carbon and Nitrogen Removal Wolf, G.; Almeida, J. S.; Crespo, J. G.; Reis, M. A. (2007) An
in a Biofilm Reactors System with Raw Wastewater Improved Method for Two-Dimensional Fluorescence
Stream Distribution. Environ Technol, 28 (5), 555. Monitoring of Complex Bioreactors. J Biotechnol, 128
Towler, B. W.; Cunningham, A.; Stoodley, P.; McKittrick, L. (4), 801.
(2007) A Model of Fluid-Biofilm Interaction Using a Wolf, G.; Picioreanu, C.; van Loosdrecht, M. C. (2007) Kinetic
Burger Material Law. Biotechnol Bioeng, 96 (2), 259. Modeling of Phototrophic Biofilms: The PHOBIA
Trussell, R. S.; Merlo, R. P.; Hermanowicz, S. W.; Jenkins, D. Model. Biotechnol Bioeng, 97 (5), 1064.
(2007) Influence of Mixed Liquor Properties and Xavier, J. B.; Foster, K. R. (2007) Cooperation and Conflict in
1111
Microbial Biofilms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104 (3),
876.
Xiao, Y.; Yang, Z. H.; Zeng, G. M.; Ma, Y. H.; Liu, Y. S.; Wang,
R. J.; Xu, Z. Y. (2007) Bacterial Diversity in
Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor (SBBR) for Landfill
Leachate Treatment Using PCR-DGGE. Huan Jing Ke
Xue, 28 (5), 1095.
Yeo, Y.; Jang, N.; Cho, J.; Kim, K. S.; Kim, I. S. (2007)
Identification of the Effect of Extracellular Polymeric
Substances on Bacterial Adhesion to the Membrane
Surface in a Membrane Bioreactor Using Pseudomonas
Fluorescens. Water Sci Technol, 55 (1-2), 35.
You, S. J.; Tseng, D. H.; Ou, S. H.; Chang, W. K. (2007)
Performance and Microbial Diversity of a Membrane
Bioreactor Treating Real Textile Dyeing Wastewater.
Environ Technol, 28 (8), 935.
Yu, H. Y.; He, X. C.; Liu, L. Q.; Gu, J. S.; Wei, X. W. (2007)
Surface Modification of Polypropylene Microporous
Membrane to Improve Its Antifouling Characteristics in
an SMBR: N2 Plasma Treatment. Water Res, 41 (20),
4703.
Zinatizadeh, A. A.; Mohamed, A. R.; Mashitah, M. D.; Abdullah,
A. Z.; Hasnain Isa, M. (2007) Characteristics of
Granular Sludge Developed in an Upflow Anaerobic
Sludge Fixed-Film Bioreactor Treating Palm Oil Mill
Effluent. Water Environ Res, 79 (8), 833.
1112

Biological Fixed Film Systems

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biological Fixed Film Systems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biological Fixed Film Systems

Introduction focus is on those that relate to the biofilm aspect of the

Overview. The work reviewed here was process.

published during 2007 and described researches that

sections: biofilm measurement and characterization, complement in bioremediation processes.

biomass production. calculation of the biofilm thickness.

by staining and environmental scanning electron Microbial Community Structure. Garcia-de-

cellular polysaccharides in vitro biofilms. Applying this supplemented with nitrate.

optical microscope to assess the three-dimensional biofilm generated biofilms.

microelectrode technique needed for biofilm studies as well samples.

(2007). biofouling in a wide variety of applications.

and ANN predicted process performance parameters were limitation.

good with correlation coefficients in the order of 0.7 or

Power et al. (2007) used thermodynamic theory

conclusions. Beta proteobacterium, Flavobacterium, Nitrosomonas and

least four distinct states: growing aerobically, growing systems.

biological techniques combined with microelectrodes leachate.

respectively (Qin et al., 2007). interactions in a biofilm community was examined by

performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor evolution in a spatially structured environment could

levels of hydrogenotrophic methanogens of the order of function.

machine under controlled conditions. In practice, fermentation.

controlling nutrient levels may be interesting to reduce Structural/Functional Examination by Non-

Attachment and Detachment. Coufort et al. the purpose of its reutilization.

resistance to detachment was investigated by Simoes, Cleto

et al. (2007). The overall results demonstrated that P. Biofilm Modeling

concentrations were strongly affected by the specific A hydrogen-based, denitrifying membrane-

(nitrifying) functional microbial groups, was introduced velocity constant, KS.

biofilm biomass obtained from the development of considered accordingly.

velocity field. data on the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in cell-

bioflocculation and to demonstrate that biofilocculation is

dimensional dynamic layered biofilm model that allows the Contactors

A one-dimensional mathematical model for a temperature range.

efficiencies of the system. Ramos et al. (2007) studied performance

efficiency of FBBR (packed with clayey schists) for

considerations of submerged fixed bed biofilm reactor

nitrite to nitrate. with AnMBR. The integrated system improved the

activity. manganese removal.

on activated sludge model (ASM-1) growth kinetics, was operation.

ensured greater efficiency of nitrogen removal than by Scullion et al. (2007).

activated sludge systems. Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor. The

investigate removal of nitrogen and organic matter. The performance.

reactor operated under methanogenic and halophylic substrates in that AnSBBR.

conditions to investigate degradation of pentachlorophenol

efficient of all three at those loadings. wastewater treatment technologies.

system consisting of a packed column biofilm and an adsorption processes.

without any carrier (Paul et al., 2007). Mijaylova-Nacheva

aerated filter (BAF) to treat municipal wastewater (He et

sale operation experience. obtained at longer SRTs. In absence of carbon-limiting

2007). N/m3.d at ammonium VLR of 0.87 kg N/m3.d. Chae and

low residual COD concentration such as 125 mg/L, an et al., 2007).

dosage (Gommers et al., 2007). dewatering properties of conventional waste activated

2007). condition, which caused a reduction in the porosity of the

In a study of continuous measurement of fouling Watanabe et al., 2007a).

characteristics by the surface modification of Application. Several studies were conducted to

showed that overall removal of estrogen (E1) and 17beta- substrate.

A H2-based, denitrifying and sulfate-reducing MBRs were compared with conventional

chlorinated compounds, i.e.,1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2- 4000 mg/L (Artiga et al., 2007).

reached 100% and 80%, respectively, and close to 100% of

(Boehler et al., 2007). Investigation on effect of flow velocity on the

(Guglielmi et al., 2007). investigated (Jacobs et al., 2007). Kinetics of bacterial

the possibility to produce a single household MBR at a Effect of influent concentration on

2007). nanoflagellates. Gagnon et al. (2007) investigated influence

on Performance of an Anaerobic Sequencing Biofilm

Heyden, A. (2007) Simulation of Nitrification of