Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim

English Literature Lecture Note

Lecturer : S@hin Sir

Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i hyM wefvM

 Renaissance Period (1500-1660 = 160 eQi)

i. Preparation for Renaissance = 1500-1558
ii. Elizabethan Period = 1558-1603
iii. Jacobean Period = 1603-1625(38th BCS)
iv. Caroline Period = 1625-1649
v. Commonwealth Period = 1649-1660
GB hy‡Mi Av‡iv 2 wU fvM Av‡QÑ
i. Age of Shakespeare = 1590-1616
ii. Age of Puritan = 1620-1660

 Neo-Classical Period (1660-1785/1798)

i. Restoration Period = 1660-1700 = 40 eQi (37th BCS)
ii. Augustan Period = 1700-1745
iii. Age of Sensibility = 1745-1798

 Romantic Period (1798-1832 =34 eQi)

→ Lyrical Ballad cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g ïiæ nq|
→ Common people language period.

 Victorian Period (1832-1901)

 Modern/Post Modern Period

→ Modern Period (1901-1939)
̶ G‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
i. The Edwardian Period (1901-1910)
ii. The Georgian Period (1910-1936)

→ Post Modern Period (1939-Present)

Page  1
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

Renaissance Period (1500-1610)

→ Renaissance means Rebirth/Revival/ cybR©b¥/ cybtRvMiY (of learning/ life )
→ g~jZ Renaissance ïiæ nq BZvwji †d¬v‡iÝ kn‡i Ges Zv mgMÖ BD‡iv‡c Qwo‡q c‡o|
 Preparation for Renaissance = 1500-1558
→ GB mgq wQj Bsj¨vÛ Gi RbM‡Yi Rb¨ me‡P‡q `ywe©mn `yt¯^cœgq mgq|
→ ivYx Elizabeth (Virgin Queen) Gi evev wQ‡jb Henry (VIII),
wZwb `ytkvm‡bi gva¨‡g Bsj¨vÛ‡K bi‡K cwiYZ K‡ib|
→ GB mg‡q †Zgb †Kvb mvwnZ¨ iwPZ nq wb|
Z‡e Henry (VIII) Gi `ytkvm‡bi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` ¯^iƒc GKwU weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨ wj‡Lb
Thomas More → Utopia (¯^M©ivR¨)|
→ Utopia wjLvi Rb¨ Thomas More †K wk‡iv‡”Q` Kiv nq|
→ Henry (VIII) Gi †gvU ¯¿x wQj 6 Rb|
→ Henry (VIII) Zvui 2q we‡q msµvšÍ Kvi‡Y Rb¥ †bq Protestant|
→ Protestant = Against of Pope
Catholic = Supporter of Pope
→ `xN© GKwU mgq England G Protestant Ges Catholic Gi g‡a¨ M„nhy× P‡j|
→ Elizabeth n‡jv Henry (VIII) Gi 2q ¯¿x Anne Boleyn Gi Kb¨v hv‡K Elizabeth R‡b¥i gvÎ AvovB eQi
c‡i ciKxqvi `v‡q wk‡iv‡”Q` Kiv nq Ges Elizabeth †K A‰ea †NvlYv Kiv nq|
→ 1553 mv‡j ÿgZvq e‡mb Queen Marry whwb Elizabeth Gi mr eo †evb|
→ Queen Marry †K ejv nq Bloody Marry (i³ wccvmy †gwi)| wZwb wQ‡jb Catholic Ges cÖPzi Protestant
nZ¨v K‡ib| GRb¨ Dbv‡K ejv nq Bloody Marry.
→ 1558 mv‡j Rivqy‡Z K¨vÝv‡ii Kvi‡Y Queen Marry gviv †M‡j ÿgZvq e‡mb ivYx Elizabeth| Zvui
bvgvbymv‡i GB hy‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv nq|
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv, 1603 mv‡j ivYx Elizabeth Gi g„Zz¨i mv‡_ mv‡_ Zvui es‡ki (Tudor) mgvwß nq| Ges
England Gi ÿgZvq Av‡mb Scotland Gi ivRv King James (1st) hvi bvgvbymv‡i GB hy‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv nq
Jacobean Period.
cÖkœ t UK Ges Great Britain Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK?

1603

England Scotland King James (1st)

GKwÎZ nq
wKš‘ Parliament Avjv`v wQj
Page  2
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

1707

England Scotland Wales

GB 3wU Øviv GB ‰Zix nq

wKš‘ Parliament GwKf~Z nq

1801

England Scotland Wales Ireland

 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t 1921 mv‡j `wÿY Avqvij¨vÛ ¯^vaxbZv jvf Ki‡j, England, Scotland, Wales Ges North
Ireland wg‡j ˆZix nq UK ev United Kingdom.

 Elizabethan Period (1558-1603)

Av‡iv wKQz bvg t-
→ Glorious Period of English Literature
→ Golden Period of English Period (38th BCS)
→ Early Romantic Period
→ Early Modern Period
→ Greatest Period of all time
❖ English mvwn‡Z¨i `yB gnvb wKse`šÍx Christopher Marlowe Ges Shakespeare Gi Rb¥|
 ivYx Elizabeth Gi weL¨vZ Dw³ Ñ
A good face is the best letter of recommendation

❖ Elizabethan hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i ˆewkó¨ t-

→ G hy‡M bvU‡K gwnjv‡`i Awfbq wbwl× wQj|
cyiælivB ‡g‡q‡`i Awfbq Ki‡Zv|
→ Love
→ Revenge

Page  3
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

Christopher Marlowe 35th BCS

→ Father of English Drama/Tragedy.
→ wZwb English mvwn‡Z¨ Blank Verse Gi cÖeZ©K|
→ Christopher Marlowe n‡jb Elizabethan hy‡Mi GKRb †kÖó bvU¨Kvi | Ñ 35th BCS
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë| Predecessor Successor

→ Marlowe Ges Shakespeare mgmvgwqK n‡jI Marlowe wQj c~e©m~ix Ges Shakespeare wQj DËim~ix|
Marlowe Shakespeare

wmwbqi Rywbqi

gvbœv kvwKe Lvb

→ Dw³ t Man is the maker of his own fate
→ weL¨vZ bvUK t-
i. Doctor Faustus /The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus
̶ Doctor Faustus ‡K ejv nq Renaissance Hero. 41th BCS
̶ wb‡Ri AvZ¥v‡K 24 eQ‡ii Rb¨ kqZv‡bi Kv‡Q wewµ K‡i †`b|
̶ g„Zz¨ hš¿bvi GK AKvU¨ `wjj Doctor Faustus.
̶ Gi evsjv Abyev`K t wRqv nvq`vi|
Doctor Faustus MÖ‡š’i PwiÎ :
-Doctor John Faustus
- Lucifer Satanic figures
- Mephistopheles
Quote:
“Sweet Helen, make me immortal with kiss” __ Doctor Faustus (40th BCS)
“Was this the face that launch’d a thousand ships, And burnt the topless
tower of Illium” ___ 41th BCS

ii. The Jew of Malta.

