Republ i

cofthePhili
ppines
SULTANKUDARATSTATEUNI VERSI
TY
Col
legeofI ndustr
ial
Technology
I
sulanCampus
I
sulan,Sul
tanKudarat
Tel.No.064-4710290

MANDAYAETHNOLI
NGUI
STI
CGROUP:ANARCHI
VALCOMPI
LATI
ONOF
RELI
GIOUSBELI
EFS.CULTURES,
CUSTOMS,
PRACTI
CESANDTRADI
TIONS

I
nPar
ti
alFul
fi
ll
mentoft
heAcademi
cRequi
rement
sfort
heCour
se
GE711—Cul
tur
esofMi
ndanao
SecondSemest
erSY2021-
2022
08:
00AM –9:
00AM

Submi
tt
edby
Pr
acal
e,Di
vi
naC.
Vi
l
lanuev
a,Dani
l
oJr
.A.
Si
aot
ong,
Lor
ainneJoy
ceB.
Faba,
Desi
reeT.
Boni
faci
o,Gev
y
Mov
ida,
Jer
ahMaeB.
Vi
l
lanuev
a,Kur
tYv
anJ.
Gest
upa,
Rheal
eeS.
Det
ori
o,D-
sykl
erF.

Submi
tt
edt
o:
Mar
yJoyCar
nazo

MAY2022

1
 I
NTRODUCTI
ON
I
. Gener
alDescr
ipt
ion

ThePhi
l
ippi
nesi
samul
ti
cul
tur
alsoci
etywi
thmanydi
ff
erentet
hni
cgr
oups.
Par
ti
cul
arl
y,t
heEast
ernMi
ndanaowher
eini
tisahomet
oamul
ti
tudeof"
indi
genous"
gr
oups t
hatar
e di
sti
nctf
rom t
he I
slami
c popul
ati
ons ofsout
her
n and cent
ral
Mi
ndanao.Thoughsomesi
mil
ari
ti
esexi
stwi
thot
hernon-
Isl
ami
cgr
oupsi
ncent
ral
andwest
ernMi
ndanao,suchast
heBuki
dnonandt
heSubanun.And,accor
dingt
o
John Gar
van'
s memoi
rpubl
i
shed i
nthe New Yor
k Academy ofSci
ences,t
he
Manday
aar
emostl
i
kel
ythegr
eat
estandbestet
hnol
i
ngui
sti
cgr
oupi
nEast
ern
Mi
ndanao.
"
Manday
a"i
sder
ived f
rom "
man,
"whi
ch means"
fi
rst
,"and "
day
a,"whi
ch
means"
upst
ream"or"
upperpor
ti
onofar
iver
,"andt
husmeans"
thef
ir
stpeopl
e
upst
ream.
"Theyar
eal
soconsi
der
edt
obemember
soft
heManobot
ri
be.Theyst
and
outf
rom t
he cr
owd due t
othei
rdi
sti
nctSpani
sh f
eat
ures.Theyar
e gener
all
y
at
tract
iveandar
eknownt
obepeacef
ulandhonor
abl
epeopl
e.

Val
der
rama(
1987:
5-6)hy
pot
hesi
zest
hatt
heI
ndonesi
answhoar
ri
vedi
nthe
Phi
l
ippi
nesi
nwav
esf
rom 3000t
o500BCi
nter
mar
ri
edwi
thnat
ivewomenandgav
e
bi
rt
htot
heManoboofeast
ernMi
ndanao.TheMal
ays,
whoar
ri
vedi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes
bet
ween300and200BCv
iaPal
awanandMi
ndor
o,i
nter
mar
ri
edwi
tht
heManobo
andt
husgav
ebi
rt
htot
heManday
a.TheChi
nesear
ri
vedi
nthe13t
hcent
uryand
cont
ri
but
edt
oManday
araci
aldev
elopmentt
hroughi
nter
mar
ri
age.

TheManday
ali
vei
nthecoast
alandupl
andar
easofsout
heastMi
ndanao,
Phi
l
ippi
nes,i
nthepr
ovi
ncesofDav
aoOr
ient
alandSur
igao.Ear
lyaccount
soft
his
gr
oupcanbef
oundi
nJesui
tCar
tasf
rom t
he1850st
othe1880s.Fol
l
owi
ngt
he
ar
ri
valoft
heSpani
ardsont
hei
rter
ri
tor
y,al
argenumberoft
hesepeopl
ewer
e
conv
ert
ed t
o Chr
ist
iani
ty and per
suaded t
o set
tl
einv
il
lages.They metand
i
nter
mar
ri
edwi
thVi
say
ansandot
heremi
grant
swhohadf
oll
owedt
heSpani
ardst
o
t
hesout
h.TheCat
hol
i
cChur
chandt
heSpani
shcol
oni
aladmi
nist
rat
ionwer
emov
ing
sout
hwar
dineast
ernMi
ndanaoatt
hist
ime,wi
tht
hegoalofest
abl
i
shi
ngmi
ssi
ons
andmi
l
itar
yset
tl
ement
stol
i
mitMor
oexpansi
onal
ongt
hiscoast
.Wi
tht
hear
ri
valof
Amer
icansaf
ter1900,t
hemi
ssi
onswer
etr
ansf
ormed i
nto muni
cipal
i
ties.Mat
i,
2
Manay
,Car
aga,Baganga,Cat
eel
,andLi
ngi
gar
enowmaj
orcoast
alset
tl
ement
s.But
dur
ingt
heSpani
shr
ule,t
heseset
tl
ement
swer
epar
ti
all
ydest
roy
edbyMor
orai
der
s,
andaf
tert
heSpani
sh-
Amer
icanwar
,theseat
tacksbecamesof
requentt
hatmanyof
t
hei
nhabi
tant
sdeser
tedt
hei
rhomesandr
etur
nedt
othei
rmount
ainki
nsment
o
r
esumet
hei
rol
dli
ves.Theef
fectoft
hisr
etur
nismostcl
eari
ntheCar
agaar
ea,
wher
e596Manday
apeopl
ehadal
readychangedt
hei
rrel
i
gionasl
ateas1885.

TheSpani
shcol
oni
zer
s'et
hnogr
aphi
cmapshowsManday
aexi
stencei
nthe
pr
esentpr
ovi
ncesofDav
aoOr
ient
al,Dav
aodelNor
te,andCompost
ell
aVal
l
ey,as
wel
lasf
rom Tagot
owni
nSur
igaodelSurandt
hesout
her
npar
tofAgusandelSur
.
Schol
arshav
eident
if
ied f
ivemaj
orManday
agr
oups:t
heMansaka,who l
i
vei
n
mount
ain cl
ear
ings;t
he Manwaga,who l
i
vei
nfor
est
ed mount
ain ar
eas;t
he
Pagsupan,who l
i
ve on t
he swampybanks oft
he Tagum and Hi
j
ori
ver
s;t
he
Managusan,whol
i
venearwat
er;andt
heDi
vav
aogan,whol
i
vei
nthesout
her
nand
west
ernCompost
ela(
Bagani
1980:
30;
Col
e1913:
165)
.Distri
buti
onofEthni
cGr
oupsbyPr ovinces
Tot
al NationalPopulat
ion 345,012
Agusandel Sur 58
Cebu 41
Dav ao 15,496(
NM 1991:54, 065)
Dav aoOr i
ental 17,457(NM 1991:116, 650)
Davaodel Sur 603(NM 1991:1,500)
Magui ndanao 10
NorthCot abato 49
Rizal 10
SouthCot abato 104
Surigaodel Sur 19

Ev
ent
houghear
li
err
ecor
dsi
mpl
ythatt
heManday
awer
eoneoft
hemost
compel
l
ingwar
ri
nggr
oupsi
neast
ernMi
ndanao,
wit
hthedecl
i
neandabsenceoft
he
hagancompl
exdur
ingt
he1920s,t
heManday
aar
enow di
sper
sedt
hroughoutt
hei
r
ancest
ralar
eas,
ful
l
ydependentonr
ice,
cor
n,andt
ubercul
ti
vat
ion,
andoccasi
onal
l
y,
commer
cial
abacapr
oduct
ion.

Thel
astmaj
ori
nfl
uenceont
hist
ri
becamef
rom Amer
icanpl
ant
ers,who
per
suadedt
hemor
eadv
ent
urousmember
stocomedownt
othecoastpl
ant
ati
ons
andadoptt
hel
i
feoft
heChr
ist
iani
zednat
ives.Manyoft
heseadv
ent
urer
shav
e

3
r
etur
nedt
othei
rmount
ainhomes,br
ingi
ngwi
tht
hem new i
deasandar
ti
fact
s,as
wel
laswi
vesf
rom ot
hert
ri
bes,i
nsomecases.Wi
thal
loft
hesei
nfl
uencesatwor
k,
t
her
ehasbeensi
gni
fi
cantchangei
nmanydi
str
ict
s,par
ti
cul
arl
yal
ongt
hePaci
fi
c
coast
.Thi
sdescr
ipt
ionwi
l
lat
temptt
ogi
vet
heol
dli
feoft
het
ri
beasi
tst
il
lexi
stsi
n
t
hemor
eremot
edi
str
ict
sorasi
twast
old byol
derpeopl
efr
om t
he coast
al
set
tl
ement
s.
OBJECTI
VES
Gener
alObj
ect
ives:
Thest
udyai
mst
odescr
ibet
heci
vi
li
zat
ionandcul
tur
all
i
ter
atur
eofManday
a
i
nMi
ndanao.

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives:
1.Descr
ibeandexpl
oret
heuni
quef
eat
uresofManday
ainMi
ndanao.
2.Descr
ibet
hemi
grat
ionandset
tl
ementhi
stor
yofManday
a.
3.Descr
ibet
hecul
tur
alaspect
sofManday
ainMi
ndanao.
3.
1Language
3.
2Bel
i
efs
3.
3Cust
omsandTr
adi
ti
ons
3.
3.1 Bi
rt
h
3.
3.2 Bapt
ism
3.
3.3 Mar
ri
age
3.
3.4 Deat
handBur
ial
3.
4Cul
tur
e
3.
4.1 Musi
c
3.
4.2 Food
3.
4.3 Dances
3.
4.4 Ar
tsandCr
aft
s

I
II
. ScopeandLi
mit
ati
on
Thi
sresear
chwi
l
lcov
erandf
ocusont
hemi
grat
ionandset
tl
ementhi
stor
y
andt
hecul
tur
eandt
radi
ti
onsoft
heManday
a’s.Thi
sresear
chwi
l
lmost
lyf
ocus
onManday
a’sl
anguageandbel
i
ef,
thei
rcust
omsandt
radi
ti
onsi
nbi
rt
h,bapt
ism,
cour
tshi
p,mar
ri
ageanddeat
handbur
ial
.Mor
eov
er,i
twi
l
lal
sof
ocusont
hei
r

4
cul
tur
esuchasar
tsandcr
aft
s,dances,musi
c,andf
ood.Resear
cher
schoset
he
Manday
abecauset
heyhav
eoneoft
hel
argestcul
tur
alher
it
agesamongot
her
et
hni
cgr
oupsandhav
ethi
sbel
i
ef/
bel
i
eft
hatgener
atesabl
endofnat
ures,
spi
ri
ts,
orman/
humant
hatmakest
hem di
sti
nct
.Thi
sst
udyr
eli
edonar
evi
ewofr
elat
ed
l
i
ter
atur
eorar
chi
val
rev
iews.

