Welq: Evsjv (E Vkiy-01) : Cwipvwjz

Lecture 03
cwiPvwjZ
welq: evsjv (e¨vKiY-01)

mvaviY Av‡jvPbv, aŸwb I eY©, mwÜ, kã, c`, cZÖ¨q, mgvm, evK¨, cÖ‡qvM-AccÖ‡qvM
e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq

e¨vKiY:
 e¨vKiY = (we + Av + K… + Ab) kãwUi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© we‡klfv‡e we‡kølY| †h kv‡¯¿ †Kv‡bv fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi cÖK…wZ I
cÖ‡qvMwewa wek`fv‡e Av‡jvwPZ nq, Zv‡K e¨vKiY e‡j|
 e¨vKiY kãwU G‡m‡Q ms¯‹…Z kã †_‡K|
 e¨vKiY I fvlvi g‡a¨ Av‡M m„wó n‡q‰Q-fvlv|
 e¨vKi‡Yi cÖavb KvR n‡”Q fvlvi we‡kølY|
 fvlvi Af¨šÍixY wbqg k„•Ljv Avwe®‹v‡ii bvgB e¨vKiY|
evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq mKj fvlvi e¨vKi‡Y cÖavbZ 4wU wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq:
cÖ‡Z¨K fvlviB 4wU †gŠwjK Ask _v‡K| †hgb-
1. aŸwb 2. kã aŸwbZË¡ kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡

(Phonology) (Morphology)
(sound) (word)
3. evK¨ 4.A_© evK¨ZË¡ A_©ZË¡

(Syntax) (Semantics)
(sentence) (mening)
GQvov AwfavbZË¡ (Lexicography), Q›` I AjsKvi cÖf„wZI e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq|
aŸwbZË¡:
 gvby‡li evK cÖZ¨½ A_©vr KÉbvjx, gyLwenŸi, wRnŸv, Avj-wRnŸv, †Kvgj Zvjy, k³ Zvjy, ùvZ, gvwo, †Pvqvj, †VuvU BZ¨vwì mvnv‡h¨
D”PvwiZ AvIqvR‡K ÔaŸwbÕ ejv nq| evK cÖZ¨½RvZ aŸwbi †gŠwjK Ask‡K aŸwbg~j e‡j|
aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq

 aŸwbi D”PviY cÖYvwj I D”Pvi‡Yi ¯’vb
 aŸwbi cÖZxK ev e‡Y©i web¨vm
 aŸwbi cwieZ©b I †jvc
 aŸwbms‡hvM ev mwÜ
 YZ¡weavb I lZ¡weavb|
kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡:
 GK ev GKvwaK aŸwbi A_©‡evaK mw¤§j‡b kã ˆZwi nq, k‡ãi ¶z`ªvsk‡K ejv nq iƒc| iƒc MVb K‡i kã| †mB Rb¨ kãZË¡‡K
iƒcZË¡ ejv nq|
FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

kãZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq
 wj½, mgvm, KviK, ePb, cyyiyl, DcmM©, evP¨, cÖZ¨q, AbymM©, kã, kãiƒc, kã‰ØZ, c`, wµqvi Kvj I wµqvg~j|
evK¨ZË¡:
 gvby‡li evK&cÖZ¨½RvZ aŸwb mgš^‡q MwV_ kãmn‡hv‡M m„ó-A_©‡evaK evK cÖev‡ni we‡kl Ask‡K ejv nq evK¨| ev‡Kï g‡`¨
†Kvb c‡ì ci †Kvb c` e‡m, †Kvb c‡ì ¯’vb †Kv_vq evK¨Z‡Ë¡ Gm‡ei c~Y© we‡kølY _v‡K| ZvB evK¨ZË¡‡K c`µgI ejv nq|
evK¨Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq

 evK¨ I evK¨web¨vm: ev‡Kï MVbcÖYvjx, wewfbœ Dc`v‡bi ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb|
 c`web¨vm: c‡ì ¯’vb ev µg, c‡ì iƒc cwieZ©b|
 ‡Q` wPý ev hwZwPý, evMaviv|
A_©ZË¡
 e¨vKi‡Yi D”PiZ ch©v‡q Av‡jvwPZ nq| kã I ev‡Kï A_©wePvi KivB A_©Z‡Ë¡i cÖavb KvR|
k‡ãi A_© Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq

 k‡ãi A_©wePvi
 ev‡Kï A_©wePvi
 A‡_©i wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f`| †hgb: gyL¨v_©, †MŠYv_©, wecixZv_© BZ¨vw`|
e¨vKiY welqK MÖš’

 evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g e¨vKiY (cZz©wMR fvlvq wjwLZ) cZz©wMR cvw`ª g‡bvGj `v Avmmy¤úmvI iwPZ Vocabulario em ldiomae
Bengalla’e Portugues Ô‡fvKveywjiI Gg BwÌgv †ebMjøv B †cviZzwMRÕ (1743)|
 evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g e¨vKiYMÖš’ (Bs‡iwR‡Z Z‡e AvswkK evsjv) b¨v_vbvwj‡qj eªvwm n¨vj‡nW iwPZ A Grammar of the Bengal
Language (1778)|
 BDwjqvg †Kwi 1801 mv‡j Bs‡iwR A Grammar of the Bengali Language bv‡g e¨vKiY iPbv K‡ib|
 evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g evOjv e¨vKiY iPbv K‡ib ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq Ô‡MŠoxq e¨vKiYÕ bv‡g 1833 mv‡j (cÖ_g evOvwj KZ©„K iwPZ
e¨vKiYI GwU)|
e¨vKiY MÖš’ iPwqZv e¨vKiY MÖš’ iPwqZv
A Grammar of the DBwjqvg †Kwi AvaywbK evsjv e¨vKiY RM`xkP›`ª †Nvl
Bengali Language
evsjv e¨vKiY (1852) k¨vgvPiY miKvi fvlv cÖKvk evsjv e¨vKiY mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
e¨vKiY †KŠgy`x (1853) Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY gybxi †PŠayix, Beªvnxg Lwjj I
†gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix
ev½jv e¨vKiY W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn KvRx `xb gyn¤§` I myKygvi ‡mb
e¨vKiY gÄix W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK Awfbe e¨vKiY wbnvi iÄb ivq
fvlv‡eva ev½jv e¨vKiY bKz‡jk¦i we`¨vf~lY fvlv cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY W. Gbvgyj nK
aŸwb
aŸwb n‡”Q fvlvi g~j Dcv`vb| evsjv fvlvi †gŠwjK aŸwb¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v:-
1. ¯îaŸwb 2. e¨ÄbaŸwb|
¯îaŸwb
 ‡h mKj aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq dzmdzm ZvwoZ evZvm †ewi‡q †h‡Z gyLwe‡ii †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv cÖKvi evav cvq bv, Zv‡ì‡K ejv nq
¯îaŸwb (Vowel Sound)| †hgb: A, Av, B, C BZ¨vw`|
‡gŠwjKZv Abyhvqx ¯îaŸwb‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v:
‡gŠwjK ¯îaŸwb
 ‡hme ¯îaŸwb GKKfv‡e A_©vr Ab¨ ¯îaŸwbi mn‡hvM QvovB D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K †gŠwjK ¯îaŸwb e‡j| †gŠwjK
¯îaŸwb 7wU| †hgb: A, Av, B, D, G, I|
‡hŠwMK ¯îaŸwb
 ‡h me ¯îaŸwb GKKfv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bv, A_©vr †h †Kvb `ywU †gŠwjK ¯îaŸwb mnhv‡M m„ó ev D”PvwiZ ¯îaŸwb‡K
†hŠwMK ¯îaŸwb e‡j| †hŠwMK ¯îaŸwb 2wU| †hgb: H (I+B), J (I+D)|

D”Pvi‡Yi Kvj Abymv‡i ¯îaŸwb `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
 n«¯^¯î: †hme ¯îaŸwb D”Pvi‡Y Kvj ev mgq Kg jv‡M Zv‡ì‡K n«¯^ ¯îaŸwb e‡j| n«¯^¯î 4wU| h_v- A, B, D, F|
 `xN©¯i^ : †hme ¯îaŸwb D”Pi‡Y mgq wKQzUv †ewk jv‡M, Zv‡K `xN©¯î e‡j| `xN©¯i^ 7wU| h_v- Av, C, E, G, H, I, J|
¯îaŸwbi Ab¨vb¨ †kªwYwefvM

 B, D mse„Z ¯îaŸwb|
 A, Av wee„Z ¯îaŸwb|
 B, G m¤§yL¯’ ¯îaŸwb|
 A, Av, D, I cðv™¢vM¯’ ¯îaŸwb|
e¨Äb aŸwb:
 †h mKj aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq dzmdzm ZvwoZ evZvm †ewi‡q †h‡Z gyLwee‡ii †Kv_vI bv †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv cÖKvi evav cvq wKsev
Nl©Y jv‡M, Zv‡ì‡K ejv nq e¨ÄbaŸwb (consonant sound)| †hgb: K, P, U, Z, c cÖf„wZ|
D”Pvi‡Yi ¯’vb‡f‡` e¨ÄbaŸwbi †kªwY wefvM:

D”PviY ¯’vb D”PviY ¯’vb Abyhvqx bvg e¨ÄaŸwbi eY©mg~n
wRnŸvg~j Kô¨ ev wRnŸvg~jxq eY„ KLMNO
AMÖZvjy Zvje¨ eY© PQRSTkhq
cðvr `šÍg~j g~a©b¨ ev cðvr `šÍg~jxq eY© UVWXYliop
AMÖ `šÍg~j `šÍ¨ eY© Z_àbjm
Iô Iô¨ eY© cdefg
e¨ÄbaŸwbi cÖKvi‡f`
 ¯úk© aŸwb : KÉ, Zvjy, g~a©v, `šÍ, Iô ¯úk© K‡i †h aŸwb D”PvwiZ nq Zv‡K ¯úk© aŸwb e‡j| K †_‡K g ch©šÍcuwPkwU ¯úk© aŸwb|
D”PviY ¯’vb Abyhvqx ¯úk© aŸwb 5 fv‡M wef³|
 AícÖvY aŸwb: †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wbtk¦vm †Rv‡i ms‡hvwRZ nq bv| Giƒc aŸwb‡K AícÖvY aŸwb e‡j| †hgb: K, M
BZ¨vw`|
 gnvcÖvY aŸwb: †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wbtk¦vm †Rv‡i ms‡hvwRZ nq| Giƒc aŸwb‡K ejv nq gnvcÖvY aŸwb| †hgb: L, N
BZ¨vw`|
 A‡Nvl aŸwb: †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq ¯îZš¿x AbyiwYZ nq bv| ZLb aŸwbwU D”PviY Mv¤¢xh©nxb g„`y nq| Giƒc aŸwb‡K ejv
nq A‡Nvl aŸwb| †hgb: K, L BZ¨vw`|
 ‡Nvl aŸwb: aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq ¯îZš¿x AbyiwYZ n‡j †Nvl aŸwb nq| †hgb: M, N BZ¨vw`|
 bvwmK¨ aŸwY: †h eY© D”PviYKv‡j bvK w`‡q dzmdzm ZvwoZ evZvm †ei nq Ges D”Pvi‡Yi mgq bvwmKvi AvswkK mvnvh¨ cvq Zv‡K
bvwmK¨ aŸwb e‡j| bvwmK¨ eY© 5wU| †hgb: O, T, Y, b, g|
Q‡K ¯úk© aŸwbi †kªYxwefvRb

A‡Nvl †Nvl
D”PviY ¯’vb
AícÖvY gnvcÖvY AícÖvY gnvcÖvY bvwmK¨
KÉ K L M N O
Zvjy P Q R S T
g~a©v U V W X Y
`šÍ Z _ ` a b
Iô¨ c D e f g
g‡b ivLyb: e‡M©i cÖ_g I wØZxq eY© A‡Nvl Ges Z…Zxq I PZz_© eY© †Nvl| e‡M©i cÖ_g I Z…Zxq eY© AícÖvY Ges e‡M©i wØZxq I PZz_© eY©
gnvcÖvY|
D”Pvi‡Yi ¯’vb‡f‡` e¨ÄbaŸwbi cÖKvi‡f`
D”PviY ¯’vb D”PviY ¯’vb Abyhvqx bvg e¨ÄaŸwbi eY©mg~n
K - eMx©q Kô¨ ev wRnŸvg~jxq eY„ KLMNO
P - eMx©q Zvje¨ eY© PQRSTkhq
U - eMx©q g~a©b¨ ev cðvr `šÍg~jxq eY© UVWXYliop
Z - eMx©q `šÍ¨ eY© Z_àbjm
c - eMx©q Iô¨ eY© cdefg

AšÍ:¯’ aŸwb:
 ¯úk© ev D®§ aŸwbi AšÍ‡i A_©vr gv‡S Av‡Q e‡j G¸‡jv‡K AšÍ:¯’ aŸwb ejv nq| †hgb: h, i, j|
D®§ aŸwb:
 †h e¨Ä‡bi D”Pvi‡Y evZvm gyLwenŸ‡ii †Kv_vI evav bv †c‡q †Kej Nl©YcÖvß nq Ges wkk aŸwbi m„wó K‡i, †mwU D®§ ev wkk
aŸwb| †hgb: k, l, m, n, - G 4wU D®§eY©| k, l, m- G wZbwU e‡Y© †`¨vwZZ aŸwb A‡Nvl AícÖvY Ges ÔnÕ †Nvl gnvcÖvY aŸwb|
A‡hvMevn aŸwb:
 Ab¨ e‡Y©i m‡½ †hvM †i‡L †h aŸwb¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvM nq Zv‡ì A‡hvMevn aŸwb e‡j | †hgb: s Ges t|
e¨ÄbaŸwbi Ab¨vb¨ †kªwYwefvM
 i, n-‡K K¤úbRvZ aŸwb e‡j|
 s, t, †K civkÖqx eY© e‡j|
 j e‡Y©i †`¨vwZZ aŸwb n‡”Q cvwk¦K © aŸwb|
 o I p e‡Y©i †`¨vwZZ aŸwb ZvobRvZ aŸwb|
 P›`ªwe›`y‡K ( u) AbybvwmK aŸwb e‡j|
aŸwb cwieZ©b
 D”Pvi‡Yi mgq mnRxKi‡Yi cÖeYZvq k‡ãi g~j aŸwbi †hme cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡K aŸwb cwieZ©b ejv nq|
wewfbœ cÖKvi aŸwb cwieZ©b
1. Avw` ¯îvMg: †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y k‡eì cÖ_‡g e¨ÄbaŸwbi Av‡M †Kvb ¯îaŸwbi AvMgb n‡j Zv‡K Avw` ¯îvMg e‡j| †hgb: ¯‹zj >
B¯‹zj, †÷kb > Bw÷kb, ¯¿x > B¯¿x|
2. ga¨ ¯îvMg: ga¨ ¯îvM‡g mvaviYZ mshy³ e¨ÄbaŸwbi gvSLv‡b ¯îaŸwb Av‡m| †hgb: †køvK > †kvjK; ¯^cœ > ¯^cb|
3. AšÍ¨¯îvMg: KL‡bv KL‡bv D”Pvi‡Yi mgq k‡ãi †k‡l AwZwi³ ¯îaŸwb Av‡m, Giƒc ¯îvMg‡K AšÍ¨¯îvMg e‡j| †hgb: †eÂ
> †ewÂ, w`k > w`kv, mZ¨ > mwZ¨|
4. AwcwbwnZ: Awcwbwn‡Zi †¶‡Î c‡ii B-Kvi ev D-Kvi Av‡M P‡j Av‡m| †hgb: AvwR > AvBR, Pvwi > PvBi, mvay > mvDa|
Avevi h djvi AšÍwb©wnZ B aŸwbiI AcwbwnwZ N‡U| †hgb: mZ¨ > mBZ¨, Kb¨v > KBb¨v|
5. AmgxKiY: GKB ¯^‡ii cybive„wË `~i Kivi Rb¨ gvSLv‡b ¯îaŸwb hy³ n‡j Zv‡K AmgxKiY e‡j| †hgb: Uc + Uc > UcUc,
ac + ac > acvac|
6. ¯îm½wZ: GKwU ¯îaŸwbi cÖfv‡e Aci ¯^‡ii cwieZ©b NU‡j Zv‡K ¯îm½wZ ejv nq| †hgb: gyjv > gy‡jv, wejvwZ > wewjwZ,
†`wk > w`wk|
7. m¤cÖKl©: D”Pvi‡Yi `ªyZZvi Rb¨ k‡ãi Avw`, AšÍ¨ ev gaëZx© †Kv‡bv ¯îaŸwbi †jvc‡K m¤cÖKl© ejv nq| †hgb: Rvbvjv >
Rvbjv, myeY© > ¯^Y,© Avkv > Avk|
8. aŸwb wech©q: k‡ãi g‡a¨ `ywU e¨Ä‡bi ci¯úi ¯’vb cwieZ©b‡K aŸwb wech©q e‡j| †hgb: wckvP > wcPvk, jvd > dvj,
(Bs‡iwR) evK&m > (evsjv) evm&K, (Rvcvwb) wiK&mv > (evsjv) wim&Kv|
9. mgxfeb: †gŠwjK evsjvq mgxfe‡bi cÖPjb †ewk| Avi mgxfe‡b `y‡Uv aŸwb G‡K Ac‡ii cÖfve mgZv jvf K‡i| †hgb: Rb¥ >
R¤§, cÙ > cÏ, Zr + wnZ > Zw×Z, Kuv`bv > Kvbœv|
10. welgxfeb: welgxfe‡bi †¶‡Î `y‡Uv mge‡Y©i GKwUi cwieZ©b N‡U| †hgb: jvj > bvj, kixi > kixj|
11. e¨Äb weK…wZ: k‡ãi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv e¨Äb cwieZ©b n‡q byZb e¨Äb aŸwb eëüZ n‡j Zv‡K e¨Äb weK…wZ ejv nq| †hgb:
avBgv > `vBgv, KevU > KcvU|
12. AšÍ©nwZ: c‡ì g‡a¨ †Kvb e¨Äb †jvc n‡q AšÍn©wZ nq| †hgb: djvnvi > djvi, dvêyb > dv¸b, Avjvwn`v > Avjv`v|
13. e¨ÄbPz¨wZ: mgD”Pvi‡Yi `y‡Uv e¨ÄbaŸwb †_‡K GKwUi †jvc cvIqv‡K e‡j e¨ÄbPz¨wZ| †hgb: eDw`w` > eDw`, eo`v`v >
eo`v|
14. AwfkÖ“wZ: wech©¯Í ¯îaŸwb c~e©eZx© ¯îaŸwbi mv‡_ wg‡j †M‡j Ges Z`bymv‡i cieZx© ¯îaŸwbi cwieZ©b NU‡j Zv‡K AwfkÖywZ
e‡j| †hgb: ïwbqv > ï‡b, Pwjqv > P‡j, nvUzqv > nvDUv > †n‡U|
15. i-Kvi †jvc: AvaywbK PwjZ fvlvq A‡bK †¶‡Î i-Kvi †jvc cvq Ges cieZ©x e¨Äb wØZ¡ nq| †hgb: ZK© > Z°, gvij >
gvjø, Ki‡Z > K‡Ë|
16. n-Kvi †jvc: AvaywbK PwjZ fvlvq A‡bK mgq `yB ¯^‡ii gvSvgvwS n-Kv‡ii †jvc nq| †hgb: cy‡ivwnZ > cyiy‡Z, Mvwnj >
MvBj, Pv‡n > Pvq, dviwm kvn& > evsjv kv|
cvwifvwlK kã
 evsjv fvlvq cÖPwjZ we‡`wk k‡ãi fvevbyev`g~jK cÖwZkã‡K cvwifvwlK kã e‡j| Gi †ewkfvMB G Kv‡ji cÖ‡qvM|
 D`vniY: A¤-Rvb- Oxygen; D`hvb- Hydrogen; bw_- File; cÖwk¶Y- training; eë¯’vcK- manager; †eZvi- Radio;
gnveë¯’vcK- general manager; mwPe- Secretary; mœvZK- graduate; mœvZ‡KvËi- post graduate; mgvwß- final;
mvgwqKx- periodical; mgxKiY- equation cÖf„wZ|
 ÁvZe¨: evsjv fvlvi kãm¤¢vi †`wk, we‡`wk, ms¯‹…Z- †h fvlv †_‡KB AvmyK bv †Kb, GLb Zv evsjv fvlvi wbR¯^ m¤ú`| G¸‡jv
evsjv fvlvi m‡½ Ggbfv‡e wg‡k Av‡Q †h, evsjv †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i G‡ì K_v wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv|
 †hgb- †Uwj‡dvb, †UwjMÖvd, †iwWI, m¨v‡UjvBU BZ¨vw` cÖPwjZ k‡ãi KwVbZi evsjv cwifvlv `„wó wb®cÖ‡qvRb|

A
g~j kã cvwifvwlK kã g~j kã cvwifvwlK kã
Agenda Av‡jvP¨m~wP Acknowledgement cÖvwß ¯^xKvi
Ambassador ivóª`~Z Absorption wbgMœZv; †kvlY
Apparatus hš¿cvwZ Abstract weg~Z,© mvi
Approval Aby‡gv`b Absconder cjvZK, †divwi
Assembly RvZxq cwil` Ad-hoc Z`_©K
Abstain weiZ _vKv Architect ¯’cwZ
Accused Awfhy³ Arrear e‡Kqv
Atom cigvYy Assossor Ki wba©viK
Abrogate i` Kiv Affidavit njdbvgv
Abolition we‡jvc, we‡jvc mvab Affiliation mgÜxKiY
Atomic cvigvYweK Aggregate mgwó
Audit wnmve wbix¶v Agitation Av‡›`vjb
Auditor wnmve wbix¶K Agreement Pzw³
Author †jLK, MÖš’Mvi Agronomy K…wlwe`¨v
Award cyi¯‹vi Archaeology cÖZœZË¡
Adjustment mgš^q Asylum Avkªq
Aeronautics wegvbwe`¨v Attachment ms‡hvRb
Aesthetics b›`bZË¡ Attestation cÖZ¨qb
Armoury A¯¿vMvi Auction wbjvg
Aresnal A¯¿vMvi Autograph ¯^v¶i
Ambiguous Ø¨_©K, A¯úó Astronomy †R¨vwZwe©`¨v
Anatomy kvixiwe`¨v Audience †kªvZ…gÛjx
Ancestor cye©cyiyl Annexure msjvc, †µvocÎ
Annexation ms‡hvRb Autonomous ¯^vqËkvwmZ
Anonymous †ebvwg, AÁvZbvgv Airconditioned kxZvZc-wbqwš¿Z
Anthropology b„ZË¡ Allowance fvZv
Adjournment g~jZwe Almanac cwÄKv
Apartheid eY©‰elg¨ Alliance ˆgÎx‡RvU
Apology Î“wU ¯^xKvi Amalgamation mswgkªY, ms‡hvRb
Appendix cwiwkó Appropriation AvZ¥mvrKiY
Assassination ¸ßnZ¨v Assessment wea©viY, Ki wba©viY
B
Banned wbwl× Bacteria RxevYy
Bioscope Pjw”PÎ Badge ZKgv
Boycott eR©b Balance evwK, DØ„Ë
By-law Dcaviv Ballad MxwZKv
Balance-sheet w¯’wZcÎ Ballistic missile †¶cYv¯¿
Basin AeevwnKv Ballad †Mvcb †fvU
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S Subconsious Ae‡PZb
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Socialism mgvRZš¿
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eY©
aŸwb wb‡`©kK wPý‡K ejv nq eY© (letter)| evsjv eY©gvjvq †gvU 50wU eY© i‡q‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ ¯îeY© 11wU Ges e¨ÄbeY© 39wU| †hgb: A,
Av, K, L BZ¨vw`|
eY© `yB cÖKvi| h_v: 1. ¯îeY©| 2. e¨ÄbeY©|
¯îeY©: miaŸwb †`¨vZK wjwLZ mvs‡KwZK wPý‡K ejv nq ¯îeY©| †hgb: A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J (11wU)|
e¨ÄbeY©: e¨ÄbaŸwb †`¨vZK wjwLZ mvs‡KwZK wPý‡K ejv nq e¨ÄbeY©| †hgb: K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, _, `,
a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, ¶, o, p, q, r, s, t, u (39wU)|
eY©gvjv
 ‡h †Kv‡bv fvlvq eëüZ wjwLZ eY©mgwó‡K †m fvlvi eY©gvjv (alphabet) e‡j| †h eY©gvjvq evsjv fvlv wjwLZ nq, Zv‡K ejv
nq e½wjwc ev evsjv wjwc| evsjv fvlvq GKwU gvÎ eY©gvjv i‡q‡Q, hvi g‡a¨ 50wU eY© i‡q‡Q|
gvÎvi Dci wfwË K‡i eY© wZb cÖKvi
1. c~Yg© vÎv 2. Aa©gvÎv 3. gvÎvnxb eY©|
 gvÎvnxb eY© 10wU| G, H, I, J (¯îeY© 4wU); O, T, r, ! u (e¨ÄbeY© 6wU)|
 Aa©gvÎvi eY© 8wU| F (¯îeY© 1wU); L, M, Y, _, a, c, k (e¨ÄbeY© 7wU)|
 c~Y©gvÎvi eY© 32wU (¯îeY© 6wU + e¨ÄbeY© 26wU)|
 Aby”PvwiZ k‡ãi g‡a¨ ev †k‡l AšÍt¯’ ÔeÕ _vK‡j †mB eY©wU wØZ¡ nq| Ak¦ (Ak&‡kv), wek¦vm (wek&kvm)| eMx©q e c‡i D”PvwiZ nq
(D‡Øj)- D`‡ej-e D”PviY|
 A‡Nvl eY©: †hme e¨ÄbeY© D”PviYKv‡j ¯îh‡š¿i ga¨Kvi ¯îhš¿ Kuv‡c bv, Zv‡ì‡K A‡Nvl eY© e‡j| †hgb: K, L, P, Q, U, V, Z, _,
c, d|
 ‡Nvl eY©: †hme e¨ÄbeY© D”PviYKv‡j ¯îh‡š¿i ga¨Kvi ¯îZš¿x Kuv‡c bv, Zv‡ì‡K ‡Nvl eY© e‡j| †hgb: M, N, R, S, W, X, `, a, e,
f|
 AícÖvY e¨ÄbeY©: †hme e¨ÄbeY© D”PviYKv‡j A‡c¶vK…Z Aí evZv‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq, †m¸‡jv‡K AícÖvY e¨ÄbeY© e‡j| †hgb: K, M,
P, R, U, W, Z, `, c, e|
 gnvcÖvY e¨ÄbeY©: †hme e¨ÄbeY© D”PviYKv‡j A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk evZvm †ei nq, Zv‡ì‡K AnvcÖvY e¨ÄbeY© e‡j| †hgb: L, N, Q, S,
V, X, _, a, d, f|
¯îaŸwb I e¨ÄbaŸwbi mswÿß iƒc :
Kvi t ¯îe‡Y©i mswÿß iƒc‡K ejv nq mswÿß ¯î ev ÔKviÕ|
¯îe‡Y©i bvgvbymv‡i G‡ì bvgKiY Kiv nq| †hgb:
Av-Kvi (v) B-Kvi (w) C-Kvi (x) D-Kvi ( y) E-Kvi ( ~)
F-Kvi ( „) G-Kvi (†) H-Kvi (ˆ), I-Kvi (†-v) J-Kvi (†-Š)
A-Gi †Kv‡bv mswÿß iƒc ev ÔKviÕ †bB|
djv t e¨Äbe‡Y©i mswÿß iƒc‡K ejv nq ÔdjvÕ|