̶ Marlowe Gi Malta.
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv, Marlowe Gi Malta †`‡L aviYv Kiv nq Shakespeare Zvi The Merchant of
Venice Ges Ben Jonson Zvi Volpone wj‡L‡Qb|
→ ‘The Passionate Shepherd to His Love’ __ Zvi Ab¨Zg MxwZKweZv/ Lyric.
1st Line : Come live with me, and be my love.
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv, ‘The Shepherds Calender’ wj‡L‡Qb ‘Edmund Spenser’|

Page  4
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

Edmund Spenser
→ Poets of Poet (Kwe‡`i Kwe):
̶ Romantic hy‡Mi KweMY Zv‡`i KweZvq Edmund Spenser Gi Style AbymiY Ki‡Zb GB Rb¨B
Spenser †K ejv nq Kwe‡`i Kwe|
→ Child of English Renaissance.
→ wZwb weL¨vZ GKwU Elegy (†kvKMvu_v) wj‡L‡Qb Sir Philip Sydney Gi g„Zz¨‡Z, bvg Astrophel.
→ Famous Epic ̶
 The Faerie Queen (ivYx GwjRv‡e_ Gi cÖksmv K‡i) - Allegory
 The Shepherds Calender
 Amoretti (Collection of 89 Sonnet)
❑ Sonnet g~jZ 3 cÖKvi| h_vt
i. Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet.
ii. Shakespearean Sonnet.
iii. Spenserian Sonnet.
→ Sir Philip Sidney I g„Zz¨‡Z †jLv GKwU weL¨vZ Pastoral elegy n‡jv : Astrophel
Thomas Kyd
→ Father of English Revenge Tragedy.
→ Zvui GKgvÎ mvwnZ¨ The Spanish Tragedy (GwU GKwU Melodrama) hv‡K ejv nq Bloody
Tragedy.(38th BCS) (‡Kvc QvgQz Wªvgv)

 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Melodrama = Full of violent and sensation.

aviYv Kiv nq, Shakespeare Zvui me©e„nr Tragedy Hamlet (GwU evev nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡q iwPZ) wj‡L‡Qb
The Spanish Tragedy (GwU ‡cÖwgK nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡q iwPZ) c‡o AbycÖvwYZ n‡q|

**S@hin sir’s Special graph chart**

Ben Jonson Francis Beacon John Donne John Dryden
→ Elizabethan → Elizabethan → Jacobean Period. → Restoration
period. period. → Poet of Love Period.
→ Father of → Father of English →Father of → Father of modern
comedy of humors. prose/Essay metaphysical poetry. English Criticism.

→ mvwnZ¨ Kg© t- → mvwnZ¨ Kg© t- → weL¨vZ KweZv tÑ → weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨ Kg© t-

Beacon Gi mKj mvwnZ¨ i. The Good Morrow i. All For Love.
EVAS
ev cÖeÜ ‘Of’ w`‡q ïiæ| (40th BCS)
wKš‘ Love For
i. Everyman in ii. The Sun Rising
Love wj‡Lb
Page  5
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

His Humours e¨wZµg t wKš‘ The Sun Also William Congreve.

ii. Everyman Out Of Human Rises bv‡g weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm
of His Humours Bondage (Dcb¨vm) ii. Absalom and
i‡q‡Q AvaywbK hy‡Mi gvwK©b
iii. Volpone or the Achitophel.
GwU iPbv K‡ib William Jcb¨vwmK Earnest
Foxes Somerset Maugham Hemingway Gi| → ‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv,
(37th BCS) wZwb Post Modern Dryden,
iv. The Alchemist iii. The
period Gi| Canonization Shakespeare Gi
v. The Silent
Women iv. For Whom The me©‡kl bvUK “The
His Well Known Bell Tones Tempest” mgv‡jvPbv
Works : v. Twicknam K‡i †j‡Lb- The
1 . Of Truth Garden Enchanted Island
2. Of Death
3. Of Revenge GKB bv‡g weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm
4. Of Adversity i‡q‡Q Earnest
5. Of Parents and Hemingway Gi|
Children → weL¨vZ Dw³ t
6. Of Marriage and “For God’s Sake,
Single Life hold your tongue and
7. Of Envy let me love”
8. Of Love (38th BCS)
9. Of Great Place
10. Of Study

→ weL¨vZ Dw³ t

“It is impossible to
love and be wise”

2. Reading maketh
a full man;
conference a ready
man ; writing an
exact man.

3. Opportunity makes
a thief.
4. The Secret of
success is the
constancy of purpose
5. Revenge is a kind
of wild justice.
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv : Founder of English Prose – Alfred the Great
Father of English Prose – John Wycliff
Father of English Prose – Francis Bacon
Page  6
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

N.B: Father of English Prose cª‡kœ Alfred the Great ev John Wycliff Gi bvg bv _vK‡j
Francis Bacon mwVK DËi n‡e |
William Shakespeare
→ National Poet of England
→ King Without Crown.
→ Greatest Dramatist/ Playwright of All Time.
→ The Greatest Superstar of The World.
→Poet of Human Nature (Dr. Samuel Johnson GB Dcvwa †`b ‘A Preface to Shakespeare eB‡q)
→ The Dazzling Sun (Lord Alfred Tennyson GB Dcvwa †`b)
→ Bard of Avon → Father: John Shakespeare
→ Rb¥ t 23 April 1564. (40th BCS) →Mother: Mary Shakespeare
g„Zz¨ t 23 April 1616. → Wife: Anne Hathaway
 Shakespeare Zvui R‡b¥i 26 eQi ci †_‡K mvwnZ¨ iPbv ïiæ K‡ib Ges gvÎ 26 eQi mvwnZ¨ iPbv
K‡i| So, Age of Shakespeare = 1590-1616.
 RxebKvj 52 eQi|
Shakespeare Gi m‡b‡Ui AšÍwgjÑ
→ Zvui we‡qi mgq eqm wQj 18 Ges ¯¿xi eqm wQj 26|
abab = 4
→ Zvi WvK bvg Ñ The Swan of Avon cdcd = 4
→ Zvui mvwnZ¨ Kg© t- efef = 4
 Play = 37 wU gg = 2
 Sonnet = 154 wU ‡gvU (4+4+4+2) = 14 jvBb|
 Long Narrative Poem = 2 wU

Shakespeare g~jZ Pvi ai‡bi bvUK wj‡L‡Qb :

Tragedy = 12wU Tragi-Comedy = 3wU
Comedy = 15wU Historical Play = 10wU
❖ Long Narrative Poem:-
i. The Rape of Lucrece.
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t English mvwn‡Z¨ Rape Av‡Q 3wUÑ
 The Rape of Lucrece (Poem = Shakespeare)
 The Rape of the Lock (Mock epic) = Alexander Pope → Augustan period)
 Rape upon Rape (Play = Henry Fielding → Father of English Novel→Age of Sensibility)
i. Venus & Adonis.
wKš‘ Adonais bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ elegy wj‡Lb PB Shelley (†bŠKv Wzwe‡Z gviv hvb) → John Keats Gi
g„Zz¨‡Z (h²vq gviv hvb)|
→ 1st Play: Henry VI (part-02)
→ Last Play: The Tempest (Swan Song)
Page  7
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