I
V. Met
hodsofGat
her
ingDat
a
Themet
hodusedi
nthi
sst
udyi
sar
chi
valr
esear
chorr
evi
ewsofav
ail
abl
erel
ated
l
i
ter
atur
esi
njour
nal
s,books,andot
heronl
i
nesour
ces.Ar
chi
valr
esear
chi
sthe
sear
ch f
orand ext
ract
ion ofi
nfor
mat
ion and ev
idence f
rom or
igi
nalar
chi
ves.
Ar
chi
vesar
eol
drecor
ds,document
s,andot
hersour
cest
hatt
ellaboutt
heact
ions
andcl
aimsofpeopl
e,or
gani
zat
ions,orbot
h.Ther
esear
cher
sspentenought
imet
o
r
eadandr
evi
ewst
heav
ail
abl
esour
cesandf
il
teroutt
hemostneededdat
atoi
ncl
ude
i
nthest
udy
.

Body
Thi
ssect
ionwi
l
ldi
scusst
hef
oll
owi
ngbel
i
efs,
language,
cust
omsand
t
radi
ti
onsandt
hecul
tur
eofManday
a.

Uni
queFeat
ures
The Manday
a ar
e di
sti
ngui
shed by t
hei
r hi
gh f
oreheads, pr
omi
nent
cheekbones,br
oad noses,t
hick l
i
ps,and angul
arf
eat
ures.Theyar
e gener
all
y
r
easonabl
e(Val
der
rama1987:
6-7)
.

Accor
dingt
oFay
-CooperCol
e(2006)i
nhi
sbook“
TheWi
l
dTr
ibesofDav
ao
Di
str
ict
,Mi
ndanao”Bot
hsexesweart
hei
rhai
rlongandcombi
tbacki
ntoaknot
.
Womenusual
l
ybangt
hei
rhai
racr
osst
hei
rfor
eheads,wher
easmenl
etal
ockf
alli
n
f
rontofeachear
.Thehai
risbr
own-
blackandsl
i
ght
lywav
y,t
houghf
ourpeopl
ewer
e
seenwi
thst
rai
ghthai
r.

The f
orehead i
s hi
gh and sl
i
ght
lyr
ecedi
ng i
n abouthal
foft
he peopl
e
obser
ved;
howev
er,
ful
l
,vaul
tedf
oreheadsar
enotuncommon.Thedi
stancebet
ween

5
t
hev
ert
exandt
het
ragusi
suni
for
mlyl
arge.Thecheekbonesar
epr
omi
nent
,andt
he
ent
ir
efacet
aper
sfr
om abov
e,cr
eat
inganangul
arappear
ance.I
n20%oft
hemen,
t
her
ootoft
henoseappear
edt
obecont
inuouswi
tht
hesupr
a-or
bit
alr
idge,whi
ch
was pr
omi
nenti
n such cases.I
n gener
al,t
he nose'
srooti
s br
oad,l
ow,and
depr
essed,
wit
hat
endencyf
ort
her
idget
obesl
i
ght
lyconcav
e.Thel
i
psar
ethi
ckand
bowed,
butpr
ognat
hism i
smi
nimal
.

Theski
nont
hebodyi
snott
att
ooedorot
her
wisemut
il
ated,
butt
hebr
owsar
e
f
requent
lyshav
edt
oat
hinl
i
ne,andt
het
eet
har
efi
l
edandbl
ackened.Fi
l
ingwas
pr
evi
ousl
ydonewi
thsmal
lst
ones,buti
mpor
tedf
il
esar
enowused.Thecol
ori
ngi
s
achi
evedbychewi
ngt
her
oot
soft
heanmov
ineandappl
yi
ngt
he"
sweat
"caughton
ast
eelbl
adehel
dabov
ethebur
ningbar
koft
hemagawant
reet
othet
eet
h.Thi
s
pr
act
iceappear
stoser
venopur
poseot
hert
hant
obeaut
if
ythei
ndi
vi
dualandshi
eld
t
hey
out
hfr
om mocker
yfr
om t
hei
rpeer
s.Tokeept
het
eet
hbl
ack,chewont
obacco
t
hathasbeent
reat
edwi
thl
emonj
uiceandhassatonr
ust
yir
ononar
egul
arbasi
s.

Source:
Source: ht
tps:
//i
.
pini
mg.
com/
ori
ginal
s/09/77/c8/0977c8c499581c80d4222c3
http:
//1.bp.
blogspot
.com/- 529b1576b.jpg
JKAJLbm5abs/
US0I
Tlhhg9I/AAAAAAAAAJ8/ PhREJ345X4g/
s1600/
m
an1.j
pg

Source:
ht
tps:
//i
.pi
nimg.
com/
ori
ginal
s/85/90/75/85907571815b33d879f
1d0f
aee9072a4.j
pg

Language
Manday
aisanAust
ronesi
anl
anguagespokenont
hePhi
l
ippi
nei
slandof
6
Mi
ndanao.Manday
aisaPhi
l
ippi
nel
anguagespokeni
nBaganga,Bost
on,Car
aga,
Cat
eel
,andMat
iCi
ty,
Dav
aoOr
ient
al.I
tispar
toft
heMansakansubgr
oup,
whi
chal
so
i
ncl
udesKal
agan,Ki
namay
o,Mansaka,andTagakaol
o(Bl
ust
,1991;Zor
c,Lobel
,and
Hal
l
,2019)
.

Accor
dingt
oDupi
ng,A.(
2018)i
nhi
smul
ti
plecasest
udyaboutVar
iat
ions
amongManday
aDi
alect
s.Fi
ndi
ngsr
eveal
edt
hatt
heManday
adi
alect
sconsi
stedof
23segment
alphonemes,
17consonant
s:/
b/,
/k/
,/d/
,/g/
,/h/
,/l
/,/
l̃l
/,/m/
,/n/
,/n/
,
/
p/,/
r/,/
s/,/
t/,/
w/,/
y/,and/
z/;si
xvowel
s:/
a/,/
e/,/
i/,/
o/,/
u/i
ncl
udi
ngt
heschwa
sound/
Ə/.Thephonol
ogi
calv
ari
ati
onofmanday
adi
alect
sfocusedmor
eont
hese
t
hreedi
sti
nctphonemes:t
hephoneme/
h/,
thephoneme/l̃l
/,andt
heschwasound
/Ə/and t
he v
owell
engt
heni
ng and phoneme subst
it
uti
on.Lexi
calst
ruct
ure
cl
assi
fi
cat
ionr
eveal
edt
hatt
her
ewer
ewor
dswi
thnov
ari
ati
onsacr
ossmuni
cipal
i
ties,
par
ti
cul
arl
yloanwor
ds.Manday
aal
so used mul
ti
plet
ermst
oref
ert
o asi
ngl
e
r
efer
entandasi
ngl
eter
mtor
efert
omul
ti
pler
efer
ent
s.Mor
eemphasi
swaspl
aced
onaf
fi
xat
ion,
redupl
i
cat
ion,
andaddi
ti
onordel
eti
on.Thesev
ari
ati
onswer
eat
tri
but
ed
t
o geogr
aphi
call
ocat
ion,i
nter
-mar
ri
age,t
he i
nfl
uence oft
echnol
ogyand soci
al
medi
a,andl
anguageov
erl
appi
ng.

Tabl
e1.Get
ti
ngt
oknoweachot
her
Engl
ish Manday
a
Whati
syourname? Unanpanganmo?
Howol
dar
eyou? Pi
l
ayangedadmo?
Wher
edi
dyoul
i
ve? Way
nkawy
aga'
uya?
Wher
eyoucamef
rom? Way
nkawy
aga-
gikan?/way
nkaw
maga'
si
kon?
Whatar
eyoudoi
ng? Yaga-
unokaw?
Wher
eisy
ourhouse? Way
nyangbaymau?
Howar
eyou? Kamust
adakaw?
Howar
eyout
oday
? Kamust
akawadon?
Who'
swi
thy
ou? Si
noy
angkai
banmo?
Woul
dyoul
i
keahel
p? Gust
okawngt
abang?

7
Tabl
e2.St
ati
ngCommandandr
equest
s
English Manday a
Eatqui ckl
y! Pagdalikaan.
Gov
emegl asswater
. Tagaiakongi sakabasonat ubi
g.
Pl
easegi
vemey ourcell
phonenumber
. Pal
ihogtagaet agaiakongkanmo
sel
ponnumber .
Accompanymet otheter
minal
. Ibaniakoadt usant er
minal.
Washthedishes. Hugasi yangmgapl ato.
Ki
ndlygetmythingsinsi
dethecar. Pal
ihogpagkamangngkanakmga
gamitadtosodngsaky anan.
Cl
eany
ourf
ace. Hugasi yangbay homo.

Tabl
e3.Compl
aini
ngst
atement
s
I
'
m si
ck! Yamasaki
tako.
I
'
m mad. Yamadamanako.
I
'
m hungr
y. Yamagut
om ako.
Myst
omachi
smaki
ng. Masaki
tyangt
iyanko.
Ihav
etopee. Ki
nahangl
ankomagi
hi.
Iam f
eel
i
ngdi
zzy Gi
l
ipongako.
Thef
oodt
ast
esbad. Wayl
ami
ngpagkai
n.
Thef
loori
smessy
. Mal
i
pay
angbant
aw.

Tabl
e4.Howt
oaski
nfor
mat
ion
Whatar
eyoudoi
ng? Yagaunokaw?
Whatdoy
oumean? Unanpasabotmo?
Doy
ouknow? Yat
igam kaw?
Whatdoy
out
hink? Unanpagt
uo?
What
'shappeni
ngher
e? Unany
amahi
tabongani
?
Wher
eist
hebedr
oom? Way
nyanghi
gdaanan?
Wher
eist
hebat
hroom? Way
nyangl
i
guanan?
Wher
eist
hecomf
ortr
oom? Way
nyangkasi
l
yasan?
Whati
sthev
iand? Unany
angut
an?

Tabl
e5.Howt
oint
roduce
Mynamei
s..
. Yangkanakpangankaysi
..
.

8
 Iam f
rom.
.. Gi
kanakoadt
o..
.
Myagei
s..
. Yangedadkokay
..
.
Iwasbor
non.
.. Yama-
otawakosangawong.
..
.
Mypar
ent
sar
e..
. Yanggi
nikanankokay
..
.

