MANDAL1

FOUNDATI
ONOFTHEMUGHALEMPI
RE

Madhur
imaMandal

Regi
str
ati
onNo.
:16110622024

Rol
lNo.
:24

UGI
I

Hi
stor
y(HI
ST0302)

Pr
ofessor
:Saj
j
adAl
am Ri
zvi
 MANDAL2

Sept
ember21,
2017

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Thef
our
teent
hcent
uryoft
heChr
ist
ianer
amar
kedgr
eatchanges.Ther
ewer
e

changest
aki
ngpl
acei
nthesoci
alandpol
i
ticalscenar
io.I
nthewest
,themi
ddl
e

cl
assesbegunt
odemandandr
ecei
ve,ashar
eofpowerandi
ntheeast
,st
rong

cent
ral
i
zedempi
reswer
eest
abl
i
shed.Dur
ingt
hist
imeI
slami
crul
efl
our
ished,as

t
heyuni
tedt
hewor
ldt
hrought
radeandcommer
ce.St
rongandcent
ral
i
zedI
slami
c

empi
resl
i
ket
heMongol
s,Ot
tomans,
Saf
avi
dsandMughal
swer
eest
abl
i
shed.

Thebegi
nni
ngoft
hef
if
teent
hcent
uryi
ntheI
ndi
ansub-
cont
inentmar
kedgr
eat

changesast
heDel
hiSul
tanat
eweakenedandt
heAf
ghans,whower
econst
ant

i
ncur
sions,wer
elooki
ngf
oranoppor
tuni
tyt
odef
eatt
heSul
tanat
e.Thi
soppor
tuni
ty

f
inal
l
ycamei
nthef
orm oft
heFi
rstBat
tl
eofPani
pat
(Apr
il20,
1526)
,bet
weenZahi
r-

ud-
DinMuhammadal
soknowasBabur
,andI
brahi
m Lodi
,whi
chr
esul
tedi
nBabur

def
eat
ingt
heLodi
sthusest
abl
i
shi
ngt
heMughal
rul
einI
ndi
a.

I
ntheOt
tomanEmpi
re,
Bay
azi
dI(
1389-
1402)methi
snemesi
sint
hef
orm ofTi
mur
,

f
ounderoft
heTi
mur
idEmpi
re,att
heBat
tl
eofAnkar
a(1402)
.TheOt
tomanEmpi
re

t
husbegant
ogener
atei
nthesi
xteent
handsev
ent
eent
hcent
ury
,af
teri
tst
art
ed

l
osi
ngi
tst
err
it
ori
es,
howev
eri
tdi
dnotdecl
i
nebef
oret
het
went
iet
hcent
ury
.

Thust
he f
if
teent
h and si
xteent
h cent
urywi
tnessed gr
eatchangesi
nIndi
a,as

el
sewher
eint
hewor
ld,
whi
chr
esul
tedi
nther
eor
ient
ati
onoft
hewor
ld.
 MANDAL3

BACKDROPOFTHEBATTLEOFPANI
PAT

I
nthef
ir
stoft
hef
our
teent
hcent
ury
,theDel
hiSul
tanat
efl
our
ishedast
heKhi
l
ji
sand

Tughl
uqscar
ri
ed t
he banner
sofDel
hi,f
arand wi
de.The Del
hiSul
tanat
e was

st
rengt
henedundert
her
eignofBal
banandAl
auddi
nKhi
l
ji
.Nonet
hel
esst
hel
ess

t
hescenar
iochangedi
nthesecondhal
foft
hef
our
teent
hcent
ury
,ast
heseedsofi
ts

decl
i
newassowed.I
tal
lst
art
edi
nther
eignofMuhammad-
bin-
Tughl
uq(
1324-
1351)
.

Thecont
rov
ersi
alst
ept
akenbyhi
m wast
heshi
ft
ingofcapi
talf
rom Del
hit
oDeogi
r,

t
husmaki
nganat
temptt
obr
ingt
heent
ir
eSout
hIndi
aundert
hedi
rectcont
roloft
he

Sul
tanat
e,whi
chl
edt
oser
iouspol
i
ticaldi
ff
icul
ti
es.Manyr
ebel
l
ionsbr
okeouti
n

Sout
hIndi
ali
kei
nTami
lNaduandGuj
arat
.Thef
ail
urewi
tht
hei
ntr
oduct
ionoft
oken

cur
rencyaf
fect
edt
hepr
est
igeoft
hesov
erei
gnf
urt
her
.

Muhammad-
bin-
Tughl
uq’
s successor
,Fi
roz Shah Tughl
uq,was f
aced wi
tht
he

pr
obl
em ofpr
event
ingt
hebr
eakupoft
heDel
hiSul
tanat
e.Soheadopt
edt
hepol
i
cyof

appeasi
ngt
henobl
es,
armyandt
heol
ogi
ans.Heext
endedt
hepr
inci
pleofher
edi
tyt
o

t
hemi
l
itar
y.Thewi
tnessoft
heDel
hiSul
tanat
ewasf
urt
heraggr
avat
edbyTi
mur
’s

i
nvasi
oni
n1398.Thegr
owi
ngweaknessoft
heDel
hiSul
tanat
es,l
edt
otheNor
ther
n