→ Shortest play: Comedy of Error

→ Longest play: Hamlet
❖ Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ bvUK t-
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Zvui cÖwZwU bvUK 5 c‡e© wef³|
→ Tragi-comedy (3wU) :-
i. The Merchant of Venice.
ii. All’s Well that Ends Well.
iii. Measure for Measure. (Dark play/Black play/Worse play/Problem play)
 The Merchant of Venice  36th BCS , 41th BCS
 aviYv Kiv nq Christopher Marlowe i weL¨vZ bvUK “The Jew of Malta” ‡`‡L AbycÖvwYZ n‡q
Shakespeare GB bvUKwU iPbv K‡ib|
 GB bvU‡Ki cÖavb PwiÎ n‡jv t
→ Antonio
→ Shylock (41th BCS)
→Portia

 bvUKwUi weL¨vZ Dw³ t All that glitters is not gold

 Elizabeth period G my` ev my‡`i Kvievi wb‡q mvwnZ¨ 3wU|
i. The Jew of Malta  Christopher Marlowe.
ii. Volpone  Ben Jonson.
iii. The Merchant of Venice  Shakespeare.
 Measure for Measure  (36th BCS)
 ‡hgb KzKzi †Zgb gy¸i|
 weL¨vZ Dw³ t Some rise by sin and some by virtue fall (cv‡c Kv‡iv DÌvb c~‡Y¨ Kv‡iv cZb)
“ The miserable have no other medicine but only hope.
→ Shakespeare Gi mg¯Í Tragedy (12wU) e¨w³i bvg w`‡qÑ
i. Hamlet.
ii. Macbeth.
iii. Othello. (The Moor - gywik)
iv. King Lear.
v. Antony and Cleopatra.
wKš‘ Caesar and Cleopatra †j‡Lb GB Shaw
vi. Julius Caesar.
vii. Romeo and Juliet. (A tragedy of eternal love)- (40th BCS)
 Hamlet 
 Shakespeare Gi me©‡kÖô I me©e„nr Revenge Tragedy.

Page  8
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

 aviYv Kiv nq Thomas Kyd Gi “The Spanish Tragedy” (Bloody Drama) ‡`‡L wZwb GB weL¨vZ
Tragedy †j‡Lb|
 Hamlet means small village/small hut.
 GB bvU‡Ki cÖavb PwiÎ n‡jv t
→Prince Hamlet. (Protagonist/Central Character) -
→ King Hamlet(‡Wbgv‡K©i ivRv) -41th BCS
→ Claudius
→Gertrude
→Ophelia
→ Horatio

 GB bvU‡Ki g~j cÖwZcv`¨ n‡jv t wcZv nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva|

 weL¨vZ Dw³ t
 To be or not to be that is the question  Prince Hamlet. (39th BCS), 35th BCS
GB Dw³ Øviv gvbe g‡bi wm×všÍnxbZv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GKvi‡Y ejv n‡q _v‡K AvaywbK hy‡Mi me gvbylB Hamlet.
 Frailty, thy name is women (bvix Zzwg AejvB)| 37th BCS , 36th BCS
 There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so 41th BCS
 When sorrows comes, they come not single spies but in battalions

 Macbeth 
 ÿz`ª GKwU Tragedy.
 Macbeth wQ‡jb †mbvcwZ hvi ivRv wQ‡jb King Duncan.
 Zvui wife Gi bvg Lady Macbeth. hv‡K ejv nq PZz_© WvBbx/Supper witch.
 GB bvU‡K Av‡iv wZbwU WvBbx Av‡Q hviv †mbvcwZ Macbeth †K wZbwU fwel¨Øvbx K‡i Ges wZbwUB mZ¨ nq|
 Macbeth Zvui ¯¿x Lady Macbeth Gi civg‡k© ivRv Duncan †K nZ¨v K‡ib|
 Lady Macbeth Zvui GB cv‡ci Aby‡kvPbvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ Dw³ †`b t
All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand(40th BCS)
 Life is a tale, told by an idiot
Life is but a walking shadow  ‡mbvcwZ Macbeth Gi Dw³|
 Fair is foul, foul is fair  bvU‡Ki ïiæ‡Z wZb WvBbx MvB‡Z MvB‡Z bvUK ïiæ K‡i|
 Look like an innocent flower
But be the serpent under it.

 Othello 
 Othello wQ‡jb GKRb †mbvcwZ/gywik †Rbv‡ij| 35th BCS
 gyi (gi‡°vi gymwjg Awaevmx‡`i ejv nq)|
 †mbvcwZ Othello Zvui ¯¿x Desdemona †K iægvj/handkerchief ‡`q| (37th BCS)
Page  9
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

 m‡›`‡ni wbg©g ejx nb Desdemona/Fatal consequence of doubt.

 King Lear 
 ivRv Ges wZb Kb¨vi Kvwnbx|
 ivRvi weL¨vZ Dw³ †QvU †g‡q‡K nviv‡bvi c‡i, I am a man more sinned against than sinning
(Avwg hZUv Ab¨vq K‡iwQ Zvi †P‡q †ewk Ab¨vq Avgvi mv‡_ Kiv n‡q‡Q)
 King Lear Gi g‡Z, How sharper than a serpent’s tooth it is to have a thankless child
(AK…Z•N mšÍvb mv‡ci Zxÿè `vu‡Zi †P‡qI gvivZ¥K)

 Julius Caesar 
 Rywjqvm wmRvi wQ‡jb weL¨vZ †ivgvb †mbvcwZ|
 Zvi eÜz Brutus †K g„Zz¨`Û †_‡K evuPv‡jI †mB eÜzB Zv‡K nZ¨vi loh‡š¿ wQj, hvi †cÖwÿ‡Z Julius Caesar
weL¨vZ Dw³ †`b, Brutus you too!
 Rywjqvm wmRvi‡K we‡q K‡ib wgk‡ii ivYx wK¬I‡cUªv| hv‡K ejv nq mc©ivYx|
Rywjqvm wmRv‡ii weL¨vZ Dw³ t-
 Veni, Vidi, Vici (I came, I saw, I conquered). Climax
 Cowards die many times before their death.
3. Brutus, you too!
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Rywjqvm wmRvi g„Zz¨i ci †mbvcwZ nb Mark Antony. GB Mark Antony wmRvi nZ¨vi
lohš¿Kvix‡`i GKRb| wgk‡ii ivYx wK¬I‡cUªv Mark Antony i cÖ_g `k©‡b †cÖ‡g c‡o hvb|
→ Shakespeare Gi Comedy (15wU) :-
i. As You Like It.
ii. Comedy of Errors [åvwšÍwejvm → Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi]
iii. The Taming of the Shrew [gyLiv igbx ekxKiY → gybxi †PŠayix]

bvwqKv Katherine
Mid-Summer Nights Dream
iv. Twelfth Night
v. The Tempest [`yišÍ So → me©‡kl bvUK] (37th BCS)
vi. Much Ado About Nothing
vii. Love’s Labours Lost
 As You Like It 
Theme: Love at first sight.
weL¨vZ Dw³ t-
→ All the world’s a stage (Example of Metaphor)
And all the men and women are merely players

Page  10
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

→ Sweet are the uses of the adversity.

→ bvUKwU ‡Z weL¨vZ GKwU KweZv ‘Under the green wood Tree’ i‡q‡Q |
GwU g~jZ GKwU Song ; G‡Z winter Øviv kÎæ Ges Tree Øviv Forest ‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q |

‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv ‘Under the Green Wood Tree’ bv‡g GKwU Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb Victorian hy‡Mi weL¨vZ
Dcb¨vwmK Thomas Hardy.

Blow, Blow the winter wind

Thou(you) are not so unkind (Personification)
As man ingratitude

 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t gywbi †PŠayix Ges English mvwnZ¨ tÑ

 The Taming of the Shrew (gyLiv igbx ekxKiY)
 You Never Can Tell → GB Shaw (‡KD wKQz ej‡Z cvi‡ebv)
 weL¨vZ gvwK©b bvU¨Kvi Irwin Shaw Gi weL¨vZ bvUK Bury the Dead Aej¤^‡b ÒKeiÓ bvUKwU iPbv K‡ib|

University Wits
→ Christopher Marlowe → Thomas Kyd

→ Robert Greene → George Peele

→ Thomas Nashe → John Lyly

→ Thomas Lodge

 Jacobean Period (1603-1625)

→ GB hy‡Mi †kÖô mvwnwZ¨K John Donne hv‡K ejv nq Father of Metaphysical poetry.
→ Elizabeth period -G Avgiv †`‡LwQ ïay Lyb, i³,gvivgvwi,KvUvKvwU|
→ John Donne wPšÍv Ki‡jb G¸‡jv e¨wZZ gvby‡li Soul, Love, God, Death G¸‡jv wb‡qI mvwnZ¨ iwPZ n‡Z
cv‡i|
→ W. m¨vgy‡qj Rbmb G hy‡Mi Kwe‡`i †K Metaphysical poet wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb |

John Donne
→ Jacobean Period.