Tabl
e6.Depar
tur
ephr
ases
Ihav
etol
eav
e. Ki
nahangl
andakomopanaw.
I
t'
sbeengoodt
alki
nvt
oyou. Kaday
awmapag-
ist
ory
akanmu.
Hopet
oseey
ouagai
n. Si
ki
ramagki
tadai
sabki
tabal
i
k.

Tabl
e7.Expr
essi
onusedi
nthemar
ket
Howmuchi
sthi
sveget
abl
es? Tagpi
l
ayan/
ngi
ninggul
ay?
I
sthi
sst
il
lfr
esh? Pr
eskopangi
ni/
yani
?
Howmuchi
stheki
l
ooft
hisbl
ue Tagpi
l
ayangki
l
osi
ningt
uli
ngan?
mar
li
n?
Iwantt
obuysomechi
l
i. Papal
i
tadasaakosangkat
umbaw.
Doy
ouwantt
obuy
? Gust
okawmupal
i
t?
I
sn'
tther
eanydi
scount
? Wayhangy
osi
ni?
Letmebuy
. Papal
i
taako.
Her
eisy
ourchange. Di
kay
ayangkamby
omo.

Tabl
e8.Expr
essi
onusedi
naski
ngdi
rect
ions
CanIasky
ouquest
ions? Pwedeakomangut
ana?
Whati
sthi
spl
ace? Unany
ani
/ngi
ninal
ugar
?
Wher
ecanIf
indt
hispl
ace? Hai
n/hay
nkopwedemaki
tangi
nina
l
ugar
?
HowcanIgett
her
e? Unansakay
ankopar
amakaabot
ngadt
o?
I
sbt
hispl
acet
oof
ar? Mal
ayoayngi
ninal
ugar
?
HowcanIuset
his? Unuhonpanggami
tsi
ni?
I
sitawal
ki
ngdi
stant
? Mabakt
asl
angpasi
ngodadt
o?
Howmuchi
sthef
are? Pi
l
ayangpamasahi
?

9
Tabl
e9.
Expr
essi
onusedi
nthegi
vi
ngdi
rect
ionsandi
nst
ruct
ions
Comei
n! Sodadi
.
Pl
easesi
tdown Pal
i
hogpang-
ingkod
Let
'sgo! Bay
da!
Hur
ryup! Pagdal
i
!Pagapas-
apas!
Pl
easebequi
et. Pal
i
hogkat
ingon.
Shutup! Pagkat
ingon!
St
opi
t! Hi
ntuay
an!
Don'
twor
ry Ay
awpagkahawan
Don'
tfor
get Ay
awpagkal
i
ngawi
Hel
pyour
sel
f Tabangi
yangkanmokaugal
i
ngon!
Goahead Pag-
unada
Letmeknow! Pat
igamaako!
Af
tery
ou! Pagkat
aposmo!
Eatqui
ckl
y! Pagdal
ikaan.
Takei
twi
thy
ou. Dal
'
lay
ani
adt
okanmo.

Tabl
e10.Thesear
ethemanday
acount
erpar
toft
hef
oll
owi
ngwh-
quest
ions
What Unan
Wher
e Hai
n/Way
n
When Ki
n'
no
Who Si
no
Why Nangasa
How Gi
uno

Al
way
sremembert
hatt
hewor
d"Hai
n"i
sof
tenusedbyt
henewuser
soft
he
l
anguage.Thepur
ebl
oodedManday
aswhoof
tenl
i
vedi
nrur
alar
easusedt
hewor
d
"
Way
n"

10
Bel
ief
s
Manday
abel
i
efsar
egener
all
ycent
eredonnat
urespi
ri
ts(
diwat
a),bot
hgood
andbad.I
ncont
rastt
oChr
ist
ianbel
i
ef,whi
chr
egar
dsev
ilasanabsol
uteenemyof
one'
sfai
thandmor
ali
ty,t
heManday
abel
i
evet
hatev
ilspi
ri
tscanbeappeasedand
madef
ri
endl
y.TheManday
adot
hist
hroughr
it
ual
s,of
fer
ings,andsacr
if
ices.The
Manday
awoul
dembr
aceev
ili
fitmeantt
urni
ngi
tint
osomet
hinggood.

Theyhol
dfest
ival
stoi
nvi
te"
diwat
as,
"orspi
ri
ts,andt
orequestgoodheal
th
andheal
i
ngf
ort
hesi
ck.Theymakeuseofav
ari
etyofbamboomusi
cali
nst
rument
s.
Thedeceasedar
ebur
iedwi
tht
hei
rcof
fi
nsupr
ightandsomef
oodf
ort
he"
jour
ney
."

Thei
rrel
i
gioni
sani
mist
ic.Theybel
i
evei
nAni
tos,
butt
heyr
egar
d"Magbabay
o"
(
God)ast
heSupr
emeBei
ng.Ev
eryhar
vestseason,
athanksgi
vi
ngf
est
ivali
shel
dfor
Tagbanwa(
thel
andowner
).Theyal
sohav
eacar
vedi
mageoft
hisdei
tyi
nthei
r
homes.Dur
ingt
her
it
ual
s,f
emal
epr
iest
esses(
Bai
l
ans)medi
ate.

The Jesui
ts and August
ini
an Recol
l
ect
s began mi
ssi
onar
y wor
kint
he
si
xteent
hcent
ury
.ManyManday
aswer
ebapt
izedi
ntheCar
agaRegi
on.Obser
ver
s
sayt
hatev
en"
Chr
ist
iani
zed"Manday
asmai
ntai
nthei
rtr
adi
ti
onal
way
s.

I
ndeed,
Godi
sthesour
ceofbot
hgoodandev
ili
ntheManday
awor
ldv
iewand
t
radi
ti
on.Fort
heManday
a,t
heul
ti
mat
eandabsol
utedei
tyi
sani
nfi
nit
ereal
i
ty
spr
eadt
hroughoutt
hev
ast
nessoft
hewor
ld,
whodesi
gnedandgov
ernst
heor
derof
t
heuni
ver
se,
from t
hecy
cleoft
hesun,
moon,
andt
ide—ev
ery
thi
ng.TheManday
acal
l
t
hisGodMagbabay
a,whi
cht
ransl
atesas"
Gov
ernor
."
The et
hni
c gr
oup'
srel
i
gious obser
vances ar
e di
rect
ed by t
he bal
l
yan
(
pri
est
ess)
.Thei
rmy
ster
iousabi
l
iti
esgi
vet
hem al
otofpoweramongt
hei
rpeer
s,but
t
heyst
il
lhav
etoobeyt
hel
eaderoft
hear
ea.

Theet
hni
cgr
oupi
sdi
vi
dedi
ntonumer
oussmal
lgr
oups,eachgov
ernedbya
bagani
.Amanmusthav
edi
sti
ngui
shedhi
msel
fasawar
ri
orandki
l
ledatl
eastt
en
peopl
ewi
thhi
sownhandt
oachi
evet
hiscov
etedposi
ti
on(
asr
ecor
dedi
n1913)
.The
v
ict
imsdonothav
etobeki
l
ledi
ncombatandcanbeofanygenderorageasl
ong
ast
heycomef
rom ahost
il
evi
l
lage.Whent
her
equi
rednumberofl
i
veshav
ebeen
11
t
aken,t
heaspi
rantpet
it
ionst
henei
ghbor
ingbaganif
ort
her
ightt
obecount
ed
amongt
hei
rchosenf
ew.Theywi
l
lgat
hert
oeataf
eastpr
epar
edbyt
hecandi
dat
e
bef
oresol
emnl
ydebat
ingt
hemer
it
sofhi
scase.Thepet
it
ionmaybecompl
etel
y
i
gnor
ed,ori
tmaybedeci
dedt
hatt
heexpl
oit
sdescr
ibedar
eonl
ysuf
fi
cientt
oal
l
ow
t
hewar
ri
ort
obeknownasahal
fbagani
.Int
hiscase,
hemaywearr
edcl
otht
rouser
s,
buti
fhei
sgr
ant
edt
hef
ullt
it
le,hemaywearabl
ood-
redsui
tandat
urbanoft
he
samecol
or.Meni
nthi
sgr
oupwhoar
emor
eact
ivear
eeagert
ogett
hist
it
le,
andas
ar
esul
t,manyl
i
vesar
elostev
eryy
ear
.Col
e,F.(
2006)

Cust
omsandTr
adi
ti
ons
I
. Bi
rt
h
Accor
dingt
oCol
e,F.(
2006)i
nhi
sbook“
TheWi
l
dTr
ibesofDav
aoDi
str
ict
,
Mi
ndanao”
.Ther
ear
eoneort
womi
dwi
ves,knownasmanagámon,i
neachdi
str
ict
.
Theyar
emi
ddl
e-agedwomenwhoar
eknowl
edgeabl
eaboutt
hemedi
cinesandr
it
es
t
hatshoul
dbeuseddur
ingchi
l
dbi
rt
h.Theyar
enotconsi
der
edbal
l
yan,butt
heydo
communi
cat
ewi
thspi
ri
tsonoccasi
on.t
oWhenapr
egnantwomani
saboutt
ogi
ve
bi
rt
h,t
hemi
dwi
fecr
ushest
hebar
koft
hedap-
dapt
reeandmakest
agamo,whi
ch
sheadmi
nist
erst
hepat
ient
.Iti
scl
aimedt
hatt
hiscausest
hemuscl
est
orel
ax,
al
l
owi
ngf
oraneasi
erdel
i
ver
y.Theumbi
l
icalcor
discutwi
thabambookni
feand
gi
vent
othemot
herassoonast
hechi
l
disbat
hed.Theaf
ter
bir
thi
spl
acedi
na
speci
albasketandhungagai
nstt
hesi
deoft
hehouseori
nanear
byt
ree.The
mi
dwi
fehel
psar
oundt
hehousef
oraf
ewday
s,andt
henshet
akesherpay
mentof
r
ice,
chi
cken,
andf
ishandr
etur
nst
oherhome.I
fthechi
l
dbecomesi
l
l,shewi
l
lret
urn,
andaf
terpl
aci
ngr
iceandbet
elnut
sonbananal
eav
es,
shewi
l
lcar
ryt
hem t
othet
op
oft
hehouseandof
fert
hem t
otheasuang,whi
l
easki
ngt
hosespi
ri
tst
oacceptt
he
of
fer
ingandst
opbot
her
ingt
hechi
l
d.Ther
eisnocer
emonywhenachi
l
disnamedor
whent
heyr
eachpuber
ty.Howev
er,
whent
heyr
eachpuber
ty,
thei
rteet
har
efi
l
edand
dar
kenedt
omaket
hem mor
ebeaut
if
ulandhel
pthem f
indagoodmar
ri
age.