I
ndi
a,st
ri
ket
hei
rindependence.
 MANDAL4

Fi
g.1
Thepol
i
ticalsi
tuat
ioni
nNor
thwestI
ndi
awast
hus,r
ipef
ort
heAf
ghansl
edby

Babur
’sent
ryi
ntoI
ndi
a.I
brahi
m Lodi
’
sef
for
tsi
ncent
ral
i
zingt
heEmpi
real
armedt
he

Af
ghanchi
efs.I
n1518-
1519,Baburconquer
edt
hef
ortofBhi
ra;howev
erhegai
ned

not
hingf
rom t
hisandr
etur
nedt
oKabul
.In1520-
1521,Baburcr
ossedt
heI
ndusand

capt
uredt
hef
ortofBhi
raandSi
alkot
,butt
henewsofar
evol
t,l
edhi
mredr
essi
nghi
s

st
eps and af
tera si
ege,he capt
ured Qandahar
.In 1525,Babur
’s appr
oach at

Peshawar
,mel
tedawayt
hear
myofDaul
atKhanLodi
,gov
ernorofPunj
ab,t
hus

wi
thi
nthr
eeweeks,Punj
abwascapt
ured,l
eadi
nghi
mtowar
dst
heconquestoft
he

ent
ir
eIndi
ansubcont
inent
.

BaburmetI
brahi
m LodiatPani
pat
,ashemar
chedt
owar
dsDel
hi.I
brahi
m Lodihada

f
orceof1,00,
000menand1000el
ephant
s.Babur
’sar
myhadar
ound12,
000men.

Thi
swast
heFi
rstBat
tl
eofPani
patwhi
cht
ookpl
aceonApr
il201526,i
soneoft
he

mostr
emar
kabl
ebat
tl
esofHi
stor
yasi
treor
ient
edt
hepol
i
tical
scenar
iooft
heI
ndi
an

sub-
cont
inent
.
 MANDAL5

ABRI
EFHI
STORYOFBABUR’
SRULEI
NTHEI
NDI
ANSUBCONTI
NENT

Babur
’sl
i
neagecoul
dbet
racedf
rom t
het
wogr
eat
estEmpi
rebui
l
der
sint
heHi
stor
y-

Chengi
zKhan(
1206-
27)andTi
mur(
1370-
1405)
.Hi
slegacypr
ovedust
hef
actt
hat

whatatmosthecoul
dbewast
obeaconquer
or,
anEmpi
rebui
l
derandout
shi
nehi
s

namei
nthepagesofHi
stor
yjustl
i
kehi
sdescendant
s.Onhi
sfat
her
’ssi
de,
hewasa

di
rectdescendantofTi
mur
,int
hef
if
thgener
ati
onandonhi
smot
her
’ssi
dehewas

t
hedescendantofChengi
zKhan,
int
hef
our
teent
hdegr
ee.
 MANDAL6

Fi
g.2

Baburhadgr
ownupi
nthebackgr
oundwher
etheTi
mur
idEmpi
reweakenedandgot
 MANDAL7

di
vi
dedbet
weent
hepr
inces.I
nthewakeofaconspi
racyagai
nsthi
minhi
sown

domi
nions,wor
senedhi
sposi
ti
onashel
ostbot
hSamar
qandandhi
ski
ngdom i
n

Far
ghana,att
heendoft
hef
if
teent
hcent
ury
.Baburwast
hus,l
eftwi
thoutany
1
ki
ngdom andhadt
osuf
feragr
eatdealashesai
d,“
greatpov
ert
yandhumi
l
iat
ion”.

Het
ri
edhi
sluckagai
natSamar
qand,anddef
eat
edt
heUzbeksbutst
il
lhewasnot

st
rongenought
oexpelt
hem f
rom Tr
ansoxi
ana.Hej
oinedhandswi
tht
hePer
sian

ar
myandconquer
edBukhar
aandSamar
qand.Howev
erhewassoonov
ert
hrown

f
rom Samar
qand,
thr
oughaser
iesofev
ent
s,byt
heUzbeks.Baburi
nal
ltheseev
ent
s

had ov
erest
imat
ed hi
sabi
l
ityt
oret
ain Samar
qand.Nev
ert
hel
ess,i
tdi
d hav
ea

posi
ti
veout
comei
nhi
scar
eerasaconquer
or,asheaf
terhi
sfai
l
edexpedi
ti
ons,

di
ver
tedhi
sat
tent
iont
owar
dsI
ndi
a.

Weof
tengett
oknow t
hatBaburhadadr
eam ofconquer
ingI
ndi
aandt
hatnev
er

wentoutofhi
smi
nd.Hegr
ewup,l
i
steni
ngt
othet
alesofTi
mur
’sexpl
oit
sinI
ndi
a,

whi
cht
husf
ir
edhi
simagi
nat
ion.Babursai
dthatf
rom t
het
imeheconquer
edKabul

(
1504)t
il
lhi
svi
ctor
yint
hebat
tl
eofPani
pat(
1526)
,“Ihadnev
erceasedt
othi
nkof
2
t
heconquestofHi
ndust
an”.Hi
sar
mywasnotf
ormi
dabl
eenought
oconquert
he

I
ndi
ansub-
cont
inent
.“Buthewasnev
eramant
ohesi
tat
ebecauset
heoddsagai
nst
3
hi
m wer
eheav
y” .Wi
thhi
sexcel
l
entt
act
ics,mostofwhi
chhel
ear
ntf
rom t
he