h-djv (¨) t ` + h = `¨, m& + h = m¨ Y-djv (Y)t l& + Y = ò, n + Y = nœ
i-djv ( ª) t K& + i = µ, Z& + i = Î, f& + i = å, m& + i = mª g-djv (g)t n + g = þ, Z + g = Z¥ , ` + g = `¥
b-djv (b)t n + b = ý, m + b = mœ e-djv (e)t m& + e = ¯^, n + e=nŸ, g& + e=¤^|
‡hgbt
K¨ = K + h| †hgb : evK¨, gvwYK¨| µ = K& + i | †hgb : Pµ| nœ = n + Y| †hgb: c~e©vnœ, Acivnœ |
kÖæ = k &+ i | †hgb : AkÖæ| Î = Z + i| †hgb: cÎ, †bÎ, cwÎKv| ò = l + Y| †hgb: Dò, Z…òv|
å = f& + i | †hgb : ågY, åvZv| ý = n + b| †hgb: ga¨vý, mvqvý, ewý| þ = n + g| †hgb: eªþv, eªvþY|

mshy³ eY© t
 `ywU ev Zvi ‡P‡q ‡ewk e¨ÄbaŸwbi ga¨ ‡Kvb ¯îaŸwb bv _vK‡j e¨ÄbaŸwb
`ywU ev aŸwb KqwU GK‡Î D”PvwiZ nq, ZLb mshy³ eY© MwVZ nq|
³ = K + Z| †hgb: i³, k³| Æ = U& + U| ®§ = l& + g | †hgb: MÖx®§|
ÿ=K+l| †hgb: AÆvwjKv, PÆMÖvg, fÆkvjx| šÍ = b& + Z| †hgb: AšÍi|
†hgb: eÿ, iÿv, wkÿv| (þ = n + g) Ë = Z& + Z| †hgb: DËg, cËb, weË| š’ = b& + _ | †hgb: gš’i|
¼ = O + K| Ì = Z + _| †hgb: DÌvb, DwÌZ| È = Y& + U| †hgb: KÈK|
†hgb-A¼, K¼vj, j¼v| × = ` + a| †hgb: e×, hy×, mg„w×| É = Y& + V | †hgb: KÉ|
½ = O + M| Ü = b + a | †hgb: AÜ, eÜz, mÜ¨v| Ð = Y& + W| †hgb: KvÐ, fvÐvi|
†hgb: A½, g½j, m½xZ| ä = e& + a | †hgb: jä| K© = i + K| †hgb: ZK©|
Á = R + T| ü = n& + F| †hgb: ü`q, myü`|
†hgb: Ávb, weÁvb, msÁv| û = n + D| †hgb: ûKyg, ûwkqvi|
Ã = T + Q|
†hgb: evÃv, evwÃZ, evÃbxq|
Ä = T + R|
†hgb: AÄbv, MÄ, gÄylv|
Â = T+ P| †hgb: mÂq, eÂbv|
[jÿYxq t µ = K& + i ; i-djv e‡Y©i c‡i Av‡m
K© = i + K ; ‡id e‡Y©i Av‡M Av‡m]
mwÜ
 mwÜ k‡ãi A_© wgjb| mwbœwnZ `y‡Uv aŸwbi wgj‡bi bvg mwÜ| †hgb: wng + Avjq = wngvjq, Øxc + Aqb = Øxcvqb|
mwÜi D‡Ïk¨ I êwkó¨
K. D”PviY ixwZ‡K mnR I mvejxj Kiv|
L. aŸwbMZ gvayh© Z_v fvlvi gvayh© m„wó nq|
M. cvkvcvwk Dfq e‡Y©i wgj‡b GKU bZzb e‡Y©i m„wó nq|
N. GKwU eY© †jvc cvq|
evsjv ¯îmwÜi wbqg
 ‡Kvb †Kvb mgq cvkvcvwk `ywU ¯îaŸwb _vK‡j Zvi GKwUi ¯î †jvc cvq| h_v:
Aa© + GK = A‡a©K ( A †jvc) †Q‡j + Avwg = †Q‡jwg (Av †jvc)
Kzwo + GK = KzwoK (G †jvc) iƒc + Avwj = iƒcvwj (Av †jvc)
wg_¨v + DK = wg_y¨K (Av †jvc) fvB + Bqv = fvBqv (B †jvc)
 ‡k‡l ¯îaŸwb Av‡Q Giƒc k‡ãi c‡i wefw³i G aŸwb Avm‡j Zv ÔqÕ aŸwb ev Ô‡qÕ aŸwb nq| h_v:
Avgv + G = Avgvq `yB + G = `yB‡q fvj + G = fvjq
wS + G = wS‡q ivRv + G = ivRvq gv + G = gv‡q
RvqMv + G = RvqMvq
 ¯îaŸwb hy³ avZzi c‡i ÔAvÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡j ÔAvÕ ¯’‡j ÔIqvÕ nq| h_v:
Lv + Av = LvIqv hv + Av = hvIqv †` + Av = †Ìqv n + Av = nIqv
 c~e©c‡ì †k‡l A, Av, B _vK‡j Ges cic‡ì cÖ_‡g ¯îaŸwb _vK‡j c~e©¯î †jvc cvq| h_v:
KZ + GK = K‡ZK wb›`v + GK = wb›`yK Lvwb + GK = Lv‡bK Aa© + GK = A‡a©K
 c~e©c‡ì †k‡l ¯îaŸwb Ges cic‡ì cÖ_‡g ÔAvÕ _vK‡j ÔAvÕ ¯’‡j ÔqvÕ nq| h_v:
evey + Avbv = eveyqvbv wn›`y + Avwb = wn›`yqvwb
evsjv e¨Äb mwÜ:
 ¯^‡i Avi e¨Ä‡b, e¨Ä‡b Avi e¨Ä‡b Ges e¨Ä‡b Avi ¯^‡i wgwjZ n‡q †h mwÜ nq Zv‡K e¨Äb mwÜ e‡j|
†hgb: Zr + AšÍ = Z`šÍ(Z+A), Avi + b = Avbœv (i+b), Pjr + wPÎ = Pjw”PÎ (Z+B)|

evsjv e¨Äb mwÜi wbqg
 nmšÍe¨Ä‡bi ci ¯îaŸwb _vK‡j D³ ¯îaŸwb e¨Ä‡bi mv‡_ wg‡k hvq| h_v:
cuvP + GK = cuv‡PK wgk& + DK = wgïK NUK& + Avjx = NUKvjx evi& + GK = ev‡iK
 ¯îaŸwbi ci e¨Äb aŸwb _vK‡j †Kvb mgq ¯îaŸwbwU †jvc cvq| h_v:
‡ewk + Kg = †ekKg KuvPv + Kjv = KuvPvKjv †Nvov + †`Šo = †Nvo‡`Šo bvwZ + RvgvB = bvZRvgvB
 e‡M©i cÖ_g aŸwbi ci †Kvb †Nvl aŸwb Avm‡j cÖ_g aŸwbwU H e‡M©i Z…Zxq aŸwb nq| h_v:
nvZ + aiv = nvàiv WvK + Ni = WvMNi kvK + fvZ = kvMfvZ
 cvkvcvwk `ywU e¨Äb _vK‡j †Kvb †Kvb mgq c‡iiwU Av‡MiwU‡K wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i †d‡j| h_v:
e` + RvZ = e¾vZ nvZ + Qvwb = nv”Qwb fvZ + `vb = fvÏvb bvZ + RvgvB = bv¾vgvB
 P Gi ci k _vK‡j P ¯’‡j k nq| h_v:

cuvP + †mi = cuvk‡mi cuvP + k = cuvkk
 i aŸwbi ci Ab¨ e¨Äb _vK‡j i †jvc cvq, Aci e¨ÄwU wØZ¡ nq| h_v:
Pvi + jvL = PvjøvL ai + bv = abœv Pvi + w`b = PvwÏb
Pvi + wU = PvwÆ Avi + bv = Avbœv †Nvovi + wWg = †NvovwÇg
we: `ª: LuvwU evsjv fvlvq wem‡M©i D”PviY †bB e‡j evsjvq wemM© mwÜ nq bv|
Zrmg mwÜ
Zrmg mwÜ‡K Avevi 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: 1. ¯îmwÜ 2. e¨Äb mwÜ 3. wemM© mwÜ
Zrmg ¯îmwÜi wbqg

 A wKsev Av Gi ci A wKsev Av A_ev Av-Kvi _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j Av-Kvi nq, Av-Kvi c~e©e‡Y© hy³ nq| h_v:
[A + A = Av]
be + Abœ = bevbœ Aci + Aci = Acivci kk + A¼ = kkv¼
bi + Aag = bivag wnZ + AwnZ = wnZvwnZ n¯Í + A¶i = n¯Ív¶i
A`¨ + Aewa = A`¨vewa wng + AvPj = wngvPj ci + Abœ = civbœ
cÖvY + AwaK = cÖvYvwaK
[A + Av = Av]
‡è + Avjq = †èvjq iZœ + AvKi = iZœvKi wmsn + Avmb = wmsnvm
wng + Avjq = wngvjq Rj + Avkq = Rjvkq MÖš’ + AvMvi = MÖš’vMvi
cvV + AvMvi = cvVvMvi Rj + AvZ¼ = RjvZ¼
[Av + A = Av-Kvi/Av + Av = Av-Kvi]
K_v + g„Z = K_vg„Z gnv + AiY¨ = gnviY¨ Avkv + AZxZ = AvkvZxZ
gnv + AN© = gnvN© m`v + Avb›` = m`vb›` we`¨v + Avjq = we`¨vjq
h_v + A_© = h_v_© e¨_v + AvZzi = e¨_vZzi AvÁv + Aaxb = AvÁvaxb
 B ev C-Kv‡ii ci B ev C (`xN©)-Kvi nq, C-Kvi c~e©e‡Y© hy³ nq| h_v:

[B + B = C-Kvi]
AwZ + Be = AZxe AwZ + BZ = AZxZ hwZ + B›`ª = hZx›`ª
iwe + B›`ª = iex›`ª cÖwZ + BZ = cÖZxZ cÖwZ + BwZ = cÖZxwZ
[B + C = C-Kvi]
cÖwZ + C¶v = cÖZx¶v cwi + B¶v = cix¶v Awa + Ck¦i = Aaxk¦i wMwi + Ck = wMixk
[C + B = C]
myax + B›`ª = myax›`ª gnx + B›`ª = gnx›`ª kPx + B›`ª = kPx›`ª AZx + B›`ª = AZx›`ª
[C + C = C-Kvi]

kªx + Bk = kªxk mZx + Ck = mZxk c„_¡x + Ck¦i = c„_¡xk¦i w`jøx + Ck¦i = w`jøxk¦i
 D ev E-Kv‡ii ci D ev E-Kvi _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j E-Kvi nq, E-Kvi c~e©e‡Y© hy³ nq| h_v: [E + D = E-Kvi/ E + E = E ( ~ )-Kvi]
my + Dw³ = m~w³ KUz + Dw³ = KU~w³ giæ + D`¨vb = giƒ`¨vb eû + EaŸ© = en~aŸ©
[E + D = E-Kvi/E + E = E-Kvi]
ea~ + Dw³ = ea~w³ jNy + Ewg© = jN~wg© f~ + EaŸ© = f~aŸ©
 A A_ev Av ev Av-Kvi Gi ci B ev C ev G‡ì Kvi wPý _vK‡j A ev Av-Kvi ¯’v‡b G-Kvi c~e©e‡Y© hy³ nq| h_v:
[A + B = G-Kvi/Av + B = G-Kiv]
ïf + B”Qv = ï‡f”Qv ¯^ + B”Qv = †¯^”Qv †è + B›`ª = †`‡e›`ª
h_v + Bó = h‡_ó h_v + B”Qv = h‡_”Qv gnv + B›`ª = g‡n›`ª
[A + C = G ( † )-Kvi/Av + C = G-Kvi]
bi + Ck = b‡ik MY + Ck = M‡Yk cig + Ck¦i = ci‡gk¦i
gnv + Ck¦i = gn‡k¦i Dgv + Ck = D‡gk XvKv + Ck¦ix = Xv‡Kk¦ix
 A ev Av-Kv‡ii c‡i, D wKsev E-Kvi _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j I-Kvi nq| I-Kvi c~e©e‡Y© hy³ nq| h_v:
[A + D = I-Kvi]
m~h© + D`q = m~‡h©v`q ci + DcKvi = c‡ivcKvi wnZ + Dc‡`k = wn‡Zvc‡`k
bi + DËg = b‡ivËg dj + D`q = d‡jv`q bxj + Drcj = bx‡jvrcj
[A + E = I-Kvi]
be + Epv = b‡evpv Pj + Ewg© = P‡jvwg©
[Av + D = I/Av + E = I]
h_v + DwPZ = h‡_vwPZ M½v + Ewg© = M‡½vwg©
 A ev Av-Kv‡ii c‡i ÔFÕ _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j ÔAiÕ nq| ÔAiÕ c~e©e‡Y© hy³ nq| ÔAiÕ Gi ÔAÕ c~e©e‡Y©i mv‡_ hy³ nq Ges ÔiÕ †id n‡q
c‡ii e‡Y©i gv_vq e‡m| h_v:
[A + F = Ai]
mß + Fwl = mßwl© †è + Fwl = †èwl© DËg + FY = DËgY© Aag + FY = AagY©
[Av + F = Ai]
ivRv + Fwl = ivRwl© gnv + Fwl = gnwl©
 A ev Av-Kv‡ii c‡i ÔFZÕ _vK‡j ÔAiÕ bv n‡q ÔAviÕ n‡e| ÔAviÕ Gi ÔAvÕ c~e©e‡Y© hy³ nq Ges ÔiÕ †id n‡q cie‡Y© gv_vq em‡e|
h_v:
[Av + FZ = Avi]
Z…òv + FZ = Z…òvZ© ¶zav + FZ = ¶z`vZ©
[A + FZ = Avi]
fq + FZ = fqvZ© †kvK + FZ = †kvKvZ©
 A ev Av-Kv‡ii ci G-Kvi ev H-Kvi _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j H-Kvi nq| H-Kvi c~e©e‡Y© hy³ nq| h_v:
A + G = ( ˆ ) H-Kvi Rb + GK = R‰bK Av + H = H-Kvi
Av + G = H-Kvi Z_v + Ge = Z‰_e gnv + Gk¦h© = g‰nk¦h©
 A Av-Kv‡ii ci I ev J-Kvi _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j J-Kvi nq| J-Kvi c~e©e‡Y©i hy³ nq| h_v:
[A + J = J-Kvi]
eb + Ilwa = e‡bŠlwa cig + Jla = ci‡gŠla

[Av + J = J-Kvi]
gnv + Jlwa = g‡nŠlwa
 B ev C-Kv‡ii ci B, C wfbœ ¯îeY© _vK‡j Av ev C-Kvi ¯’v‡b ÔhÕ nq| ÔhÕ-djv ( ¨ ) iƒ‡c c~e©e‡Y© Ges c‡ii ¯î h-djvi mv‡_ hy³
nq| h_v:
B + Av = h-djv + Av AwZ + AvPvi = AZ¨vPvi B + D = h&-djv + E ( ~)
B + D = h&-djv + D cÖwZ + DcKvi = cÖZz¨cKvi cÖwZ + El = cÖZz¨l
D ev E-Kv‡ii c‡i D, E-Kvi wfbœ ¯îeY© _vK‡j D, E ¯’v‡b e& (e&-djv) nq Ges c‡ii ¯î Zvi mv‡_ hy³ nq| h_v:
D + Av = e&-djv + Av my + AvMZ = ¯^vMZ Aby + GlY = A‡š^lY
D+A=e+A Aby + bq = Aš^q my + Aí = ¯^í
D + G = ev = ( † ) D+A=e=A
G, H, I, J Gi ci GB ¯îeY© e¨ZxZ Ab¨ ¯îeY© _vK‡j G-¯’v‡b ÔAqÕ, I-¯’v‡b ÔAeÕ Ges J-Kvi ¯’v‡b ÔAveÕ nq| h_v:
G + A = Aq + A †b + Ab = bqb (Aq) I + B = Ae& + B †cv + BG = cweÎ
†k + Ab = kqb J + A = Ave& + A †cŠ + AK = cveK (Aq)
H + A = Avq ˆb + AK = bvqK (Aq) J + B = Ave + B †bŠ + BK = bvweK
ˆM + AK = MvqK J + G = Ave& + G †kŠ + AK = kveK
I + A = Ae + A †cv + Ab = ceb (Aq) J + D = Ave& + D †fŠ + DK = fveyK
I + G = Ae + G †Mv + GlYv = M‡elYv
 cÖ_g c‡ì †kl F aŸwb Ges wØZxq c‡ì cÖ_g F wfbœ Ab¨ †Kvb ¯îaŸwb _vK‡j Av‡Mi F ¯’‡j ÔiÕ nq Ges evbv‡b Zv i-djv n‡q
Av‡Mi e‡Y©i mv‡_ hy³ nq| h_v:
F + A = i& + A wcZ… + AbygwZ = wcÎvbygwZ F + D = i& + D gvZ… + Dc‡`k = gvÎyc‡`k
wcZ… + A‡_© = wcÎ‡_© wcZ… + Dc‡`k = wcÎyc‡`k
F + Av = i& + A wcZ… + Avjq = wcÎvjq F + G = i& + D fvZ„ + GlYv = åv‡ÎlYv
gvZ… + Av‡`k = gvÎv‡`k
F + B = i& + B wcZ… + B”Qv = wcwÎ”Qv gvZ… + B”Qv = gvwÎ”Qv
e¨Äb mwÜ
 ¯^‡i Avi e¨Ä‡b, e¨Ä‡b Avi e¨Ä‡b Ges e¨Ä‡b Avi ¯^‡i wgwjZ n‡q †h mwÜ nq Zv‡K e¨Äb mwÜ e‡j| †hgb: Zr + AšÍ = Z`šÍ,
Pjr + wPÎ = Pjw”PÎ|
Zrmg e¨Äb mwÜi wbqg

 c~e©c‡ì †k‡l eMx©q cÖ_g eY© (K, P, U, Z, c) _vK‡j Ges cic‡ì cÖ_‡g †h †Kvb GKwU ¯îeY© _vK‡j D³ eMx©q cÖ_g e‡Y©i ¯’‡j
D³ e‡M©iB Z…Zxq eY© nq| A_©vr K>M, P>R, U>W (o), Z> `, c>e nq| h_v:
w`K& + AšÍ= w`MšÍ wYP& + AšÍ = wYRšÍ evK& + Avo¤î = evMvo¤î kir + B›`y = kiwe›`y
cÖvK& + D³ = cÖv¸³ AP& + AšÍ = ARšÍ lU + A½ = lo½ Ac& + AwMœ = AewMœ
lU + FZz = loFZz lU + Avbb = lovbb mr + A_©K = m`_©K myc& + AšÍ = myešÍ
lU + Hk¦h© = l‰ok¦h© mr + B”Qv = mw`”Qv g„r + A½ = g„`½
 c~e©e‡Y©i ci ¯îeY© _vK‡j, cic‡ì cÖ_g ÔQÕ _vK‡j ÔQÕ ¯’‡j Ô”QÕ nq| h_v:
GK + QÎ = GK”QÎ we + †Q` = we‡”Q` cwi + †Q` = cwi‡”Q` Av + Qbœ = Av”Qbœ
we + wQbœ = wew”Qbœ gyL + Qwe = gyL”Qwe Av + Qv`b = Av”Qv`b K_v + Q‡j = K_v”Q‡j
cÖwZ + Qwe = cÖwZ”Qwe cÖ + Q` = cÖ”Q` cwi + Qbœ = cwi”Qbœ Ziy + Qvqv = Ziy”Qvqv
 Z ev ` Gi c‡i Q/P _vK‡j Z I ` ¯’v‡b ÔPÕ nq| h_v:

Z + Q = ”Q Dr + †Q` = D‡”Q` ` + Q = ”Q
Z + P = ”P D + PviY = D”PviY wec` + Qvqv = wec”Qvqv

 Z ev ` Gi c‡i k-_vK‡j Z ev ` ¯’v‡b P Ges k ¯’v‡b ”Q nq| h_v:
Z + k = ”Q„ Dr + k„•Lj = D”Q„•Lj
Z + k¦ = ”Q Dr + k¦vm = D”Qvm
 Z ev ` Gi c‡i R ev S _vK‡j Z I ` ¯’v‡b ÔRÕ nq| h_v:

`+R=¾ wec` + RbK = wec¾bK Z+S=À Kzr + SwUKv = KzÀwUKv
Z+R=¾ mr + Rb = m¾b `+R=¾ Z` + Rb¨ = Z¾b¨
 Z ev ` Gi c‡i W _vK‡j Z I ` ¯’v‡b ÔÇÕ nq| h_v:

Z+W=Ç : Dr + Wxb = DÇxb
Z+W=Ç : Dr + Wqb = DÇqb
 Z ev ` Gi c‡i j _vK‡j Z I ` ¯’v‡b ÔjÕ nq| h_v:
Z + j = jø : Dr + jvm = Djøvm
Z + j = jø : Dr + †jL = D‡jøL
 Z ev ` Gi c‡i U ev V _vK‡j Z I ` ¯’v‡b ÔUÕ nq| h_v:

Zr + UxKv = ZÆxKv e„nr + U¼vi = e„nÆ¼vi
 Z/` Gi c‡i b/g _vK‡j 3/` ¯’v‡j b nq| h_v:

Dr + bwZ = DbœwZ RMr + bv_ = RMbœv_ Z`& + wbwgË = ZwbœwgË
g„r + gq = g„b¥q Z`& + wbô = Zwbœô Z` + gvÎv = Zb¥vÎv
mr + gvM© = mb¥vM© Z` + g‡a¨ = Zb¥‡a¨
 `/a Gi c‡i K, c, m _vK‡j `/a ¯’v‡j Z nq| h_v:
Z`& + Kvj = ZrKvj ü` + K¤ú = ürK¤ú ü` + wcÛ = ürwcÛ
Z`& + mg = Zrmg Z`& + ci = Zrci ü` + ¯ú›`b = ür¯ú›`b
¶za& + KvZi = ¶zrKvZi ¶za& + wccvmv = ¶zrwccvmv
 c~e©c‡ì †k‡l a, f, n-Gi †h †Kvb GKwU _vKvi ci cic‡ì cÖ_‡g ÔZÕ _vK‡j mwÜ‡Z a + Z = × nq| h_v:
a+Z=× : eya& + Z = ey×
f+Z=ä : jf + Z = jä
n+Z=» : wegyn + Z = wegy»
 P Ges R -Gi ci bvwmK¨ aŸwb Zvje¨ nq| h_v:
hvP& + bv = hvP&Tv hR& + b = hÁ ivR + bx = ivÁx
 l Gi c‡i Z wKsev _ _vK‡j Z ¯’v‡j U Ges _ ¯’v‡j V nq| h_v:

l+Z=ó : Zzl + Z = Zzó
: `„l& + wZ = `„wó
: e„l& +wZ = e„wó
l+_=ô : ll& + _ = lô
 c~e©c‡ì †k‡l eMx©q cÖ_g eY© (K, P, U, Z, c) _vK‡j cic‡ì Avw`‡Z †h †Kvb e‡M©i 3q, 4_© eY© ev AšÍt¯’ eY© (h, i, j, e) _vK‡j
eMx©q cÖ_g e‡Y©i ¯’‡j D³ e‡M©iB Z…Zxq eY© n‡e| h_v:
evK& + `vb = evM`vb lU + hš¿ = lohš¿ Dr + NvUb = D`NvUb
Dr + eÜb = DØÜb Dr + †hvM = D‡`¨vM Zr + iƒc = Z`ªƒc
 c~e©c‡ì †k‡l eMx©q cÖ_g eY© (K, P, U, Z, c) _vK‡j cic‡ì cÖ_‡g †h †Kvb e‡M©i cÂg eY© _vK‡j (O, T, Y, b, g) eMx©q cÖ_g
e‡Y©i ¯’‡j D³ e‡M©i Z…Zxq ev cÂg eY© `yB-B n‡Z cv‡i| h_v:
evK& + gq = evMgq/ e•gq w`K& + wbY©q = w`MwbY©q/wÒwbY©q
Zr + g‡a¨ = Z`g‡a¨ / Zb¥‡a¨

 cÖ_g c‡ì †k‡l ÔgÕ _vK‡j cic‡ì cÖ_‡g †h †Kvb eMx©q eY© _vK‡j (A_©vr K †_‡K g ch©šÍ †h †Kvb eY©) g ¯’‡j D³ e‡M©i 5g eY©
n‡e, wKš‘ K, L, M, N A_©vr K-eMx©q eY© _vK‡j O ¯’‡j s n‡e| h_v:
Ang& + Kvi = AnsKvi mg& + KxY© = msKxY© mg& + MxZ = msMxZ
mg& + N = msN mg& + L¨v = msL¨v mg& + NvZ = msNvZ
mg& + Pq = mÂq wKg + wPr = wKwÂZ mg& + Rq = mÄq
mg& + RvZ = mÄvZ Mg& + Ze¨ = MšÍe¨ wKg& + Zz = wKš‘
mg& + b¨vm = mbœ¨vm mg& + Zvc = mšÍvc mg& + †evab = m‡¤^vab
mg& + eÜ = m¤^Ü mg& + cÖ`vb = m¤cÖ`vb mg& + gvb = m¤§vb
 c~e©c‡ì †k‡l ÔgÕ _vK‡j cic‡ì cÖ_‡g AšÍt¯’ (h/i/j/e) wKsev k, l, m, n _vK‡j g ¯’‡j s nq| h_v:
mg + hg = mshg mg + ivM = msivM mg + jvc = msjvc
mg& + kq = mskq mg + ev` = msev` mg& + nvi = msnvi
mg& + mvi = msmvi
e¨wZµg: mg& + ivU = mgªvU
 ÔDrÕ Dcm‡M©i c‡i Ô¯’vÕ avZz †hv‡M mwÜ‡Z Ô¯’vÕ avZzi cÖ_g ÔmÕ †jvc cvq| h_v:
Dr + w¯’Z = DwÌZ Dr + ¯’vb = DÌvb Dr + ¯’vcb = DÌvcb
Dr + w¯’wZ = DwÌwZ
wemM© mwÜ
 wem‡M©i mv‡_ ¯îaŸwbi wKsev e¨Äb aŸwbi †h mwÜ nq Zv‡K wemM© mwÜ e‡j| †hgb: gbt + †hvM = g‡bv‡hvM; cybt + Avq =
cybivq|
Zrmg wemM© mwÜi wbqg
 c~e©c‡ì †k‡l hw` At _v‡K Ges cic‡ì cÖ_‡g hw` A _v‡K, Zvn‡j At ¯’‡j I-Kvi nq Ges cieZx© A-Kv‡ii †jvc nq| h_v:
eqt + AwaK = e‡qvwaK gbt + Awfjvl = g‡bvwfjvl
ZZt + AwaK = Z‡ZvwaK
 c~e©c‡ì †k‡l hw` At _v‡K Ges cic‡ì cÖ_‡g A wfbœ Ab¨ ¯îeY© _vK‡j wem‡M©i †jvc nq e‡U, Z‡e mwÜ nq bv|
AZt + Ge = AZGe wkit + Dcwi = wkiDcwi hkt + B”Qv = hk-B”Qv
gbt + Avkv = gb-Avkv
 c~e©c‡ì †k‡l hw` A/Av wfbœ Ab¨ ¯îaŸwbi ci wemM© _v‡K Ges cic‡ì cÖ_‡g hw` ¯îaŸwb _v‡K Z‡e wemM© ¯’‡j ÔiÕ nq Ges c‡ii
¯^viaŸwbi mv‡_ hy³ nq| h_v:
wbt + AvKvi = wbivKvi wbt + Abœ = wbibœ ewnt + A½ = ewniv½
wbt + Cn = wbixn wbt + C¶Y = wbix¶Y †R¨vwZt + B›`ª = †R¨vwZwi›`ª
wbt + Dcvq = wbiycvq wbt + Dcgv = wbiycgv `yt + Avkv = `yivkv
`yt + Ae¯’v = `yie¯’v `yt + D”Pvh© = `yiy”Pvh© `yt + En = `yiƒn
 c~e©c‡ì †k‡l hw` (i-RvZ) wemM© _v‡K Ges cic‡ì cÖ_‡g hw` e‡M©i 3q, 4_, 5g aŸwb ev AšÍt¯’ eY© (h, i, j) ev n Gi †Kvb
GKwU _v‡K Z‡e mwÜi d‡j wemM© (t) ¯’‡j †id ( © ) nq Ges Zv c‡ii e¨Ä‡bi gv_vq hy³ nq| h_v:
AšÍt + MZ = AšÍM©Z AšÍt + wnZ = AšÍwn©Z AšÍt + fy³ = AšÍfy©³
wbt + bq = wbY©q wbt + aviY = wba©viY wbt + evK = wbe©vK
wbt + gvb = wbg©vY wbt + hvZb = wbh©vZb wbt + j¾ = wbj©¾
 c~e©c‡ì †k‡l wemM©hy³ B/D (Bt/Dt) _vK‡j cic‡ì cÖ_‡g ÔiÕ _vK‡j mwÜ‡Z wemM© †jvc cvq Ges wem‡M©i c~e©eZx© n«¯^¯îwU `xN© nq
(A_©vr B>C, D>E nq)| h_v:
wbt + ie = bxie wbt + im = bxim wbt + †ivM = bx‡ivM
 AšÍt, cybt, cÖvZt BZ¨vwì ci ¯îaŸwb _vK‡j mwÜi d‡j wemM© ¯’‡j ÔiÕ nq Ges cieZx© ¯îaŸwbi mv‡_ hy³ nq| h_v:
AšÍt + A½ = AšÍi½ AšÍt + C¶ = AšÍix¶ AšÍt + Bw›`ªq = Aš&&Íiw›`ªq
AšÍt + Cc = AšÍixc cybt + DÌvb = cybiyÌvb cybt + AwaKvi = cybiwaKvi

 c~e©c‡ì †k‡l At _vKvi ci cic‡ì cÖ_‡g eMx©q 3q, 4_©, 5g eY© ev AšÍt¯’ eY© (h/i/j) ev n _vK‡j Zvn‡j mwÜi d‡j At¯’‡j I
nq| h_v:
wZit + avb = wZ‡ivavb gbt + ig = g‡bvivg m`¨t + RvZ = m‡`¨vRvZ
gbt + ni = g‡bvni gb + †hvM = g‡bv‡hvM Zct + eb = Z‡cveb
 At Bt/Dt Gici P/Q _vK‡j wemM© ¯’‡j k nq| U/V _vK‡j wemM© ¯’‡j l nq| Z/_ _vK‡j wemM© ¯’‡j m nq| h_v:
wbt + Pq = wbðq wkit + †Q` = wki‡k&Q` `yt + wPšÍv = `ywðšÍv
wbt + wQ`ª = wbwk&Q`ª abyt + U¼vi = abyó¼vi PZzt + Uq = PZzóq
 wemM© Gi ci ¶, i, k, m _vK‡j mwÜ‡Z wemM© AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| h_v:

Aat + †¶c = Aat‡¶c gbt + ¶zYœ = gbt¶zYœ AšÍt + ivóªxq = AšÍtivóªxq
wbt + †kl = wbt‡kl wbt + m‡›`n = wbtm‡›`n `yt + kvmb = `ytkvmb
wbcvZ‡b wm× mwÜ : ‡hme †¶‡Î mwÜ wbqgvbymv‡i nq bv, Zv‡K wbcvZ‡b wm× mwÜ e‡j| †hgb: ci + ci = ci¯úi|
wbcvZ‡b wm× ¯îmwÜ

g~jkã mwÜ-we‡”Q` g~jkã mwÜ-we‡”Q`
KzjUv Kzj + AUv Ab¨vb¨ Ab¨ + Ab¨
Mev¶ ‡Mv + A¶ gvZ©Ûy gvZ© + AÛ
‡cŠp cÖ + Ep ï‡×v`b ï× + I`b
ˆ¯î ¯^ + Ci we‡¤^vô we¤^ + Iô
g‡b ivLvi mnR Dcvq : Mev‡¶i KzjUv ˆ¯î-‡cŠp I Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q gvZ©Û n‡q we‡¤^vô ï‡×v`b K‡i|
wbcvZ‡b wm× e¨ÄbmwÜ

Avðh© Av + Ph© gbxlv gbm& + Clv
`y¨‡jvK wè& + †jvK †lvok lU& + `k
e„n¯úwZ e„nr + cwZ †Mv®ú` †Mv + c`
GKv`k GK& + `k eb¯úwZ eb + cwZ
cZÄwj cZr + AÄwj Z¯‹i Z`& + Ki
wek¦vwgÎ wek¦ + wgÎ ci¯úi ci + ci
g‡b ivLvi mnR Dcvq: gbxlv Z¯‹i, †lvokx GKv`‡k wek¦vwgÎ -Gi Kv‡Q Avðh© `y¨‡jvK! e„n¯úwZ †_‡K eb¯úwZ I †Mv®ú` †_‡K
cZÄwjÕi ci¯úi wK m¤úK© Zv Rvb‡Z Pvq|
wbcvZ‡b wm× wemM© mwÜ
Anin Ant + An Anwb©k Antwbk
cÖvZtKvj cÖvZt + Kvj gbtKó gbt + Kó
wkitcxov wkit + cxov gbt¶zbœ gbt + ¶zbœ
`ytkvmb `yt + kvmb `yt¯^cœ `yt + ¯^cœ
AZtci AZt + ci wbtm‡›`‡n wbt + m‡›`‡n
g‡b ivLvi mnR Dcvq :wbtm‡›`‡n cÖvZtKvj n‡Z `ytkvmb, wkitcxovq gbt¶zbœ n‡q AZtci †m Anwb©k `yt¯^‡cœi Anin gbtK‡ó e¨w_Z|
we‡kl wbq‡g mvwaZ e¨ÄbmwÜ

mg + K…Z = ms¯‹…Z mg + Kvi = ms¯‹vi cwi + Kvi = cwi¯‹vi
Dr + ¯’vcb = DÌvcb cwi + K…Z = cwi®K…Z mg + K…wZ = ms¯‹…wZ
Dr + ¯’vb = DÌvb
g‡b ivLvi †KŠkj: ms¯‹…Z fvlv ms¯‹vi bv K‡i cwi¯‹vifv‡e DÌvcb Kivq GK cwi®K…Z ms¯‹…wZi DÌvb nq|

kã
 K‡qKwU aŸwb D”PvwiZ n‡q ev eY© GK‡Î e‡m hw` †Kvb wbw`©ó A_© cÖKvk K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K kã e‡j| kãB ev‡Kï cÖvY| ev‡Kï
¶z`ªZg GKK kã|
 AvaywbK wPšÍv †_‡K ejv hvq, kã GKwU aviYv ev B‡gR| kã gvby‡li g‡bvRM‡Z c„_K c„_K B‡gR m„wó K‡i|
k‡ãi †kªYx wefvRb
kã‡K cÖavbZ wZb Dcv‡q †kªYx wefvRb Kiv n‡q _v‡K h_v- DrmMZ w`K w`‡q / A_©MZ w`K w`‡q / MVbMZ w`K w`‡q
k‡ãi DrcwËMZ †kªwYwefvRb

 DrcwËMZ w`K †_‡K evsjv fvlvi kãivwR †K cuvP fv‡M wef³ Kiv nq| h_v: 1. Zrmg, 2. Aa©Zrmg, 3. Z™¢e, 4. †`wk, 5.
we‡`wk|
W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, Áv‡b›`ª‡gvnb `vm msKwjZ evsjv Awfavb Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb †h, evsjvfvlvq 44% Zrmg, 4.55% we‡`wk,
51.45% †`wk I AZrmg kã i‡q‡Q|
evsjv fvlvq †h kãm¤¢v‡ii mgv‡e n‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv‡K cwÊZMY K‡qKwU fv‡M K‡i‡Qb| †hgb: 1. Zrmg kã 2. Z™¢e kã 3. Aa© -Zrmg
kã 4. †`wk kã 5. we‡`wk kã|
Zrmg kã
 ‡hme kã ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K †mvRvmywR evsjvq G‡m‡Q Ges hv‡ì iƒc AcwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q, †mme kã‡K ejv nq Zrmg kã|
Zrmg GKwU cvwifvwlK kã| Gi A_© [Zr (Zvi + mg (mgvb)] = Zvi mgvb A_©vr ms¯‹…Z| D`vniY: P›`ª, m~h©, b¶Î, feb, ag©,
cvÎ, gbyl¨ cÖf„wZ|
Zrmg kã ‡Pbvi Dcvq :
 †id _vK‡e: m~h©, eY©, myKY©
 F-Kvi _vK‡e: K…lK, K…cY, Z…Y
 djv _vK‡e: e¨vKiY, P›`ª, e¨vNª, grm¨
 l/Y _vK‡e: gvbyl
 Y-hy³ kã (‡ewk fvM ‡ÿ‡Î) t e¨vKiY, MMY, PiY, Z„Y, AMÖnvqY BZ¨vw`|
 l-hy³ kã (‡ewk fvM ‡ÿ‡Î) t fvlv, êòe, bÿÎ (ÿ = K +l), gbyl¨, lÐ |
 F- hy³ kã (‡ewk fvM ‡ÿ‡Î) t M„n, M„wnYx, K…wl, Fwl, b„Z¨ BZ¨vw`|
 P›`ª, m~h©, AvKvk, feb, ag©, cvÎ, cyÎ, P›`b, gvZv, Kwe, Qwe, Rxeb, `vb, dj, evqy, mvMi, KzrwmZ, †R¨vrmœv, kªv×, Rj, cÂg,
AvNvZ, DËi, Dì, ÿyav, Lv`¨, Ajvey, aygª, b¶Î, b`x|
Aa©Zrmg
 evsjv fvlvq eëüZ eû ms¯‹…wZ kã evbvb I D”PviY Dfq †¶‡Î Avwìƒc wePz¨Z n‡q‡Q| wKwÂr cwiewZ©Z GB ms¯‹…Z kãvewj‡K
Aa© Zrg kã e‡j| †hgb : Pg©Kvi > P¤§Avi| K…ò > †Kó, ¶zav > wL‡`, M„wnYx > wMwbœ, P›`ª > P›ì, R¨vr¯§v > †R¨vQbv,
wbgš¿Y > †bgšÍbœ, cÎ > cËi, cy‡ivwnZ > cyiyZ, cÖxwZ > wcwiwZ, êòe > †evóg, g‡nvrme > †gv”Qe, wgÎ > wgwËi, m~h© >
myiƒR, kªv× > †QivÏ|

Z™¢e kã
 ‡hme k‡ãi g~j ms¯‹…Z fvlvq cvIqv hvq, wKš‘ fvlvi ¯^vfvweK weeZ©b avivq cÖvK…‡Zi gva¨‡g cwiewZ©Z n‡q AvaywbK evsjv
fvlvq ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q, †mme kã‡K ejv nq Z™¢e kã| Z™¢e GKwU cvwifvwlK kã| Gi A_©, ÔZrÕ (Zvi) †_‡K ÔfeÕ
(Drcbœ)| †hgb: ms¯‹…Z-n¯Í , cÖvK…Z-nÌ, Z™¢e-nvZ| ms¯‹…Z Pg©Kvi, cÖvK…Z-P¤§Avi, Z™¢e-Pvgvi BZ¨vw`| GB Z™¢e kã¸‡jv‡K
LuvwU evsjv kãI ejv nq|
 ms¯‹…Z †_‡K wePy¨wZcÖvß kãvewj cÖvK…‡Zi gva¨‡g evsjv fvlvi G‡jB ïay Z™¢e kã n‡e- cÖ_vMZ GB msÁv_© cwieZ©b Avek¨K|
†Kbbv, wewfbœ fvlvi eû kã Av‡Q, †m¸‡jv cwieZ©b n‡q evsjv fvlv eëüZ n‡”Q| †hgb: gyUB (Zvwgj kã) > gyUB > gyWA >
†gvU (†evSv A‡_©)| mywis· (wMÖK) > myiy½ > myos (gvwUi wb‡P MZ© we‡kl)| †cv¯Í (cvnjwe kã) > cyw¯ÍKv > cywLA > cyw_ (eB
A‡_©)| †gvU, myos, cyw_ BZ¨vw`‡K Z™¢e kã wnmv‡e aiv n‡”Q, hwÌ G¸‡jvi g~j ms¯‹…Z fvlvq †bB| GiKg Av‡iv kã Av‡Q|
hw` ZvB nq, Z‡e Bs‡iwR †_‡K AvMZ e· > ev·, nmwcUvj > nvmcvZvj BZ¨vw` Z™¢e k‡ãi msÁv_© †Ìqv hvq Gfv‡e : Ab¨
fvlvi †h kã A_© wVK †i‡L evbvb I D”PviY cwieZ©b n‡q evsjv fvlvi eëüZ n‡”Q Ges GKwU wbR¯^ iƒc MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zv‡K
Z™¢e kã e‡j| †hgb: nvZ, Pvgvi, Avwdg, †evZj BZ¨vw`| †hgb : n¯Í > n_ > nvZ| wb‡gœ K‡qKwU Zrmg, Aa©Zrmg I Z™¢e
k‡ãi DrcwË †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
ms¯‹…Z cÖvK…Z Z™¢e ms¯‹…Z cÖvK…Z Z™¢e

n¯Í nÌ nvZ P›`ª P›` Puv`
cv` cvA cv gvZv gvAv gv
Pg©Kvi P¤§Avi Pvgvi N„Z wNA wN
Zrmg Aa©Zrmg Z™¢e Zrmg Aa©Zrmg Z™¢e

Aw¯Í > Aw”Q > Av‡Q Øi > `yqvi > †`vi
A`¨ > A¾ > AvR b„Z¨wZ > Y”PB > bv‡P
Aa© > A× > Ava X° > XvK¡ > XvK
B›`ªvMvi > B›`ªvAvi > Bu`viv cÖ¯Íi > cLi > dv_i
Dcvaªvq > DeRSvA > ISv e„× > eyW&X > eyov
Dòvcb > Dbnveb > Dbvb e×©‡Z > eW&XB > ev‡o
K‡ivwZ > K‡ivB > K‡i ea~ > eû > †eŠ
K_qwZ > KnB > K‡n f³ > fË > fvZ
K‡dvwbKv > K‡nvwbAv > KbyB ga¨ > gRS > gvS
µxYvwZ > wKbB > wK‡b wg_¨v > wg”Qv > wgQv
Kvh© > K¾ > KvR jeY > †jvY > jyb/byb
M„n > Ni > Ni erm > e”Q > evQv
Pµ > P° > PvKv †lvok > †lvjk > †lvj
Pg©Kvi > P¤§Avi > Pvgvi mÜ¨v > mÅv > muvS
Z¡g > Zz¤§ > Zzwg ¯Í¤¢ > L¤¢ > _vg
‡`wk kã
 evsjv‡`‡ki Avw`g Awaevmx‡ì (†hgb : †Kvj, gyÛv, †Wvg cÖf„wZ) fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi wKQz wKQz Dcv`vb evsjvq iw¶Z i‡q‡Q|
Gme kã‡K †`wk kã e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq Gme k‡ãi g~j wba©viY Kiv hvq bv; wKš‘ †Kvb fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q Zvi
nw`m †g‡j| †hgb: Kzwo (wek)-‡Kvjfvlv, †cU (Dì)-Zvwgj fvlv, Pzjv (Dbyb)-gyÛvix fvlv| Giƒc- Avjy, †XD, wXj, Wvnv, Avo,
IZ, Dëv, Kv‡jv, ‡Lqv, ‡LuvUv, ev`yo, wPswo, PvDj, Svo, ‡Xvov, Xvj, cvVv, †cU, wfo, ‡gvUv, bvwi‡Kj|

Memonics :
 MÄ, †Uvci, aywZ, gy³v, wSbyK, †Xvj, wWwO, cvj, LyKx, KwP, Kzwo, WvMi, †Luvcv, b_, †LgUv, Wve
 Lei, avb, †XuwK, Kzjv, wcVv, gywo, nvwo, cvwZj, Pzjv, Lo, U¨vsiv, KvZj, †KvP, euwU
 Kzwo, nvU, UK, †ZuZzj, RjcvB, fvix, †NvgUv, gvPv, SvD, gB, gv‡V, jvwV, SuvUv, Kqjv|
 Kzwo, Pv½v, †Pv½v, Rviæj, PvUvB, wPswo, †Svj, wSOv, jvD, Kvgo, †gvUv, Kv‡jv, UvK, evbi, QvI, wWMevwR, Nywo
 Kzuwo k‡ãi A_©- Av‡dvUv dzj, gyKzj, KwjKv BZ¨vw`| cÖ`Ë ev‡K¨ Kzuwo kãwU G‡m‡Q †KviK †_‡K|
we‡`wk kã
evsjv fvlvi eëüZ we‡`wk kãvewj `yB fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq:
1. ag©msµvšÍ
2. ag©-ewn©f~©Z|
evsjv fvlvi eëüZ K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡`wk kã

Aviwe kã:
 A›ì, AvR¸we, Av`ve, Av`vjZ, Avgjv, AvgvbZ, Av‡qk, Avmvwg, BRviv, BwÄb, Bgb, BgviZ, Bkviv, Bk‡Znvi, DwKj,
DwRi, GLwZv, GwZg, GjvKv, Iqvwik, Kì, Kjc, Kjg, Kvwjqv, KzgKzg, Kzjyc, Lie, LvRbv, Lvjvm, Mwie, Rjmv, †Rjv,
ZvwKjv, Zejv, Zzdvb, ZzjKvjvg, `vjvj, bKj, iKkv, wbKkv, wbKvn, dmj, e‡Kqv, gd¯^j, gq`vb, gkvj, gmjv, gybvdv,
gyjZwe, †gvjv‡qg, †jevm, †jvKmvb, kwn`, ûwjqv, meyi, ZKwjd, `Lj, Z`viK, kZiÄ, RvwjqvwZ, gykwKj, IqvwKd, Keyj,
gywi`, †bqvgZ, †gv³vi, gvgjv, Z`wei, Av‡gb, gwiK, nvgjv, dqmvjv, †gŠmywg, njd, I¯Í v`, Rgv‡q`, eiv`, wgwQj, †njvj,
mdi, gwm©qv, nvIqv, RvnvR, gymvwdi, RyjgvZ, MvdjZ, †Lqvj, gyRjyg, ev‡R, ˆKwdqZ, Rvwgb, nvwKg, gyÛwi, DwKj, Avwei,
Avjv`v, Kei, Kjc, KmvB, Kziƒc, †K”Qv, †Kjøvd‡Z, Lmov, †RŠjym, ZvwiL, `ywbqv, bvKvj, d‡Zvqv, gwjøK, gmwR`, gnKzgv,
†gŠjwe, ivq, †jey, nvjyqv|
 Memonics †gŠmywg †jeyi kieZ †L‡q Mv‡q AvZi †g‡L beve AvKe‡ii Rjmv N‡i Kvq`v K‡i MRj Mvq Avi †RŠjym
†`Lvq| GB Lei ky‡b gnjøvi `yB dvwRj Av`wg Avwei I bvwRg|Zvi w`‡K Mfxi bRi w`‡j †gŠmywg Zv‡ì‡K †gvjv‡qg nv‡Z
nvjyq vLvIqvq Ges e‡j kqZvb AšÍ‡i †Zvi Zzdvb nvwRi nj, BRy&R‡Z nvgjv Kiwe bv KviY GUv Kvgv‡ji AvgvbZ| Avwg Mwie
n‡Z cvwi wKš‘ Lvivc bv|
evsjvq eëüZ Aviwe kã¸‡jv‡K `ywU cÖavb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq-
1. ag©msµvšÍkã: Avjøvn, Bmjvg, Cgvb, IRy, †Kvievwb, KziAvb, wKvgZ, †Mvmj, RvbœvZ, Rvnvbœvg, ZIev, Zmwe, hvKvZ, n¾, nvw`m,
nvivg, nvjvj cÖf„wZ|
2. cÖkvmwbK I mvs¯‹…wZK kã: Av`vjZ, Av‡jg, Bbmvb, C`, DwKj, IRi, GRjvm, G‡jg, Kvbyb, Kjg, wKZve, †K”Qv, LvwiR,
Mv‡qe, †`vqvZ, bM`, evwK, gnKzgv, gy‡Ýd, †gv³vi, ivq cÖf„wZ|
3. wewea kã : Av‡°j, AvRe, gwm©qv, Zydvb, kieZ, Boron, Zirconium |
dviwm (cviwm) kã
 AvBb, Kvbyb, AvRv`, Avor, Av›`vR, Av‡cvm, Avwdg, Ave`v, Avg`vb, Av‡gR, Bqvi, †Rmwgb, Bme¸j, KeyZi, Kgi, Kvgvj,
wKgv, Lv‡qk, Mig, †Mv‡q›`v, †MÖdZvi, Pvì, PvjvK, Rw½, RLg, Rwigvbv, ZvRv, `wiqv, `vjvj, †Ìqvbv, †`vqvZ, bvg, bvwjk,
wbkvb, cjK, †cqvR, †cvjvI, †cvkvK, dwiqv`, eLwkk, eiLv¯Í , e¯Í v, evMvb, ev”Pv, evRvi, is, iygvj, kbv³, mvbvB, kvjMg,
mv‡jvqvi, mI`vMi, m¯Í v, wmcvB, my`, MvwjPv, †`vKvb, ¸R, ì`, miKvi, nv½vgv, PvKzwi, Zvgvmv, wPR, AvIqvR, †cqvjv,
bRivbv, diqv`, evwR, Zvjvk, evnv`yi, Av`gïgvwi, AdMvb, cv‡Äwi, wmqv, wR‡›`Mvwb, eve, Lve, w`j, e›`, †c‡ikvj, KviLvbv,
KviPzwc, Kvievi, wKsLve, wKbviv, †Lv`v, Lywk, †Mvjvc, Revbe›`, †Rbvbv, †Zvkv‡gv`, `v‡ivMv, cqRvi, cwi, cvwR, cvqZviv,
cv‡jvqvb, †cvÏvwi, eywbqv`, ev`kvwn, wegv, gMR, gRyi, †g_i, †gviM, †iu¨v`v, j½iLvbv, jv, m‡d`, mw`©Mwg©, †mZvi, nv‡Zkv,
wn›`y, ûuk, ûuwkqvi, LZibvK, †dŠR`vwi|
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ dviwm kã¸‡jv‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq-
1. ag©mµvšÍkã: †Lv`v, ¸bvn, †`vRL, bvgvR, cqM¤î, †d‡ikZv, †e‡nkZ, †ivRv cÖf„wZ|
2. cÖkvmwbK mvs¯‹…wZK kã: KviLvbv, Pkgv, Revbew›`, ZvwiL, †ZvkK, `dZi, ìevi, †`vKvb, `¯ÍLZ, †`ŠjZ, bvwjk, ev`kvn,
ev›`v, †eMg, †g_i, im` cÖf„wZ|
3. wewea kã: Av`wg, Avg`vwb, Rv‡bvqvi, wR›`v, bgybv, e`gvk, idZvwb, nv½vgv , wn›`y cÖf„wZ|
Memonics : Pkgvi †`vKvb`vi I KviLvbvi †g_i †ivRvi w`‡b bvgvR bv covq †eMg ev`kvi Kv‡Q bvwjk Ki‡jb| ZvB ï‡b
ev`kv Zv‡ì ‡K ìev‡i †W‡K `¯ÍLZ wb‡q Rv‡bvqvi I e`gvk e‡j †`vh‡L cvVv‡jb|