I
I. Bapt
ism
Thef
ir
st,andusual
l
yonl
y,st
epi
nconv
ert
ingt
oChr
ist
iani
tyi
sbapt
ism—t
he
spi
ri
tualr
ebi
rt
hofone'
ssouli
npr
epar
ati
onf
orul
ti
mat
edest
inyi
not
hersuper
nat
ural
12
spher
es.Al
mostal
lChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
ieswhowor
kineast
ernMi
ndanaot
hinkt
hat
bapt
ism i
s onl
ythe f
ir
stst
ep t
owar
dli
vi
ng a Chr
ist
ian l
i
fe.I
nreal
i
ty,most
mi
ssi
onar
ies(
especi
all
ythosewi
thsmal
lchur
ches)r
ecogni
zet
hatt
hechancesof
f
oll
owi
nguponal
lnat
iveswhoar
ebapt
izedar
esl
i
m.So,
peopl
ear
ebapt
izedwi
thout
muchoranyr
eli
gioust
rai
ning,
wit
hthehopet
hatatl
eastaf
ewManday
afami
l
ieswi
l
l
l
ear
nmor
eaboutr
eli
gion.

Atl
eastwheni
nter
act
ingwi
thcoast
alpopul
ati
ons,UpperManayandCar
aga,
t
hoseManday
asegment
sinv
olv
edi
nabacapr
oduct
ion,
recogni
zet
hei
mpor
tanceof
bei
nga"
Bisay
an.
"Ext
ernal
l
y,t
hisi
seasi
l
yaccompl
i
shedt
hroughchangesi
ncl
othi
ng,
hai
rcut
ti
ng,andt
heexcl
usi
veuseofBi
say
an,t
hel
i
nguaf
ranca.Changesont
he
out
sidear
ejustt
hest
artoft
heupl
ander
s't
ransf
ormat
ioni
ntot
hecoast
alBi
say
an
peopl
e,t
hough.
TheManday
aal
soacknowl
edget
hatal
lBi
say
ansar
ebapt
izedChr
ist
ians.
Thi
scl
oser
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenbapt
ism andbei
ngaBi
say
ani
sespeci
all
ysi
gni
fi
cant
i
nthei
nter
act
ionofupl
andManday
awi
thcoast
alpopul
ati
ons.I
ncaseswher
ethe
Manday
adi
scussedt
hemeani
ngandr
oleofbapt
ism,near
ly80% bel
i
evedt
hat
bapt
ism washow onebecameaBi
say
an.Theconceptofspi
ri
tualr
ejuv
enat
ion,
whi
chi
scommonl
yassoci
atedwi
thbapt
ism,wasr
arel
yrecogni
zedasi
mpor
tant
,if
atal
l
.Thehi
ghnumberofManday
awhogot
oacoast
almi
ssi
onorchur
ch,get
bapt
ized,andr
etur
nas"
Bisay
ans"at
test
stot
his.Atl
eastwheni
nter
act
ingwi
tht
he
coast
alpeopl
e,bei
ngaBi
say
ant
otheManday
aimpl
i
est
hatt
heManday
ahav
eequal
st
andi
ngwi
tht
hecoast
alBi
say
ans.Wher
east
hef
oot
hil
lManday
a,whoar
einv
olv
ed
i
nabacapr
oduct
ionandmar
ket
ingandar
eincl
osecont
actwi
thcoast
algr
oups,
becomebapt
izedasameansofacqui
ri
ngandassumi
ngBi
say
anst
atus,
thei
nter
ior
upl
andr
ice-
cul
ti
vat
ingManday
aar
erar
elyi
nvol
vedi
ndi
recti
nter
act
ionwi
thcoast
al
popul
ati
ons.

Thepr
ocessof"
Bisay
ani
zat
ion"t
hroughbapt
ism i
snotnew,
nori
sitl
i
mit
edt
o
abacaf
armer
s.Themaj
ori
tyofcoast
algr
oupsar
eact
ual
l
yManday
apopul
ati
ons
whower
econv
ert
edi
nthel
ateSpani
shorear
lyAmer
icanper
iods.Whenasked,
"
Whatar
eyou?
"insuchcases,t
hecommonr
esponsei
s"ABi
say
an.
"Fur
theri
nqui
ry
ast
owhatBi
say
anI
slandonei
sfr
om orwher
ehi
spar
ent
sorgr
andpar
ent
swer
e
f
rom usual
l
yrev
eal
sthatal
lli
nealki
nwer
ebor
ninagi
venl
ocal
i
tyi
neast
ernDav
ao

13
orSur
igaodelSurasf
arasonecant
racedescent
.Fi
nal
l
y,bapt
ism i
sthef
oundat
ion
f
orcal
l
ingonesel
faBi
say
an.

OnebecomesaBi
say
annotonl
ythr
oughchangesi
ncl
othi
ng,hai
rst
yle,and
bapt
ism,butal
sot
hroughact
ivepar
ti
cipat
ioni
nasoci
alf
ramewor
kthati
spar
tof
t
he"
mai
nst
ream ofPhi
l
ippi
neCul
tur
e."ABi
say
ani
ssomeonewhoi
sful
l
yawar
eof
nat
ional
li
fe,
knowst
he"
insandout
s"ofbusi
ness,
pol
i
tics,
andsoci
ety
,andi
sabl
eto
par
ti
cipat
einl
owl
andPhi
l
ippi
nepol
i
tical
,soci
al,andr
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ionsand
act
ivi
ti
es.I
tisnecessar
yforaManday
awhoi
sgr
adual
l
yent
eri
ngt
hespher
eof
Phi
l
ippi
neeconomi
cact
ivi
tyt
oacqui
rel
owl
andcul
tur
alpat
ter
nsandat
ti
tudes.Thus,
Chr
ist
ian bapt
ism ofa Manday
arepr
esent
s a par
ti
alshi
fti
nref
erence gr
oup
st
ruct
ure.Abapt
izedManday
acal
l
shi
msel
faBi
say
an,usesBi
say
anast
hel
i
ngua
f
ranca,andsel
ect
ivel
ymani
fest
sact
ivi
tyi
nlowl
andPhi
l
ippi
necul
tur
ewhendeal
i
ng
wi
th non-
Manday
a.I
nthe f
oot
hil
l
s,one i
s a Manday
a,speaks Manday
a,and
par
ti
cipat
esi
nal
laspect
sofManday
asoci
alst
ruct
ure.(
Yengoy
an,
A.,
n.d.
)

I
II
. Cour
tshi
p
Obgui
a,A.(
2021)
.Thepr
imar
ygoalofcour
tshi
pri
tual
sist
ogat
herasmuch
i
nfor
mat
ionast
hewoman'
sfami
l
yrequi
res.Pangusi
p,usi
pon,andusi
pal
lhav
e
si
mil
armeani
ngs.Theyal
lref
ert
odi
ff
erentway
sofget
ti
ngt
oknow eachf
ami
l
y.
Essent
ial
l
y,i
tispar
toft
hecour
tshi
pri
tual
stoaskt
hecoupl
eaboutt
hei
rfeel
i
ngsf
or
eachot
herdur
ingt
he'
pamungad'or'
panuod.
'It
'swhent
heDat
usay
sthi
ngsl
i
ke
"
sumugot
,manggad,and br
il
yant
ing.
"Thet
erms'manggad '
and'br
il
yant
ing '
are
r
equi
redi
nther
it
ual
sasgi
ft
sfr
om t
heman'
sor'
ka-
usgan'
fami
l
y.Thesear
eof
fer
ed
t
othewoman,
or'
bobay
',dur
ingt
her
it
ual
stogai
nherf
avor
.

Accor
dingt
otheel
derpar
ti
cipant
s,t
heol
dri
tual
sar
efor
malandsol
emnl
y
per
for
med.I
nthepast
,member
soft
heman'
sandwoman'
sfami
l
ies,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hei
r
chosenr
elat
ives,t
ookpar
tincour
tshi
pri
tual
s.Ther
it
ual
swer
eal
way
sini
ti
atedby
t
het
ri
be'
s'Dat
u'or
'El
der
,'whoal
way
sbeganwi
tha'panawagt
awag.‘
Fol
l
owi
ngt
he
panawagt
awag,t
he coupl
e ar
e pr
esent
ed wi
th gi
ft
s such as cl
othi
ng,l
ady
's
or
nament
s,papul
a,andagong.Thi
sist
hest
artoft
hepangusi
p.Thewomanandher
soon-
to-
behusbandar
equest
ionedaboutwhet
herornott
heyl
i
keeachot
her
.Ift
he

14
womanexpr
essesheraf
fect
ion,
shewi
l
lsei
zeapi
eceofcl
othpl
acedi
nfr
ontofher
.
The t
ri
be r
efer
red t
oitas'pagpi
sisa manggad.‘
I
fthe woman expr
esses
di
ssat
isf
act
ion,herpar
ent
swi
l
ltal
ktoherf
orawhi
l
etogi
veheradv
ice.Thi
sis
knownas"
tuwada.
"Ther
it
ualconcl
udeswi
thpagdawat
,whi
chmeanssheagr
eest
o
bet
owed.Theser
it
ual
s,howev
er,
arenol
ongerpr
act
icedi
nthepr
esenter
a.

Howev
er,t
heset
ermsar
enol
ongerusedi
nmoder
nri
tual
s.Thecommuni
ty
nol
ongerpr
act
icescour
tshi
pri
tual
s,accor
dingt
okeyi
nfor
mant
sinf
ocusgr
oup
di
scussi
onsandi
n-dept
hint
erv
iews.Nobodyi
nthecommuni
typer
for
mst
her
it
ual
s
becauset
hey
oungergener
ati
onsf
oll
owt
hecur
rentcour
tshi
ppr
act
ices.Oneoft
he
ol
derpar
ti
ci
pant
sdemonst
rat
edt
hatt
hey
oungergener
ati
onnol
ongerv
aluest
hese
r
it
ual
s.

Tabl
e11.Var
iat
ionsandChangesi
ntheOl
dandNew Cour
tshi
pandMar
ri
age
Ri
tual
sinManday
aTr
ibe
Var
iat
ionsandChangesint
heOldandNewCour
tshi
pandMar
ri
age
Ri
tual
s Ri
tual
sinManday
aTri
be
Old New
Pamungadi s a way ofr ender ing servi
ces
toone’ssoon- to-bemot her/father-i
n-l
aw
Pamagt ii
sanot hertermf orpamungad
Pangusipist hecust omarypr acti
ceofget t
ing
toknoweachf ami ly
Usiponmeanst oaskt ogeti nformation
Usipmeansaquest ion
Cour
tshi
p Sumugotmeanst oagreewi th Not being pr acti
ced
Manggadi sapi eceofclot h anymore by t he
Bri
lyanti
ng r ef
er sto anyoft he ornaments youngergenerati
onsof
wornbywomen thecommuni ty
Ka-usganr efer
st ot he fami lyand r el
ati
ves
ofman
Usogr eferstoaman
Kabobay anisthef ami l
yoft hewoman
Bobayr eferstoawoman
panuodissi mil
ari nmeani ngwi thpamagt i

Fur
ther
mor
e,cour
tshi
pri
tual
sar
edoomedt
oext
inct
ionasar
esul
toft
he
y
oungergener
ati
ons'new i
deol
ogi
esand pr
act
ices.Onepar
ti
cipantagr
eed t
hat

15
y
out
h'schangi
ngchar
act
erandv
aluesy
stemsposeat
hreatt
ocust
omar
ylaws.Asa
r
esul
t,par
ent
spl
ayani
mpor
tantr
olei
npr
eser
vingol
dpr
act
icest
hatar
eont
hev
erge
ofext
inct
ion.Theyconcl
udedt
hatt
hey
oungergener
ati
on'
sdi
srespectf
ort
hei
r
par
ent
scoul
dbet
hecauseofi
tsext
inct
ion.