Ti
mur
idsamongwhi
cht
hewi
l
li
ngt
act
i ghuma4.Fol
csofTul l
owi
ngt
hisv
ict
oryBabur

concl
udedhi
saccountwi
tht
hedescr
ipt
ionoft
hel
andhej
ustconquer
ed,“
alt
hough

Hi
ndust
ani
sacount
rynat
ural
l
yful
lofchar
myeti
tsi
nhabi
tant
sar
edev
oidofgr
ace;

andi
nint
ercour
sewi
tht
hem t
her
eisnei
therf
ri
endl
ysoci
ety
,ami
ty,norst
abl
e

1
Sat
ishChandra,Medi
evalIndi
aPartTwo1526- 1748,8.
2
Chandra,Medi
evalI
ndi
aPar tTwo1526-1748,21.
3
L.
F.RushbrookWil
li
ams, AnEmpireBui
lderoftheSixteent
hCentur
y,123.
4
awellknownUzbekdevice,wasusedagainsthimin1522i nhi
sencounteragai
nstt
heUzbeks.
 MANDAL8

5
r
elat
ionshi
p” .Though h al
so admi
ts oft
he count
ry’
s adv
ant
ages,“
the gr
eat

adv
ant
ageofHi
ndust
an,
besi
dest
hev
astext
entofi
tst
err
it
ory
,ist
heamountofgol
d,

coi
nedanduncoi
ned,
whi
chmaybef
oundt
her
e.Al
so,
dur
ingt
her
ainst
hecl
i
mat
eis

v
erypl
easant
.Anot
heradv
ant
ageofHi
ndust
ani
sthei
nfi
nit
enumberofcr
aft
smenof
6
al
lpr
ofessi
onsandi
ndust
ri
alswhi
chaboundi
nit
.”

5
Will
i
ams,AnEmpi
reBui
l
deroft
heSi
xteent
hCent
ury
,139.
6
I
bid,139.
 MANDAL9

Fi
g.3

Howev
er,
aft
ert
hev
ict
oryatPani
pat
,hef
acedsomeser
iouspr
obl
ems.Af
tersei
zi
ng

al
lther
icht
reasur
esoft
heLodi
s,hi
sar
myment
houghtt
hatt
hei
rst
ruggl
ehadbeen

r
ewar
dedani
twast
imef
ort
hem t
oret
urnt
ocent
ralAsi
a.Babursai
dthatt
her
ewas
7
“
remar
kabl
edi
sl
ikeandhost
il
it
y” bet
weent
hepeopl
eofDel
hiandAgr
aandhi
smen.

I
twaspr
obabl
ybecauseoft
hef
actt
hatTi
mur
’sr
ansacki
ngandpl
under
ingi
n1398

wasst
il
laf
reshi
nthei
rmi
nds.Thus,Baburt
ooksomest
ri
ctst
epst
oquencht
he

di
scont
entamonghi
sar
mymenandbegs.Heappeal
edt
othem t
hathedi
dnot

endur
ethehar
dshi
psj
ustt
osei
zet
heweal
thoft
henLodi
sandr
etur
ntoKabul
,he

i
ntendedt
odosomet
hingmor
e.Howev
erheal
soper
mit
tedt
hepeopl
etol
eav
ewho

madeupt
hei
rmi
ndst
odoso.Thus,
Baburwasf
ir
minbr
ingi
ngt
heent
ir
enor
thI
ndi
a

underhi
m andwhenhi
sdet
ermi
nat
ioncamet
obeknownt
otheRaj
put
s,who

pr
evi
ousl
ythoughtaf
tersei
zi
ngLodi
’
str
easur
esandpl
under
inghewoul
dret
urnback

t
oKabult
husl
eav
ingDel
hii
nthehandsoft
heRaj
put
s,r
eal
i
sedt
hatBabur“
wasnot
8
ani
nvol
unt
aryf
ri
endbutaconsci
ousenemy
.” .

Thechi
efsl
i
keShai
khGur
en,ani
mpor
tantchi
eft
ainofKoli
ntheDoab,j
oinedBabur

andheboughtsome2000men,
whot
ooj
oinedBabur
’sar
my.Manyr
ebel
l
iousnobl
es

i
ntheeastj
oinedhi
mthusst
rengt
heni
nghi
sar
myf
urt
her
.Hewasl
eftt
ofacewi
th

t
wodanger
s,f
ir
stwast
heRaj
put
sunderRanaSangaandt
hesecondf
rom t
he

east
ernAf
ghans.Att
hemeant
imeBaburr
emai
nedatAgr
ast
rengt
henedhi
mfur
ther

byor
gani
zi
nghi
sar
myandt
hei
rnewl
yacqui
redr
esour
ces.Hi
spl
anwast
oreduce

t
heeast
ernAf
ghanst
osubmi
ssi
onbef
orehi
m andt
henunder
takeaf
inalexpedi
ti
on

agai
nstRanaSanga.