Page  11
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

→ Poet of Love
→Father of metaphysical poetry.

→ weL¨vZ KweZv tÑ
1. The Good Morrow (40th BCS)
2. The Sun Rising
wKš‘ The Sun Also Rises bv‡g weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm i‡q‡Q AvaywbK hy‡Mi gvwK©b Jcb¨vwmK Earnest
Hemingway Gi|

3. The Canonization
4. For Whom the Bell Tolls (GKB bv‡g weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm i‡q‡Q Earnest Hemingway Gi|)
5. Twicknam Garden

→ weL¨vZ Dw³ t

“For God’s Sake, hold your tongue and let me love” (38th BCS)

Andrew Marvell
→ Rb¥ t 1621 mv‡j
→ Zvui KweZvq wZwb John Donne †K AbymiY Ki‡Zb|
wZwb wQ‡j John Donne Gi Abymvix|
GBRb¨ Dbv‡K Jacobean period Gi mvwnwZ¨K ejv nq|
→ KweZv t-
i. To His Coy Mistress. (Marvell Gi Mistress)
ii. The Definition of Love. (Out of sight, near to mind).

 Caroline Period (1625-1649)

→ King James (1 ) Gi cyÎ Charles (1st) Gi bvgvbymv‡i G hy‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv nq|
st

→ G hy‡MI England G M„nhy× P‡j|

→ 2wU cÿ t-
 Cavalier = Supporter of king
 Roundhead = Against of king (Supporter of the parliament of England)
→ GB hy‡× Roundhead iv wR‡Z hvq Ges 1649 mv‡j Charles (1st) †K wk‡iv‡”Q` Kiv nq Ges Zvi cyÎ
Charles (2nd) France G cvwj‡q AvZ¥iÿv K‡ib hvi gva¨‡g England G ivRZ‡š¿i cZb nq|
Robert Herrick
→ Cavalier poet
Page  12
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

→ GKgvÎ weL¨vZ KweZv To Daffodils; wKš‘, The Daffodil wj‡L‡Qb Romantic hy‡Mi William Wordsworth.
→ welqe¯‘ t-
̶ To Daffodils = gvby‡li Rxe‡bi mswÿßZv|
gvby‡li Rxeb‡K Kwe mKv‡ji wkwk‡ii mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
weL¨vZ Dw³ t-
→ Fair daffodil, we weep to see
You haste away as soon
→ Never to be found again (The last line of ‘To Daffodils’)

̶ The Daffodils = cÖK…wZi wKQz wbivgq kw³/Healing power of nature.

 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Commonwealth period (1649-1660) GB 11 eQi England G †Kv‡bv ivRv wQj bv|
Roundhead ‡bZv Cromwell ÿgZvq Av‡mb|
→ GB hy‡M bvUK wbwl× wQj| (†Kv‡bv mvwnwZ¨K co‡Z n‡ebv)

Neo-Classical Period (1610-1798)

 Restoration Period (1660-1700)
→ 1649 mv‡j England Gi ÿgZvq Av‡mb Roundhead.
GB 11 eQi Zv‡`i A`ÿ miKvi e¨e¯’v England Gi RbM‡bi Rxeb‡K `ywe©mn K‡i †Zv‡j Ges Zviv Dcjwä
K‡i ivRZš¿B Zv‡`i Rb¨ Best.
→ France G cvwj‡q _vKv Charles (1st) Gi cyÎ Charles (2nd) ‡K G‡b England Gi ÿgZvq emvb| Gi
gva¨‡g England Gi ivRZ‡š¿i cyYiæ×vi nq| GB Rb¨ GB hyM‡K ejv nq Restoration period.
→ GB hy‡Mi kw³kvjx mvwnwZ¨K John Dryden Gi bvgvbymv‡i GB hyM‡K ejv nq Age of Dryden.
→ GB hyM‡K 17th & 18th Century Literature I ejv nq |

John Milton (38th BCS)

→ me©‡kl Renaissance Hero.
→ Epic poet.
→ Zv‡K †i‡bmv hy‡Mi me©‡kl gnvb Kwe I ejv nq |
→ Zv‡K ejv nq Blind Poet
→ weL¨vZ gnvKve¨ t-
i. Paradise Lost.
ii. Paradise Regained.
GB `yÕwU gnvKv‡e¨ g~j Theme n‡jv t “To justify the ways of God to man”.
→ weL¨vZ Elegy:-

Page  13
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

i. Song on Shakespeare.
wKš‘, Song of Innocence William Blake
(KweZv) →
Song of Experience Romantic period
ii. Lycidas → Kwei eÜz Edward King Gi g„Zz¨‡Z †jLv|
→ weL¨vZ Prose: Areopagitica
→ weL¨vZ Dw³ t-
 It is better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven
 Childhood shows the man as morning shows the day
 Death is the golden key that opens the place of eternity

 John Dryden 
→ Father of modern English Criticism.
→ Zv‡K ‘Glorious John’ AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb Sir Walter Scott.

→ weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨ Kg© t-

1. All For Love. (wKš‘ Love For Love wj‡Lb William Congreve.)
2. Absalom and Achitophel.
3. The Indian Emperor The Way of the World

Zv‡K mgv‡jvPK(Critic) ejvi KviY :

→ wZwb DBwjqvg ‡k·wcqvi iwPZ ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb “The most
insipid, ridiculous play, that ever I saw in my life.”

→ Othello wb‡q e‡j‡Qb - “A mean thing” (LyeB wbPz e¨vcvi)

→ Shakespeare Gi me©‡kl bvUK “The Tempest” mgv‡jvPbv K‡i †j‡Lb The Enchanted Island

John Bunyan
→ Zvi mvwnZ¨ Kg© t Pilgrim Progress, The Holy War.
→ BN P = Pilgrim Progress

Bunyan

Samuel Butler
→ wZwb weL¨vZ Kwe Ges Satirist.
→ GKB bv‡g Victorian period G GKRb weL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK i‡q‡Qb|
→ Hudibars (Poem) = Samuel Butler (Restoration period)
Page  14
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

→ The Way of All Flesh (Novel) = Samuel Butler (Victorian period)

 Augustan Period (1700-1745)

→ GB hy‡Mi kw³kvjx mvwnwZ¨K Alexander Pope.
Zvui bvgvbymv‡i GB hyM‡K ejv nq Pope Gi hyM ev Age of Pope ev Classical Period.
Alexander Pope (38th BCS)
→ Mock Heroic poet/ Mock Epic Poet
→ weL¨vZ epic: - The Rape of the Lock (Mock epic) __ 40th BCS
→ weL¨vZ KweZv t-
i. Essay on Man
ii. Essay on Criticism

→ weL¨vZ Dw³ t-
 A little learning is a dangerous thing
 To err is human, to forgive is divine
 Fools rush in where angels fear to tread
**S@hin sir’s Special graph chart**
Jonathan Swift Charles Dickens
→ Augustan Period (Neo-Classical) → Victorian Period (1832-1901)
→ Greatest Satirist → Greatest Novelist
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm Ñ → weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm Ñ
i. Gulliver Travels. i. Great Expectation. (Zvi †kÖó Dcb¨vm)
(4 L‡Û wef³) ii. A Tale of the Two Cities. (London & Paris)
ii. A Tale of a Tub. (36th BCS)
iii. The Battle of the Books. iii. The Battle of the Life.
iv. Hard Times.
v. David Copperfield. (36th BCS)
vi. Oliver Twist.