dviwm k‡ãi cÖ‡qvwMK †KŠkjt
1. AvBb msµvšÍ mKj kã Aviwe wKš‘ ÔAvBbÕ kãwUB dviwm kã| †hgb: Av`vjZ, GRjvm, nvwKg, gyûwi, Bk‡Znvi BZ¨vw`
AvBb welqK kã ZvB G¸‡jv Aviwe kã| ïaygvÎ ÔAvBbÕ wb‡RB dviwm kã|
2. k‡ãi †k‡l hw` Ki/Mi _v‡K Ges Zv †ckv †evSvq Zvn‡j †mB kã My‡jv dviwm kã| †hgb: KvwiMi, Rv`yKi, mI`vMi
BZ¨vw`|
3. QqwU cªZ¨q (`vq, evR, ew›`, mB, wP, bexk) GB kã¸‡jv hw` k‡ãi †k‡l _v‡K Z‡e †mB kã¸‡jv dviwmkã|
‡hgb: `yb©xwZevR, Svo–`vi, †PŠwK`vi, Askx`vi, PvcvevR, †avKvevR, ivRew›`, M„new›`, bRiew›`, Kvview›`, †UKmB,RyZmB,
gvbvbmB, PjbmB, Dw`Px, wkÿvbwekBZ¨vw`|
4. PviwU is (bxj-Zrmg kã, PK‡jU-g¨vw·Kvg (Maxico))kã, Kv‡jv-‡`wk kã, g¨v‡R›Uv-BZvwj kã) ev‡` c„w_exi mKj
is‡qi kã¸‡jvB dviwm kã|
Bs‡iwR kã
Bs‡iwR kã `yB cÖKv‡ii cvIqv hvq-
1. A‡bKUv Bs‡iwR D”Pvi‡Y: BDwbf©vwmwU, BDwbqb, K‡jR, wUb, b‡fj, †bvU, cvDWvi, †cwÝj, e¨vM, dzUej, gv÷vi, jvB‡eªwi, ¯‹zj
cÖf„wZ|
2. cwiweZ©Z D”Pvi‡Y: Avwdg, (Opium), Awdm, (Office), B¯‹zj, (Shool), ev·, (Box), nvmcvZvj, (Hospital), †evZj
(Bottle), ‡ewÂ (Bench), jvU (Lord), Wv³vi (Doctor), RR (Judge), BwÂ (Inch), ‡Mjvk (Glass), ‡Rj (Jail),
G‡R›U (Agent)| cÖf„wZ|
wnw›` kã
 AvMWyg evMWyg, Av”Qv, KvQwi, Kvwnwb, KzËv, Lvg (LyuwU A‡_©), LyRwj, †Ljbv, Mw`, Nveov‡bv, NylvNywl, Puv‡`vqv, PvPv, PvUwb, PvUv,
PvUvB, Pvbv, (PvbvPzi) Pvcvwb, (iywU we‡kl), wPwoqv, †PvUªv, QvwZ, (eyK A‡_©) Qvjyb, RvqMv, wRjvwc, SvÛv, Sv‡gjv, Uàv, wVKvbv,
V°i, Xvjcywi, wXjv, Zvi, `v`v, `vw`, `yjv, †avjvB, cvwb, dzdv, dzwd, eovB, †eUv, fimv, mywR, Iqvjv, wQbZvB, †Wiv, Unj,
†Wgiv, B¯Í K|
ZzwK© kã:
 DReyK, †Kvg©v, ZziæK, †ZvkK, evBwR (g~jkã evwR), eviy`, †eMg, mIMvZ, †Zvc, Kvey, Z´v, KuvwP, LvZzb, Luv, wewe, gyP‡jKv,
Avj‡Ljøv, PvKz, jvk, evev, VvKzi, Ew`©, Kzwj, Kziwbg, †LvKv, eveywP©|
D`y© kã:
 AveŸy, KwjRv, NvMiv, Pw½, wQjvg, (Kwé A‡_©), VvKzwi, e`jv, njøv|
Rvcvwb kã: wi·v, nvmvbv‡nbv, K¨vivU, Ry‡Wv, nvwiwKwi|
divwm kã: Ij›`vR, w`‡bgvi, Kv‡d, †i¯Íiuv, AuvZvZ, wW‡cv, KvZzR © , Kzcb, ey‡R©vqv, †i‡bmuvm|
 Memonics : †M‡i‡R KvZz©‡Ri wW‡cv‡Z ey‡R©vqv Bs‡iR I Ij›`vR‡ì †i‡¯Ívivi KzcbAv‡Q|
Ij›`vR kã: B¯Œc, Zziƒc, †U°v, niZb, B¯‹vcb|
wmsnwj kã: wmWi (A_© : †PvL)
wMÖK kã: `vg (`ªvL‡g), †mgvB (†mgv`vwjg), myos (mywis·), BDbvwb (AvBIwbqb)|
cZz©wMZ kã
 Avjwcb, cvDiywU, Bs‡iwR, mvevb, †Zvqv‡j, evjwZ, wbjvg, AvjKvZiv, gvK©v, Rvbvjv, †c‡iK, µk, civZ (e„nr _vjv), eviv›`v,
†bvbv, wh¸, †envjv, †c‡c, cvPvi, †cqviv, †evZvg, Avjgvwi, wgw¯¿, Mv, jv, wdZv, †mwgR, KvwgR, wMR©v, Pvwe, cvw`ª, Avbvim,
Uzwc, †evgv, †Kivwb, Kvgiv, AvZv, ZvgvK, B¯úvZ, Avqv, AvPvi, wc¯Íj, †envjv, gv¯Í vb, gvBwi, ¸`vg|
 Memonics : 1. wMR©v 2. cvw`ª 3. evjwZ 4. Avbvim 5. ¸`vg 6. Avjgvwi 7. Pvwe 8. cvDiæwU 9. Avjwcb
BZvwj kã : gvwdqv|
A‡÷ªjxqv kã : ey‡givs, K¨v½viy|
gvjq kã : wKwiP, AvBj (A_© : Wjwdb RvZxq wKQz)|
Rvcvwb wi·v, nvwiwKwi , c¨v‡MvWv, mv¤úvb ‡gw·Kvb PK‡jU
wMªK `vg, myis, ‡K›`ª, BDbvwb, my‡Wv, Pxbv Pv, wPwb, jywP, wjPy, GjvwP
Education
‡ciæ KyBbvBb gvqvbgvi (ewg©) dzw½, jyw½
`t Avwd«Kv ‡Reªv ¸RivwU LÏi, niZvj
A‡÷ªwjqv ey‡givs, K¨v½viæ cvÄvwe Pvwn`v, wkL
BZvwjqvb m‡bU, d¨vwm÷ wmsnwj wmWi
Rvg©vb bvrwm Zvwgj PyiæU

wgkª kã
 ‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq †`wk I we‡`wk k‡ãi wgj‡b kã‰ØZ m„wó n‡q _v‡K| †hgb- ivRv-ev`kv (Zrmg + dviwm), nvU-evRvi (evsjv
+ dviwm), †nW-‡gŠjwf (Bs‡iwR + dviwm), †nW-cwÛZ (Bs‡iwR + Zrmg), wLªóvã (Bs‡iwR + Zrmg), Wv³vi-Lvbv (Bs‡iwR +
dviwm), c‡KU-gvi (Bs‡iwR + evsjv), †PŠ-nwÏ (dviwm + Aviwe) cÖf„wZ|
k‡ãi A_©MZ †kªYxfvM

A_©MZ wePv‡i evsjv kã wZbfv‡M wef³ Kiv nq| h_v:
1. †hŠwMK kã, 2. i~wp kã, 3. †hvMi~p kã|
‡hŠwMK kã
 ‡h me mvwaZ k‡ãi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© I cÖPwjZ A‡_©i g‡a¨ wgj Av‡Q ZvB †hŠwMK kã| Ab¨ K_vq, G kã¸‡jv cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨‡qi
A_©vbymv‡i nq|
 beMwVZ kãwUi m‡½ cÖK…Z ev cÖZ¨‡qi †Kv‡bv we‡iva m„wó nq bv|
 †hgb: bvqK > ˆb + AK; bqb > †b + Ab; kqb > †k + Ab; euvìvwg > euvì + Avwg, KZ©e¨ > K… + Ze¨ cÖf„wZ| ZvQvov
Av‡iv wKQz †hŠwMK kã n‡”Q MvqK, eveyqvbv, †`ŠwnÎ, gayi, wPKvgviv, ¸Yevb, cvVK, wgZvwj, fvov‡U †g‡qwj|
 Memonics Õgayi MvqK KZ©e¨ bv K‡i eveyqvbv fve K‡i wcZ…nxb wgZvjx I †`ŠwnG‡K mv‡_ wb‡q wPKvgvi‡Z †M‡jbÕ
 gayi, MvqK, KZ©e¨, eveyqvbv, wcZ…nxb, wgZvjx,†`ŠwnG, wPKvgviv
i~wp kã
 i~wp k‡ãi A_© KK©k ev A¯^vfvweK hLb †Kv‡bv kã m„wó mgq †Kv‡bv A¯^vfvweKZv †`Lv hvq ZLb †mwU i~p ev i~wp k‡ãi g‡a¨
c‡o| G wePv‡i ejv hvq, †h k‡ãi eyrwËMZ A‡_©i m‡½ cÖPwjZ A‡_©i cv_©K¨ _v‡K Zv‡K i~wp kã e‡j|
 A_©vr cÖ_¨q ev DcmM© †hvMK…Z kã hLb gyj k‡ãi A‡_©i AbyMvgx bv n‡q Ab¨ A_© Ávcb K‡i Zv‡K i~wp kã e‡j| †hgb:
 cÖK…ófv‡e exYv evRvq †h = cÖexb wKš‘ GLv‡b cÖexY A_© e„× ev cÖvPxb| Abyiƒc :
 n¯Í + Bb > n¯Íx; (A_©-nvZ Av‡Q hvi wKš‘ n¯Íx ej‡Z GKwU cï‡K eySvq),
 euvk + B > euvwk (euv‡ki ˆZwi e¯‘‡K eySvq wKš‘ euvwk ej‡Z ev`¨hš¿ euvwk‡K eySvq),
 wZj + Â > ˆZj , Kzk (GK cÖKvi Z…Y) + Aj > Kzkj, Ab¨fv‡e,
 †h niY K‡i > nviY; , wbRKb¨v > wS (PvKivwb), LeivLei > m‡›`k (wgwówe‡kl) :cvÄv‡ei Awaevwm > cvÄvwe (†ckvK we‡kl)
 GQvovI i~p ev i~wU k‡ãi Avi wKQz D`vniY n‡jv : M‡elYv, gw›ì, djvnvi, KviPzwc, ïkÖƒlv, erm, ivLvj, K`h©|
 Memonics ÕGK cÖexY ‰Z‡j fvRv m‡›`k †L‡q M‡elbv K‡i cvÄvex c‡o n¯Íxi wc‡V P‡o euvwk evRvqÕ
 cÖexY, ‰Zj ,m‡›`k, M‡elbv , cvÄvex, n¯Íx, euvwk
‡hvMi~p kã
 GB RvZxq kã GKB m‡½ †hŠwMK i~p Dfq RvZxq k‡ãi êwkó¨ aviY K‡i| A_©vr G ai‡bi kã m„R‡b ¯^vfvweKZv I
A¯^vfvweKZv Df‡qi mw¤§jb †`Lv hvq| †m wePv‡i ejv hvq, mvwaZk‡ãi ey¨cwËMZ A_© wfbœ n‡jI A_© MZ w`K †_‡K †Kv‡bv
wbw`©ó GKwU‡KB hLb †evSv hvq wewkóv_© cÖKvk K‡i ZLb Zv‡K †hvMiƒp kã e‡j| eûeªxwn mgv‡mi D`vniY G‡¶‡Î †ek wg‡j
hvq| †hgb : c¼R > c‡¼ R‡¤§ hv, wKš‘ GLb Zv cÙdzj‡K †evSvq| Giƒc :
 Avw`Z¨ (Aw`wZi cyÎ ev me †èZv) > m~h©; Zzi½g (hv ZvovZvwo hvq) > †Nvov; ivRcyÎ (ivRvi cyÎ) > RvwZwe‡kl;
 gnvhvÎv (aygavg K‡i Mgb) > g„Zz¨; Rjwa (Rj aviY K‡i Ggb Kjwm) > mgy`ª|
 GQvovI †hvMiƒp k‡ãi Avi wKQz D`vniY n‡jv; Rj`, `kvbb, cwievi, eûeªxwn, †Muvd‡LRy‡i, AmyL (GLv‡b myL -Gi Afve bv
eywS‡q †ivM †evSvq)
 Memonics ÓivRcyZ gw›ì †_‡K †ei n‡q Abœ Rjwa I ej` wb‡q gnvhvÎv K‡i c¼R Zzj‡Z m‡iv‡Ri Kv‡Q †MjÓ
 ivRcyZ, gw›ì , Abœ , Rjwa: ej`, gnvhvÎv:, c¼R:, m‡ivR, WvKvZ, AmyL. Zzi½g
MVbg~jK †kªYxwefvM t
K) †gŠwjK kã : †h me kã we‡kølY Kiv hvq bv ev †f‡O Avjv`v Kiv hvq bv, †m¸‡jv‡K †gŠwjK kã e‡j| G‡K Avevi ¯^qswm× kãI
ejv nq|
 †hgb- Memonics:" nv‡Z dzj Avi gy‡L eB wb‡q †Mvjvg Zvi fvB, †evb‡ì wb‡q b‡` gvQ ai‡Z wM‡q †`‡L jvj
†Mvj‡ci wZb bvK",
 nvZ, dzj, gyL , eB, †Mvjvg, fvB, †evb, b`, gvQ, jvj, †Mvjvc, wZb bvK, |
L) mvwaZ kã :
 †h me kã‡K we‡kølY Kiv n‡j Avjv`v A_©‡evaK kã cvIqv hvq, †m¸‡jv‡K mvwaZ kã e‡j|
 mvaviYZ GKvwaK k‡ãi mgvm n‡q wKsev cÖZ¨q ev DcmM© †hvM n‡q mvwaZ kã MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|
 D`vniY : Puv`gyL (Puv‡ì g‡Zv gyL), bxjvKvk (bxj †h AvKvk), Wyeywi (Wye& +Dwi), PjšÍ (Pj&+AšÍ), cÖkvmb
(cÖ+kvmb),Miwgj (Mi+wgj) , kxZj (kxZ+j) , †MŠie (¸iæ+ò), †b‡q (bv+Bqv) BZ¨vw`|
c`

wefw³hy³ kãgvÎB c` Ges ev‡K¨ eëüZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU A_©‡evaK kãB GK GKwU c`|
 c‡ì cÖKvi‡f`
o c` cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi| h_v: me¨q c` I Ae¨q c`|
 me¨q c` Avevi 4 cÖKvi
o h_v: 1. we‡kl¨, 2. we‡klY, 3. me©bvg, 4. wµqv|
 myZivs c` †gvU 5 cÖKvi
o we‡kl¨ 2. we‡klY 3. me©bvg 4. Ae¨q 5. wµqv|
we‡kl¨ c` (Noun)
 †Kvb wKQzi bvg‡K we‡kl¨ c` e‡j| G‡¶‡Î msÁv, bvg, RvwZ, e¯‘, mgwó, fve, ¸Y cÖf„wZ bvg eySvq|
we‡k‡lï †kªwYwefvM
we‡kl¨ c` 6 cÖKvi| h_v:

msÁv (ev bvg) evPK we‡kl¨ (Proper Noun)
 †h c` Øviv †Kv‡bv e¨w³, †fŠ‡MvwjK ¯’vb ev msÁv Ges MÖš’ we‡k‡li bvg cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv‡K msÁv (ev bvg) evPK we‡kl¨ c`
e‡j| †hgb: bRiyj, XvKv, †gNbv, wngvjq, AwMœexYv cÖf„wZ|
RvwZevPK we‡kl¨ (Comon Noun)
 †h c` Øviv †Kv‡bv GK RvZxq cÖvYx ev c`v‡_©i bvg †evSvq Zv‡K RvwZevPK we‡kl¨ e‡j| †hgb: gvbyl, ¸iy, cvwL, MvQ, ce©Z,
b`x, Bs‡iwR cÖf„wZ|
e¯‘evPK ev `ªeëvPK we‡kl¨ (Material Noun)
 †h c` Øviv †Kv‡bv Dcv`vbevPK c`v‡_©i bvg †evSvq, Zv‡K e¯‘evPK ev `ªeëvPK we‡kl¨ e‡j| †hgb: eB, LvZv, Kjg, _vjv,
evwU, gvwU, Pvj, wPwb, jeY, cvwb cÖf„wZ|
mgwóevPK we‡kl¨ (Collective Noun)
 †h c` e¨w³ ev cÖvYxi mgwó †evSvq, Zv‡K mgwóevPK we‡kl¨ e‡j| †hgb: mfv, RbZv, mwgwZ, cÂv‡qZ, gvnwdj, SuvK, eni,
`j|
fveevPK we‡kl¨ (Verbal Noun)

 †h we‡kl¨ Øviv †Kv‡bv wµqvi fve ev Kv‡Ri fve cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv‡K fveevPK we‡kl¨ e‡j| †hgb: Mgb (hvIqvi fve ev KvR),
`k©b (†`Lvi KvR), †fvRb (LvIqvi KvR), kqb (†kvqvi KvR), †`Lv, †kvbv|
¸YevPK we‡kl¨ (Abstract Noun)

 †h we‡kl¨ Øviv †Kvb e¯‘i †`vl ev ¸‡Yi bvg †evSvq, Zv-B ¸YevPK we‡kl¨| †hgb: gayi wgó‡Z¡i ¸Y- gayiZv, Zij `ª‡eï ¸Y-
Zvij¨, wZ³ `ª‡eï †`vl ev ¸Y-wZ³Zv, Ziy‡Yi ¸Y- ZviyY¨, GiKg †mŠif, ¯^v¯’¨, †hŠeb, myL, `ytL cÖf„wZ|
we‡klY c` (Adjective)
 †h c` we‡kl¨, me©bvg I wµqvc‡ì †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvY BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K we‡klY c` e‡j| †hgb: PjšÍMvwo-
we‡k‡lï we‡klY| KiyYvgq Zzwg- me©bv‡gi we‡klY| `ªyZ Pj- wµqv we‡klY|
we‡kl‡Yi †kªwYwefvM
we‡klY `yBfv‡M wef³ h_v: bvg we‡klY , fve we‡kølY
1. bvg we‡klY
‡h weklY c` †Kv‡bv we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg c`‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i, Zv‡K bvg we‡klY e‡j| ‡hgb:
we‡k‡lï we‡klY: my¯-’ mej †`n‡K †K bv fvjev‡m?
me©bv‡gi we‡klY: †m iƒcevb I ¸Yevb|
2. fve we‡klY
†h c` we‡kl¨ I me©bvg wfbœ Ab¨ c`‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i, Zv-B fve we‡klY| fve we‡klY Pvi cÖKvi| h_v:
1. wµqv we‡klY
2. we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY
3. Ae¨‡qi we‡klY
4. ev‡Kï we‡klY

wµqv we‡klY
 ‡h c` wµqv msNU‡bi fve, Kvj ev iƒc wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡K wµqv we‡klY e‡j| †hgb: ax‡i ax‡i evqy eq| (wµqv msNU‡bi fve);
AvR bq, c‡i GKevi G‡mv| (wµqv msNU‡bi Kvj)|
we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY
 ‡h c` bvg-we‡klY A_ev we‡klY‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i, Zv‡K we‡klYxq we‡klY e‡j| †hgb: Avwg AwZkq `ytwLZ; mvgvb¨ GKUz `ya
`vI; Lye GKUv k³ iKg kc_; i‡KU AwZ `ªyZ P‡j|
Ae¨‡qi we‡klY
 ‡h fve we‡klY Ae¨q c` A_ev Ae¨q c‡ì A_©‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i, Zv‡K Ae¨‡qi we‡klY e‡j| †hgb: nvRvi evnev Zv‡i| waK&
Zv‡i; kZ waK& wbj©¾ †h Rb|
ev‡Kï we‡klY
 KL‡bv KL‡bv †Kv‡bv we‡klY c` GKwU m¤ú~Y© evK¨‡K we‡kwlZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZLb Zv‡K ev‡Kï we‡klY ejv nq| †hgb:
1. `yfv© M¨µ‡g †`k Avevi bvbv mgm¨vRv‡j Ave× n‡q c‡o‡Q|
2. ev¯Í weKB AvR Avgv‡ì KwVb cwikª‡gi cÖ‡qvRb|
we‡kl‡Yi AwZkqvb
 we‡klY c` hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK we‡kl¨ c‡ì g‡a¨ ïY, Ae¯’v, cwigvY cÖf„wZ wel‡qi Zzjbvq G‡Ki DrKl© ev AcKl© eywS‡q
_v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K we‡kl‡Yi AwZkqvb e‡j| †hgb: hgybv GKwU `xN© b`x, cÙv `xN©Zi, wKš‘ †gNbv evsjv‡`‡ki `xN©Zg b`x|
K. evsjv k‡ãi AwZkqvb
`y‡qi g‡a¨ AwZkqvb
 PvB‡Z, †P‡q, nB‡Z, n‡Z, A‡c¶v, †_‡K BZ¨vw` kã eëüZ nq| †hgb: Miyi †_‡K †Nvovi `vg †ewk| ev‡Ni †P‡q wmsn
ejevb|
 KL‡bv KL‡bv k‡ã lôx wefw³- †P‡q, †_‡K cÖf„wZ Kvh©mvabv K‡i| †hgb: G gvwU †mvbvi evov|
 `ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨ AwZkvq‡b †Rvi w`‡Z g~j we‡kl‡Yi Av‡M A‡bK, AwaK, †ewk, Aí, Kg, AwaKZi cÖf„wZ we‡klYxq we‡klY
†hvM Ki‡Z nq| †hgb: wN‡qi †P‡q `ya †ewk DcKvix|
eûi g‡a¨ AwZkvqb
 mePvB‡Z, me‡P‡q, me‡_‡K, me©v‡c¶v, me©vwaK cÖf„wZ kã eënvi nq| †hgb: fvB‡ì g‡a¨ iv‡mjB mePvB‡Z weP¶Y|
cïi g‡a¨ wmsn me©v‡c¶v ejevb|
L. Zrmg k‡ãi AwZkvqb:

 `y‡qi g‡a¨ ÔZiÕ Ges eûi g‡a¨ ÔZgÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb: `ªyZ - `ªyZZi - `ªyZZg , `xN© - `xN©Zi - `xN©Zg , ¸iy -
¸iyZi - ¸iyZg
 wKš‘ ÔZiÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ we‡klYwU kÖywZKUz n‡j ÔZiÕ cÖZ¨q †hvM bv K‡i we‡kl‡Yi c~‡e© ÔAwaKZiÕ kãwU †hvM Ki‡Z nq| ‡hgb:
Ak¦ n¯Í x A‡c¶v AwaKZi mykªx|
 eûi g‡a¨ AwZkvq‡bi Zzjbxq e¯‘i D‡jøL bv K‡iI ÔZgÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
 `yB‡qi AwaK Zzjbvq ÔCqm&Õ Ges eûi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq ÔBôÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ nq| †hgb:
g~j we‡klY `y‡qi Zzjbvq eûi Zzjbvq
jNy jwNqvb jwNô
Aí Kbxqvb[evsjvq eënvi †bB] Kwbô
e„× ‡R¨vqvb ‡R¨vô
‡kªq ‡kªqvb ‡kªô
me©bvg c`
 we‡k‡lï cwie‡Z© †h c` ev kã eëüZ nq, Zv‡K me©bvg c` e‡j| †hgb: n¯Í x cÖvwYRM‡Zi me©e„nr cÖvYx| Zvi kixiwU †hb
weivU GK gvs‡mi ¯Í ~c| GLv‡b Zvi kãwU n¯Í xi cwie‡Z©|
me©bv‡gi †kªwYwefvM
 evsjv fvlvq eëüZ me©bvgmg~n‡K wbgœwjwLZ K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb:
1. e¨w³evPK ev cyi“levPK: Avwg, Avgiv, Zzwg, †Zvgiv, †m, Zviv, Zvnviv, wZwb, Zuviv, G, Giv, Iiv BZ¨vw`|
2. AvZ¥evPK: ¯^qs, wb‡R, †Lv`, Avcwb|
3. mvgxcëvPK: G, GB, Giv, Bnviv, Bwb|
4. `~iZ¥evPK: H, Hme|
5. mvKzjëvPK: me, mKj, mgy`q, Zver|
6. cÖkeœ vPK: †K, wK, Kx, †Kvb, Kvnvi, Kvi, wK‡m?
7. Awbw`©óZvÁvcK: †Kvb, †Kn, †KD, wKQz|
8. e¨wZnvwiK: Avcbv Avcwb, wb‡R wb‡R, Avc‡m, ci¯úi BZ¨vw`|
9. ms‡hvMÁvcK: †h, whwb, huviv, hviv, hvnviv|
10. Ab¨vwèvPK: Ab¨, Aci, ci|
Ae¨q c`
 b e¨q = Ae¨q, hvi e¨q ev cwieZ©b nq bv, A_©vr hv AcwieZ©bxq kã ZvB Ae¨q| Ae¨q k‡ãi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv wefw³wPý hy³ nq bv|
 †m¸‡jvi GKePb ev eûePb nq bv Ges †m¸‡jvi ¯¿x I cyi“l evPKZv wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
 ‡h c` me©`v AcwieZ©bxq †_‡K KLbI ev‡Kï †kvfv ea©b K‡i, KLbI GKvwaK c‡ì, evK¨vs‡ki ev ev‡Kï ms‡hvM ev we‡qvM
m¤^Ü NUvq Zv‡K Ae¨q c` e‡j|
evsjv fvlvq wZb cÖKvi Ae¨q kã i‡q‡Q| h_v:

evsjv Ae¨q kã: Avi, Avevi, I, nuv, bv BZ¨vw`|
Zrmg Ae¨q kã: hw`, h_v, m`v, mnmv, nVvr, A_©vr, ˆèvr, eis, cybð, AvcvZZ, e¯‘Z BZ¨vw`|
we‡`wk Ae¨q kã: AvjeZ, eûZ, Lye, kvevm, Lvmv, gvBwi, gvinvev BZ¨vw`|
Ae¨‡qi cÖKvi‡f`
Ae¨q cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi: h_v-
1. mgy”Pqx Ae¨q,
2. Abš^qx Ae¨q,
3. ab¨vZ¥K/AbyKvi,
4. AbymM©/c`vš^qx|
1. mgy”Pqx Ae¨q: †h Ae¨q c‡` c‡` ev ev‡K¨ ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb ev ms‡KvPb NUvq Zv‡K mgy”Pqx Ae¨q e‡j| mgy”Pqx Ae¨q wZb
ai‡bi-
 ms‡hvRK Ae¨q:
‡h Ae¨q c‡` c‡` ev ev‡K¨ ev‡K¨ ms‡hvRb NUvq, Zv‡K ms‡hvRb Ae¨q e‡j| I, Ges, Avi, AwaKš‘, myZivs BZ¨vw` ms‡hvRb
Ae¨q| †hgb: D”Pc` I mvgvwRK gh©v`v mK‡jB Pvq|
 we‡qvRK Ae¨q:
†h Ae¨q ev‡K¨ ev‡K¨ ev c‡` c‡` we‡qvRb NUvq, Zv‡K we‡qvRK Ae¨q e‡j| wKsev, bZzev, A_ev BZ¨vw` we‡qvRK Ae¨q|
†hgb: nv‡mg wKsev Kv‡gm Gi Rb¨ `vqx|
 ms‡KvPK Ae¨q:
†h Ae¨q eëüZ n‡q `xN© ev‡Kï ms‡KvPb mvab K‡i Zv‡K ms‡KvPK Ae¨q e‡j| wKš‘, ciš‘, A_P, eis BZ¨vw` ms‡KvPK
Ae¨q| †hgb: wZwb weØvb A_P mr e¨w³ bb|
2. Abš^qx Ae¨q †h me Ae¨q ev‡Kï Ab¨vb¨ c‡ì mv‡_ †Kvb m¤úK© bv †i‡L ¯^vaxbfv‡e eëüZ nq Zv‡ì‡K Abš^qx Ae¨q e‡j|
†hgb:
 D”Q¡vm cÖKv‡k
gwi gwi! Kx my›ì cÖfv‡Zi iƒc!
 ¯^xK…wZ ev A¯^xK…wZ Ávc‡b: nu¨v Avwg hve| bv, Avwg hve bv|
 m¤§wZ cÖKv‡k: Avwg AvR AvjeZ hve| wbðqB cvie|
 Aby‡gv`b evPKZvq: Avcwb hLb ej‡Qb, †ek †Zv Avwg hve|
 mg_©bm~PK Reve: Avcwb hv Rv‡bb Zv †Zv wVKB e‡U|
 hš¿Yv cÖKv‡k: Dt! cv‡q eÇ †j‡M‡Q| bvt! G Kó Amn¨|
 N„Yv ev weiw³ cÖKv‡k: wQ wQ, Zzwg GZ bxP! Kx Avc`! †jvKUv †h wcQz Qv‡o bv|
 m‡¤^vÜ‡b: ÔI‡Mv, AvR †Zviv hvm †b N‡ii evwn‡i|Õ
 m¤¢vebvq: msk‡q msKí m`v U‡j| cv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡j|
 evK¨jsKvi Ae¨q: K‡qKwU Ae¨q kã wbi_©Kfv‡e eëüZ n‡q ev‡Kï †kvfvea©b K‡i, G‡ì evK¨jsKvi Ae¨q e‡j| †hgb:
Ônvq‡i fvM¨, nvq‡i j¾v, †Kv_vq mfv, †Kv_vq m¾v|Õ
3. c`vš^qx/AbymM© Ae¨q:

 evsjv fvlvq wefw³i Afve weavq wKQz Ae¨q Kvi‡K wefw³i b¨q KvR K‡i Zv‡ì‡K c`vš^qx Ae¨q ev AbymM© Ae¨q e‡j|
†hgb: myL †_‡K ¯^w¯Í fvj| mK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv| Avgvi me w`‡q mvRve †Zvgvq|
4. AbyKvi ev aŸb¨Z¥K Ae¨q:
 evsjv fvlvi wKQz Ae¨q Av‡Q hv‡ì wbR¯^ †Kvb A_© †bB, Av‡Q †Kej aŸwb Mv¤¢xh©| GB aŸwb Mv¤¢x‡h©i Kvi‡Y ev‡K¨ eëüZ n‡q
Zviv ev‡Kï A_©‡K my¯úó K‡i, Zv‡ì‡K AbyKvi ev aŸb¨vZ¥K Ae¨q e‡j| †hgb: KoKo aŸwb‡Z eRªcvZ ïiy n‡jv| kx‡Z kixi
KbKb K‡i DVj| †jvKwU nbnb K‡i †ewi‡q †Mj
wµqvc` (Verb)
 ‡h c` Øviv †Kvb Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv eySvq Zv‡K wµqvc` e‡j| †hgb: Kwe KweZv †j‡Lb| evZv‡m cvZv b‡o| iv¯Í v w`‡q Mvwo
P‡j|
Aby³ wµqvc`
 wµqvc` evK¨ MV‡bi Acwinvh© A½| Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv ev‡K¨ wµqvc` Dn¨ ev Aby³ _vK‡Z cv‡i| ev‡K¨ mvaviYZ ÔnÕ Ges
ÔAvQÕ avZz MwVZ wµqvc` Dn¨ _v‡K| †hgb: Bwb Avgvi fvB = Bwb Avgvi fvB (nb)| †Zvgvi gv †Kgb? = †Zvgvi gv †Kgb
(Av‡Qb)?
wµqvi cÖKvi‡f`
fve cÖKv‡ki w`K w`‡q wµqv‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:
1. mgvwcKv wµqv I 2. AmgvwcKv wµqv|
1. mgvwcKv wµqv: †h wµqvc‡` ev‡Kï A_© cwic~Y© fv‡e cÖKvk cvq, †Kvb ai‡bi AvKv•Lv _v‡K bv, Zv‡K mgvwcKv wµqv e‡j|
†hgb: iwe eB co‡Q|
2. AmgvwcKv wµqv: ev‡K¨ eëüZ wµqvc` hLb ev‡Kï A_©‡K m¤ú~Y© Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, AviI wKQz Rvbvi AvMÖn _v‡K, Zv‡K
AmgvwcKv wµqv e‡j| †hgb: †Zvgvi wPwV †c‡q...|
mvaviYZ G, B‡Z, Bqv, B‡j, †j, †Z BZ¨vw` wefw³ hy³ n‡q AmgvwcKv wµqv MwVZ nq|
Kg©c‡ì wfwË‡Z wµqv `yÕai‡bi h_v-

1. AKg©K wµqv I
2. mKg©K wµqv|
1. AKg©K wµqv: †h wµqvc‡ì Kg© _v‡K bv Zv‡K AKg©K wµqv e‡j| †hgb: ivbv Nygvq| GLv‡b ÔNygvqÕ wµqv‡Z †Kvb Kg©
†bB|
2. mKg©K wµqv: †h wµqvc‡ì Kgc‡¶ GKwU Kg© _v‡K Zv‡K mKg©K wµqv e‡j| †hgb: ivbv eB c‡o| GLv‡b Ôc‡oÕ wµqv
m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q ÔeBÕ K‡g©i gva¨‡g|
wewea A‡_© wµqvi †kªwYwefvM
wØKg©K wµqv
K. †h wµqvc‡` GKwU cÖvwYevPK I Av‡iKwU AcÖvwYevPK Kg© _v‡K Zv‡K wØKg©K wµqv e‡j| †hgb: gv †Q‡j‡K Puv` †`Lv‡”Qb| GLv‡b
Ô‡`LvbvÕ wµqvi Kg© `ywU: ‡Q‡j (cÖvwYevPK Kg©), Puv` (e¯‘evPK Kg©)|
 Z‡e hw` Kg© GKB ai‡bi `ywU nq A_©vr `ywU cÖvwYevPK ev `ywU e¯‘evPK Kg© n‡q †m‡¶‡Î wØKg©K wµqv n‡e bv|
 wØKg©K wµqvi cÖvwYevPK Kg©‡K †MŠY Kg© Ges AcÖvwYevPK wµqv‡K gyL¨ Kg© e‡j| †MŠY-Kg© Av‡M e‡m|
mgavZzR Kg©
 ev‡Kï wµqv I Kg© GKB avZz †_‡K Drcbœ ev MwVZ n‡j Zv‡K mgavZzR Kg© e‡j| †hgb: evRbv ev‡R| Nyg Nygvq, †`Šo
†`Šovq|
cÖ‡hvRK wµqv
 †h wµqv G‡KR‡bi cÖ‡hvRbv ev Pvjvbvq Ab¨ KZ©„K AbywôZ nq, †mB wµqv‡K cÖ‡hvRK wµqv e‡j| †hgb: wk¶K QvÎ‡K
cov‡”Qb| GLv‡b wk¶‡Ki cÖ‡hvRbvq cov KvRwU QvÎ Ki‡Q|
‡hŠwMK wµqv
 hw` †Kvb ev‡K¨ GKwU mgvwcKv I Av‡iKwU AmgvwcKv wµqv _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K †hŠwMK wµqv e‡j| †hgb: mvB‡ib †e‡R DVj|
we‡kl¨, we‡klY I aŸb¨vZœK Ae¨‡qi mv‡_ ai, gvi, Qvo, KvU, hv, Mv, cv BZ¨vw` avZz hy³ n‡q †h wµqv MwVZ nq, Zv‡K wgkª
wµqv e‡j| †hgb:
1. we‡k‡lï c‡i: Avgiv ZvRgnj `k©b Kijvg|
2. we‡kl‡Yi c‡i: †Zvgv‡K †`‡L we‡kl cÖxwZ njvg|
3. aŸb¨vZ¥K Ae¨‡qi c‡i: gv_v wSg wSg Ki‡Q

cÖZ¨q
cÖK…wZ :
 fvlvq hvi weklY Am¤¢e, Ggb †gŠwjK kã‡K cÖK…wZ e‡j| A_©vr kã ev avZzi g~j‡K cÖK…wZ ejv nq| kã g~j A_©vr †gŠwjK
kã Ges avZzg~j †gŠwjK avZz‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq| †hgb- gv, qv|
cÖK…wZi cÖKvi‡f` : cÖK…wZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
(K) bvg cÖK…wZ: †h cÖK…wZ Øviv †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ RvwZ ev ¸Y A_ev Ab¨ c`v_© †`ÄwZZ nq ZLb Zv‡K bvg cÖK…wZ ev msÁv_© cÖK…wZ
ejv nq| mvaviYfv‡e ejv nq k‡ãi g~jB bvg cÖK…wZ| bvg cÖK…wZ‡Z wKQz hy³ bv K‡i kãiƒ‡c cÖhy³ Kiv nq| wKš‘ ev‡K¨
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡j, bv cÖK…wZ‡Z mvaviYZ wefw³ wPý †hvM Kiv nq| †hgb- XvKv, XvKvi c‡_ Pjjvg|
(L) wµqv cÖK…wZ: wµqvi g~j‡K wµqv cÖK…wZ ev avZz cÖK…wZ ejv nq| avZz cÖK…wZ ev wµqv cÖK…wZ wb‡R kãiƒ‡c eëüZ nq bv|
Gi mv‡_ cÖZ¨q I wefw³ †hvM K‡i Z‡e kã m„wó nq| GB cÖZ¨q ev wefw³ mvaviYZ cÖKU I `„k¨gvb wKš‘ KLbI AcÖKU
ev Dn¨ _v‡K| †hgb- Ki, evwoi KvR Ki|
cÖZ¨q: avZz ev k‡ãi A‡šÍ†h eY© ev eY©mgwó hy³ n‡q kã MVb K‡i Zv‡K cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb- Pj& + AšÍ = PjšÍ, XvKv + AvB = XvKvB|
cÖZ¨‡qi cÖKvi‡f`: cÖZ¨q `yB cÖKvi h_v-
(K) K…r cÖZ¨q: avZzi A‡šÍhy³ n‡q †h cÖZ¨q MwV_ nq Zv‡K K…r cÖZ¨q e‡j| h_v  †`L& + Avb = †`Lvb|
K…Z cÖZ¨q Avevi `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
ms¯‹…Z K… cÖZ¨q =  P + A = Pq,  kÖy + AK = kªveK|
evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q =  gi& + A = gi,  nvm& + B = nvwm|
(L) k‡ãi A‡šÍhy³ n‡h †h cÖZ¨q MwVZ nq Zv‡K Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| A_©Ar bvg kã ev mvwaZ k‡ãi A‡šÍ†h cÖZ¨q hy³ nq| h_v-
Kzkj + A = †KŠkj|
Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Avevi `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q = gby + A = gvbe, kixi + BK = kvixwiK|
evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q = K_v + wU = K_vwU, †ivM + Av = †ivMv|
cÖ`Ë kã cÖK…wZ + cÖZ¨q cÖZ¨‡qi bvg B`Mvn B` + Mv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q

AMÖ  AM + i K…r cÖZ¨q Ck¦i Ck + ei (eiP) K…r cÖZ¨q
AMÖYx  AMÖ + Yx K…r cÖZ¨q DRvb  DR + Avb K…r cÖZ¨q
AwMÖg AMÖ + Bg Zw×Z cÖZ¨q DošÍ Do + AšÍ K…r cÖZ¨q
AwšÍg AšÍ + Bg Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Dw™¢` Dr + wf` K…r cÖZ¨q
AšÍ¨ AšÍ + h Zw×Z cÖZ¨q D”PZg D”P + Zg Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
AbyPi Aby + Pi + A K…r cÖZ¨q Dovb Do + Avb K…r cÖZ¨q
AvšÍwiK AšÍi + BK (wòK) Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Dw³ eP& + wZ K…r cÖZ¨q
Avw_©K A_© + BK Zw×Z cÖZ¨q DVwZ DV& + wZ K…r cÖZ¨q
AvZi`vb AvZi + `vb Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
GKnviv GK + nviv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
AvKvwk AvKvk + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Gu‡Uj AuvVv + j
AvMvgx Av + Mg& + Bb& (wYwb) K…r cÖZ¨q
AuvVvj > Gu‡Uj Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Avmb  Avm& + Ab K…r cÖZ¨q GK`v GK + `v Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Avaywj Ava + Dwj Zw×Z cÖZ¨q GKjv GK + jv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
AvevmwK Avem + BK Zw×Z cÖZ¨q GKz‡k GKzk + G Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
AvZ¥xq AvZ¥ + Cq Zw×Z cÖZ¨q HwZnvwmK BwZnvm + BK Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Av`y‡i Avì + Bqv Hw”QK B”Qv + BK Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Av`wiqv > Av`y‡i Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Iobv Io + bv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Avjm¨ Ajm + h Zw×Z cÖZ¨q IKvjwZ IKvjZ + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
BZivwg BZi + Avwg Zw×Z cÖZ¨q I¯Ívw` I¯Ív` + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
B”Qv Bl& + A (k) + Av K…r cÖZ¨q KZ©e¨ K… + Ze¨ K…r cÖZ¨q
(Uvc) KZ©v K… + Z…P& K…r cÖZ¨q

KiYxq K… + AYxq K…r cÖZ¨q Pjb  Pj& + Ab K…r cÖZ¨q
Kvbœv Kuv`& + bv K…r cÖZ¨q †Pviv †Pvi + Av Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
KviK K… + YK K…r cÖZ¨q PvKwiqv PvKi + Bqv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
K…lK K…l& + AK K…r cÖZ¨q PwiÎ  Pi& + BÎ K…r cÖZ¨q
Kuvmvwi Kuvmvi + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q PiY  Pi& + Ab K…r cÖZ¨q
KvwiMi Kvwi + Mi Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Pvjywb  Pvj + Dwb K…r cÖZ¨q
KvVywiqv KvV + Dwoqv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q PvKwi PvKi + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Kzjxb Kzj + Cb Zw×Z cÖZ¨q PvKz‡i PvKzi + Bqv = PvKwiqv>PvKz‡i Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
†K‡Rv KvR + Dqv = KvRyqv > †K‡Rv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Pjw”PÎ Pjr + wPÎ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
KK©k KK© + k Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Pvgvi Pvg& + Avi Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Kiv Ki + A K…r cÖZ¨q Pvgov Pvg& + ov Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
†LuvR LyuR + Av K…r cÖZ¨q PvUvB PvUv + AvB Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
LvB‡q Lv + B‡q K…r cÖZ¨q Puv`cvbv Puv` + cvbv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
PvjvwK PvjvK + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
LvB Lv + B K…r cÖZ¨q
Pvwl  Pvl& + B K…r cÖZ¨q
†L‡jvqvo  †Lj + Iqvo K…r cÖZ¨q
wPiywb wPi& + Dwb Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
†Ljbv  †Lj& + Abv K…r cÖZ¨q
wPb¥q wPr + gq Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
†L‡Kv  L + DKv = K…r cÖZ¨q †PvivB †Pvi + AvB Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
LvDKv>†L‡Kv †Pvivwg †Pvi + Avwg Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Lyw`Z Ly` + BZ K…r cÖZ¨q †Q`b  †Q`& + Ab K…r cÖZ¨q
Mv‡ovqvb Mvwo + Iqvb Zw×Z cÖZ¨q QUd‡U QUdU + Bqv = QUdwUqv>QUd‡U K…r cÖZ¨q
MvwjPv Mvjv + BPv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q QUdUvwb  QUdU + Avwb K…r cÖZ¨q
¸Yevb ¸Y + eZzc (evb) Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
QvwZ QvZv + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Mgb  Mg + AbU K…r cÖZ¨q
QvÎ QÎ + A Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
MšÍe¨  Mg& + Ze¨ K…r cÖZ¨q QuvUvB  QuvU + AvB K…r cÖZ¨q
MvqK  ˆM + AK (YK) K…r cÖZ¨q QvKwb QvK + wb K…r cÖZ¨q
Mwigv ¸iy + Bgb Zw×Z cÖZ¨q †Q‡jwg †Q‡j + Avwg Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Miwebx Me© + Cbx Zw×Z cÖZ¨q QzwU  QzU& + B K…r cÖZ¨q
MvB‡q  Mvn& + B‡q K…r cÖZ¨q RxešÍ  Rxe + AšÍ K…r cÖZ¨q
†Muv‡qv Muv + Dqv> I Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Rq  wR + A (AP&) K…r cÖZ¨q
†M‡Qv MvQ + Dqv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Rjxq Rj + Cq Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
MvQzqv > †M‡Qv
RwUj RUv + Bj (BjP&) Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
MZ©  M„ + Z K…r cÖZ¨q
R¡jšÍ  R¡j& + AšÍ K…r cÖZ¨q
†Mvjvwc †Mvjvc + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
R¨všÍ  Rx + AšÍ K…r cÖZ¨q
†Mvqvjv †Mvqvj + Av Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Ávbevb Ávb + eZzc Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
MÖvg¨ MÖvg + h Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
MÖvgxY MÖvg + Cb Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
RbK  Rb + AK K…r cÖZ¨q
RgvU Rgv + U Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
NUbv  NU& + Ab (+Av) K…r cÖZ¨q
RbZv Rb + Zv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
NygšÍ Nyg& + AšÍ K…r cÖZ¨q
Rvj + Bqv = Rvwjqv †R‡j
†R‡j Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Nivwg Ni + Avwg Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
RuvKvj  RuvK + Avj K…r cÖZ¨q
NvUwZ NvU& + wZ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
RUjv  RU& + jv K…r cÖZ¨q
NvZK  nb& + AK K…r cÖZ¨q
Rwg`vi Rwg + `vi Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
†NivI  wNi& + AvI K…r cÖZ¨q
Rjgq Rj + gq Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
†Nvjv‡U †Nvjv + †U Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
†RjLvbv †Rj + Lvbv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
NUKvwj NUK + Avwj Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Sibv Si& + bv K…r cÖZ¨q
PovI  Po& + AvI K…r cÖZ¨q
Suvcmv Suvc + mv K…r cÖZ¨q
PjšÍ  Pj& + AšÍ K…r cÖZ¨q
SvjvB Svj& + AvB K…r cÖZ¨q
PovB  Po& + AvB K…r cÖZ¨q

Szjb Szj& + Ab K…r cÖZ¨q avwg©K  ag© + wòK (BK) K…r cÖZ¨q
SjK Sj& + AK K…r cÖZ¨q †avqv  ay + Av K…r cÖZ¨q
SMov‡U SMov + †U Zw×Z cÖZ¨q aybywi  ayb& + Dwi K…r cÖZ¨q
S‡ov  So + Dqv > I K…r cÖZ¨q †auvqv‡U †auvqv + †U Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Svo–`vi Svo– + `vi Zw×Z cÖZ¨q âh© axi + ò Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
†UKmB †UK + mB Zw×Z cÖZ¨q †avKvevR †auvKv + evR Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Wyeywi  Wye& + Dwi K…r cÖZ¨q †bZv  bx + Z…P& K…r cÖZ¨q
WyešÍ  Wye& + AšÍ K…r cÖZ¨q bexb be + Bb Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
WvKz  WvK& + D K…r cÖZ¨q wbovwb  wbo + Avwb K…r cÖZ¨q
WvKvZ  WvK& + AvBZ = K…r cÖZ¨q bqb  bx + Ab K…r cÖZ¨q
WvKvBZ>WvKvZ bvqK  bx + AK (bK) K…r cÖZ¨q
Wv³vwi Wv³vi + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q bvweK †bŠ + wòK (BK) Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
wWwO wWOv + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q bvwP‡q  bvP& + B‡q K…r cÖZ¨q
XvjvB  Xvj& + AvB K…r cÖZ¨q bZ©K  b„r + AK K…r cÖZ¨q
XvwK  XvK& + B K…r cÖZ¨q bxwjgv bxj + Bgb Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
XvKvB XvKv + AvB Zw×Z cÖZ¨q bKjwek bKj + bwek Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
XvK&bv  XvK& + bv K…r cÖZ¨q co–qv  co + Dqv K…r cÖZ¨q
Xvjy Xvj + D Zw×Z cÖZ¨q cvVK  cvV& + AK K…r cÖZ¨q
Xywj †Xvj + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q c~Rvwi c~Rv + Avwi Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
ZviyY¨ ZiyY + h Zw×Z cÖZ¨q cigšÍ ci + gšÍ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Z³v Z³ + Av Zw×Z cÖZ¨q cvbZv cvwb + Zv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
ZejwP Zej + wP Zw×Z cÖZ¨q cvbmv cvwb + mv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
ˆZj wZj + ò (A) Zw×Z cÖZ¨q cvIbv  cvI + bv K…r cÖZ¨q
Zvgv‡U Zvgv + †U Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ceb  †cv + Ab K…r cÖZ¨q
Zij  Z… + Aj K…r cÖZ¨q cošÍ  co& + AšÍ K…r cÖZ¨q
ùvZvj ùvZ + Avj Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ckwg ckg + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
`vk©wbK `k©b + wòK Zw×Z cÖZ¨q cw_K c_ + wòK Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
`v‡ivqvb Øvi > `vi + Iqvb Zw×Z cÖZ¨q cvbxq  cvb& + Cq K…r cÖZ¨q
`vZe¨  `v + Ze¨ K…r cÖZ¨q
cvw_©e c„w_ex + ò Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
`vZv  `vZv + Z…P& K…r cÖZ¨q cvV¨  cvV + h¨ K…r cÖZ¨q
`k©b  `„k + AbU K…r cÖZ¨q cvMjvwg cvMj + Avwg Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
`k©bxq  `„k& + Abxq K…r cÖZ¨q wcQj  wcQ + Aj K…r cÖZ¨q
`„k¨  `„k& + l (K¨vc&) K…r cÖZ¨q cv_y‡i cv_i + Bqv = Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
`vcU `vc + U Zw×Z cÖZ¨q cv_ywiqv>cv_y‡i
`vwM `vM + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q wdiZv  wdi& + Zv K…r cÖZ¨q
`vwg `vg + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q dzUšÍ  dzU& + AšÍ K…r cÖZ¨q
`vjvwj `vjvj + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q dzj`vwb dzj + `vwb Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
ˆ`Z¨ w`wZ + ò (A) K…r cÖZ¨q †dwbj †db& + Bj Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
`v½vevR `v½v + evR Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e³e¨  eP& + Ze¨ K…r cÖZ¨q
w`kvwi  w`k& + Avwi K…r cÖZ¨q
eovB eo + AvB Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
`y»  `yn& + Z K…r cÖZ¨q evowZ  evo& + wZ K…r cÖZ¨q
†`bv`vi †`bv + `vi Zw×Z cÖZ¨q êÁvwbK weÁvb + wòK (BK) Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
†`wk †`k + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q evwl©K el© + wòK (BK) Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
†`vjbv  `yj& + bv K…r cÖZ¨q †eOvwP †eO + AvwP Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
`yóvwg `yó + Avwg Zw×Z cÖZ¨q emwZ em + wZ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
ˆ`wbK w`b + wòK (BK) Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e³  eP& + Z…P K…r cÖZ¨q
`qvjy `qv + Avjy Zw×Z cÖZ¨q el©Y  e„l + Ab K…r cÖZ¨q
axgvb  ax + eZzc K…r cÖZ¨q
gvbe  gby + ò K…r cÖZ¨q jovB  jo + AvB K…r cÖZ¨q
goK  go& + AK K…r cÖZ¨q wjLb  wjL& + Ab K…r cÖZ¨q
gyw³  gyP& + w³ K…r cÖZ¨q ˆkke wkï + ò Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
wgïK  wgk + DK K…r cÖZ¨q kvi`xq kir + Cq Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
†gNjv †gN + jv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ÔkÖ×vÕ kÖ+av+Av K…r cÖZ¨q
†gavex †gav + web Zw×Z cÖZ¨q wm³  wmP& + Z (³) K…r cÖZ¨q
†g‡U †g + †U Zw×Z cÖZ¨q †mŠ›`h© my›ì + ò Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
ivbœv  iuva + bv K…r cÖZ¨q mvnvh¨ mnvq + h Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
†ivMv †ivM + Av Zw×Z cÖZ¨q nvwZqvi n¯Í + Bqvi Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
†ikwg †ikg + B Zw×Z cÖZ¨q wnsmyK wnsmv + DK Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
iuvaywb iva& + Dwb K…r cÖZ¨q
mgvm
mgvm: mgvm k‡ãi A_© ms‡ÿc, wgj ev GKvwaK c‡ì GKc`xKiY| A_© mg¡Ü Av‡Q Ggb GKvwaK k‡ãi GK m‡½ hy³ n‡q GKwU eo
kã MV‡bi cÖwµqv‡K mgvm e‡j| mgv‡mi ixwZ ms¯‹…Z †_‡K evsjvq G‡m‡Q|
♦ mvaviYfv‡e t cÖavb mgvm t Qq cÖKvi | 1. Ø›Ø 2. Kg©aviq 3. Zrcyiæl 4. eûeªxwn 5. wØ¸ 6. Ae¨qxfve | AcÖavb
mgvm t cÖvw`, wbZ¨,AjyK BZ¨vw` |
A‡bK e¨KiY weদ g‡bK‡ib - wØ¸ mgvm n‡jv Kg©avi‡qi AšÍf©³
- Kg©avi qmgvm n‡jv Zrcyiæl Gi AšÍf©³
myZivs, mgvm cÖKvi g~jZ চার প্রকার
■ êwkó¨ t
• ev‡K¨ k‡ãi eënvi ms‡ÿc Kiv |
• `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK k‡ãi mgb¡‡q bZyb A_©‡evaK kã m„wó|