I
V. Mar
ri
age
Accor
dingt
oCol
e,F.(
2006)i
nhi
sbook“
TheWi
l
dTr
ibesofDav
aoDi
str
ict
,
Mi
ndanao”
.Par
ent
sfr
equent
lyar
rangemat
chesf
ort
hei
rchi
l
drenwhent
heyar
ever
y
y
oung,buti
nthemaj
ori
tyofcases,t
hemat
teri
slef
tunt
ilaf
terpuber
ty,whent
he
wi
shesoft
hey
oungpeopl
ear
etakeni
ntoaccount
.Af
tersel
ect
ingasui
tabl
egi
rl
,the
y
out
horhi
sfat
hert
akesorsendsaspear
,kni
fe,orot
heraccept
abl
epr
esentt
oher
f
ather
.Ift
hisof
fer
ingi
saccept
ed,i
tindi
cat
est
hatt
hemat
chi
sappr
oved,andsoon
af
ter
,af
easti
spr
epar
edf
orwhi
chf
ri
endsf
rom bot
hfami
l
iesar
einv
ited.Thepr
icet
o
bepai
dfort
hegi
rlandt
het
imeofmar
ri
agear
eagr
eeduponatt
hisf
east
,andat
l
eastpar
ti
alpay
menti
smade.Aswi
tht
henei
ghbour
ingt
ri
bes,
apor
ti
onoft
hev
alue
oft
hegi
fti
sret
urned.Fol
l
owi
ngt
heagr
eement
,theboyent
erst
heser
viceofhi
s
f
iancée’
sfat
herandl
i
vesasamemberoft
hef
ami
l
yforay
earormor
e.Ev
enaf
ter
t
heygetmar
ri
ed,hei
sst
il
lexpect
edt
ohel
pal
otwi
thpl
ant
ing,har
vest
ing,and
bui
l
ding.
Fol
l
owi
ngaf
east
,they
oungcoupl
efeedseachot
herr
iceanddr
inksf
rom a
commoncupi
nthemar
ri
agecer
emony
.

I
fany
thi
nghappenst
opr
eventt
hemar
ri
age,t
hegi
ft
smustber
etur
nedor
ser
viceequalt
othei
rval
uemustber
ender
edaf
tert
hepay
mentf
ort
hegi
rlhasbeen
made.Unf
ait
hful
nessont
hepar
toft
hewomanappear
stobet
heonl
yreasonf
ora
di
vor
ce,andt
hisi
sunusualbecauseunl
essheradmi
rerpur
chasesherf
orasum
equal
tot
heamountherhusbandspentobt
aini
ngher
,thedi
vor
cedwomanr
emai
nsa
sl
avei
nherf
ormerhusband'
shome.

Pol
ygamyi
slegalandcommon,
butamanmaynotmar
ryasecondwi
feunt
il
t
hef
ir
sthasgi
venbi
rt
htoachi
l
d.Amanmayhav
easmanyconcubi
nesashecan
af
for
d,i
naddi
ti
ont
ohi
swi
ves.Amani
ssai
dtobecommi
tt
ingagr
avesi
nifhe
embr
acesamar
ri
edwomanorev
ent
ouchest
hebr
east
s,el
bows,orheel
sofany
woman he does noti
ntend t
o mar
ry.An unmar
ri
ed woman who al
l
ows such
16
f
ami
l
iar
it
yisconsi
der
edmar
ri
ed.Despi
tet
hisasser
ti
on,t
heaut
hori
sawar
eof
sev
eral
casesi
nwhi
chy
oungpeopl
eli
vedt
oget
herwi
thoutbei
ngconsi
der
edmar
ri
ed,
andt
hepar
ent
slat
erar
rangedmar
ri
agesbet
weent
hesegi
rl
sandot
hersui
tor
s.

I
ncesti
spuni
shedbyt
hesacr
if
iceoft
hegui
l
typar
ti
es,accor
dingt
osev
eral
i
nfor
mant
s.Theyar
eti
edt
oat
reeandspear
edt
odeat
hwi
tht
hei
rhandsdr
awn
backwar
dar
oundt
het
runk.Humansacr
if
iceappear
stobepr
act
icedbymember
sof
t
hist
ri
beonl
yont
hisoneoccasi
on.

Obgui
a,A.(
2021)
.Mar
ri
ager
it
ual
s,asopposedt
ocour
tshi
pri
tual
s,ar
est
il
l
obser
vedbyt
heManday
atoday
.Thepastr
it
ual
scompr
isedei
ghtsegment
s,namel
y
Pagpal
i
na/
Manawagt
awag(
Cal
l
ingoft
hespi
ri
ts)
,Mi
nusmos(
Feedi
nguni
test
he
manandwoman)
,Makambi
naw at
ubi
g(Dr
inki
ngwat
er)
,Pagkansai
k’
kog/
Sungi
ta
(
Shar
ing of egg)
, Pagsangkob sa bal
i
yog (
Donni
ng of neckl
ace)
,
Panguy
abkuy
ab/
pagkamang sa l
agumba (
Cast
ing t
he bad spi
ri
ts)
,Magt
uwada
(
Godpar
ent
sgi
vi
ngadv
ice)
,andMaghawk(
Kissi
ngeachot
her
).Thesegment
sin
pastcour
tshi
pandmar
ri
ager
it
ual
sar
ecl
earandcont
inuousf
rom cur
rentpr
act
ices.
Thenewmar
ri
ager
it
ual
sconsi
stoft
hreemaj
orpar
ts:t
hef
ir
stpar
t,whi
chconsi
sts
of18segment
s,t
hesecondpar
t,andt
hel
astpar
t.Ther
ear
esegment
sint
hepast
t
hat ar
e st
il
l obser
ved at pr
esent
. These ar
e panawagt
awag, mi
nusmos,
panguy
abkuy
ab,magt
uwada,andpaghawk.Essent
ial
l
y,t
hismakest
hest
ruct
ureof
t
hepr
esentr
it
ual
smor
eel
abor
ate.Fi
nal
l
y,t
hepar
ti
cipant
srev
eal
edsev
eralf
act
ors
t
hatspel
l
edt
hev
ari
ati
onsandchangesoft
her
it
ual
s,namel
yrel
i
gion,
migr
ati
on,
and
i
nter
mar
ri
age.
 

Reasonsf
orv
ari
ati
onsandchanges
Obgui
a,A.(
2021)
.The v
ari
ati
onsand changesi
n cour
tshi
p and mar
ri
age
r
it
ual
swer
eder
ivedf
rom ani
n-dept
hdi
scussi
onoft
hepar
ti
cipant
s,par
ti
cul
arl
ythe
el
der
swhohav
etr
avel
edbot
hsi
desoft
ime:pastandpr
esent
.Adul
tinsi
ght
sasa
sour
ceofi
nfor
mat
ionf
orcur
rentpr
act
icesaddedsubst
anceandr
ichnesst
othe
dat
a.Thesei
deaswer
ecombi
nedt
ofor
mthr
eemaj
ort
hemes:l
anguagest
ance,
exposur
etoot
herl
anguagesandr
eli
giousdenomi
nat
ions,andcont
empor
arysoci
al
i
ndi
cat
ors.

17
V. Si
cknessandDeat
h
Accor
dingt
oCol
e,F.(
2006)i
nhi
sbook“
TheWi
l
dTr
ibesofDav
aoDi
str
ict
,
Mi
ndanao”
.Whenaper
soni
sser
iousl
yil
l
,abal
l
yani
ssummoned,andsheent
ers
i
ntocommuni
cat
ionwi
tht
hespi
ri
tsaf
terobt
aini
ngpr
epar
edr
ice,bet
elnut
s,anda
l
i
vechi
cken.Shef
ir
stconv
erseswi
tht
hesi
ckper
son'
sdeceasedf
atherorot
her
deceasedr
elat
iveandr
equest
shi
sassi
stancei
nef
fect
ingacur
e.Thenshepr
esent
s
f
oodt
oDi
wat
aandbegshi
sassi
stance,andf
inal
l
yshesummonst
heasuang,t
o
whom sheof
fer
sthel
i
vef
owlont
hecondi
ti
ont
hatt
heyceaseat
tempt
ingt
oinj
ure
t
hepat
ient
.Af
tershehasdoneev
ery
thi
ngshecant
oinf
luencet
hespi
ri
ts,shemay
admi
nist
erasi
mpl
eremedybef
orebegi
nni
ngt
odancecount
er-
clockwi
sear
ounda
bamboopol
ewi
thl
eav
esandbet
elnut
shungoni
t.

Thi
scer
emonyi
susual
l
yhel
dint
heman'
shome,buti
fhebecomesi
l
lint
he
f
orestori
nhi
sfi
eld,i
tmaybehel
dther
easwel
l
.Ift
hist
reat
mentf
ail
sandt
he
pat
ientdi
es,hi
sbodyi
spl
acedi
nthecent
eroft
hehouseandguar
dedbyr
elat
ives
andf
ri
endsf
ort
woday
sandni
ght
s.Dur
ingt
het
imet
hatt
hebodyi
sint
hehouse,
the
f
ami
l
yisr
equi
redt
ofast
,andal
lresi
dent
sar
efor
biddenf
rom pl
ayi
ngont
hei
r
agongs,si
ngi
ng,orengagi
ngi
not
herf
ormsofent
ert
ainment
.Thebodyi
sthen
wr
appedi
namatandbur
iedi
nthef
orest
.

Maxeydescr
ibesabur
ialnearCat
eelasf
oll
ows:"
Thedeadper
soni
sdr
essed
i
nhi
sbestcl
othes,wr
appedi
nabacacl
oth,andbur
iedi
nacof
fi
nmadeofbamboo
pol
es,oronehewnf
rom asol
i
dlogi
ftheper
sonwasweal
thy
."I
fhei
sofal
ower
soci
alcl
ass,hei
ssi
mpl
ywr
appedi
napi
eceofmat
ti
ngandbur
iedorcov
eredov
er
wi
thst
ones,st
icks,andt
hel
i
ke.I
fthedeceasedi
sofhi
ghr
ank,t
hebodyi
snot
bur
iedbutr
athert
akeni
ntot
hef
orestandpl
acedi
nasmal
lhutunderabal
etet
ree
af
terpr
epar
ati
on.Food,spear
s,bol
os,hat
s,shi
elds,andsomef
urni
tur
ear
epl
aced
ongr
avest
oappeasespi
ri
tswhomi
ghtot
her
wisehar
mthecl
anorf
ami
l
y'ssur
viv
ing
member
s.Ther
eisnosetper
iodofmour
ning,butf
ami
l
ymember
smustwearbl
ack
f
orsomet
imeaf
tert
hedeat
h.Thesi
ckar
enev
erabandonedbef
oredeat
h,but
sl
avesont
hev
ergeofdeat
har
esomet
imeski
l
ledt
oendt
hei
ragony
.Howev
er,t
he
ownermustf
ir
stconsul
twi
thot
hercl
anmember
s."