Thomas Gray
→ Graveyard Poet.
→ weL¨vZ Dw³Ñ
 Where ignorance is bliss, it is folly to be wise 
Page  15
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

(AÁZvB †hLv‡b Avwke©v`, Ávbx nIqvUv †evKvgx)

 Full many a flower is born to blush unseen
→ weL¨vZ KweZv t- “Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat”
→ weL¨vZ elegy:- (37th BCS), 36th BCS
“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” → G‡K ejv nq Pastoral elegy. (MÖvgxY †kvKMv_v)|
**S@hin sir’s Special graph chart**
Samuel Richardson Samuel Johnson
→ Augustan Period. → Age of Sensibility.
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t- → Father of English Dictionary.
Richard Gi PC → wZwb 1st Lexicographer in English.
i. Pamela [The virtue rewarded] → Zvui bvg Abymv‡i GB hyM‡K ejv nq Age of Johnson.
English mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Pamela| → wZwb Shakespeare ‡K “Poet of Human
ii. Clarissa. Nature” Dcvwa †`b Zvui A Preface to
Shakespeare eB‡q|
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv, Poet of Nature n‡jv William
Wordsworth. (Romantic period)
Av‡iv †R‡b ivLv fv‡jv, Shakespeare ‡K
“Dazzling Sun” Dcvwa †`b Victorian hy‡Mi weL¨vZ
Kwe Lord Alfred Tennyson.
Henry Fielding
→ Father of English Novel
→ Zvi Pen Name wQ‡jv Captain Hercules Vinegar
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t- “Tom Jones”
→ weL¨vZ bvUK t- “Rape upon Rape”

Sir Walter Scott :

→¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi weL¨vZ HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm iPwqZv Ges Kwe |
→ evsjvi ¯‹U ejv nq - ew¼gP›`ª‡K |
→ Ivanhoe’ Zvi †kÖô Dcb¨vm |
→ ‘Waverly’ – 1g Dcb¨vm |
→ ‘Patriotism’ – Zvi weL¨vZ KweZv ( †R‡b ivLv fv‡jv ‘ The Patriot’ KweZv wj‡L‡Qb Victorian hy‡Mi
Kwe ‘Robert Browning’ .

Romantic Period (1798-1832)

Page  16
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

→ 1798 mv‡j Lyrical Ballad cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g cÖgvwYZ nq mvaviY †L‡U LvIqv w`b gRyi gvbyl¸‡jv‡K wb‡qI KweZv †jLv
†h‡Z cv‡i| (36th BCS)
̶ Av‡M KweZvq ¯’vb †cZ ivRv-ev`kvn, ivYx A_©¨vr mgv‡Ri DuPz †kÖwYi gvbyl|
̶ Lyrical Ballad cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g KweZvq ¯’vb cvq mgv‡Ri wb¤œ †kÖwYi †L‡U LvIqv gvbyl¸‡jvi K_v|
̶ GBRb¨ Lyrical Ballad ‡K ejv nqÑ “Pioneer of Romantic Movement”
→ GB hyM‡K Common people language hyMI ejv nq|
→ Subjectivity [GB hy‡M KweZvq I (Avwg) Gi e¨envi ïiæ nq]; Supernaturalism.
→ Romantic period g~jZ KweZvi hyM|
wKš‘, Victorian period n‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi hyM|
→ Golden Age of Lyric
→ Lyrical Ballad = †gvU KweZvi msL¨v 23 wU|

 William Wordsworth = 19 wU
Giv `yB eÜz
 S.T Coleridge = 4 wU
→ Lake poet = `yB eÜz Ges GK AvMvQv (3Rb)
i. William Wordsworth
ii. S.T Coleridge
iii. Robert Southey (AvMvQv)
→ Definition of Romanticism: Not cut, copy, paste but create something new by imagination.

William Blake
→ Both Poet and Painter.
→ KweZv t-
i. Songs of Innocence
ii. Songs of Experience
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Lyrical Ballad cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g GB hy‡Mi (Romantic period) †hgb m~Pbv nq,
Songs of Innocence cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g GB hy‡Mi c~Y©Zv jvf K‡i|
Jane Austen
→ Romantic period Gi GKgvÎ Anti-Romantic gwnjv Jcb¨vwmK|
→ Austen Gi PS
i. Pride and Prejudice
ii. Sense and Sensibility
Lord Byron
→ cy‡iv bvg t George Gordon Lord Byron
→ Revel Poet

Page  17
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

→ weL¨vZ epic: - Don Juan (40th BCS)

Quotation:
1.‘Man’s love is of man’s life a thing apart,
‘Tis woman’s whole existence.
2. Revenge is sweet especially to women

**S@hin sir’s Special graph chart** 41th BCS/40th BCS

William Wordsworth S.T Coleridge PB Shelley John Keats
→ Poet of Nature. → cy‡iv bvg Samuel Taylor → Revolutionary Poet → Poet of Beauty
(36th BCS) Coleridge. 36th BCS → Lyrical Poet/Poet → Poet of Sensuousness
→ Poet of Supernaturalism → Death Hunted Poet
→ Father of Romantic of wind (mgxi‡Yi Kwe)
→ wZwb Avwdg Addicted → wZwb h²v‡Z gviv hvb|
Age → weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨ Kg©t-
wQ‡jb|
→ The Great Pioneer wKš‘ John Keats I Avwdg i. Prometheus → weL¨vZ KweZv Ñ
of Romantic Movement Unbound ÒIsabellaÓ
†L‡Zb Z‡e Addicted bv|
→ Lake Poet cÖkœ Avm‡j DËi Ki‡ev S.T ii. The Revolt of wet`ªt Isabella e¨ZxZ
→ England Gi mfvKwe| Coleridge Islam
→ Nature related me Dw³ Zuvi| iii. Adonais Zuvi mg¯Í KweZv “Ode”
→ Biographia
→ GKgvÎ bvUKt The Borderers (37th BCS) w`‡q ïiæ|
Literaria (GwU mvwnZ¨
→ Poetic Autobiography: GwU Zvui weL¨vZ elegy
“The Prelude” mgv‡jvPbvg~jK MÖš’|)
(John Keats Gi g„Zz¨‡Z e¨wZµg t
→ Pioneer of Romantic (37th BCS) †jLv) i. Ode on
Movement.
→ weL¨vZ KweZvt- → weL¨vZ KweZv t- Immortality
→ weL¨vZ KweZv t-
i.
The Rime of AvKvk, evZvm, †gN, ivRv (W.W)
i. The Daffodils
ii. The Solitary Reaper Ancient Mariner i. Ode to the Skylark ii. Ode to the
(36th BCS) (38th BCS) ii. Ode to the west wind Skylark (PB Sh)
iii. Tintern Abbey ii. Kubla Khan iii. The Cloud iii. Ode to the west
iv. Rainbow iii. Christabel iv. Ozymandias (king) wind (PB Sh.)
→ Dw³t → Dw³t
wKš‘,Rainbow bv‡g iv. Dejection: An Ode
weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm wj‡Lb → Dw³t 1.“If winter comes, 1.“Beauty is truth,
AvaywbK hy‡Mi D.H 1.“Water, water can spring be far truth beauty”
everywhere behind” 2. A thing of beauty
Lawrence. 2. “My name is
Nor any drop to drink” is joy forever.
v. Lucy poems Ozymandias, king of
vi. Michael 3. Heard melodies
2.“Alone, alone, all, all alone, king”
vii. Written in March Alone on a wide, wide sea…” (Example of Irony) are sweet but those
viii. Ode on th
(38 BCS) 4.Poets are the unheard are sweeter.
Immortality 3.He prayth best who loveth unacknowledged
(Agi‡Z¡i Mvb) best. legislators of the world.
Quotes: All things both great and
small.
5.The more we study,
1. Child is the father of the more we discover
man. (36th BCS) our ignorance.
2. ‘all at once I saw 5.Our sweetest songs
crowd, a host of golden are those that tell of
daffodils. sadden thought.