7
Sat
ishChandr
a,Medi
eval
Indi
aPartTwo1526-
1748,28.
8
L.
F.Rushbr
ookWil
li
ams,AnEmpir
eBuil
deroft
heSixteent
hCent
ury
,141.
 MANDAL10

Thus,t
hebat
tl
ebet
weent
heRaj
put
sandBaburwasi
nev
itabl
e,ast
hel
att
eras

det
ermi
nedt
ost
ayi
nIndi
a.Thebat
tl
ewasnotbet
weent
heRaj
put
sandBabur
;it

wasbet
weent
heRaj
put
-Af
ghanal
l
iesandBaburwher
ethef
ormerwasj
oinedby

ot
herRaj
putki
ngsandMahmudLodi
,they
oungersonofSi
kanderLodi
.Itwas

basi
cal
l
yapol
i
ticalbat
tl
e,butBaburt
ri
edt
ogi
vei
tar
eli
giouscol
ourt
orai
set
he

spi
ri
toft
hesol
dier
s.Hesai
dthati
twasnotawaragai
nstt
heRaj
put
s,butahol
ywar
,

Ji
had.TheBat
tl
eofKhanwat
ookpl
acei
n1527andj
ustl
i
ket
hebat
tl
eofPani
pat
;

Baburst
udi
edt
hear
eaandmadeal
lpr
epar
ati
onsi
nasi
mil
arf
ashi
onasi
nthe

pr
evi
ousbat
tl
e.TheRaj
put
swer
eov
erconf
identandi
tseemedt
hatt
heydi
dnot

l
ear
nany
thi
ngf
rom t
het
act
icsadopt
edbyt
hel
att
eratPani
pat
.RanaSangawas

pr
oudofhi
sar
myandel
ephant
sandasusuali
tat
tackedf
uri
ousl
yonBabur
.What

Baburobser
vedi
s,“
swor
dsment
houghsomeHi
ndust
animay
be,mostoft
hem ar
e

i
gnor
antand unski
l
led i
n mi
l
itar
y mov
e and st
and,i
n sol
dier
ly counseland
9
pr
ocedur
e.” Onceagai
nthef
ormerwasr
oot
edwi
thhi
sunpl
annedmov
esandov
er

conf
identat
ti
tudes.Rana Sanga escaped t
o Chi
tt
orand t
he gr
and al
l
iance

di
sint
egr
atedasqui
ckl
yasi
twasbui
l
t.Thebat
tl
esecur
edBabur
’sposi
ti
oni
nthe

Ganget
icdoabandl
edt
otheest
abl
i
shmentoft
heMughalemper
orwhi
chchanged

t
hef
ateofHi
ndust
anf
orev
er.

9
Chandr
a,Medi
eval
Indi
aPar
tTwo1526-
1748,
32.
 MANDAL11

Fi
g.4

Af
tert
heBat
tl
eofKhanwa,Baburt
osealhi
str
iumphwentt
oBay
ana.Howev
er

f
aci
ngahotweat
herheabandonedt
hisdeci
sionandi
nst
eadmar
chedt
owar
ds

MewatandAl
war
,tobr
ingt
hel
ocalchi
eft
ainsunderhi
scont
rol
.Anef
for
twasmade

t
owi
nov
ert
hel
eadi
ngAf
ghannobl
esofI
brahi
m Lodiwhi
chi
ncl
udedShai
khBay
azi
d

ofAwadh.Hei
nor
dert
opr
ovet
hef
actt
hathehadnohat
redf
ort
heLodif
ami
l
y;he

gav
epar
aganaswor
th7,00,
000andapl
acet
oli
vei
ntoI
brahi
m Lodi
’
smot
her
.But

shet
ri
edt
opoi
sonhi
m,t
husi
ncr
easi
ngBabur
’sdi
str
ustf
ort
heAf
ghannobl
es.
 MANDAL12

Fi
g.5

Hewasdet
ermi
nedt
ocr
usht
hem andatt
heBat
tl
eofGhaghr
a(1529)
,theMughal
s

def
eat
edt
heal
l
ianceoft
heBengalki
ngandAf
ghans.Heoust
edShai
khBay
azi
d

f
rom Lucknow and waskeen t
o consol
i
dat
ehi
sempi
re.Heal
so capt
ured t
he

f
ort
ressofRant
hambor
e,sur
roundedt
ohi
m byVi
kramadi
t,t
hesecondsonofRana
 MANDAL13

Sanga,whi
chf
il
ledhi
m wi
thpr
ideashef
elthi
sdr
eam ofsubdui
ngI
ndi
awasnear
ly

done.

Fi
g.6

I
twasunf
ort
unat
eenoughbecauseBaburdi
dnotnecessar
il
yhav
eadmi
nist
rat
ive

ski
l
ls,buthewasagr
eatwar
ri
orwi
thst
atesmanl
i
keski
l
ls.Howev
er,hef
oundi
t

necessar
yto hav
e an admi
nist
rat
ive pl
an,whi
ch he car
ri
ed outbygi
vi
ng t
he

domi
nancet
othegr
eatami
rs.Theconsequencesoft
hispl
anhadbeensameas

al
way
s,whenmonar
chyl
ostaut
hor
it
ysl
owl
y,al
l
owi
ngt
heami
rshav
ingt
otalcont
rol
10
ov
ert
hedomi
nance,hence“
thet
hronebecamet
hepr
eyofcont
endi
ngf
act
ions”
.

Howev
eri
nther
eignofBabur
,theconsequenceswer
enotappar
entenough,f
ir
st

becauseofhi
spr
est
igeasawar
ri
or,andsecondl
ytheper
ioddur
ingwhi
chher
uled

wast
ooshor
tfort
heconsequencest
obeappar
ent
.