Whent
hepeopl
eret
urnf
rom t
hebur
ial
,theyhav
eaf
eastandt
hensetf
ir
eto
18
t
hehouse"
becausewedonotl
i
ket
heasuangwhoki
l
ledt
hemani
nthathouse.
"
Dur
ingt
henextni
neday
s,t
hespouseoft
hedeceasedwear
sbl
ack,andt
heent
ir
e
f
ami
l
yisf
orbi
ddenf
rom cel
ebr
ati
ngf
oramont
h,orunt
ilt
heycanpur
chaseasl
ave.
Member
soft
het
ri
beadv
ancedt
wor
easonsf
ort
hepur
chaseoft
hissl
ave.Onewas
t
hatt
hef
ami
l
ywoul
dbecont
enti
ftheycoul
dst
il
laf
for
dtobuyasl
ave.Thesecond
i
sthatt
heyr
epl
acedt
hedeadmanwi
thanot
her
,"becausesl
avesar
eli
kemember
s
ofourownf
ami
l
y."

Cul
tur
e
I
. Musi
c

TheManday
aar
ewel
l
-knownf
ort
hei
rmusi
c.Musi
cisani
mpor
tantpar
tof
t
hei
rcul
tur
e,andt
heyf
requent
lyi
ncor
por
atedi
ff
erentmusi
cal
inst
rument
sand
dancesi
ntot
hei
rcel
ebr
ati
onsandr
it
ual
s.Manday
ari
ddl
esandpr
over
bswer
eof
ten
sungasf
olksongs,
whi
chshowedhowt
hepeopl
ethoughtaboutl
i
feandt
hewor
ld
asawhol
e.

Manday
afol
ksongs,l
i
ker
iddl
esandpr
over
bs,r
efl
ectt
hepeopl
e'
scol
l
ect
ive
at
ti
tudet
owar
dli
feandt
hewor
ld.Theoy
og-
oyog(
lul
l
aby
)andt
hebay
okar
etwo
t
ypes off
olk songs t
hathav
e sur
viv
ed i
nthe i
ndi
genous r
eper
toi
re(
lov
e and
adv
ent
uresongs)
.Thef
ormeri
saboutchi
l
dhoodandpar
ent
all
ove,
whi
l
ethel
att
eri
s
aboutmat
ernall
oveandaspi
rat
ions.Themusi
cisr
elaxi
ng(
Fuent
esandDel
aCr
uz
1980:
25)
.

Theoy
og-
oyog(
lul
l
aby
)andt
hebay
okar
etwot
ypesoff
olksongst
hathav
e
sur
viv
edi
nthei
ndi
genousr
eper
toi
re(
lov
eandadv
ent
uresongs)
.Thef
ormeri
s
aboutchi
l
dhoodandpar
ent
all
ove,
whi
l
ethel
att
eri
saboutmat
ernal
lov
eand
aspi
rat
ions.Themusi
cisr
elaxi
ng(
Fuent
esandDel
aCr
uz1980:
25)
.

Bay
ok(
lov
eandadv
ent
uresongs)i
scomposedoft
wor
hymi
ngl
i
neswi
th
sy
ll
abl
esr
angi
ngf
rom 6t
o13.I
tmakesuseofdev
icesl
i
kemet
aphor
,sy
nony
mous
phr
ases,anddi
ff
erentwor
dsf
ort
hesamer
efer
ent
,par
t-
whol
esubst
it
uti
on,and
memor
yai
dsl
i
kel
ongnaan,whi
chmeans"
iti
ssai
d."Thebay
ok'
spi
tchchanges
19
dependi
ngont
hemoodoft
hest
ory
.For
eignwor
dshav
ebeenadopt
ed,suchas
t
abangi(
Cebuanof
or"
hel
pandsuppor
t"
).A magdadawot(
nat
ivebar
d)per
for
ms
t
hem,andheorshei
sexpect
edt
obeanexper
tint
heanci
entar
tofchant
ingt
he
panay
day
,orv
ersi
fi
cat
ion,i
nwhi
cht
hepoemsar
ecomposed.Al
ongwi
thbei
ng
pr
ofi
cienti
ncoupl
ets,t
hepanay
daywi
l
lbeexpect
edt
ober
ender
edi
nav
ari
etyof
t
radi
ti
onalmusi
calst
yles.Thehul
l
obat
ion,ornar
rat
ivesoft
hedawot
,cant
ake
sev
eral
night
stochantt
hrough.
Manday
aal
sohasadi
ver
semusi
calr
eper
toi
re.I
nst
rument
ssuchast
he
kudl
ong,at
wo-
str
inged zi
therwi
thonl
yonef
ret
ted st
ri
ng,pr
oducemusi
cwi
th
hi
stor
ical
,ev
ent
ful
,and si
gni
fi
cantmeani
ngs.Kudl
ong i
spl
ayed bef
orehunt
ing,
pangay
ao(
vendet
taki
l
li
ng)
,orf
armi
ng.I
tcoul
dal
sobef
orpur
eamusement
.The
gi
mbal
l
,orgi
mbao,
isal
argedr
um madef
rom deerhi
dewi
thadoeononesi
deand
ast
agont
heot
hersi
det
opr
oducedi
ff
erentt
onesandpi
tches,i
sanot
herpopul
ar
i
nst
rument
.Thedr
um i
spl
ayedt
oaccompanyt
heBal
yanasshesummonst
he
spi
ri
ts.Gi
mbao i
s essent
iali
n dances as wel
las i
n anycel
ebr
ati
on,r
it
ual
,or
assembl
y.I
tisoneoft
het
wopl
ayer
s'games.TheManday
aal
sopl
aysamet
er-
long
bonabonf
lut
emadeofsl
enderbamboo.I
tsmusi
crangesf
rom sent
iment
alt
o
upbeat
,wi
thast
rongemot
ional
under
cur
rent
.Thekubi
ng,
abambooj
ew'
shar
p,adds
t
otheManday
a'smusi
cal
range.(
Ompang,
M.,
n.d.
)

Kudl
ong Gi
m
Sour
ce:ht
tps:
//encr
ypt
ed
t
bn0.
gst
ati
c.com/i
mages? q=t
bn:
ANd9GcSGs6sFFl
_Zzia5gpK2cYb5X8 ht
tps:
//i
.pi
nimg.
com/
73
9w8eY78x3AFNcHcC3L7eAZpqSPi
6run-
U0Mh09JwgS8wQ&usqp=CAU

20
 Bonabon
Source: Sour
ce:
htt
ps:
//t
1
ht
tps:
//d3i
71xaburhd42.
cloudf
ront.
net/ef
c059fab6db08b0f
5f791ceb1
412de0ebe937c4/29-Fi
gure2.
5-1.
png

I
I. Food
Rootcr
ops,whi
char
econsi
der
edt
obeat
ri
balf
ooddi
et,ar
eusual
l
yfoundi
n
t
hebacky
ardorev
eni
ntheol
dmar
ketwhenpeopl
esayt
heywantt
olosewei
ghtor
mai
ntai
nani
dealbodymassi
ndex.Someexampl
esofor
gani
crootcr
opsi
ncl
ude
kamot
e,banana (
sagi
ng)
,and cor
n(mai
s),whi
ch ar
ecooked sol
elybyboi
l
ing,
ensur
ingt
hatnohar
mfuli
ngr
edi
ent
s,suchasoi
lorpr
eser
vat
ives,ar
emi
xedi
n.
(
Asi
bal
,E.
,n.
d.)

Accor
dingt
oPadi
l
lo,M.(
2019)
,Manday
asi
nDav
aoOr
ient
alhav
eal
ong
hi
stor
yasat
ri
be,whi
chcanbeseeni
nthei
rcol
orf
ulcl
othi
ng,beadwor
k,andf
ood.
Eat
ingManday
adi
shesi
saseasyaskeepi
ngcoconutandcamot
eonhand.These
ar
ethei
ngr
edi
ent
stheyuseev
eryt
imet
heypr
epar
ethei
rdi
sht
oensur
eitr
etai
nsi
ts
or
igi
nal
flav
or.

Thecol
dtuba(
coconutwi
ne)shakeandt
hedel
ect
abl
epuddi
ngdeMat
i
hi
ghl
i
ghtDav
aoOr
ient
al'
sthr
ivi
ngcoconuti
ndust
ry.Themai
ncour
sei
sbanami—
shr
impwr
appedi
nbananal
eav
esandpan-
gri
l
led,at
radi
ti
onalManday
adi
sh.The
Manday
atr
ibei
sresponsi
blef
ort
het
radi
ti
onall
'
lul
otdi
shesf
oundi
nDav
aoOr
ient
al.
Thesedi
shesf
requent
lycont
ainmeat(
por
k,chi
cken,
orshr
imp)
,coconutmi
l
k,anda
mi
xtur
eofgi
nger
,oni
ons,andgar
li
c(y
oucanaddl
emongr
assorsal
ay,whi
char
e
commoni
ngr
edi
ent
s).Mudf
ishcanal
sobeusedt
omakel
'
lul
ot(
ref
err
edt
oashi
toi
n

21
t
her
egi
on)
.Af
terst
uff
ingt
hebamboo,i
tiscookedov
eranopenf
ir
eforupt
ofour
hour
s.Theot
heri
sthepar
u-par
u debaga,whi
ch i
smi
nced beefi
nnar
dst
hat
r
esembl
e bopi
s buti
stast
ier
.The maj
ori
ty oft
he di
shes ar
e spi
cy because
Manday
asenj
oyspi
cyf
ood.