দ্বন্দ্ব সমাসঃ
যে সমাসস দুই বা তার অধিক পসের ধমলন হয় এবং সমস্যমান প্রসতেক পসের অর্ থ প্রিান রূসপ প্রতীয়মান হয় তাসক দ্বন্দ্ব সমাস বসল।
অর্বা, যে সমাসস সমস্যমান পেগুসলা সংসোজক অব্যয় (ও, এবং, বা) দ্বারা যুক্ত র্াসক এবং সকল পসের অর্ ইথ প্রািান্য লাভ কসর তাসক দ্বন্দ্ব সমাস
বসল।
যেমনঃ যোয়াত ও কলম = যোয়াত কলম
ববধিষ্ট্েঃ
১। এই সমাসস পূব থ ও পরপে একই ধবভধক্তযুক্ত র্াসক।
২। পূব পথ েটি অধিকাংি যেসে পরপসের তুলনায় অল্প িবধন ধবধিষ্ট্ হয়। যেমন- হাট-বাজার।
৩। সািারণত সম্মাধনত পে আসে বসস। যেমন-গুরু-ধিষ্য।
৪। সািারণত স্ত্রীবাচক পে আসে বসস। যেমন-মা-বাবা।
৫। উভয় পসের অর্ থ প্রিান র্াকসব।
৬। ব্যাসবাসকে পূব পথ ে ও পরপে-এই প্রিান দু’টি পে ও, এবং, আর, তর্া-এই সংসোজক অব্যয়গুসলা ধেসয় যুক্ত র্াসক।
৭। পধত িব্দ পসর র্াকসল, জায়া স্থাসন েম হসব।

১। ধমলনার্ ক থ দ্বন্দ্বঃ দুটি িসব্দর অর্ থ েধে এক না হয়, ধকন্তু তাসের মসে একটি অর্ েথ ত সঙ্গধত বা সম্পকথ র্াসক, তাসক ধমলনার্ কথ দ্বন্দ্ব সমাস
বসল।সভা ও সধমধত=সভা-সধমধত
২। সমার্ কথ দ্বন্দ্বঃ দ্বন্দ্ব সমাসসর পূব পথ ে ও পরপে েখন একই অর্ থ বহন কসর, তখন তাসক, ‘সমার্ কথ দ্বন্দ্ব’ বসল।
যেমনঃ টাকা ও পয়সা= টাকা-পয়সা
৩। ধবসরািার্ কথ দ্বন্দ্বঃ যে দ্বন্দ্ব সমাসস পূব পথ ে ও পরপে পরস্পর ধবসরািী অর্ থ বহন কসর, তাসক ‘ধবসরািার্ কথ দ্বন্দ্ব’ বসল। যেমনঃ যচার ও পুধলি =
যচার-পুধলি
৪। ধবপরীতার্ কথ দ্বন্দ্বঃ যে দ্বন্দ্ব সমাসস পূব পথ ে ও পরপে পরস্পসরর ধবপরীতার্ কথ অর্ থ বহন কসর, তাসক ‘ধবপরীতার্ কথ দ্বন্দ্ব’ বসল। যেমনঃ উঁচু ও
ধনচু = উঁচু-ধনচু
৫। অলুক দ্বন্দ্বঃ যে-দ্বন্দ্ব সমাসস পূব পথ ে ও পরপসের ধবভধক্ত বজায় র্াসক, তাসক ‘অলুক দ্বন্দ্ব’ সমাস বসল।
যেমনঃ হাসত এবং কলসম = হাসত-কলসম
৬। সািারণ দ্বন্দ্বঃ উপসর আসলাধচত ধবধভন্ন ববধিসষ্ট্ের িব্দ যুেল দ্বারা অন্য যকান িরসনর িব্দ-যুেলসক সমাসবদ্ধ করসল যে সমাস হয়, তাসক সািারণ
দ্বন্দ্ব সমাস বলা যেসত পাসর। এ দ্বন্দ্ব সমাস ধবধভন্নভাসব েঠিত হসত পাসর।
যেমনঃ সাত ও পাাঁচ = সাত-পাাঁচ
 দু’টি ধবসিষ্য যোসেঃ যেমনঃ ভাই ও যবান = ভাই-যবান
 দু’টি ধবসিষণ যোসেঃ যেমনঃ কম ও যবধি = কমসবধি
 দু’টি সব থনাম যোসেঃ যেমনঃ তুু্ধম-আধম
 দু’টি ধিয়া যোসেঃ যেমনঃ যলন-যেন
৭। একসিষ দ্বন্দ্বঃ দুই বা তার যবধি পে েধে একটি নতুন পসে পধরণত হয়, তাসক ‘একসিষ দ্বন্দ্ব’ বসল।
যেমনঃ তুধম, আধম ও যস = আমরা
৮। বহুপেী দ্বন্দ্বঃ ধতন বা বহুপসে যে সমাস হয়, তাসক বহুপেী দ্বন্দ্ব সমাস বসল।
যেমনঃ সাসহব-ধবধব-যোলাম
৯। অনুচর িসব্দর সসঙ্গঃ একটি িসব্দর ধবকৃত রূসপর যে সমাস হয়। যেমনঃ অস্ত্র-িস্ত্র
Kg©aviq mgvm:
 ‡h mgv‡m we‡klY ev we‡klY fvevcbœ c‡ì m‡½ we‡kl¨ ev we‡kl¨ fvevcbœ c‡ì wgjb N‡U I cic‡ì A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ _v‡K|
†hgb: gnvb †h exi = gnvexi|
 Kg©aviq mgvm wZb cÖKvi| h_v: 1. mvaviY, 2. ga¨c`‡jvcx I 3. Dcgvg~jK Kg©aviq|
 Dcgvg~jK Kg©aviq mgvm wZb cÖKvi| 1. Dcgvb, 2. DcgwZ I 3. iƒcK|
 ‡hLv‡b we‡klY ev we‡klYfvevcbœ c‡ì mv‡_ we‡kl¨ ev we‡kl¨fvevcbœ c‡ì mgvm nq Ges cic‡ì A_©B cÖavb iƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb
nq, Zv‡K Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j|
 Kg©aviq mgv‡m mvaviYZ ‡h, whwb, ‡hwU BZ¨vw` kã e¨vmev‡K¨ eëüZ nq| h_v : bxj †h AvKvk = bxjvKvk , bxj †h A¤î =
bxjv¤î (bxjeY© e¯¿), ‡h PvjvK †mB PZzi= PvjvK-PZzzi, whwb RR wZwbB mv‡ne = RR mv‡ne

Kg©avivq mgvm Kq cÖKv‡র mvwaZ nq
1. `ywUwe‡klY c‡` GKwUwe‡kl¨†K eySv‡j| †hgb - †h PvjvK †mBPZyi = PvjvK-PZyi|
2. `ywUwe‡kl¨ c‡` GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘†K eySv‡j| †hgb-whwb RR wZwbBmv‡ne = RR mv‡ne|
3. Kv‡h© ci¯úiveySv‡Z `ywU K…ZšÍwe‡klYc‡ÌKg©aviqmgvm nq| †hgb- Av‡M †avqvc‡o †gvQv = †avqv‡gvQv|
4. c~e©c‡` ¯¿xevPKwe‡klY _vK‡jKg©aviqmgv‡m †mwUcyiælevPK nq| †hgb-my›ìx †h jZv= my›ìjZv, gnZx †h KxwZ© = gnvKxwZ©|
5. we‡klYevPKgnvbevgnrkãc~e©c` n‡j 'gnr' I 'gnvb' ¯’v‡bgnv nq| †hgbgnr †h Ávb=gnvÁvb, gnvb †h bex= gnvbex|
6. c~e©c‡` 'Kz' we‡klY _vK‡jGescic‡ìcÖ_‡g ¯îaŸwb _vK‡j 'Kz' ¯’v‡b 'Kr' nq|‡hgb- Kz †h A_© =K`_©, Kz †h AvPvi = K`vPvi|
7. cic‡` 'ivRv' kã _vK‡jKg©aviqmgv‡m 'ivR' nq †hgb- gnv †h ivR = gnvivR
8. we‡klY I we‡kl¨ c‡` Kg©aviqmgvmn‡jKL‡bvKL‡bvwe‡kølYc‡oAv‡Qwe‡kl¨ Av‡Mhvq| †hgb- wm× †h Avjy= Avjywm×,Aag †h bi
= bivag|
mvaviY Kg©aviq
 we‡klYc` c~‡e© I we‡kl¨c` c‡i e‡m †h mgvm nq| †hgb:
gnvRb gnr †h Rb gnvbwe gnvb †h bwe
bx‡jvrcj bxj †h Drcj K`_© Kz †h A_©
mr‡jvK mr †h †jvK K`vPvi Kz †h AvPvi
i³Kgj i³ †h Kgj gnvivR gnvb †h ivRv
Pjw”PÎ Pjr †h wPÎ bivag Aag †h bi
cvÛywjwc cvÛyy (PjbmB) †h wjwc Avjywm× wm× †h Avjy
be‡hŠeb be †h hŠeb wcÖqmLv wcÖq †h mLv
bxjcÙ bxj †h cÙ gnvexi gnv †h exi
my›ìjZv my›ìx †h jZv myLei my †h Lei
gnvKxwZ© gnZx †h KxwZ© †k¦Ze¯¿ ‡k¦Z †h e¯¿
g›`fvM¨ g›` †h fvM¨
ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm

 ‡m mgv‡m mgvme× c`wUi †h iƒc Zv‡Z e¨vmev‡Kï g‡a¨ e¨vL¨vg~jK c`¸wj _v‡K bv| e¨vmevK¨ ev` w`‡j g~jk‡ã wd‡i
Av‡m| †hgb-
†R¨vrmœvivZ = †R¨vrmœv †kvwfZ ivZ wPwbKj = wPwb wbg©v‡Yi Kj
ivbœvNi = ivbœv Kivi Ni n¯Íwkí = n¯Í Øviv PvwjZ wkí
cjvbœ = cj (gvsm) wgwkªZ Abœ †Mv®ú` = †Mv (¶z‡ii) cwiwgZ c` (¯’vb)
†gŠgvwQ = †gŠ mÂqKvix gvwQ Zzdvb‡gj = Zzdvb Zzj¨ MwZkxj †h †gj
Rv`yNi = Rv`y cwic~Y© Ni GKv`k = GK AwaK `k
cÖxwZ‡fvR = cÖxwZ Dcj‡¶ †fvR Rxebexgv = Rxeb bv‡ki Avk¼vq †h exgv
wmsnvmb = wmsn wPwýZ Avmb nvZcvLv = nv‡Z Pvjvb cvLv
AvZœRxebx = AvZœwjwLZ Rxebx Av‡°jùvZ = Av‡°jm~PK ùvZ
cÖvYfq = cÖvY hvIqvi Z‡i fq AvZœ¯^vZš¿¨ = AvZœwel‡q †h ¯^Zš¿¨
wf¶vbœ = wf¶v jä Abœ Kvh©cwiKíbv = Kvh©mvav‡bi Rb¨ †h cwiKíbv
ag©Kvh© = ag©wewnZ Kvh© mvwnZ¨mfv = mvwnZ¨ welqK mfv
GKweskwZ = GK AwaK weskwZ ¯§„wZ‡mŠa = ¯§„wZ i¶v‡_© †mŠa
†eŠfvZ = †eŠ cwi‡ekb Kiv fvZ †gvgevwZ = †gvgwbwg©Z evwZ
†ijMvwo = †i‡ji Dc‡i P‡j †h Mvwo NiRvgvB = N‡i AvwkªZ RvgvB
ivóªbxwZ = ivóª m¤^Üxq bxwZ gvwbe¨vM = gvwb (UvKv) ivLvi e¨vM
AvqKi = Av‡qi Dci Ki MxwZbvU¨ = MxwZc~Y© †h bvU¨
†NvlYvcÎ = †NvlYv m¤^wjZ †h cÎ
Dcgvb Dc‡gq
 hvi m‡½ †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K Dcgvb, hv‡Z Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K Dc‡gq e‡j|
 GKwU wbw`©ó êwkó¨ Dcgvb I Dc‡gqi g‡a¨ Kíbv Kiv nq| Avi Dcgvb I Dc‡gqi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i GKwU
mv`„këvPK kã| †hgb: biwmsn = bi wms‡ni b¨vq (ejkvjx), GLv‡b bi > Dc‡gq : wmsn > Dcgvb; b¨vq > mv`„këvPK
kã; ejkvjx (Dn¨ Av‡Q) mvaviY ag©|
Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm

 mvaviY ag©evPK c‡ì m‡½ Dcgv evPK c‡ì †h mgvm nq| hvi m‡½ †Kvb e¨w³i ev e¯‘i Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K Dcgvb e‡j|
†hgb:
Kz›`ïå = Kz‡›ì g‡Zv ïå Zzlvieaj = Zzlv‡ii b¨vq aej
dzwUdvUv = dzwUi g‡Zv dvUv eRªK‡Vvi = eRªi b¨vq K‡Vvi
Zzqviïå = Zzlv‡ii b¨vq ïå cÖ¯ÍiKwVb = cÖ¯Í‡ii b¨vq kg©v
Nbk¨vg = N‡bi b¨vq k¨vg AwMœkg©v = AwMœi b¨vq kg©v
eKavwgK = e‡Ki b¨vq avwg©K wngkxZj = wn‡gi b¨vq kxZj
nwiYPcj = nwi‡Yi b¨vq Pcj kkë¨¯Í = kk‡Ki b¨vq e¨¯Í
MRg~L© = M‡Ri b¨vqg~L© bexZ‡Kvgj = bebx‡Z (bwbi) b¨vq †Kvgj
KzmygKgj = Kzmy‡gi b¨vq †Kvgj †Mv‡ePvix = †Mv-i b¨vq †ePvix
AiyYivOv = Aiy‡Yi b¨vq ivOv wgkKv‡jv = wgkwi (cvov ZvgvK) g‡Zv Kv‡jv|
weovjZc¯^x = weov‡ji b¨vq Zc¯^x
KvRj‡Kv‡jv = KvR‡ji b¨vq Kv‡jv
DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm

 mvaviY ¸Y D‡jøL bv Ki Dc‡gq c‡ì m‡½ Dcgv‡bi †h mgvm nq Zv‡K DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| †hgb:
PiYKgj = PiYKg‡ji b¨vq KiKgj = Ki Kg‡ji b¨vq
cyiylwmsn = cyiyl wms‡ni b¨vq exiwmsn = exi wms‡ni b¨vq
Aaicjøe = Aai cjø‡ei b¨vq evûjZv = evû jZvi b¨vq
PiYcÙ = PiY c‡Ùi b¨vq biwmsn = bi wms‡ni b¨vq
gyLP›`ª = gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq Kicjøe = Ki cjø‡ei b¨vq
K_vg„Z = K_v Ag„‡Zi b¨vq cv`cÙ = cv` cÙi b¨vq
bqbcÙ = bqb c‡Ùi b¨vq dzjKzgvix = Kzgvix dz‡ji b¨vq
 Dcgvb A_© Zzjbxq e¯‘ (hvi m‡½ ZzjbvKiv nq)

cÖZ¨ÿ e¯‘ mvaviY ag© c‡ivÿ e¯‘
Dc‡gq Dcgvb

åg‡ii
åg‡ii b¨q K…ò ‡Kk = ågiK…ò‡Kk
K. Dcgvb Zzjbxqe¯y/Í L. mvaviYag© M. mvaviYag©

åg‡ii mv‡_ †K‡kiZzjbv
K + L = Dcgvb Kg©aviq (Dcgvb + mvaviYag©)

K + M = Dcgvb + Dc‡gq = DcwgZ Kg©aviq
iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm
 ‡hLv‡b Dc‡gq I Dcgvb c‡` mgvm nq Ges Df‡qi g‡a¨ A‡f` Kíbv Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î GKwU K_v Aek¨B ¯§iYxq †h, iƒcK
Kg©aviq mgv‡mi mg¯Íc‡ì c~e©c`wU mvaviY †Kvb e¯‘ nq bv, nq †Kvb aviYv ev AwfÁZv A_©vr Ae¯‘| c~e©c‡ì †mB weg~ZZ © v‡K
cic‡ì e¯‘i m‡½ GKgv‡b Zzjbv Kiv nq iƒcK Kg©aviq mgv‡m| †hgb:
we`¨vab = we`¨v iƒc ab ¶zavbj = ¶zav iƒc Abj
P›`ªg~L = P›`ª iƒc g~L RxebcÖ`xc = Rxeb iƒc cÖ`xc
gbgvwS = gb iƒc gvwS †kvKmvMi = †kvK iƒc mvMi
welv`wmÜz = welv` iƒc wmÜz we`¨vmvMi = we`¨v iƒc mvMi (UxKv: we`¨vi
mvMi GwU lôx ZrcyiylI e‡U)
†µvavbj = †µva iƒc Abj †kvKvbj = ‡kvK iƒc Abj
msmvimvMi = msmvi iƒc mvMi myLmvMi = myL iƒc mvMi
ü`qgw›ì = ü`q iƒc gw›ì Ávbe„¶ = Ávb iƒc e„¶
Avb›`mvMi = Avb›` iƒc mvMi †gvnwb`ªv = †gvn iƒc wb`ªv
feb`x = fe (wek¦m„wó) iƒc b`x †`nwcÄi = †`n iƒc wcÄi
civb cvwL = civb iƒc cvwL Rxeb‡mªvZ = Rxeb iƒc †mªvZ
wPËP‡Kvi = wPË iƒc P‡Kvi RxebZix = Rxeb iƒc Zix
AvKvkMvO = AvKvk iƒc MvO †hŠebeb = †hŠeb iƒc eb
wØ¸ mgvm
c~e©c‡ì msL¨vevPK c` I DËic‡` we‡kl¨ evPK c‡` †h mgvm nq Zv‡K wØ¸ mgvm e‡j| GLv‡b mgvnvi ev mgwó †evSvq| ধদ্ব(দুই) এবং
যো(ধবকাসর গু-েরু)
সমাহার(সমধষ্ট্) বা ধমলন অসর্ থ সংখ্যাবাচক িসব্দর সসঙ্গ ধবসিষ্য পসের যে সমাস হয়,তাসক ধদ্বগু সমাস বসল।
ধদ্বগু সমাসস সমাসধনষ্পন্ন পেটি ধবসিষ্য পে হয়।
ধতন কাসলর সমাহার=ধেকাল, চার রাস্তার সমাহার=যচৌরাস্তা, পঞ্চ নেীর সমাহার=পঞ্চনে, সপ্ত অসহর সমাহার=সপ্তাহ
নব(নয়)রসের সমাহার=নবরে, িত অসব্দর সমাহার=িতাব্দী
PZzi½ = Pvi i‡½i mgvnvi beiZœ = be (bq) i‡Zœi mgvnvi

wÎc`x = wÎ c‡ì mgvnvi mßwl© = mß Fwli mgvnvi
mßvn = mß A‡ni (wèm) mgvnvi loFZz = Qq FZzi mgvnvi
†PŠiv¯Ív = †PŠ (Pvwi) iv¯Ívi wgjb †Zgv_v = †Z (wZb) gv_vi mgvnvi
†Z‡gvnbv = wZb †gvnbvi wgjb AóavZz = Aó avZzi mgvnvi
wÎKvj = wZb Kv‡ji wgjb †Zib`x = †Zi b`xi mgvnvi
kZvãx = kZ A‡ãi mgvnvi mvZmgy`ª = mvZ mgy‡`ªi mgvnvi
wÎdjv = wZb d‡ji mgvnvi cÂeUx = cÂ e‡Ui mgvnvi
wÎc`x = wZb c‡ì mgvnvi cÂb` = cÂ b`xi mgvnvi
cmywi = cuvP †m‡ii mgvnvi cÂf~Z = cÂ f~‡Zi (Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ Dcv`vbmg~n)
mgvnvi
Ae¨qxfve mgvm

 ‡h mgv‡m c~e©c‡` Ae¨q _v‡K, DËi c‡` mvaviYZ we‡kl¨ _v‡K Ges Ae¨‡qi A_© cÖavb n‡q †`Lv †`q, Zv‡K Ae¨qxfve mgvm
e‡j| mvaviYZ A‡_© Ae¨qxfve mgvm nq mvgxc¨, exáv, AbwZµg, we‡iva, †hvM¨Zv, mv`„k¨, cðvr cÖf„wZ A‡_©|
 ভাসতর অভাব=হাভাত, মরণ পে থন্ত=আমরণ, কূসলর সমীসপ=উপকূল, ধেন ধেন=প্রধতধেন, িধক্তসক অধতিম না কসর=ের্ািধক্ত
mv`„k¨ (Dc) A‡_©:

Dcfvlv = fvlvi m`„k Dcb`x = b`xi mv`„k
Dceb = e‡bi mv`„k DcmvMi = mvM‡ii mv`„k
DcMÖn = MÖ‡ni Zzj¨ DcwefvM = wefv‡Mi mv`„k
DcK_v = K_vi mv`„k cÖwZg~wZ© = g~wZ©i mv`„k
DcØxc = Øx‡ci mv`„k DcgvZv = gvZvi mv`„k
Dckni = kn‡ii mv`„k
(gvwm, wcwm, dzdz, Lvjv) (we:`ª: wegvZv I DcgvZv GK bq)
mvgxc¨ (Dc) A‡_©:

DcbMix = bMixi mgx‡c DcK~j = K~‡ji mgx‡c
DcKÉ = K‡Éi mgx‡c
exáv (cybt cybt) A‡_©:

cÖwZM„‡n = M„‡n M„‡n cÖwZRb/RbwcQz = R‡b R‡b
cÖwZ¶Y/Aby¶Y = ¶‡Y ¶‡Y wdeQi = eQi eQi
cÖwZw`b = w`b w`b ni‡ivR = †ivR †ivR
cÖwZgY = g‡Y g‡Y
Afve (wbt/wbit) A‡_©:

wbR©j = R‡ji Afve wbiyrmvn = Drmv‡ni Afve
wbivwgl = Avwg‡li Afve wbS©ÅvU = SÅv‡Ui Afve
wef©vebv = fvebvi Afve
Clr (Av) A‡_©:

AvbZ = Clr bZ Aviw³g = Clr iw³g
AbwZµg (h_v) A‡_©:
h_vwbqg = wbqg‡K AwZµg bv K‡i h_vmva¨ = mva¨‡K AwZµg bv K‡i
h_vwewa = wewa‡K AwZµg bv K‡i h‡_”Q = B”Qv‡K AwZµg bv K‡i
h‡_ó = Bó‡K AwZµg bv K‡i
ch©šÍ(Av) A‡_©:
AvRxeb = Rxeb ch©šÍ AvRb¥v = Rb¥ (Gi webvk) ch©šÍ
Avmgy`ª = mgy`ª ch©šÍ AvRvby = Rvby ch©šÍ
Avevje„×ewbZv = evj, e„× I ewbZv ch©šÍ Avevj¨ = ev‡jï m~Pbv †_‡K ev‡jï
†kl ch©šÍ
Avmgy`ªwngvPj = mgy`ª †_‡K wngvPj ch©šÍ Av‰kke = ˆkk‡ei m~Pbv †_‡K ˆkk‡ei
†kl ch©šÍ
Avgyj = g~j ch©šÍ A`¨vewa = A`¨ ch©šÍ
AvgiY = giY ch©šÍ AvKY© = KY© ch©šÍ
Av‰K‡kvi = ˆK‡kvi ch©šÍ (Aewa) hve¾xeb = Rxeb ch©šÍ
Avc`g¯Í K = c` (cv) n‡Z g¯ÍK ch©šÍ Avevje„×wbZv = evj, e„× I ewbZv ch©šÍ
AwZµvšÍ(Dr) A‡_©:
D‡Øj = ‡ejv‡K AwZµvšÍ Dw”Qbœ = wQbœ‡K AwZµvšÍ
D”Q„•Lj = k„•Ljv‡K AwZµvšÍ h‡_ó = Bó‡K AwZµg bv K‡i

we‡iva (cÖwZ) A‡_©:
cÖwZev` = weiy× ev` cwZ‡hvM = weiy× †WvM
cÖwZKyj = weiy× Kzj
cðvr (Aby) A‡_©:

AbyMgb = cðvr Mgb AbymiY = cðvr miY
Abyavcb = cðvr aveb AbyZvc = cðvr Zvc
Av‡iv wKQz Ae¨vqxfve mgvm