10
L.
F.Rushbr
ookWi
l
li
ams,
AnEmpi
reBui
l
deroft
heSi
xteent
hCent
ury
,161.
 MANDAL14

Fi
g.7

Baburwasanef
fi
ci
entwar
ri
orhav
ingf
oundedoneoft
hegr
eat
estempi
resi
nHi
stor
y,

butasanadmi
nist
rat
orhef
ail
ed.Hi
str
easur
ehasdef
ici
t,ashewast
oogener
oust
o

di
str
ibut
eal
lther
oyalhoar
dst
ohi
ssol
dier
sandami
rs.Nonet
hel
esst
hedef
ici
twas

madewi
thal
evyoft
hir
typer
centr
evenueont
hegr
eatof
fi
cer
s.Butwhent
hese

def
ici
tsgotr
epeat
eddur
ingt
her
eignofHumay
un,i
tledt
ofi
nanci
albr
eakdown

f
oll
owedbyr
evol
uti
ons,i
ntr
igueandt
hedet
hronementoft
hedy
nast
y.I
twasSher

Shah Sur
i,who det
hroned Humay
un,was a gr
eatadmi
nist
rat
or,and bui
l
tan

admi
nist
rat
ivemachi
ner
ybasedonwhi
chAkbarl
aterbui
l
thi
sadmi
nist
rat
ion.
 MANDAL15

Fi
g.8

Babur
’sheal
thhadgonedownbyt
hesummerof1529,whenHumay
un’
smot
her

Maham camef
rom Kabult
ojoi
nherhusbandi
nAgr
a.Humay
undespi
tehi
sfai
l
ures,

becauseofhi
sper
sonalchar
m anddut
if
ulbehav
iour
,secur
edhi
sfat
her
’saf
fect
ion

mor
ethanhi
sbr
other
s.Dur
ingt
hist
imehewentt
o Sambhalt
o compl
etet
he

set
tl
ementofj
agi
r.Buthe coul
d notf
ace t
he hotweat
herof1530 and f
ell

danger
ousl
yil
l
.Hewasboughtt
oAgr
aandBaburwassogr
iev
edseei
nghi
sson’
s

condi
ti
on,i
nspi
teofhi
sownweakheal
thhecr
avedf
orhi
ssont
oremai
nal
i
veand

bet
henextemper
or.I
tissai
d,“
Hewal
kedt
hreet
imesr
oundt
hesi
ck-
bedandt
hen

excl
aimed t
hathe had bor
n away Humay
un’
s si
ckness.
”Af
tert
his Humay
un

r
ecov
eredf
rom hi
ssi
cknessandBaburdi
ed.Thi
sisi
ndeedagr
eatsacr
if
iceofa

f
atherf
orhi
ssonandt
hisout
shi
nedt
hel
att
eri
nthepagesofhi
stor
y.
 MANDAL16

Fi
g.9

LEGACYOFTHEMUGHALEMPI
REUNDERHUMAYUN

Nasi
rud-
dinMuhammadHumay
unsucceededBaburandascendedt
het
hroneon

December29,
1530i
ntheci
tyofAgr
a.Babur
’swaki
l
,Khal
i
faNi
zamuddi
n,waseager

t
osetasi
deHumay
unandputMehdiKhwaj
a,ont
het
hronewasmar
ri
edt
oBabur
’s

el
dersi
ster
.Apar
tfr
om t
hisBabur
’sbr
other
,hi
ssonsandot
herTi
mur
idpr
incess

wer
e det
ermi
ned t
o asser
tthei
rpoweri
nIndi
a byr
emov
ing Humay
un.So we

wi
tnessedanat
mospher
eofdi
stur
banceast
heemper
ordescendedt
het
hrone.

Mor
eov
er,t
hear
mywhi
chcompr
omi
sedami
xedbodyofpeopl
e,Uzbeks,Moghol
,

Per
sian,Af
ghan,Chaghat
aiand I
ndi
answer
e notunani
mousi
n suppor
ti
ng t
he
 MANDAL17

emper
or.

Fi
g.10

Theempi
rewasnotconsol
i
dat
edwhenBaburdi
edandHumay
unhadent
eredI
ndi
a

si
ncef
ivey
ear
sbutal
lthi
sti
mehewasbusyi
nmi
l
itar
yexpedi
ti
ons.TheAf
ghans

wer
eagai
nrai
singt
hei
rheads,amongt
hem t
hemostabl
ewasSherShahSur
i,who

al
readyt
ookupar
minBi
harandBengaldur
ingt
heendoft
hef
ormer
srei
gn.The

l
aterwasbenev
olentenough,asi
tsf
ir
stactaf
teraccessi
on,wasofassi
gni
ngJagi
r

t
obehel
dbyhi
sbr
other
s.Howev
er,
thi
suni
ondi
dnotl
astl
ongast
heywer
epl
ott
ing

t
oremov
ethel
att
erf
rom hi
sthr
one.Kamr
an,t
hel
att
er’
sbr
other
,showi
nghost
il
it
y

t
owar
dshi
m occupi
edPunj
abandi
tsnei
ghbour
ingpr
ovi
nces.Humay
undef
eat
edt
he

Af
ghansl
edbySul
tanMahmudandShai
khBay
azi
d.I
nor
dert
obr
eakt
heAf
ghan

power
,mar
chedt
owar
dst
hef
ortofChunar
,capt
uredi
t,butwasf
lat
ter
edbySher

Shahandt
hushewi
thdr
ewhi
str
oops.