Page  18
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture
Ten thousands saw I at
a glance tossing their
heads. (35th BCS)
3.Nature never did
betray the heart the
loved her.

Victorian Period (1832-1901)

→ ivYx Victoria 1837 mv‡j England Gi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| [ weªwUk ivRcwiev‡ii evmfeb n‡jv jÛ‡bi evwKsnvg c¨v‡jm ]
→ GB `xN© kvmbKvj wQj England RbM‡Yi Rb¨ me‡P‡q myL - kvwšÍ Ges mg„×gq hyM|
→ GB hyM‡K ejv nq Dcb¨v‡mi hyM|
→ GB hy‡Mi 3 Rb cÖavb Kwe n‡jb Ñ
i. Lord Alfred Tennyson
ii. Mathew Arnold TAB ( 38th BCS)
iii. Robert Browning
→ GB hy‡Mi †kÖô Jcb¨vwmK t- “Charles Dickens”
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t GB hy‡M Charles Darwin Gi weL¨vZ Theory of Evolution (weeZ©bev` ZË¡) cÖPvwiZ
nq, hv wQj ag©xq †PZbvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K|
Alfred Tennyson Mathew Arnold Robert Browning
→ Representative/Lyric poet → Melancholic (welv`MÖ¯’)/ → Playwright and Psycho-
of the Victorian age. Elegiac (KiæY) Poet. analyst of the Victorian
→ Wordsworth Gi g„Zz¨i ci period. (37th BCS)
1850 mv‡j wZwb England Gi → weL¨vZ elegy: -
mfvKwe (Poet of Laureate/Court “Thyrsis” → Dramatic Monologue Gi
wet`ªt GwU Kwei eÜz Arthur Clough cÖe³v|
poet of England)
Gi g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv| wet`ªt †h bvU‡K speaker GKRb Ges
→ Shakespeare ‡K wZwb †kÖvZv GK ev GKvwaK _v‡K, Z‡e
“Dazzling Sun” Dcvwa †`b| → weL¨vZ KweZv t- †kÖvZv †Kv‡bv K_v e‡j bv Zv‡K
→ weL¨vZ elegy: - i. Dover Beach Dramatic Monologue e‡j|
“In Memoriam” (40th BCS) ii. The Scholar Gypsy
wet`ªt GwU Kwei eÜz Arthur → weL¨vZ KweZv t-
Henry Hallam Gi g„Zz¨ wb‡q wKš‘, “The Spanish Gypsy” i. My last Duchess
†jLv| wj‡L‡Qb George Eliot, GwU GKwU ii. Andrea del Sarto
Dramatic Poem iii. Porphyria’s Lover
→ weL¨vZ KweZv t- iv. Rabbi ben Ezra
i. Oenone (B‡bvbx) (Daughter v. Fra Lippo Lippi
iii. Sohrab and Rustum
of River God) vi. The Patriot
iv. Cromwell: A Prize Poem
ii. Ulysses (BDwjwmm,wMÖKexi)
41th BCS(Line) wKš‘, Patriotism KweZvwU wj‡L‡Qb
wKš‘, Ulysses bv‡g Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb Sir Walter Scott
Page  19
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

James Joyce.
→ Zvui ¯¿x Elizabeth Barrett
iii. Lotus Eaters
iv. Locksley Hall Browning GKRb Kwe| Zvui weL¨vZ
v. Tithonus [g‡Z©i gvbyl we‡q KweZv → How do I Love Thee
K‡iwQ‡jb Elv ‡`ex (Aurora) ‡K]
vi. Morte DArthur(40th BCS)

William Makepeace Thackeray

→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
Vanity Fair 41th BCS
̶ GB Dcb¨v‡mi †Kvb Hero ‡bB|
̶ GB Dcb¨vm Øviv wZwb England †K Satire K‡i‡Qb|
̶ GUv g~jZ cwZZve„wˇK Zz‡j a‡ib|
Thomas Hardy =
→ weL¨vZ nZvkvev`x (Pessimistic) Dcb¨vwmK|
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
i. Tess of the DUrbervilles ii. The Return of the Native (36th BCS)
ii. A Pair of Blue Eyes
iii. Under the Greenwood Tree
Note: GB wk‡ivbv‡g Shakespeare Gi As You Like It bvU‡K GKwU song i‡q‡Q|
→ weL¨vZ Dw³ t- The greater the sinner, the greater the saint

Jonathan Swift Charles Dickens

→ Augustan Period (Neo-Classical) → Victorian Period
→ Greatest Satirist
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm Ñ
iv. Gulliver Travels.
(4 L‡Û wef³)
v. A Tale of a Tub.
vi. The Battle of the Books.
→ Greatest Novelist
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm Ñ
vii. Great Expectation. (Zvi †kÖó Dcb¨vm)
41th BCS( Character)
viii. A Tale of the Two Cities. (London & Paris)
(36th BCS)
ix. The Battle of the Life.
x. Hard Times.
xi. David Copperfield. (36th BCS)
xii. Oliver Twist.

Leo Tolstoy
→ Russian Novelist.
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t- “War and Peace”

Page  20
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

George Eliot
→ wZwb gwnjv Jcb¨vwmK|
→ e¨w³ Rxe‡bi scandal Avovj Ki‡ZB wZwb g~jZ “George Eliot” QÙbv‡g wjL‡Zb|
→ Zvi Avmj bvg t- Mary Ann Evans
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t- “Silas Marner: /The Weaver of Raveloe”
→ Dramatic poem:-“The Spanish Gypsy” [GwU Zvui weL¨vZ KweZv]
Z‡e, The Scholar Gypsy bvgK KweZv wj‡L‡Qb nZvkvev`x Kwe Mathew Arnold.
Gladstone
→ weL¨vZ Dw³ t-
Justice delayed; justice denied=
Justice hurried, justice buried

Alexandre Dumas
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
i. Three Musketeers
ii. Twenty Years After
Karl Marx
→ Famous book:- “Das Capital” [GwU‡K mgvRZ‡š¿i evB‡ej ejv nq]
Samuel Butler
→ weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg© t- “The Way of All Flesh” (novel).
GKB bv‡g Restoration period Gi GKRb Kwe Av‡Qb, hvi weL¨vZ KweZv “Hudibras”.
Oscar Wilde
→ wZwb Irish Jcb¨vwmK Ges bvU¨Kvi|
→ weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg© t-
i. An Ideal Husband. (play)
ii. A Woman of No Importance. (play)