Col
dTuba Sour
ce:
Sour
ce:
htt
ps:
//edgedav
ao.
net
/wp-cont
ent
/upl
oads/
2019/
11/
Image-
9.j
pg

l
'
lul
otdi
shes Par
u-par
udeBaga
Sour
ce:
htt
ps:
//edgedav
ao.net/wp-cont
ent
/upl
oads/
2019/
11/
Image- Sour
ce:
htt
ps:
//edgedav
ao.net/wp-cont
ent
/upl
oads/
2019/
11/
Image-
15-1024x824.
jpg 10-1024x683.
jpg

I
II
. Dances
Accor
dingt
oMar
fi
l,J.(
2014)i
nherFi
eldwor
kRepor
tont
heMansakaof
Dav
ao,When aMansakadances,hi
sorherhand and ey
emov
ement
sconv
ey
speci
fi
cmeani
ngs.I
tisusual
l
yapr
ayergest
ure.Bi
nal
yan– communi
cat
ingwi
th

22
Magbabay
a–i
sapr
ayerorr
it
ualdance(
God)
.AsDat
uSucnaanst
ated,"
Accor
ding
t
oourancest
ors,Godf
indspl
easur
ewheny
oudance.
"Dancer
ssomet
imesi
mit
ate
t
hemov
ement
soft
hebi
rd cal
l
ed "
kabuwa,
"inwhi
ch t
hedancest
ep i
scal
l
ed
"
kinabuwa,
"whi
chappear
sdur
ingt
hesummer
.

Thesacr
if
ici
alpi
gisst
abbedi
nther
ightar
mpi
tast
hecer
emonycomest
oa
cl
ose.Ev
ery
onei
nthebai
l
ana,i
ncl
udi
ng t
hosewho di
d notdance,t
akest
urns
sucki
ngt
hepi
g'
sbl
oodandeat
ingt
her
aw f
lesh.Thebai
l
anaar
ethoughtt
oonl
y
ser
veasacondui
tfort
hebl
oodt
hir
stybusaw.Fol
l
owi
ngt
hat
,thechi
efbai
l
anadi
psa
bunchofbagay
bayorbet
elnutf
lower
sinpi
gbl
oodandanoi
ntst
hesi
ckper
son'
s
r
ightpal
m wi
thal
i
nef
rom t
hemi
ddl
eoft
hepal
mtot
hemi
ddl
efi
nger
.

Anot
hercer
emoni
alr
it
eist
he "
creat
ion ofa Manday
a Dat
u."Bef
orea
candi
dat
eisdecl
aredadat
u,heper
for
msadancewhi
l
ebr
andi
shi
nghi
skampi
l
an
(
lar
geswor
d).Thecl
i
maxoccur
swhent
hepr
iestdancesi
nfr
ontofacandi
dat
e
whi
l
ehol
dingaspr
igofbet
elnutf
lowerandspr
inkl
eswat
eronhi
sfor
ehead.

Accor
ding t
o Or
osa-
Goqui
ngco (
1980:
139)
,the "
Cour
ti
ng Dance"hast
he
f
ier
cel
ybeaut
if
ulmov
ement
sofamount
ainhawk.Thedancer
s'f
eetmov
equi
ckl
y,
cr
eat
ingci
rcul
arpat
ter
nsar
oundeachot
herwhi
l
ethei
rar
msspr
eadoutl
i
keeagl
e
wi
ngs.Theki
nabuai
sasi
mil
ardanceper
for
medbyamanandagi
rlort
wogi
rl
s.The
dancedepi
ctst
hehawks'
useofsweetsongst
oent
icet
hehenandchi
cks,
whi
char
e
t
heneat
en.

Sampaki
saManday
awardance.I
ttakesagr
eatdeal
ofski
l
ltouseaspear
,a
swor
d,andashi
eld.Thesay
awi
sat
radi
ti
onalbai
l
anadancet
hatchi
l
drencannow
l
ear
ntoper
for
m.Twoy
oungdancer
s,l
i
ket
hebai
l
ana,ar
edr
essedent
ir
elyi
nnat
ive
gar
b.Thet
ungkal
i
ngi
sti
edt
othedagmayski
rt
,andt
her
ighthandi
shol
dinga
necker
chi
ef.Thedancebegi
nswi
thapr
eludeknownast
hebasal
,inwhi
cht
he
gi
mbali
spl
ayedsl
owl
y.Thedancemov
esont
othesi
nakay
-sakay
,orsl
owsway
ing
oft
hebot
toms,i
nti
mewi
tht
hebeat
.Themov
ementget
sfast
erast
hebeatget
s
f
ast
er(
Val
der
rama1987:
53)
.

Thegandangi
sanot
herManday
adancet
hati
saccompani
edbyt
hekudl
ong
23
orkobeng.I
tisaf
reedancef
orev
ery
onet
hatusual
l
ybegi
nswhent
heel
der
ly
becomet
ipsyonwi
nedur
ingat
ri
balcel
ebr
ati
on.Dancer
smaydev
iset
hei
rown
act
ions,
whi
chusual
l
ycor
respondt
other
hyt
hm andmoodoft
hemusi
c(Val
der
rama
1987:
54)
.

I
V. Ar
tsandCr
aft
s
Wi
thoutadoubt
,theManday
ahav
eoneoft
hemostdi
ver
secul
tur
alher
it
ages
ofanyet
hni
cgr
oup.TheManday
adecor
ati
vear
tissi
mil
art
othatoft
heBagoboand
Bi
l
a-ani
nmanyway
s,buti
tdi
ff
ersgr
eat
lyi
not
her
s.Theweav
ers,
li
ket
heot
hert
ri
bes,
usemanyf
igur
est
hatt
heydonotassoci
atewi
thanyl
i
vingf
orms,
butwhi
chst
rongl
y
suggestt
hatt
heywer
eder
ivedf
rom r
eal
i
sti
cdesi
gns.I
naddi
ti
ont
osuchpat
ter
ns,
t
heyf
requent
lyusef
igur
est
hatar
edel
i
ber
atei
mit
ati
onsofhumanorani
malf
orms.
Themostcommonar
ethosedepi
cti
ngamanandacr
ocodi
l
e;t
hesecanappear
t
oget
herorsepar
atel
y.Ther
equi
rement
soft
hespacet
obef
il
led,aswel
last
he
wor
ker
'swi
l
li
ngnesst
ochangeanypar
tinor
dert
ogi
vet
hedesi
gnamor
epl
easi
ng
ef
fect
,hav
eresul
tedi
nmanydi
stor
tedandconv
ent
ional
i
zedf
igur
est
hatcanonl
ybe
expl
ainedbyt
hear
ti
st.(
Col
e,F.2006)

Oneoft
hemostpopul
armat
eri
alcul
tur
esi
sdagmay
,anabacahandwov
en
cl
othwi
thi
ntr
icat
edesi
gnsr
evol
vi
ngar
oundmanandcr
ocodi
l
e.I
tsmud-
dyei
ng
t
echni
quei
sthoughtt
obet
heonl
yonei
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes.I
nter
est
ingl
y,dagmay
weav
inghasbecomeaf
emal
epast
imeast
heycol
l
abor
atei
nti
e-desi
gni
ngwhi
l
e

24
exchangi
ngpl
easant
ri
es.(
Ompang,
M.,
n.d.
)

Thedagum nam usog,orman'

sbl
uecol
l
arl
essshi
rt
,hassl
eev
eswhi
chmay
bel
ongort
hree-
quar
ter
sinl
engt
handembr
oider
edwi
thl
enama.Thef
rontoft
he
dr
essi
sopent
othehi
pli
ne,andt
heedgesar
etr
immedwi
thcont
rast
ingcol
ors.
Men'
str
ouser
sar
eei
therl
ongorshor
t.Thepant
ott
rouser
sar
eusual
l
y5–7.
5cm
abov
etheknee.Thel
ongt
rouser
sar
elooseont
hehi
pli
nebutt
ightf
rom t
het
highs
t
otheankl
es.
DagmayWeav
ing Dagmay
PhotoCourt
esy:TheMandayaWeav
er/DabawenyongLumadr
etr
ievedfrom Sour
ce:
htt
p:/
/i0.
wp.
com/
dav
aot
oday
.com/
mai
n/upl
oads/
2009/
01/
22/
dagmay
.j
pg
ht
tps:
//dabawenyongl
umad.
fi
les.
wor
dpress.
com/2012/
08/t
he-
mandaya-weaver
.j
pg

Dagum nam Usog

Sour
ce:
htt
p:/
/i0.
wp.
com/
dav
aot
oday
.com/
mai
n/upl
oads/
2009/
01/
22/
dagmay
.j
pg

Manday
awomenwearcot
tonbl
ousescal
l
ed"
dagum.
"Thesear
eusual
l
yred,
bl
ue,andbl
ackanddecor
atedwi
thani
malandgeomet
ri
cdesi
gnsatt
heback,f
ront
,
andsl
eev
es.Manday
awomenal
sowearbl
uegi
ngham bl
ouses.Ol
dwomenand
Chr
ist
iani
zedbai
l
anawearbl
ackbl
ouses.Aswi
tht
hebl
ouses,t
hebadonangbubay
(
women'
s dr
ess)has a compl
i
cat
ed desi
gn t
hat
showsChi
nesei
nfl
uence(
Val
der
rama1987:
7-8)
.

25
 Tr
adi
ti
onal ski
rt
s ar
e
usual
l
ymadeofdagmay
,ador
ed
i
nanal
mostA-
sty
leandpl
eat
ed
ononesi de.Thewai sti shel dby
Dagum
asmal
lpi
eceofcoconegr
a.Someol
dwomenweart
hepa
S t
our
cad
e:
hty
po
ts:
/n
/i
.g(
pi
ni t
mgu
.
cobu
m/
73l
a
6xr
/
e8s
/
9hi
c/
crt
7/
e)a
89 n
cc d
787e1aa6b487272896bf
2d9ce31
womans-
tops-
phi
l
ippi
nes.
jpg
y
oungergi
rl
s,t
hecoot
onski
rt
.Poki
,orwomen'
sunder
wear
,ismadeofcoconutshel
l
,
whi
chi
sfi
nel
ycutt
opr
eventi
njur
y.St
ri
ngsar
einser
tedt
hrought
hecor
nerhol
esand
t
iedt
othewai
stband(
Val
der
rama1987:
8).

Sour
ce: Source:
ht
tps:
//cl
assi
cdai
sies.
fi
les.
wor
dpr
ess.
com/
2017/
02/
manday
a-smal
l
.j
pg ht
tps:
//pbs.
twi
mg.
com/
medi
a/E4KBK_pUUAQAWL_
?for
mat
=jpg&name=l
arge

Ment
ionmustbemadeoft
heManday
ahatmadeofgui
nit
.Thedesi
gnsar
e
t
urnedi
ntot
heconcav
eshapeoft
hehat
.Insomecases,
col
oredf
eat
her
sar
efound
att
hebackoft
hehat
.Whenwor
n,t
hongsar
eat
tachedt
okeept
hehati
npl
ace.

Weaponr
yfabr
icat
ioni
spar
toft
heManday
amet
alcr
aft
.Thebal
l
adaw(
steel
dagger
),kakal
a(bol
o),l
i
kod-
li
kod(
singl
e-bl
adedkakana)
,andwasayar
eamong
t
hem (
axf
orcut
ti
ngwoodorf
orsel
f-
def
ense)
.