BahadurShahofGuj
aratwant
edt
oav
oidaconf
li
ctwi
tht
heMughal
s,butwi
th

Humay
un’
saccessi
onoft
het
hronehewasconv
incedbyt
heAf
ghansandt
he
 MANDAL18

Ti
mur
idpr
incesst
hatt
heMughal
swer
enotaf
ormi
dabl
efor
ceast
heyhadbeen

ear
li
er.I
nthe begi
nni
ng he f
lat
ter
ed t
he l
att
erby congr
atul
ati
ng hi
m on t
he

compl
eti
on ofDi
n Panah.Af
tert
his he mar
ched t
owar
ds Chi
tt
ori
n 1535 and

assi
gnedi
mpor
tantj
agi
rst
otheTi
mur
idpr
incessandt
ri
edt
oint
ri
gueSherShah

agai
nstt
heMughal
sbysendi
ngl
argesumsofmoney
.Fi
nal
l
yhel
aunchedat
hree-

pr
ongedat
tackont
heMughal
sbyat
tacki
ngAgr
a,undert
hef
orcet
oat
tackKal
i
njar

i
nBundel
khand,t
het
hir
dat
tacki
nDel
hiandt
o cr
eat
edi
stur
bancesi
nPunj
ab.

Howev
ert
heat
tackf
ail
ed,
aft
erwhi
chHumay
unconquer
edbot
hGuj
aratandMal
wa.

Howev
eri
nFebr
uar
y1537,bot
hthet
err
it
ori
eswer
elostonaccountofhi
slackof

or
der
s,t
obei
ssuedt
oadmi
nist
ert
het
err
it
ori
es.

Fi
g.11
Af
tert
heconquestofGuj
aratandMal
wa,Humay
unwasi
nfor
medofSherShah

ext
endi
ngandconsol
i
dat
inghi
sinf
luencei
nBi
harandBengal
.Dur
ingt
hisper
iod,

Sul
tanJunei
dBi
rl
as,t
hegov
ernorofJaunpurandot
hereast
ernpr
ovi
ncesandt
hus,

subduedSherShah,
whoaf
terhi
sdeat
h,t
urnedt
ocapt
ureBengal
.TheMughal
sthen

wentt
o Bengal
,setupagov
ernmentandst
art
edf
orhi
sjour
neyt
o Del
hi.Hi
s
 MANDAL19

absencei
nDel
hi,l
edSherShahacqui
ri
ngBenar
as,ChunarandJaunpur
,ashe

dev
ast
atedt
heMughalpossessi
onst
il
lKannaujandSambhal
.Thus,t
heMughal
s

wer
eatgr
eatl
ossast
heemper
orr
etur
nedt
oDel
hiandSherShahov
err
anBengal
.

Humay
unwassoobsessedwi
thMughalsuper
ior
it
y,f
acedSherShahi
ntheBat
tl
eof

Chausa(
26 June,1539)and Bat
tl
eofKannauj(
17 May
,1540)
,wher
ehewas

v
anqui
shed.Thef
ormer
’sbr
otherr
efusedt
osuppor
thi
m andt
hus,wasov
ert
hrown

byt
hel
att
er.Hepl
annedofgoi
ngt
oSi
ndh,
conquerGuj
aratandr
enewhi
sfi
ghtwi
th

SherShah.Hi
sbr
other
spl
ott
edt
oki
l
lhi
m andt
osav
ehi
sli
feaf
terr
epeat
edf
ail
ures

hef
ledt
oPer
sia.Hewaswel
comedbyt
heGov
ernorofSei
stan.Lat
er,her
ecei
ved

newsf
rom t
heCour
tofPer
sia,wher
ehewaswel
comedi
nagr
andmannerand

encour
agedbyShahTahmaspofSaf
avi
dEmpi
ret
oopent
hegat
esoft
heki
ngdom

subduedbyBabur
.TheShahassi
stedhi
m wi
thal
argef
orcet
oexpel
hisbr
other
sout

ofKabul
,QandaharandBadakshan.Heev
enmar
chedt
oQandaharandcapt
uredi
t.

Af
terappoi
nti
ngBai
ram Khan,i
nchar
geofQandahar
,hepr
oceededt
owar
dsKabul

andt
ookov
eri
tin1545.Af
terr
euni
ti
ngwi
thhi
ssonAkbar
,hel
eftf
orBadakshan

af
terl
eav
ingt
hel
att
eratKabul
.Sei
zi
ngt
heoppor
tuni
ty,Kamr
anr
ecov
eredKabuli
n

1546butHumay
unr
etur
nedandsi
zedi
tagai
n.Heal
sosubduedBadakshan,
butt
he

f
ormeragai
nsei
zedi
t.I
n1551,
Kamr
anr
eoccupi
edKabulbutwasf
inal
l
ydef
eat
edby