†egvbvb = gvbv‡bvi Afve wdKvbxj = Clr bxj
†ee‡›`ve¯Í = e‡›`ve‡¯Íi Afve Abyiƒc = iy‡ci †hvM¨
nvfvZ = fv‡Zi Afve mg¯Íw`b = w`bfi
Miwgj = wg‡ji Afve mg¯ÍivZ = ivZfi
Avjywb = jy‡bi (je‡bi) Afve †envqv = nvqvi Afve
bv-UK bv-wgó = U‡Ki Afve wgwói Afve †eKvi = Kv‡ii Afve
nv-Ni = N‡ii Afve wekªx = kªxi Afve
hve¾xeb = Rxeb ch©šÍ cÖZ¨n = An An
Dc‡èZv = nxb †èZv cÖZ¨½ = ¶z`ª A½
wdKvjvj = Clr jvj Ab¨vq = b¨v‡qi Afve
`ywf©¶ = wf¶vi Afve
KZ¸‡jv wbcvZ‡b wm× Ae¨vqxfve mgvm

mg¶ = Aw¶i mgx‡c Awaf~Z = f~Z‡K AwaKvi K‡i
cÖZ¨¶ = Aw¶i Awfgy‡L Awa‰è = ˆè‡K AwaKvi K‡i
c‡iv¶ = Aw¶i A‡MvP‡i `yM©Z = `yt-‡K (`ytL‡K) MZ
Aa¨vZœ = AvZœv‡K Awa (AwaKvi A‡_©) cÖ`w¶Y = `w¶Y‡K cÖMZ
Zrcyiyl mgvm
 c~e© c‡ì wØZxqvw` (wØZxqv †_‡K mßgx ch©šÍ) wefw³ †jvc †c‡q †h mgvm nq Ges †hLv‡b cic‡ì A_© cÖavb iƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb nq
Zv‡K Zrcyiyl mgvm e‡j|
 Zrcyiyl mgvm cÖavbZ Qq cÖKvi| †hgb : wØZxq †_‡K mßgx Zrcyiyl| wefw³ Abymv‡i Zrcyiyl nq bv| Z‡e G¸‡jv QvovI KwZcq
Zrcyiyl mgvm Av‡Q (GB bvg¸‡jv Ab¨ mgv‡mi m‡½I †`Lv hv‡e| †hgb: bT Zrcyiyl, Dcc` Zrcyiyl, AjyK Zrcyiyl, cÖvw`
Zrcyiyl|
bT& Zrcyiyl
cic‡ì cÖvavb¨ †i‡L bT& Ae¨q (b, bv, bvB, †bB, bq BZ¨vw`) c~‡e© e‡m †h Zrcyiyl mgvm nq| †hgb :
A¶b = b (bq) ¶b bvwZfe© = b fve
Awek¦vm¨ = bq wek¦vm¨ AKvj/AvKvj = b Kvj
†eAvBwb = †e (bq) AvBwb Av‡jŠwKK = b †jŠwKK
Ac©vß = bq ch©vß A‡Kkv = b †Kkv/†Kkx
AbwZe„nr = b AwZe„nr Amyi = b myi
Awgj = bvBwgj Awek¦vm = b wek¦vm
AbwfÁv = b AwfÁ AvMvQv = b (g›` A‡_©) MvQ
bvwZ`~i/AbwZ`~i = b AwZ`~i ARvbv = bvB Rvbv
Amgq = b mgq †emiKvwi = b (bq) miKvwi
AbvPvi = b AvPvi AfvOv = bq fv½

Abye©i = b De©i wbLiPv = bvB LiPv
bvwZkx‡ZvÂ = b AwZkx‡ZvÂ Abvm„wó = bq m„wó
Amn‡hvM = b mn‡hvM †eûuk = bvB ûuk
A‡K‡Rv = b †Kv‡Rv †eiwmK = bq iwmK
Abkb = b Akb bvgÄyi = bq gÄyi
AbybœZ = b DbœZ AbywP = bq DwPZ
AmyL = b myL wbLyuZ = bvB LyuZ
AKvZi = b KvZi A‡bK = bq GK
Abvì = b Avì Miwgj = bvB wgj
bvwZ`xN© = b AwZ `xN© MinvwRi = bq nvwRi
bvwZL©e = b AwZ Le©
Dcc`
 ‡Kvb kã‡K we‡klY Ki‡j hw` GKwU c„_K kã, Gici avZz, Gici cÖZ¨q cvIqv hvq (k¦`+avZz+cÖZ¨q) Ges †mB cÖZ¨qwU
nq K…r cÖZ¨q Zvn‡j cÖvß wewkó kã‡K Dcc` ejv nq| †hgb:
 ev¯Í nviv = ev¯Í+ nvi + Av; ‡LPi = L + Pi + A| GLv‡b ev¯Í Ges L (AvKvk) h_vµ‡g Dcc`|
K…`šÍc`
 K…r cÖZ¨q †hv‡M †h kã ˆZix nq Zv‡K K…`šÍc` e‡j| †hgb: Pi > Pi (wePiY Kiv A‡_©): ai > ai (a‡i A‡_©)|
Dcc` Zrcyiyl mgvm

 Dcc‡ì m‡½ K…`šÍc‡ì †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K Dcc` Zrcyiyl mgvm e‡j| G mgv‡m c~e©c` mvaviYZ we‡kl¨ n‡q _v‡K| KwZcq
Dcc` Zrcyiyl mgv‡mi D`vniY:
wcÖqse`v = wcÖq K_v e‡j †h (bvix) nvofv½v = nvo fv‡½ hv‡Z
¶xYRxex = ¶xYfv‡e euv‡P †h eyKfv½v = eyK fv‡½ hv‡Z
g‡bvnvwiYx = gb niY K‡i †h (bvix) A_©Kvix = A_© Kiv hvq hvi Øviv
M„n¯’ = M„‡n _v‡K †h evwRKi = evwR K‡i †h
RjPi = R‡j P‡i hv nvjyBKi = nvjyB K‡i †h
me©nviv = me nvwi‡q‡Q hviv GKvbœeZx© = GKv‡bœ (GK A‡bœ) e‡Z© †h
Rj` = Rj †`q †h/hv cvPvUv = cv Pv‡U †h
cyw_‡cvov = cyw_ c‡o †h fvievnx = fvi enb K‡i †h
gbgiv = g‡b g‡i‡Q †h Rv`yKi = Rv`y K‡i †h
Kz¤¢Kvi = Kz¤¢ K‡i †h ¯^Y©Kvi = ¯^Y© K‡i †h
cÖfvKi = cÖfv K‡i †h UbKbov = UbK b‡o hv‡Z
mZëv`x = mZ¨ e‡j †h c‡KUgvi = c‡KU gv‡i †h
me©bvkv = me©bvk K‡i †h gvwQgvov = gvwQ gv‡i †h
avgvaiv = avgv a‡i †h Qv-‡cvlv = Qv-‡cvl †h
†Q‡jaiv = †Q‡j a‡i †h
AjyK Zrcyiyl mgvm

 ‡h Zrcyiyl mgv‡m c~e©c‡ì wefw³ †jvc cvq bv Zv‡K AjyK Zrcyiyl mgvm e‡j| Zrcyiyl mgv‡mi hZ¸wj †kªYx Av‡Q, AjyK Zrcyiyl
Zvi meiKg †kªYxiB n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
‡Nvovi-wWg = ‡Nvovi wWg K‡ji-Mvb = K‡ji Mvb
L‡m cov = L‡m cov nv‡Z-KvUv = nv‡Z KvUv
Quv‡P Xvjv = Quv‡P Xvjv wN‡q-fvRv = wN‡q fvRv
AvB‡bi cu¨vP = AvB‡bi cu¨vP ‡Pv‡Li-evwj = ‡Pv‡Li evwj
fv‡Mi-gv = fv‡Mi gv Kjyie`j = Kjyi e`j
†mvbvi-evsjv = †mvbvi evsjv †Pv‡Li-‡`Lv = †Pv‡Li ‡`Lv
†mvbvi-Zix = †mvbvi Zix Mv‡bi-Avmi = Mv‡bi Avmi
nv‡Zi-cuvP = nv‡Zi cuvP A‡šÍevmx = A‡šÍevmx †h

mv‡ci-cv = mv‡ci cv †Z‡jfvRv = †Z‡j fvRv hv
g‡bi-gvbyl = g‡bi gvbyl
cÖvw` Zrcyiyl mgvm

 ‡h Zrcyiyl mgv‡mi c~e©c‡` DcmM© _v‡K, †m mgvm‡K cÖvw` Zrcyiyl mgvm e‡j| †hgb:
cÖfvZ = cÖK…óiƒ‡c fvZ cÖgbv = cÖK…ó gb hvi|
wefw³ Abyhvqx KZ¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Zrcyiyl mgv‡mi D`vniY
wØZxqv Zrcyiyl
i_‡K Pvjb = i_‡K Pvjb msL¨vZxZ = msL¨v‡K AZxZ
kiwb‡¶c = ki‡K wb‡¶c PiYvwkªZ = PiY‡K AvwkªZ
cyÎjvf = cy‡Î‡K jvf wPikÎy = wPiw`b a‡i kÎy
AvgKzov‡bv = Avg‡K Kzov‡bv wbZäviv = wbZ¨Kvj e¨vwcqv aviv
‡`kf½ = †`k‡K f½ Aa©g„Z = Aa© iy‡c g„Z
c„ôcÖ`g©b = c„ô‡K cÖ`k©b `ªyZMvgx = `ªyZ h_v Z_v Mvgx
Rj‡mPb = Rj‡K †mPb wPimy›ì = wPiKvj e¨vwcqv my›ì
wPimyLx = wPiKvj e¨vwc mywL †eMgmseiY = †eM‡K mseiY
`ytLvZxZ = `ytL‡K AZxZ ¯^M©cÖvß = ¯^M©‡K cÖvß
welqvcbœ = welq‡K Avcbœ fvi cÖvß = fvi‡Z cÖvß
kiYvMZ = kiY‡K AvMZ mvnvh¨cÖvß = mvnvh¨‡K cÖvß
eqtcÖvß = eqt‡K cÖvß Kjv‡ePv = Kjv‡K †ePv
ci‡jvKMZ = ci‡jv‡K MZ n«`‡`Lv = n«`‡K †`Lv
`ytL cÖvß = `ytL‡K cÖvß †kvKvZxZ = †kvK‡K AZxZ
¶Y¯’vqx = ¶YKvj e¨vwc ¯’vqx Aceb`k©b = Zceb‡K `k©b
Z…Zxq Zrcyiyl (Øviv, w`‡q, KZ…K, G, †Z)

¯^Y©gwÛZ = ¯^Y© Øviv gwÛZ KÈKvKxY© = KÈK Øviv AvKxY©
Ávbk~b¨ = Ávb Øviv k~Y¨ abvX¨ = ab Øviv AvX¨
mg‡e`bvfiv = mg‡e`bv w`qv fiv kªgjä = kªg Øviv jä
¯^fvewÜ = ¯^fve Øviv wm× Qvqvkx_j = Qvqv Øviv kxZj
b¨vqm½Z = b¨vq Øviv m½Z ievûZ = ie Øviv Avn~Z
evKweZÛv = evK Øviv Mov eRªvnZ = eRª Øviv AvnZ
evM`Ëv = evK w`‡q `Ëv A‡¯¿vnZ = A¯¿ Øviv DcPvi
we`¨vnxb = we`¨v Øviv nxb c``wjZ = c` Øviv `wjZ
G‡Kvi = GK Øviv Db RbgMœ = Rj Øviv gMœ
gvZ…nxb = gvZ… Øviv nxb weÁvbmgvb = weÁvb Øviv mgvb
ga~gvLv = ga~ Øviv gvLv
PZz_x© Zrcyiyl (G, q, †Z, A, †K, †i, i Rb¨, wbwgË)

‡è`Ë = †è‡K `Ë givKvbœv = givi Rb¨ Kvbœv (wbwg‡Ë)
¸iyfw³ = ¸iy‡K fw³ †PvlKvMR = Pzlivi Rb¨ KvMR
we‡qcvMjv = we‡lq Rb¨ (wbwg‡Ë) cvMjv Z‡cveb = Z‡cv wbwgË eb
Avgvi‡K`viv = Aviv‡gi Rb¨ †K`viv gv_viKuvUv = gv_vi (Pz‡ji) Rb¨ KuvUv
wkï wefvM = wkï‡ì Rb¨ wefvM cvVkvjv = cv‡Vi Rb¨ kvjv
emZevwU = em‡Z wbwg‡Ë evwU
cÂgx Zrcyiyl (n‡Z, †_‡K, †P‡q)

gyL`ªó = gyL †_‡K åó f‡`ªZi = f`ª n‡Z DZi
†`kcjvZK = †`k †_‡K cjvZK wejvZ‡diZ = wejvZ n‡Z †diZ
RbyÜ = Rb¥ n‡Z AÜ ¯‹yjcvjv‡bv = ¯‹zj n‡Z cvjv‡bv

mZ¨åó = mZ¨ n‡Z åó eÜbgy³ = eÜ n‡Z gy³
AvMv‡Mvov = AvMv n‡Z †Mvov ¯^M©åó = ¯^M© n‡Z åó
cÖvYwcÖq = cÖvY n‡Z wcÖq †ivMgy³ = †ivM n‡Z gy³
†jvKfq = †jvK n‡Z fq `jQzU = `j †_‡K QzU
†Rjgy³ = †Rj †_‡K gy³ me©‡kªó = me© n‡Z †kªô
FYgy³ = FY †_‡K gy³ mœvZ‡KvËi = mœvZK †_‡K DËi
c`Pz¨Z = c` †_‡K Pz¨Z ag©åô = ag© n‡Z åô
lô Zrcyiyl (i, Gi)

1. lôxZrcyiælmgv‡mi 'ivRv' ¯’‡j 'ivR', wcZv,gvZv, åvZv ¯’‡j h_vµ‡g 'wcZ„, gvZ„,åvZ„ nq| †hgbMRbxiivRv = MRbxivR,
ivRvicyÎ= ivRcyÎ, wcZvi ab=wcZ„ab, gvZvi †mev=gvZ„‡mev, åvZvi †mœn=åvZ„‡mœn, cy‡Îiea~= cyÎea~ BZ¨vw`|
2. cic‡` mn, Zyj¨, wbf,cÖvq, mn, cÖwZg - Gmekã _vK‡jIlôxZrcyiælmgvm nq| †hgb - cZœximn= cZœxmn, Kb¨vimn = Kb¨vmn,
m‡nv`‡ii cÖwZg= m‡nvìcÖwZg/ †mvìcÖwZgBZ¨vw`|
3. Kv‡ji †KvbAsk‡evaKkãc‡i _vK‡jZvi c~‡e© e‡m| h_vA‡ýi (w`‡bi) c~e©fvM= c~e©vnª|
4. cic‡` ivwR, MÖvg, e„›`,MY,h~ZcÖf„wZmgwóevPKkã _vK‡jlôxZrcyiælmgvm nq| h_v- Qv‡Îi e„›`=QvÎe„›`, ¸‡bi MÖvg = ¸bMÖvg,
n¯Íxih~Z=n¯Íxh~ZBZ¨vw`|
5. Aa© kãcic` n‡jmg¯Íc‡` Zvc~e©c` nq| †hgb c‡_i Aa© = Aa©c_, w`‡bi Aa©= Aa©w`b|
6. wkï `y» BZ¨vw` kãK‡i _vK‡j ¯¿x evPKc~e©c` cyiælevPK nq| †hgbg„Mxiwkï = g„Mwkï, QvMxi `y»= QvM`y» BZ¨vw`|
7. e¨vmev‡K¨ 'ivRv' kãc‡i _vK‡jmg¯Íc‡` ZvAv‡MAv‡m †hgb c‡_iivRv= ivRc_, nuv‡miivRv= ivRnuvm|
AjyK lôx Zrcyiæl mgvmt †NvoviwWg, gvwUigvbyl, nv‡ZicuvP, gvgvievwo, mv‡ci cv, g‡bigvbyl, K‡jiMvbBZ¨vw`| wKš‘ åvZvicyÎ=
åvZy®úyÎ (wbcvZ‡bwm×)|
k¦ïievwo = k¦ï‡ii evwo Kvh©¶wZ = Kv‡h©i ¶wZ
e„n¯úwZ = e„n‡Zi cwZ fyReb = fy‡Ri ej
PvevMvb = Pv‡li evMvb fvivc©Y = fv‡ii Ac©Y
Kwe¸iy = Kwe‡ì ¸iy DcjLÛ = Dc‡ji LÛ
c~e©vý = A‡ý c~e©fvM cy®ú‡mŠif = cy‡®úi †mŠif
QvM`y× = QvMxi `y» RxebmÂvi = Rxe‡bi mÂvi
hy‡×vËi = hy‡×i DËi mÜ¨vcÖ`xc = mÜ¨vi cÖ`xc
eb¯úwZ = e‡bi cwZ myLmgq = my‡Li mgq
†µvocÎ = †µv‡oi cÎ M„nKÎx© = M„‡ni KÎx©
Kvh©vjq = Kv‡h©i Avjq gvZ…‡mev = gvZvi †mev
MYZš¿ = M‡Yi Zš¿ bvU¨vwfbq = bvU‡Ki Awfbq
ebg‡a¨ = e‡bi g‡a¨ nvZNwi = nv‡Zi Nwo
ZrcwZ = Zvi cÖwZ grcÖwZ = Avgvi cÖwZ
RbKÉ = R‡bi KÉ †LqvNvU = †Lqvi NvU
ivRKb¨v = ivRvi Kb¨v cÖv‰MwZnvwmK = HwZnvwm‡Ki cÖvK
ivRc_ = c‡_i ivRv g‡bv‡hvM = g‡bi †hvM
AwZw_mrKvi = AwZw_i msKvi †cŠimfv = †cŠi‡ì mfv
we`¨vmvMi = we`¨vi mvMi (UxKv : we`¨vi iƒc mvMi) cÖRvZš¿ = cÖRv‡ì Zš¿
GwU iƒcK Kg©av‡iI e‡U)
KY©Kzni = K‡Y©i Kzni Kjvfeb = Kjvi (Art) feb
Zc¯^xKb¨v = Zc¯^xi Kb¨v wek¦fviZx = we‡k¦i fviZx (we`¨v)
`~Zvevm = `~‡Zi Avevm dzjKzgvix = dz‡ji Kzgvix (`ª. DcwgZ Kg©aviq)
gvSb`x = b`xi gvS cÖvYea = cÖv‡Yi ea
gvj¸`vg = gv‡ji ¸`vg eRªmg = e‡Rªi mg
mßgx Zrcyiyl mgvm (G, q, †Z, G‡Z)

wèvwb`ªv = wèvq wb`ªv mZ¨vMÖn = m‡Z¨ AvMÖn (wbôv)
i_v‡ivnY = i‡_ Av‡ivnY AkÖyZc~e© = c~‡e© AkÖyZ
†KvUiw¯’Z = †KvU‡i w¯’Z A`„óc~e© = c~‡e© A`„ó
MvQcvKv = Mv‡Q cvKv RbgMœ = R‡j gMœ

`vbexi = `v‡b exi AKvjcK¡ = AKv‡j cK¡
cyw_MZ = cyw_‡Z MZ gv_ve¨v_v = gv_vq e¨v_v
kÖyZcye© = c~‡e© kÖyZ Kg©wbc~Y = K‡g© wbcyY
msL¨vjwNô = msL¨vq jwNô evKcUz = ev‡K cUz
ZvjKvbv = Zv‡j Kvbv ivZKvbv = iv‡Z Kvbv
eûexwn mgvm
 ‡h mgv‡mi c~e© ev ci c` †Kv‡bvwUi A_© bv eywS‡q Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Z…Zxq A_© cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j|
 eûeªxwn (avb) Av‡Q hvi > eûeªxwn GLv‡b eû wKsev eªxwn †Kv‡bvwUiB A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ †bB, hvi eû avb Av‡Q Ggb †jvK‡K †evSvq|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡m maviY hv, hv‡Z BZ¨vw` kã e¨vmevKiƒ‡c eëüZ nq| h_v: AvqZ †jvPb hvi = AvqZ‡jvPbv (¯¿x), gnvb AvZ¥v hvi =
gnvZ¥v, ¯^”Q mwjj hvi = ¯^”Qwjjv|
 ÔmnÕ wKsev ÔmwnZÕ k‡ãi m‡½ Ab¨ c‡ì eûeªxwn mgvm n‡j ÔmnÕ I ÔmwnZÕ Gi ¯’‡j ÔmÕ nq| †hgb: evÜemn eZ©gvb = mevÜe, mn
Dì hvi = m‡nvì|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡m mg¯Í c‡` ÔAw¶Õ k‡ãi ¯’‡j ÔA¶Õ Ges ÔbvwfÕ kã ¯’‡j ÔbvfÕ nq| †hgb: Kg‡ji b¨vq = Kgjv¶, cÙ bvwf‡Z hvi =
cÙbvf|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡m ÔmgvbÕ k‡ãi ¯’v‡b ÔmÕ Ges ÔmnÕ nq| †hgb: mnKgx©, mgvb eY© hvi = mgeY©, mgvb Dì hv‡ì = m‡nvì|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡m mg¯Í c‡` ÔAw¶Õ k‡ãi ¯’‡j ÔA¶Õ Ges ÔbvwfÕ kã ¯’‡j ÔbvfÕ nq| †hgb: Kj‡gi b¨vq Aw¶ hvi = Kgjv¶, cÙ
bvwf‡Z hvi = cÙbvf|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡m ÔmgvbÕ k‡ãi ¯’v‡b ÔmÕ Ges ÔmnÕ nq| †hgb: mnKvgx©, mgvb eY© hvi = mgeY©, mgvb Dì hv‡ì = m‡nvì|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡m cic‡ì ÔMÜÕ kã ¯’v‡b ÔMwÜÕ ev ÔMÜvÕ nq| h_v- myMÜ hvi = myMwÜ, c‡Ùi b¨vq MÜ hvi = cÙMwÜ|
K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ eûeªxwn mgv‡mi D`vniY

`kvbb = `k Avbb hvi P›`ªP~o = P›`ª P~ovq hvi
gnvZ¥v = gnvb AvZ¥v hvi mnKgx© = mgvb Kgx© †h
mevÜe = evÜemn eZ©gvb c¼R = c‡¼ Rb¥ hv
wecZœxK = weMZ cZœx hvi PZzfy©R = Pvi fyR [nvZ] wewkó hvi
DY©bvf = DY© bvwf‡Z hvi PZz®ú` = Pvi cv wewkó cÖvYx
hyeRvwb = hyeZx Rvqv hvi m‡nvì = mn D`q hv‡ì ev mgvb Dì hv‡ì
eûeªxwn mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`

eûeªxwn mgvm bq cÖKvi| h_v- 1. mgvbvwaKiY, 2. e¨waKiY, 3. e¨wZnvi, 4. ga¨c`‡jvcx, 5. bT_©K, 6. mnv_©K, 7. cÖZ¨qvšÍ, 8.
msL¨vevPK I 9. AjyK eûeªxwn| Z‡e wbcvZ‡b wmÜ e‡j Avi GKcÖKvi eûeªxwn mgvm Av‡Q|
`kvbb = `k Avbb hvi P›`ªP~o = P›`ª P~ovq hvi
gnvZ¥v = gnvb AvZ¥v hvi mnKgx© = mgvb Kgx© †h
mevÜe = evÜemn eZ©gvb c¼R = c‡¼ Rb¥ hv
wecZœxK = weMZ cZœx hvi PZzfy©R = Pvi fyR [nvZ] wewkó hvi
DY©bvf = DY© bvwf‡Z hvi PZz®ú` = Pvi cv wewkó cÖvYx
hyeRvwb = hyeZx Rvqv hvi m‡nvì = mn D`q hv‡ì ev mgvb Dì
hv‡ì
mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn
 ‡h eûeªxwn mgv‡m c~e© ev cic` †Kv‡bvwUB mvaviYZ we‡klY bq (Ab¨c`)| †hgb:
Avkxwel = Avkx‡Z wel hvi K_vme©¯^ = K_v me©¯^ hvi
eRª‡`n = eRª‡Z †`n hvi †euvUvLmv = †euvUv L‡m‡Q hvi
exYvcvwY = exYv cvwY‡Z hvi `yKvbKvUv = `yB Kvb KvUv hvi
cÙbvf = cÙ bvwf‡Z hvi Qv‡cvlv = Qv †cvlv hvi
e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn mgvm

 ci¯úi GK RvZxq wµqv Kiv †evSv‡j G mgvm nq| G‡Z c~e©c‡` Av Ges DËic‡` B hy³ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| †hgb:
NylvNywl = Nywl‡Z Nywl‡Z †h jovB †Kkv‡Kwk = †K‡k †K‡k a‡i †h hy×

KvbvKvwb = Kv‡b Kv‡b †h K_v †`Lv‡`wL = †`Lvq †`Lvq †h wµqv
jvVvjvwV = jvwV‡Z jvwV‡Z †h hy× nvmvnvwm = nvwm‡Z nvwm‡Z †h wµqv
bTeûeªxwn mgvm:
 bT_©K c‡ì m‡½ we‡k‡lï †h mgvm nq ZvB bT eûeªxwn mgvm| †hgb: †eIqvwik = †e (bvB) Iqvwik hvi|
†eZvi = †e (bvB) Zvi hvi wecZ¥xK = weMZ cZ¥x hvi
wbtk¼ = bvB k¼v hvi †eKvi = Kg© bvB hvi
wb¯‹j¼ = bvB Kj¼ hvi ARvbv = bv (bq) Rvbv hvi
ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn mgvm

 ‡h eûeªxwn mgvm e¨vmev‡Kï ga¨w¯’Z †Kv‡bv c`‡K †jvc K‡i ev MÖnY bv K‡iB ˆZix nq| †hgb:
`keQz‡i = `k eQi eqm hvi KvÂbcÖfv = KvÂb ev †mvbvi g‡Zv cÖfv
hvi
Kgjv¶ = Kg‡ji g‡Zv Aw¶ hvi k~c©YLv = k~‡ci (Kzjv) b¨vq bL †h
bvixi
weowj‡PvLx = weov‡ji †Pv‡Li b¨vq †PvL †h bvixi
cÖZ¨qv¯— eûeªxwn mgvm