Modern (1901-1939) & Post-Modern

→ mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi Pvjy nq Ñ 1901 mv‡j|
→ mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g †bv‡ej weRqx bvix Ñ Selma Lagerlof. (1909)
̶ wZwb myBwWk fvlvq wjL‡Zb|

George Orwell
Page  21
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

→ wZwbw GKRb Police Officer wQ‡jb|

→ Zvui Avmj bvg Eric Arthur Blair.
→ wZwb George Orwell QÙbv‡g wjL‡Zb|
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
i. Animal Farm.
ii. Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Earnest Hemingway George Bernard Shaw
→ Av‡gwiKvi weL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK I mvsevw`K → Ireland Gi Kwe|
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t- → Father of Modern English Literature/Drama.
i. The Old Man and the Sea → wZwb 1925 mv‡j †bv‡ej cvb|
ii. A Farewell to Arms → weL¨vZ bvUK t-
iii. For Whom the Bell Tolls i. Man and Superman 38th BCS)
wKš‘, GB bv‡g Jacobean period Gi Kwe John ii. Arms and the Man (35th BCS)
Donne Gi KweZv i‡q‡Q| iii. Caesar and Cleopatra
iv. The Sun Also Rises (37th BCS) iv. You Never Can Tell
wKš‘, The Sun Rising → John Donne Gi weL¨vZ v. Man of Destiny
KweZv| wKš‘, “Road’s of Destiny” wj‡L‡Qb OHenry.
vi. Candida *** 36th BCS
vii. Mrs. Warrens Profession ***
viii. Pygmalion-41th BCS
(Character)

D.H. Lawrence
→ cy‡iv bvg t David Herbert Richard Lawrence.
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
i. Sons and Lovers
ii. Lady Chatterleys Lovers
iii. The Rainbow (41th BCS)
wKš‘, Rainbow bv‡g weL¨vZ KweZv Av‡Q William Wordsworth Gi|
E.M Forster
→ cy‡iv bvg t Edward Morgan Forster.
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
i. A Passage to India. (36th BCS), 42th BCS, 41th BCS(Character)
ii. A Room with a View
James Joyce
→ Ireland Gi weL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK|
→ weL¨vZ eB t-

Page  22
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

i. Ulysses (Novel)----(40th BCS)

 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Ulysses bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv i‡q‡Q Victorian period Gi Kwe Alfred Tennyson Gi|
ii. Exiles (Play)
OHenry
→ Real name: William Sidney Porter.
→ Famous short stories:
i. The Gift of the Magi.
ii. Roads of Destiny.
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Man of Destiny (play) bvUKwU wj‡L‡Q Ñ G.B Shaw.
iii. Hearts of the West.
Pearls S. Buck
→ wZwb mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g †bv‡ej cvIqv American bvix|
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t- The Good Earth Gi Rb¨ wZwb 1938 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ Noble cvb|
Rudyard Kipling
→ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm t-
i. The Jungle Book → GwU GKwU weL¨vZ wkï‡Zvl mvwnZ¨|
ii. Kim
Salman Rushdi
→ Atheist (bvw¯ÍK)
→ weL¨vZ eB (Bmjvg we‡Ølx) t- Satanic Verses
T.S Eliot W.B Yeats
→ cy‡iv bvg t Thomas Stearns Eliot. (41th → cy‡iv bvg t William Butler Yeats.
BCS) (36th BCS)
→ gvwK©b es‡kv™¢~Z weªwUk bvMwiK| → Ireland Gi RvZxq Kwe| _ (40th BCS)
→ weL¨vZ KweZv t- → weL¨vZ KweZv t-
i. Waste Land [5 Volume (5 L‡Û wef³)] i. The Second Coming.
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t GB KweZvi Rb¨ wZwb 1948 mv‡j ii. The Lake Isle of Innisfree.
Noble cyi¯‹vi cvb| (35th BCS)
ii. Gerontion(37th BCS) iii. The Sailing to Byzantium.
iii. Ash Wednesday iv. No Second Troy.
iv. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
41th BCS

→ weL¨vZ bvUK t-
i. Murder in the Cathedral
ii. The Cocktail Party

Page  23
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

❖ W.B Yeats Ges iex›`ªbv_ cÖm½ t (36th BCS)

→ MxZvÄjxÕi Bs‡iRx Abyev` K‡ib iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wb‡RB Song Offerings bv‡g|
→ W.B Yeats Song Offerings Gi f~wgKv †j‡Lb|
→ 1913 mv‡j iex›`ªbv_ mvwn‡Z¨ Noble cvb|
→ 1923 mv‡j W.B Yeats mvwn‡Z¨ Noble cvb|
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t fvi‡Zi RvZxq Kwe 3 Rb|
i. Kvjx`vm
ii. Zzjmx`vm
iii. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi

❑ Wings of Fire (Autobiography) → A.P.J Abdul Kalam.

❑ India Wins Freedom → gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`|

Samuel Beckett
→ weL¨vZ bvUK t-
i. Waiting for Godot. (Absurd Play)
ii. Endgame. (One-act play)

William Somerset Maugham

→ Short Stories:
i. The Ant and the Grasshopper
ii. The Luncheon. (ga¨vý‡fvR)
→ Famous Novels:
i. Of Human Bondage.
ii. The Sacred Flame.
iii.
Literary Terms
1. Alliteration: The repetition of beginning consonant sound. (37th BCS)
A_©¨vr, e¨vÄbe‡Y©i cyYive„wˇK Alliteration ejv nq|
Example:  Water, water everywhere.

Alliteration

 Sleepy sun sank slowly over the sea.

Alliteration

 But a better butter makes a butter better. Page  24

Alliteration
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

2. Assonance: The repetition of vowel sound.

A_©¨vr, ¯^ie‡Y©i cyYive„wˇK Assonance ejv nq|
Example:  Alone, alone, all, all, alone

Assonance

 We light fire on the maintain.

Assonance

3. Anaphora: The repetition of the same word/phrase.

Example:  Water, water everywhere.

Anaphora

 My life is my purpose, my life is my goal, my life is my inspiration.

Anaphora

4. Simile: (37th BCS)

→ Simile Gi A_© n‡jv Dcgv/my¯úó Zzjbv|
→ kZ© 2wU _vK‡e|
i. `yÕwU wfbœag©x wRwb‡mi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv n‡e|
ii. cÖ`Ë ev‡K¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z “As ev Like” _vK‡e|
Example:  My heart is like a singing bird. = simile
 I wondered lonely as a cloud. = simile
 He is as cunning as a fox. = simile
5. Metaphor:
→ Metaphor A_© n‡jv iƒcK|
→ 2wU wfbœ wel‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv n‡e wKš‘ †Kv‡bv DcgvevPK kã (As ev Like) _vK‡e bv|
Example:  Banghabandhu is the Himalayas. = Metaphor
GLv‡b e½eÜz‡K wngvj‡qi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡QwKš‘ †Kv‡bv DcgvevPK kã bvB|
 Life is but a walking shadow.
 Revenge is a kind of wild justice.
 All the world’s stage. = Metaphor
 Their home is a prison. = Metaphor
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t GKB RvZxq e¯‘/wel‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbv n‡j Metaphor n‡e bv|
‡hgb t Nazrul is Shelley.
Page  25
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

6. Soliloquy and Monologue:

Soliloquy
→ g‡bi K_v|
→ Speakers speaks to himself/herself.
→ Hamlet by Shakespeare.
̶ To be or not to be,
That is the question.
→ Shakespeare GUvi cÖe³v|
Monologue
→ gy‡Li K_v|
→ Speakers speaks to audience.
→ GKK fvlY|
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ÒKeiÓ|
→ Robert Browning GUvi cÖe³v|
KweZvt My last Duchess.