Humay
un.
 MANDAL20

Fi
g.12

Humay
uni
n1554goti
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
her
evol
tsandr
ebel
l
ionst
aki
ngpl
aceaf
ter

t
hedeat
hofI
slam Shah,t
hesonofSherShah.TheSurDy
nast
ywasf
aci
ngci
vi
lwar

underSi
kandarSur
.Seei
ng t
his as an oppor
tuni
ty,he cr
ossed t
he I
ndus and
 MANDAL21

occupi
ednor
ther
nPunj
abandLahor
e.Bai
ram Khanadv
anced t
o Jal
i
ndherand

occupi
edSi
rhi
ndashecr
ossedt
heSut
lejRi
ver
.Int
hebat
tl
eofSi
rhi
nd,Humay
un

def
eat
edSi
kandarShah.Humay
unoccupi
edDel
hiont
hehol
ydayofRamzanandal
l

ot
herpr
ovi
ncesf
ellr
api
dlyi
nhi
shand.Hepl
annedt
headmi
nist
rat
ionofhi
sempi
re,

di
vi
dedi
tint
osev
eralgr
adedi
vi
sions,eachoft
hem hav
ingal
ocalcapi
talanda

boar
dofadmi
nist
rat
iont
odi
rectt
hel
ocal
aff
air
s.

Humay
undi
edshor
tl
yaf
terher
ecov
eredhi
sempi
reon20Januar
y,1556.Hewasat

hi
sli
brar
ywhi
l
edescendi
ngt
hest
eps,hehear
dthemoi
zzi
n(cr
yerf
rom t
hemi
nar
et

oft
hemosque)
,summoni
ngf
ort
heev
eni
ngpr
ayer
sandhepr
epar
edt
osi
tont
he

st
air
sti
l
lthe pr
ocl
amat
ion ended.Howev
eras he was goi
ng t
ori
se,hi
sfoot

ent
angl
edi
ntheski
rtofhi
smant
leandt
hest
epsmadeofmar
blebei
ngsl
i
pper
y,‘
the

st
air
sinsuchsi
tuat
ionsar
enar
row st
epsont
heout
sideoft
hebui
l
ding,andonl
y
11
guar
dedbyanor
nament
alpar
apetaboutaf
oothi
gh.
” Thushef
elldownheadi
ng

f
rom t
hest
air
sandexpi
redatt
hef
ort
y-ei
ght
hyearofhi
sageon24Januar
y,1556.

11
Mount
stuar
tEl
phi
nst
one,
Hist
oryofI
ndi
a(Vol
II)
,175.
 MANDAL22

THECOURTUNDERBABURANDHUMAYUN

Thegov
ernmentwasaf
orei
gnr
ulerwhoset
tl
edt
hemsel
vesbyf
orcei
nthecount
ry.

Theadmi
nist
rat
ionwasdi
rect
edbyt
heki
ng,whowassur
roundedbyAmi
rsand

gr
eatof
fi
cer
s.Thecour
twascomposedmai
nlyoft
heBegsandAmi
rs,whohel
d

di
ff
erentpr
ovi
nceanddi
str
ict
sint
heempi
re.I
ncaseofbot
htheemper
orst
he

nobl
eswer
elar
gel
ycomposedoft
heTur
ko-
Mongolascent
. Wedonotgetany

par
ti
cul
ari
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
her
uli
ngcl
assesdur
ingt
her
eignofBabur
,si
ncehe

di
edsoonaf
terconsol
i
dat
ingt
heempi
re.Humay
unwasamagni
fi
centemper
orwho

t
ookcar
eofhi
ssubj
ect
sandnobl
eswhom hegav
eimpor
tantadmi
nist
rat
ivepost
s

andot
her
simpor
tantposi
ti
onsi
nhi
scour
t.Howev
eri
twasunderHumay
unaf
terhe

r
etai
ned hi
sempi
rewi
tht
hehel
p oft
heSaf
avi
dst
hathi
snobl
eswer
emai
nly

composedofPer
sianascent
.

Ther
ewasnoher
edi
tar
yposi
ti
onexceptt
heheadsoft
het
ri
besandt
hepower

possessedbyt
heheadoft
het
ri
beswasex
changedf
ort
hepowerofagov
ernorofa
 MANDAL23

pr
ovi
nce.Ther
uli
ngcl
asseswer
enother
edi
tar
ybbutt
heposi
ti
onoft
her
uli
ngcl
ass

r
uni
nthesamef
ami
l
y.Ev
eryv
il
lagehav
eaj
agi
rdar
,whopossessedal
lthef
orces

andpubl
i
cbui
l
dingsandpeopl
ewor
kedunderhi
mindi
ff
erentposi
ti
ons.

Al
lthet
axesandr
evenuesar
ecol
l
ect
edbyhi
m andal
lmi
l
itar
y,ci
vi
landcr
imi
nal

power
swer
erest
edwi
thhi
m.Sot
hepeopl
ewer
elef
tathi
smer
cyandt
hemi
ser
yof

t
hepeopl
ewasdeci
dedbyt
hechar
act
eroft
hej
agi
rdar
.Despi
tet
hef
act
,hecoul
d

notst
ri
ket
her
oot
sashewasl
i
abl
etober
emov
edatanyt
imebyt
heki
ng.The

peopl
ehol
dinghi
ghr
anksi
ntheadmi
nist
rat
ioncompr
isedt
her
uli
ngcl
asswho

possessed a l
otofweal
thy
.Theyal
so had hi
gh r
anks i
nthe ar
myand ev
en

compr
isedofpoet
sandmenofl
i
ber
alst
udi
es.