Whent
henecessar
ymat
eri
alsar
eav
ail
abl
e,Manday
ajewel
rycanbemadeat
home.Jewel
ryr
efl
ect
sManday
awomen'
ssoci
alandeconomi
cst
atus;noy
oung
26
Manday
awoman,si
ngl
eormar
ri
ed,goesoutwi
thoutj
ewel
ry(
Val
der
rama1987:
8).
Si
l
veri
sfr
equent
lyusedi
njewel
ry,
andbr
asscast
ingi
scopi
edf
rom Musl
i
ms.

Met
alj
ewel
ryi
ncl
udest
hesampad,whi
char
eear
ri
ngswi
thasi
l
vercov
eri
ng
andcar
vedr
oundwi
thani
ntr
icat
edesi
gni
nthecent
er;
thebal
yug,
whi
chi
sat
ypeof
neckl
acet
hatcov
erst
hebr
eastandi
smadeoft
inygl
assbeadssewni
nsev
eral
r
oundswi
thsi
l
vercoi
nsorcr
ocodi
l
eteet
hser
vingasor
nament
s;t
hepat
ina,
whi
chi
s
anhei
rl
oom madeofr
oundgol
dat
tachedt
otheneckl
ace;t
hesangi
sag,whi
chi
sa
met
albr
acel
etwor
nbybot
hmenandwomen;
(Val
der
rama1987:
8-12)
.

TheManday
aar
efamousf
orcar
vingwoodeni
dol
s.TheManauag,a12.
5cm
pal
m woodi
dol
,i
soneexampl
e.Theasho-
ashoi
sal
argerManday
aidolt
hatdepi
cts
acockorbi
rdandi
skepti
nthehouseal
ongsi
decr
ocodi
l
eteet
h,r
oot
s,andot
her
char
msandof
fer
ings.
Concl
usi
ons/Gener
ali
zat
ions

TheManday
aasoneofsomanyet
hnol
i
ngui
sti
cgr
oupi
nMi
ndanao,i
ndeed
t
hei
rcul
tur
econt
inuest
oamazeandi
nter
estmanypeopl
easi
tbecomesmor
e
endur
ingandper
sev
eri
nggener
ati
onaf
tergener
ati
on.Thet
erm"
Manday
a"means
"
inhabi
tant
soft
heupl
ands.
"Iti
snot
edf
ori
tscol
our
ful
andv
ibr
antcul
tur
e,whi
chhas
beenpasseddownt
hroughgener
ati
onsandhassur
viv
edt
hecount
ry'
scol
oni
zat
ion.
Manday
aist
hepr
imar
ylanguageoft
hei
nhabi
tant
soff
iveci
ti
esi
nDav
ao
Or
ient
al:Baganga,Bost
on,Car
aga,Cat
eel
,andMat
i.Manday
apeopl
ear
epr
oudof
t
hei
rtr
ibal
past
,pol
i
te,
andpeace-
lov
ing,
butwhenmi
str
eat
edori
nsul
ted,
theycanbe
f
uri
ousl
i
keaBaganiorManday
awar
ri
or.Theyhav
eanat
uralaf
fi
nit
yforar
t,musi
c,
dance,
andpoet
ry,
aswel
lasagr
eatunder
standi
ngofnat
ureandt
heenv
ironment
.
Fasci
nat
ing char
act
eri
sti
cthatdi
sti
ngui
shes Manday
a cul
tur
efr
om ot
her
i
ndi
genouscommuni
ti
esi
nthecount
ryi
sthei
rdr
eami
ngcul
tur
e.Theyar
ewel
l
-
knownf
ort
hei
rsacr
edt
radi
ti
onalt
ext
il
eknownas"
dagmay
."Thedagmaymot
if
sar
e
i
nter
wov
en;
dest
roy
ingt
hem wi
l
ldamaget
hef
abr
ic'
sessenceandhol
i
ness.Notonl
y
t
hatbutal
sot
heyar
ecr
eat
ivei
not
herf
iel
dsl
i
kemet
alcr
aft
,jewel
ri
esandwooden
car
ving.Thei
rtr
adi
ti
onalf
oodal
sor
efl
ect
sthatt
heyar
ever
ycl
oset
onat
uret
hati
t
l
etst
hem cr
eat
edel
i
ciousanduni
quef
oodamongot
her
s.Thei
rdancesandmusi
c,
t
hatr
efl
ect
sthei
rcommonbel
i
efsandpr
act
icest
hatcont
inuest
osur
viv
efr
om
27
gener
ati
ont
ogener
ati
on.Goodandev
ilnat
urespi
ri
ts(
diwat
a)ar
ety
pical
l
ythef
ocal
poi
ntofManday
arel
i
gion.Ot
her
s ar
e bapt
ized i
nto Chr
ist
ians and ot
her
s ar
e
bapt
izedi
ntoBi
say
ans.Butt
heyst
il
lhol
donandcont
inuet
opr
act
icet
hei
rbel
i
efs
andt
radi
ti
ons.
TheManday
aet
hnol
i
ngui
sti
cgr
ouppr
ovedr
esi
sti
vet
ochangeandWest
ern
cul
tur
einf
luenceswhen t
heSpani
ardsest
abl
i
shed t
hei
rmi
ssi
onar
yobj
ect
ivei
n
Mi
ndanaoi
nthe1600s.I
thassur
viv
edt
hecol
oni
ali
nvasi
onsoft
heSpani
ards,
Japanese,
andAmer
icans.
Cust
omsandt
radi
ti
onsl
i
kebi
rt
h,bapt
ism,cour
tshi
p,mar
ri
age,deat
hand
bur
ial
sshowshowuni
quet
heyar
einper
for
mingandabi
dingt
othei
rpr
act
ices.But
unf
ort
unat
ely
,ast
imepassesbyot
hercust
omsl
i
kecour
tshi
pbegant
ochangei
ts
st
ruct
ure.The y
oungergener
ati
onsofManday
a gr
oup no l
ongerpr
act
ice t
hei
r
t
reasur
edpr
act
icesbuti
nst
eadl
ear
ntoadaptt
onewones.Thesemer
elyshowshow
di
ff
erentf
act
orsgr
eat
lyaf
fectandgr
adual
l
ylosi
ngt
hei
rcul
tur
esandt
radi
ti
ons.
Thesear
ebecauseofi
nter
mar
ri
age,mi
grat
ion,andl
anguagest
ance,exposur
eto
ot
herl
anguagesandr
eli
giousdenomi
nat
ions,
andcont
empor
arysoci
ali
ndi
cat
ors.

REFERENCES
Col
e,F.(
2006)
.TheWi
l
dTr
ibesofDav
aoDi
str
ict
,Mi
ndanao.Ret
ri
evedf
rom
ht
tps:
//www.
gut
enber
g.or
g/f
il
es/
18273/
18273-
h/18273-
h.ht
m#VI
Company
,G.
,&Pr
ofi
l
e,V.M.C.(
2013)
.Manday
abyJoel
Vel
asquez.Ret
ri
evedf
rom
ht
tp:
//cwpf
-mandy
a-t
ri
be.
blogspot
.com/
2013/
02/
manday
a-by
-j
oel
-
v
elasquez
.ht
ml
Dupi
ng,A.(
2018)
.Var
iat
ionsofManday
aDi
alect
s:AMul
ti
pleCaseSt
udy
.Ret
ri
eved
f
rom
ht
tps:
//ej
our
nal
s.ph/
art
icl
e.php?
id=13464
El
aineI
lagan-
Asi
bal
.(n.
d.)
.Kenni
sgev
ingv
ooroml
eidi
ng.Execut
iveGour
met
.
Ret
ri
ved f
rom
ht
tps:
//www.
googl
e.com/
amp/
s/www.
execut
ivegour
met
.ph/
tri
bal
-di
shes-
phi
l
ippi
nes/
amp
Gar
ces-
Bacsal
,M.(
2014)
.[Ar
tsCor
ner
]TheVani
shi
ngJour
neyofManday
aPoet
ry
and
Musi
c. Ret
ri
eved f
rom
28
 ht
tps:
//www.
googl
e.com/
amp/
s/gat
her
ingbooks.
org/
2013/
04/
27/
art
s-cor
ner
-
the-
vani
shi
ng-
jour
ney
-of
-manday
a-poet
ry-
and-
musi
c/amp/
Hi
stor
yofDav
aoOr
ient
al.(
2019)
.Dav
aoOr
ient
alOf
fi
cial
Websi
te.
Ret
ri
eved f
rom ht
tps:
//dav
aoor
ient
al.
gov
.ph/
tour
ism-
4/hi
stor
y-of
-dav
ao-
or
ient
al/
I
lagan-
Asi
bal
,E.(
2020)
.Tr
ibal
Dishesi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes.Execut
iveGour
met
.
ht
tps:
//www.
execut
ivegour
met
.ph/
tri
bal
-di
shes-
phi
l
ippi
nes/
Ompang,
M.(
n.d.
).
.Lear
nMor
eaboutt
hePhi
l
ippi
neGov
ernment
,It
sSt
ruct
ure,
How
Gov
ernment Wor
ks and t
he Peopl
e behi
nd I
t. Ret
ri
eved f
rom
ht
tps:
//ncca.
gov
.ph/
about
-ncca-
3/subcommi
ssi
ons/
subcommi
ssi
on-
on-
cul
tur
al-
communi
ti
es-
and-
tr
adi
ti
onal
-ar
ts-
scct
a/cent
ral
-cul
tur
al-
communi
ti
es/
the-
manday
a-et
hni
c-gr
oup
Ompang,
M.(
n.d.
).Manday
ainPhi
l
ippi
nes.TheJoshuaPr
ojectRet
ri
evedf
rom
ht
tps:
//j
oshuapr
oject
.net
/peopl
e_gr
oups/
14722/
RP
Obgu,A.(
2021)
.Vi
ew ofTheLexi
co-
mor
phosemant
icandSt
ruct
uralVar
iat
ionand
Change
of Manday
a Cour
trshi
p and Mar
ri
age Ri
tual
s. Ret
ri
eved f
rom
ht
tps:
//connect
.academi
cs.
educat
ion/
index.
php/
mjsel
t/
art
icl
e/v
iew/
52/
22
Padi
l
lo,
M.(
2019)
.At
ast
eofManday
acul
tur
e.EdgeDav
ao.Ret
ri
evedf
rom
ht
tps:
//edgedav
ao.
net
/i
ndul
ge-
li
fest
yle/
2019/
11/
08/
a-t
ast
e-of
-manday
a-
cul
tur
e
Pr
oject
,J.(
n.d.
).Manday
ainPhi
l
ippi
nes.TheJoshuaPr
ojectWebsi
teov
ert
heYear
s.
ht
tps:
//j
oshuapr
oject
.net
/peopl
e_gr
oups/
14722/
RP
St
acey
, D. (
2020)
. What i
s t
he l
anguage of Manday
a t
ri
be? –
YYCnewCent
raLl
i
brar
y.com.
Ret
ri
eved f
rom ht
tps:
//y
ycnewcent
ral
l
ibr
ary
.com/
what
-i
s-t
he-
language-
of-
manday
a-t
ri
be/

29