7. Epic: gnvKve¨/a long narrative poem/my`xN© †ivgvÂKi KvwnbxKve¨|

→ Epic cÖavYZ 2 cÖKvi|
i. Primary ev Oral Epic.
ii. Secondary ev Literary Epic.
→ Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ weL¨vZ gnvKve¨ t-
 The Rape of the Lock. (Mock Epic)  Alexander Pope.
 The Faerie Queen.  Edmund Spenser.
 The Iliad, The Odyssey.  Homer.
 Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained.  John Milton.
 Aeneid.  Virgil.
8. Climax: Kvwnbx ev bvU‡Ki Pig cwiYwZ| Climax n‡”Q bvU‡Ki m‡e©v”P ch©vq ev turning point
‡hLv‡b NUbvi e„w× †kl nq Avi NUbvi cZb ïiæ nq| 36th BCS , 35th BCS
→ Climax = at the height of a plot. /turning point.
Example: “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered).
9. Hyperbole: ‡Kv‡bv wKQz m¤ú‡K© evwo‡q ejv/PvcvevwR Kiv/cv¤ú †`Iqv/overstatement Kiv/gvÎvwi³ ejv|
Example:  Ten thousand saw I at a glance.
 GLv‡b AwZiwÄZ Kiv n‡q‡Q KviY †KD at a glance Ten thousand MYbv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 I have told you a million times.
 I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of
love make up my sum.
10. Limerick: (37th BCS)
→ Limerick = gRvi Qov|
→ Limerick is a funny poem of five lines.
→ cvuP jvB‡bi nvm¨-imvZ¥K/KweZv ev Qov‡K Limerick e‡j|
11. Elegy:
→ ‡kvK Mv_v KweZv|/Word for lamentation (wejvc).

Page  26
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

→ †h KweZvq `ytL, AbyZvc, †e`bv cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Elegy e‡j|

Writers Elegies hvi g„Zz¨i Rb¨ †jLv n‡q‡Q
Edmund Spenser Astrophel Sir Philip Sydney
John Milton Lycidas Kwei eÜz Edward King
John Milton Song on Shakespeare Shakespeare
P.B Shelley Adonais John Keats
Alfred Tennyson In Memoriam Arthur Henry Hallam
12. Irony: wb›`v”Q‡j cÖksmv ev cÖmskv”Q‡j wb›`v/evuk †`Iqv wKš‘ nvm‡Z nvm‡Z, Zv‡K Irony ejv nq|
→ Zzwg Avgvi Ggb fv‡jv eÜz †h Avgvi wec‡` mevi Av‡M cvjvI|
→ †Q‡j fv‡jv Z‡e g` cvb K‡i|
→ He showed his merit by making twenty mistakes in ten minutes.
→ My name is Ozymandias, King of king.
→ Brutus is an honorable man.
→ Go ask him, if he be married, my grave is like to be my wedding bed.
13. Oxymoron/Antithesis/Paradox:
 Oxymoron: cvkvcvwk (wi·vi gZ) 2wU wecixZ kã _vK‡j Zv Oxymoron.
̶ Open secret
̶ Awfully delicious
̶ Foolish wisdom
̶ Living dead
̶ Pretty cruel
̶ Happy sad
̶ Dark light
 Antithesis: hLb 2wU wecixZ kã Avjv`v Avjv`v 2wU ev‡K¨ e‡m wecixZ A_© cÖKvk Ki‡e G‡K Antithesis ejv nq|
Example:  Man propose; God dispose.
 Love is an ideal thing, Marriage is a real thing.
 You are easy on the eyes, but hard on the heart.
 we‡kl `ªóe¨ t GLv‡b Oxymoron Ges Antithesis Gi g~j cv_©K¨ n‡jv Ñ
→ 2wU wecixZ kã cvkvcvwk _vK‡j Zv Oxymoron |
→ wKš‘ 2wU Avjv`v ev‡K¨ _vK‡j Zv Antithesis|
 Paradox: AvcvZZ we‡ivax n‡j wKš‘ mZ¨ †evSv‡Z Paradox nq|
→ Child is the father of man.
→ Bitter sweet.
→ There is no one so poor as a wealthy miser.
→ Be cruel to be kind.
→ All are equal, but some are more equal than others. ( Animal Firm)
14. Protagonist: Leading character in a play. (bvU‡Ki g~L¨ ev cÖavb Pwi·K Protagonist ejv nq)
̶ Prince Hamlet n‡jv Hamlet bvU‡Ki Protagonist.

Page  27
 Sahin Sir’s Literature Lecture

15. Machiavellian: Selfish character/ Cunning person.

16. Lyric and Ode:
→ Lyric Gi evsjv n‡”Q MxZ|
̶ Avgiv A‡bK KweZv A‡bK mgq Mv‡bi gZ K‡i ev Mv‡bi my‡i MvIqv nq G¸‡jv‡K Lyric.
→ Avi GB Lyric ev KweZvi gZ Mvi ¸‡jvB hLb AvKv‡i eo nq Ges A‡bKUv Kvwnbxi gZ eY©bv w`‡q Mvb
AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq ZLb G‡K Ode ev Mv_v KweZv e‡j|(37th BCS)
 Farce = cÖnmb|
 Folklore = †jvK Mv_v|
 Pastoral Elegy = MÖvgxY †kvK Mv_v|
 Satire = mgv‡Ri †Kvb AmsMwZ ev e¨_©Zv‡K hLb mvwn‡Z¨ GKUz Dcnv‡mi fw½‡Z Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq †mwU
n‡”Q Satire ev e¨½ iPbv|
 Hymm (†ng)= ag©xq Mvb| gnvb ¯ªóvi cÖmskv K‡i †h Mvb cwi‡ekb Kiv nq Zv‡K Hymm ejv nq|
 Blank verse = KweZvi Q›`‡K meter ejv nq|
Avi KweZv¸‡jv hLb Q›`nxb nq ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq Blank verse ev AwgÎÿi Q›`|
 Fable = DcK_v| Gai‡Yi iPbvq BZi cÖvYx gvby‡li gZ K_v e‡j|
 Novella = ‡QvU Dcb¨vm|
 Stanza = ¯ÍeK|
 Melodrama = Kind of play contains violent and sensational themes.
 Sonnet = Song of fourteen lines.
̶ 1g AvU jvBb n‡jv Octave.
̶ 2q Qq jvBb n‡jv Sestet.
17. Personification: ‡Kvb Ro c`v_© ev e¯‘‡K Rxe ev e¨w³i ¸Yvejx Øviv Zzjbv Kiv‡K Personification ejv nq|
Example: Blow, Blow the winter wind
Thou are not so unkind
As man’s ingratitude.
18. Euphemism: (38th BCS)
kÖæwZKUz k‡ãi/c‡`i cwie‡Z© †KvgjZi c‡`i cÖ‡qvM| †Kv‡bv A¯^w¯ÍKi ev mwZ¨Kvi k‡ãi cwie‡Z© Ab¨ †Kvb
my›`i k‡ãi e¨envi‡K Euphemism ejv nq|
†hgb t g„Zz¨ k‡ãi cwie‡Z© ci‡jvK Mgb e¨envi|
→ The substitution of an inoffensive expression for one considered offensively explicit.
19. Allegory: ‡Kvb Mí ev Kvwnbx †hLv‡b Kíbv K‡i wKQz ejv nq|
20. Ballad: MxwZ KweZv/Avb›``vqK Mvb ev KweZv/ Romantic Pop song.

Page  28