Thecommonpeopl
ewer
epr
obabl
ytheoppr
essedones.Theext
ract
ionofr
evenue

byt
hegov
ernment
,al
ongwi
tht
hedev
ast
ati
oncausedbyt
hehi
l
ltr
ibesi
nthear
mies

l
eftt
hem wi
thv
eryl
i
ttl
eoft
hei
rpossessi
ons.Oppr
essi
on,t
hough,uni
tedt
hem as
12
t
heyhel
pedeachot
heri
ngr
oup,t
hust
heywer
e“dr
awncl
osur
ebyt
hei
rsuf
fer
ing.
”

Nev
ert
hel
essi
ngener
al,
wegetl
i
ttl
eornoi
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
hei
rdai
l
yempl
oyment
.

12
Wi
l
li
am Er
ski
re,
AHi
stor
yofI
ndi
aUnderHumay
un,
551.
 MANDAL24

CONCLUSI
ON

Baburhadf
oundedoneoft
hel
argestandi
nfl
uent
ialempi
resofal
lti
mesandwas
13
r
efer
redt
oasa‘
GunpowderEmpi
re’ al
ongwi
tht
heOt
tomanandt
heSaf
avi
d

Empi
reswhi
chwer
econt
empor
aneouswi
tht
heMughal
s.Hei
nher
it
edhi
swar
ri
or

andst
atesmanl
i
keski
l
lfr
om t
heTi
mur
idsandt
heMongol
s,butwhathef
ail
edi
n

wasbui
l
dingapr
operadmi
nist
rat
ion,si
ncehedi
edshor
tl
yaf
terhef
ort
if
iedhi
shol
d

i
nIndi
a.ThusHumay
unf
acedmanyr
ebel
l
ionsandwasov
ert
hrown.Her
egai
nedhi
s

empi
ret
houghhecoul
dnotbr
inganygi
gant
icchangesi
ntheMughaladmi
nist
rat
ion.

I
twasAkbar
,oneoft
hegr
eat
estMughalemper
ors,whonotonl
ybr
oughtt
heent
ir
e

sub-
cont
inentundert
heMughal
sbutal
sof
ormedt
heMughaladmi
nist
rat
ion,
lar
gel
y

13
Aphr
asecoi
nedbyMar
shal
lG.
S.Hodgson&Wi
l
li
am H.McNei
l
l.
 MANDAL25

basedonSherShahSur
i’
sadmi
nist
rat
iveski
l
ls.Babur
’sdr
eam ofconquer
ingI
ndi
a

wascar
ri
edf
orwar
dbyhi
ssuccessor
sast
heMughalEmpi
rebecamet
hemost

i
nfl
uent
ial
empi
rei
nthewor
ldhi
stor
y.

LI
STOFI
LLUSTRATI
ONS

Fi
g.1I
ndi
ai he15thCent
nt ury
,“AnEmpi
rebui
l
deroft
heSi
xteent
hCent
ury
”,byL.
F.
Rushbr
ookWi
l
li
ams,
3.

Fi
g.2Apai
nti
ngofBabur
,en.
wiki
pedi
a.or
g(accessedSept
ember10,
2017)
.

Fi
g.3Bat
tl
eofPani
pat
,“AnEmpi
rebui
l
deroft
heSi
xteent
hCent
ury
”,byL.
F.
Rushbr
ookWi
l
li
ams,
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Fi
g.4Bat
tl
eofKhanwa,
“AnEmpi
rebui
l
deroft
heSi
xteent
hCent
ury
”,byL.
F.
Rushbr
ookWi
l
li
ams,
150.

Fi
g.5Baburdi
rect
ingachar
geatKhanwa,
“AnEmpi
rebui
l
deroft
heSi
xteent
h
Cent
ury
”,byL.
F.Rushbr
ookWi
l
li
ams,
154.
 MANDAL26

Fi
g.6Babur
’sI
nvasi
ons,
“AnEmpi
rebui
l
deroft
heSi
xteent
hCent
ury
”,byL.
F.
Rushbr
ookWi
l
li
ams,
99.

Fi
g.7Babur
’sDomi
nionsi
n1530,
“AnEmpi
rebui
l
deroft
heSi
xteent
hCent
ury
”,byL.
F.
Rushbr
ookWi
l
li
ams,
113.

Fi
g.8Babur
’sheav
ymi
l
itar
y,“
AnEmpi
rebui
l
deroft
heSi
xteent
hCent
ury
”,byL.
F.
Rushbr
ookWi
l
li
ams,
142.

Fi
g.9Babur
’sgar
den,
“AnEmpi
rebui
l
deroft
heSi
xteent
hCent
ury
”,byL.
F.Rushbr
ook
Wi
l
li
ams,
145.

Fi
g.10Apai
nti
ngofHumay
un,
en.
wiki
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g(accessedSept
ember10,
2017)
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Fi
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tl
ebet
weenHumay
unandBahadurShah,
en.
wiki
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g(accessed
Sept
ember10,
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Fi
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sdef
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anMi
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Bi
bli
ogr
aphy

Wi
l
li
amsL.
F.Rushbr
ook,
AnEmpi
reBui
l
deroft
heSi
xteent
hCent
ury
,1918

Chandr
aSat
ish,
Medi
eval
Indi
aVol
II,
2000

Er
ski
neWi
l
li
ams,
AHi
stor
yofI
ndi
aUnderHumay
un,
1974

El
phi
nst
oneMount
stuar
t,Hi
stor
yofI
ndi
aVol
II,
1841
MANDAL27