‡h eûeªxwn mgv‡m Av, G, I BZ¨vw` cÖZ¨qhy³ nq| †hgb:
‡`vUbv = `yB w`‡K Uvb hvi Nigy‡L¨ = N‡ii w`‡K g~L hvi
wbLi‡P = †bB LiP hvi †`vgbv = `yB w`‡K gb hvi
A‡K‡Rv = †Kvb Kv‡R jv‡M bv hv
mnv_©K eûeªxwn
A‡bK eûeªxwn mgv‡mi Avi GK cÖKvi‡K gvb¨ K‡ib| Zv‡ì we‡ePbvq mnv_©K c~e©c‡ì m‡½ we‡kl¨ DËic‡ì eûeªxwni mgvm wb¯úbœ nq
Zv‡K mnv_©K eûeªxwn mgvm ejv nq| †hgb:
mwkl¨ = wk‡lï mwnZ eZ©gvb mwµg = wµqvi mwnZ eZ©gvb
mK`©g = K`©‡gi mwnZ eZ©gvb mRj = R‡ji mwnZ eZ©gvb
mevÜe = evÜ‡ei mwnZ eZ©gvb
AjyK eûeªxwn mgvm

eûeªxwn mgv‡m c~e©c‡ì wefw³ eRvq _vK‡j Ges †Kv‡bv c‡ì cwieZ©b bv n‡j AjyK eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| †hgb:
gv_vq cvMwo = gv_vq cvMwo hvi nvwZLwo = nv‡Z Lwo †`qv nq †h Abyôv‡b
MjvqMvgQv = Mjvq MvgQv hvi Mv‡q njy` = Mv‡q njy` †`qv nq †h Abyôv‡b
gy‡LfvZ = gy‡L fvZ (wkï‡K) †`qv nq †h Abyôv‡b
GKBfv‡e, nv‡Z-Qwo, Kv‡b-Kjg, Mv‡q-cov, nv‡Z-‡ewo, gv_vq-QvZv, gy‡L-fvZ, Kv‡b-Lv‡Uv|
(†bvU: gybxi †PŠayix I Ab¨vb¨ iwPZ evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY MÖ‡š’ ÔMv‡qnjy`Õ †K ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn mgvm †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|)
msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn
‡h eûeªxwn mgv‡mi c~e©c` msL¨vevPK Ges cic` we‡kl¨| †hgb:
`kvbb = `k Avbb (gyL) hvi †PŠPvj = Pvi Pvj †h N‡ii
`kfyRv = `k fyR (nvZ) hvi †mZvi = †m (wZb) Zvi †h h‡š¿i
†`vbjv = `ywU bi hvi PvinvwZ = Pvi nvZ cwigvY hv
mnmª‡jvPb = mnmª †jvPb hvi †Zcvqv = wZb cv wewkó hv|
`kMwR = `k MR cwigvY hv
wbcvZ‡b wm× eûeªxwn mgvm

‡Kvb wbq‡g e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv A_P eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j MY¨| ‡hgb:
myü` = my (†kvfb) ü`q hvi Øxc = `yB w`‡K Ac hvi

wbiƒcvq = wbt (bvB) Dcvq hvi AšÍixc = AšÍM©Z Ac hvi
†envqv = nvqv bvB hvi Rxeb¥„Z = RxweZ †_‡KI †h g„Z
†eKvi = bvB Kvi hvi cwÊZg~L© = cwÊZ n‡qI g~L©
‡ec‡ivqv = bvB c‡ivqv hvi
Ab¨vb¨ mgvm Av‡jvPbv

AjyK mgvb
‡h mgv‡m KL‡bv c~e©c‡` wefw³ †jvc nq bv| AjyK mgvm †Kv‡bv ¯^Zš¿ mgvm bq, †h †Kv‡bv †kªwYi mgvm Ajyi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
hywawói = hy‡× w¯’i †h civrci = ci n‡Z ci
†Z‡jfvRv = †Z‡j fvRv hv
wbZ¨ mgvm
‡h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jv memgq GKm‡½ _v‡K, e¨vmevK¨ nq bv, Zv‡K wbZ¨ mgvm e‡j| wbZ¨ mgvm †Kv‡bv ¯^Zš¿ mgvm bq|
e¨vmevK¨ bv _vK‡j Ab¨ †kªwYi mgvm‡KI wbZ¨ mgvm e‡j| †hgb : KuvPvKjv (e¨vmevK¨ : GK iK‡gi Kjv hv KuvPv Ae¯’v‡ZB LvIqv nq);
MÖvgvšÍi = Ab¨MÖvg;
K…Âmc© = GK RvZxq mvc hv K…Â (Kv‡jv); Kvjmvc = welv³ Kvj (hg) Zzj¨ mvc;
M„nvš—i = Ab¨M„n weiwbeŸB = `yB Ges beŸB;
`k©bgvÎ = †Kej `k©b; Avgvi = †m Zzwg I Avwg (ÔAvgviÕ
GK‡kl Ø›Ø mgvmI nq)
cÖvw` mgvm
cÖ, civ, Ac, mg, wb... BZ¨vw` DcmM© c~e©c‡` e‡m †h mgvm nq Zv‡K (cÖ+Avw`) = cÖvw` mgvm e‡j| Ae¨qxfve mgvm I cÖvw` mgvm GK
ch©qf~³| e¨vmevK¨ †bB e‡j cÖvw` mgvm‡K wbZ¨ mgv‡mi Aš—f©~³ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb:
AbyZvc = Aby (cðvr) Zvc D‡Øj = Dr (DrµvšÍ) †ejv|
GKB c‡ì wewfbœ mgvm

cxZv¤î (K…ò A‡_©) > cxZ A¤î huvi (eûeªxwn) wKš‘ cxZv¤î (cxZeY© e¯¿ A‡_©) > cxZ †h A¤î (Kg©aviq)|
Miwgj > wgj †bB hv‡Z (eûeªxwn) wKš‘ Miwgj > wg‡ji Afve (bT Zrcyiyl/Ae¨qxfve)|
Avgvi > GK‡kl Ø›Ø mgvm I wbZ¨ mgvm Df‡qiB D`vniY|
evK¨
 ‡h myweb¨¯Í c`mgwó Øviv †Kv‡bv wel‡q e³vi g‡bvfve m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv‡K evK¨ e‡j|
ev‡Kï ¸Y
 fvlvi wePv‡i ev‡Kï wbgœwjwLZ 3wU ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K| h_v:
AvKv•¶v (Expectancy)
ev‡Kï A_© cwi®‹vifv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ GK c‡ì ci Ab¨ c` †kvbvi †h B”Qv Zv-B AvKv•¶v| †hgb:
Ac~Y©v½ evK¨ A_©B Ab‡_©i| AvKv•¶v wbe„wË nqwb, AviI wKQz †kvbvi B”Qv nq|
c~Y©v½ evK¨ A_©B Ab‡_©i g~j| AvKv•¶vi wbe„wË n‡q‡Q e‡j GKwU c~Y©v½ evK¨|
AvmwË (Proximity)
 g‡bvfve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ ev‡K¨ kã¸‡jv‡K Ggbfv‡e ci ci mvRv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z g‡bvfve cÖKv‡k evavMÖ¯Í bv nq| ev‡K¨ A_©m½wZ
i¶vi Rb¨ myk„•Lj c`web¨vm-B AvwmË| †hgb:
AvmwËnxb †jLv Kwig †Q‡j fvj Lye g‡bvfve cÖKvwkZ nqwb
AvmwË m¤úbœ evK¨ Kwig Lye fvj †Q‡j g‡bvfve c~Y©fv‡e cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q

‡hvM¨Zv (Propriety)
evK¨w¯’Z c`mg~‡ni A_©MZ Ges fveMZ wgjeÜ‡bi bvg †hvM¨Zv| †hgb:
‡hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ evK¨ Ôm~h© c~e© w`‡K D‡V‡Q|Õ KviY evK¨w¯’Z c`mg~‡ni A_©MZ Ges fveMZ mgš^q Av‡Q|
†hvM¨Zvnxb evK¨ Ôm~h© cwðg w`‡K D‡V‡Q|Õ evK¨wU fvecÖKv‡k †hvM¨Zv nvwi‡q‡Q| KviY, m~h© cwðg w`‡K D‡V bv|
ev‡K¨ ï»Zvi kZ©vewj
K. ixwZwm× A_©evPKZv
kã ixwZwm× A_© cÖK…wZ+cÖZ¨q cÖK…wZ+cÖZ¨qRvZ A_©
evwaZ K…ZÁ ev AbyM„nxZ evav+BZ evavcÖvß
ˆZj wZj RvZxq wZj+ò wZjRvZ †mœn c`v_©
L. `y‡e©va¨Zv: AcÖPwjZ, `y‡e©va¨ kã eënvi Ki‡i ev‡Kï †hvM¨Zv webó nq| †hgb:
Aï×: Zzwg Avgvi m‡½ cÖcÂ K‡i‡Qv| (evsjvq cÖcÂ kãwU cÖPwjZ) ï×: Zzwg Avgvi m‡½ PvZzix K‡i‡Qv|
M. Dcgvi fyj cÖ‡qvM: wVKfv‡e Dcgv AjsKvi eënvi bv Ki‡j †hvM¨Zv nvwb N‡U| †hgb:
Aï×: Avgvi ü`q-gw›`‡i Avkvi exR Dß nj| (exR †¶‡Z ecb Kiv nq, gw›`‡i bq)
ï×: Avgvi ü`q-‡¶‡Î Avkvi exR Dß nq|
N. evûj¨ †`vl: cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ kã eënv‡i evûj¨ †`vl N‡U| †hgb:
Aï×: Ôwk¶KgÛjxMY wk¶v md‡i †M‡jb|Õ (wk¶KgÛjx eûePb evPK kã| Gi m‡½ ÔMYÕ kãwUi AwZwi³ eënvi evûj¨ †`vl
m„wó K‡i‡Q|)
ï×: wk¶KgÛjx/wk¶KMY wk¶v md‡i †M‡jb|
O. evMavivi kã cwieZ©b: evMaviv fvlvwe‡k‡li HwZn¨| Gi h‡_”Q cwieZ©b Ki‡j kã Zvi †hvM¨Zv nvivq| †hgb:
Aï×: e‡b µ›`b (evMavivwU †hvM¨Zvnxb)| ï×: Ai‡Y¨ †iv`b (A_©: wbõj Av‡e`b)|
Aï×: gv‡Qi gv‡qi †Q‡j †kvK (evMavivwU †hvM¨Zvnxb) ï×: gv‡Qi gv‡qi cyÎ †kvK (A_©: †jvK †`Lv‡bv KvR)|
Aï×: Wy‡e Wy‡e cvwb LvIqv (evMavivwU †hvM¨Zvnxb)| ï×: Wy‡e Wy‡e Rj LvIqv (A_©: †Mvc‡b KvR Kiv)|
P. ¸i“PÊvjx †`vl: Zrmg k‡ãi m‡½ A-Zrmg kã Ges mvay I PwjZ ixwZi GK‡Î wgkªYB ¸iÛPÛvjx †`vl| G †`v‡l `yó kã Zvi
†hvM¨Zv nvivq|
1) Zrmg k‡ãi m‡½ †`kxq k‡ãi wgkªY|
2) mvay I PwjZ fvlvi wgkªY| †hgb:
Aï×: gov`vn (†`kx + Zrmg) ï×: gov‡cvov (†`kx + †`kx)
Aï×: Miyi kKU (†`kx + Zrmg) ï×: Miyi Mvwo (†`kx + †`kx)
Aï×: ke‡cvov (Zrmg + †`kx) ï×: ke`vn (Zrmg + Zrmg)

cÖ‡qvM AccÖ‡qvM:
evMavivi AccÖ‡qvM: cÖ‡qvM : wewa jw•NZ n‡q‡Q|
AccÖ‡qvM : `kP‡µ Ck¦i f~Z| AccÖ‡qvM : ‡MŠie †jvc †c‡q‡Q|
cÖ‡qvM : `kP‡µ fMevb f~Z| cÖ‡qvM : ‡MŠie jyß †c‡q‡Q|
AccÖ‡qvM : †hgb ey‡bv KPz †Zgwb evNv PvjZv| AccÖ‡qvM : NUbv eY©bv n‡q‡Q|
cÖ‡qvM : †hgb ey‡bv Ij †Zgwb evNv †ZuZzj| cÖ‡qvM : NUbv ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
AccÖ‡qvM : Avwg Kv‡iv mv‡ZI †bB m‡Z‡iv‡ZI †bB| AccÖ‡qvM : Avwg m‡šÍvl njvg|
cÖ‡qvM : Avwg Kv‡iv mv‡ZI †bB cuv‡PI †bB| cÖ‡qvM : Avwg mš‘ó njvg|
AccÖ‡qvM : mviv Rxeb f~‡Zi gRywi †L‡U gijvg| AccÖ‡qvM : K_v ï‡b †m we¯§q n‡q‡Q|
cÖ‡qvM : mviv Rxeb f~‡Zi †eMvi †L‡U gijvg| cÖ‡qvM : K_v ï‡b †m wew¯§Z n‡q‡Q|
AccÖ‡qvM : ‡m †Zv Zejvi euvqv, m‡½ _vKvI hv, bv _vKvI Zv| AccÖ‡qvM : ‡Zvgv‡K †`‡L †m Avðh© n‡q‡Q|
cÖ‡qvM : ‡m †Zv Xv‡Ki euvqv, m‡½ _vKvI hv, bv _vKvI Zv| cÖ‡qvM : ‡Zvgv‡K †`‡L †m Avðh©vw¤^Z n‡q‡Q|
AccÖ‡qvM : gvL‡bi cyZzjUv wK Avgv‡ì m‡½ AZ`~i AccÖ‡qvM : ‡mLv‡b †M‡j Zzwg Acgvb n‡e|
Avm‡Z cvi‡e? cÖ‡qvM : ‡mLv‡b †M‡j Zzwg AcgvwbZ n‡e|
cÖ‡qvM : bwbi cyZzjUv wK Avgv‡ì m‡½ AZ`~i Avm‡Z AccÖ‡qvM : m~h© D`q n‡q‡Q|
cvi‡e? cÖ‡qvM : m~h© Dw`Z n‡q‡Q|
AccÖ‡qvM : Zzwg GKbfv‡e K_v ejQ †hb †Zvgvi eq‡mi AccÖ‡qvM : wcZv †Zvgvi cÖwZ †µva nBqv‡Qb|
BUcv_i †bB| cÖ‡qvM : wcZv †Zvgvi cÖwZ µz× nBqv‡Qb|
cÖ‡qvM : Zzwg GKbfv‡e K_v ejQ †hb †Zvgvi eq‡mi AccÖ‡qvM : hyw³ LÛb n‡q‡Q|
MvQcv_i †bB| cÖ‡qvM : hyw³ LwÛZ n‡q‡Q|
AccÖ‡qvM : Iiv GK Suv‡Ki gvQ †Zv, ZvB PvjPjbI GKiKg| AccÖ‡qvM : wm×všÍMÖnY n‡q‡Q|
cÖ‡qvM : Iiv GK Suv‡Ki KB †Zv, ZvB PvjPjbI GKiKg| cÖ‡qvM : wm×všÍM„nxZ n‡q‡Q|
AccÖ‡qvM : wQuP‡K †PviUv †hb gv¸i gv‡Qi cÖvY; `y-Pvi Nv‡q AccÖ‡qvM : ‡m PgrKvi nBqv‡Q|
wKQz n‡e bv| cÖ‡qvM : ‡m PgrK„Z nBqv‡Q|
cÖ‡qvM : wQuP‡K †PviUv †hb KB gv‡Qi cÖvY; `y-Pvi Nv‡q AccÖ‡qvM : Avgiv cÖwZcvjb nB‡ZwQ|
wKQz n‡e bv| cÖ‡qvM : Avgiv cÖwZcvwjZ nB‡ZwQ|
AccÖ‡qvM : ‡Zvgvi †Lv`vi Ici KvimvwR Kivi Af¨vm †Mj bv| AccÖ‡qvM : G K_v cÖgvY nBqv‡Q|
cÖ‡qvM : ‡Zvgvi †Lv`vi Ici †Lv`Kvwi Kivi Af¨vm cÖ‡qvM : G K_v cÖgvwYZ nBqv‡Q|
†Mj bv|
AccÖ‡qvM : A‡bK n‡q‡Q, M„n‡¯’i †L‡q e‡bi †gvl Zvov‡Z we‡kl‡Yi AvwaK¨RwbZ AccÖ‡qvM
cvie bv| ‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv k‡ã we‡kl‡Yi AvwaK¨RwbZ fyj nq| we‡klY
cÖ‡qvM : A‡bK n‡q‡Q, N‡ii †L‡q e‡bi †gvl Zvov‡Z ïay kã w`‡q bq, cÖZ¨q ev DcmM© w`‡qI n‡Z cv‡i| †hfv‡eB
cvie bv| †nvK, we‡kl‡Yi AccÖ‡qvMRwbZ fyj †_‡K gy³ _vKvi Rb¨
AccÖ‡qvM : ey‡ov bo‡Q bv, hw` gqiv †dj‡Z fvOv Kz‡jvi wb‡Pi KwZcq kã we‡kl‡Yi ¯§iY ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb:
WvK c‡o| AvKzj (AvKzwjZ bq) ‡ivgK (†ivgKxq bq)
cÖ‡qvM : ey‡ov bo‡Q bv, hw` QvB †dj‡Z fvOv Kz‡jvi Avek¨K (Avek¨Kxq bq) jw¾Z (mjw¾Z bq)
WvK c‡o|
Drdzjø (DrdzwjøZ bq) kª×vfvRb (kª×vfvRbxq bq)
AccÖ‡qvM : cix¶v G‡jB †KD †KD †Pv‡L njy` dzj †`‡L|
cÖ‡qvM : cix¶v G‡jB †KD †KD †Pv‡L m‡l© dzj †`‡L| D‡Øj (D‡ØwjZ bq) Kw¤úZ (mKw¤úZ bq)
AccÖ‡qvM : wb‡Ri PiKvq †gvwej bv w`‡q A‡bï K_v GKÎ (GKwÎZ bq) KvZi (mKvZi bq)
fve‡Qv †Kb? KiyY (mKiyY bq) K…ZÁ (mK…ZÁ bq)
cÖ‡qvM : wb‡Ri PiKvq †Zj bv w`‡q A‡bï K_v fve‡Qv wPwÎZ (mwPwÎZ bq) ¶g (m¶g bq)
†Kb? ‡PwóZ (m‡PwóZ bq) kw¼Z (mkw¼Z bq)
AccÖ‡qvM : mKvj †_‡K †m ùv‡Z KvwV w`‡q c‡o Av‡Q| wVK (mwVK bq) mg_© (m¶g bq)
cÖ‡qvM : mKvj †_‡K †m ùv‡Z `wo w`‡q c‡o Av‡Q|
wbt‡kl (wbt‡kwlZ bq) mwPÎ (mwPwÎZ bq)
cÖdzjø (cÖdzwjøZ bq) m‡Pó (m‡PwóZ bq)
e¨vKzj (e¨vKzwjZ bq) mk¼ (mkw¼Z bq)
ev‡P¨ AccÖ‡qvM:
gvwK©b (gvwK©wb bq) mvb›` (mvbw›`Z bq)
AccÖ‡qvM : eBwU cwo n‡q‡Q|
cÖ‡qvM : eBwU cwVZ n‡q‡Q| gyLi (gyLwiZ bq) mweb‡q (mwebqc~e©K bq)
AccÖ‡qvM : wewa j•Nb n‡q‡Q| iyk (iykxq bq)

we‡klY cÖ‡qv‡M m‡PZbZvRwbZ AccÖ‡qvM AccÖ‡qvM : ivRv cvwcô PvKivwb‡K kvw¯Í w`‡jb|
we‡klY cÖ‡qvM wb‡q evOvwji AvMÖn †ewk| ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ev cÖ‡qvM : ivRv cvwcôv PvKivwb‡K kvw¯Í w`‡jb|
Avgjv‡ì mfvq we‡klY cÖ‡qv‡Mi jnix e‡q hvq| Gi GKwU AccÖ‡qvM : ‡mB mvaK bvixi K_v †K bv Rv‡b|
KviY †evaKwi evsjvq Ôwe‡kl‡Yi we‡klYÕ AvìYxq| ÔLye MiP cÖ‡qvM : ‡mB mvwaKv bvixi K_v †K bv Rv‡b|
Pv|Õ GLv‡b ÔLyeÕ we‡kl‡Yi (ÔMigÕ) we‡klY| wKš‘ ZvB e‡j AccÖ‡qvM : wK‡kvi evwjKv KvZi Awfgv‡b †f‡O coj|
ÔLye Mig PvÕ GB evK¨wU AccÖ‡qvMRwbZ †`v‡l `yó| we‡klY cÖ‡qvM : wK‡kvix evwjKv KvZi Awfgv‡b †f‡O coj|
cÖ‡qv‡M ZvB m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb wb‡Pi AccÖ‡qvM : cici `yevi jUvwi wR‡Z‡Qb GB fvMëvb
evK¨¸‡jv: bvix|
AccÖ‡qvM : ‡hŠ_e× n¯Í x`j MÖv‡g cÖ‡ek Kwiqv‡Q| cÖ‡qvM : cici `yevi jUvwi wR‡Z‡Qb GB fvMëZx
cÖ‡qvM : hy_e× n¯Í x`j MÖv‡g cÖ‡ek Kwiqv‡Q| bvix|
AccÖ‡qvM : mg„×gvb cwiev‡i Zvi Rb¥| AccÖ‡qvM : eZ©gv‡b weØvb bvixi msL¨v D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
cÖ‡qvM : mg„× (ev mg„×gvb) cwiev‡i Zvi Rb¥| cÖ‡qvM : eZ©gv‡b we`ylx bvixi msL¨v D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
AccÖ‡qvM : G cwieviwU Avgv‡ì GjvKvi m¤£všÍkvjx AccÖ‡qvM : ‡eMg Av³vi GB evwoi KZ©v|
cwievi| cÖ‡qvM : ‡eMg Av³vi GB evwoi KÎx©|
cÖ‡qvM : G cwieviwU Avgv‡ì GjvKvi m¤£všÍ(ev AccÖ‡qvM : PvKi †g‡qUv duvK †c‡jB wUwf †`L‡Z e‡m|
m¤£všÍkvjx) cwievi| cÖ‡qvM : PvKivwb †g‡qUv duvK †c‡jB wUwf †`L‡Z
AccÖ‡qvM : ‡m †h ai‡bi AvPiY K‡i‡Q Zv Kw_Ze¨ bq| e‡m|
cÖ‡qvM : ‡m †h ai‡bi AvPiY K‡i‡Q Zv KnZe¨ (ev AccÖ‡qvM : GB gnvb bvixi ¯§„wZi cÖwZ kÖ×v RvbvB|
K_bxq) bq| cÖ‡qvM : GB gnxqmx bvixi ¯§„wZi cÖwZ kÖ×v
AccÖ‡qvM : cywjk Acivax m¤ú‡K© wbtmwÜnvb| RvbvB|
cÖ‡qvM : cywjk Acivax m¤ú‡K© wbtm‡›`n| AccÖ‡qvM : Ii g‡Zv eyw×gvb evwjKv G cvovq †bB|
AccÖ‡qvM : ivOvgvwU cve©Zxq GjvKv| cÖ‡qvM : Ii g‡Zv eyw×gZx evwjKv G cvovq †bB|
cÖ‡qvM : ivOvgvwU cve©Z¨ (ev cve©Zxq) GjvKv| AccÖ‡qvM : AvR webq eveyi †R¨ô Kb¨vi we‡q|
AccÖ‡qvM : wbðq msev` †c‡qQ wK? cÖ‡qvM : AvR webq eveyi †R¨ôv Kb¨vi we‡q|
cÖ‡qvM : wbwðZ msev` †c‡qQ wK? evûj¨RwbZ AccÖ‡qvM ev evûj¨cÖ‡qvM
AccÖ‡qvM : bx‡ivMx †jvK cÖK…Z myLx| Ô‡jvKwU AwZwi³ †ewk K_v e‡jÕ e‡j weiw³ cÖKvk whwb
cÖ‡qvM : bx‡ivM †jvK cÖK…Z myLx| Ki‡jb, wZwb wK Rv‡bb, wb‡RB wZwb evûj¨cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb?
AccÖ‡qvM : Avgv‡ì †`k DbœZkxj †`k| ÔAwZwi³Õ Avi Ô‡ewkÕ †Zv GKB A_©ÁvcK| ZvB GwU
cÖ‡qvM : Avgv‡ì †`k DbœZkxj (ev Dbœqbkxj) †`k| AccÖ‡qvM| Ggb AccÖ‡qvM A‡bK n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P wKQz
AccÖ‡qvM : mg„×kvjx evsjv‡`k Avgv‡ì GKvšÍKvg¨| D`vniY †`qv n‡jv:
cÖ‡qvM : mg„× (ev mg„×kvjx) evsjv‡`k Avgv‡ì AccÖ‡qvM : we‡k¦ evsjv fvlvfvlxi msL¨v cÖvq wÎk †KvwU|
GKvšÍKvg¨| cÖ‡qvM : we‡k¦ evsjvfvlxi msL¨v cÖvq wÎk †KvwU|
AccÖ‡qvM : Abvek¨Kxq e¨vcv‡i †KŠZznj fv‡jv bq| AccÖ‡qvM : wZwb A`¨vwcI wbi“‡Ïk|
cÖ‡qvM : Abvek¨K e¨vcv‡i †KŠZznj fv‡jv bq| cÖ‡qvM : wZwb A`¨vwc wbiy‡Ïk|
AccÖ‡qvM : Avek¨Kxq e¨‡q Kvc©Y¨ AbywPZ| AccÖ‡qvM : h`¨vwcI Bnv Av‡`k Z_vwcI Bnv cvjb Kiv
cÖ‡qvM : Avek¨K e¨‡q Kvc©Y¨ AbywPZ| KwVb|
AccÖ‡qvM : Avcbvi m‡½ †Mvcb civgk© Av‡Q| cÖ‡qvM : h`¨vwc Bnv Av‡`k Z_vwc Bnv cvjb Kiv KwVb|
cÖ‡qvM : Avcbvi m‡½ †Mvcbxq civgk© Av‡Q| AccÖ‡qvM : †Q‡jwU `viyY myeyw×gvb|
we‡klYcÖxwZ ev we‡k‡lï ¯’‡j we‡klYRwbZ AccÖ‡qvM cÖ‡qvM : †Q‡jwU `viyY eyw×gvb|
A‡b‡Ki we‡klYcÖxwZ GKUz †ewk| ZvB me©‡¶‡Î Zviv we‡klY AccÖ‡qvM : we‡`wk AwZw_‡ì my¯v^ MZ Rvbv‡bv n‡jv|
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z Pvb| we‡k‡lï ¯’‡j we‡klY cÖ‡qvM, g~jZ cÖ‡qvM : we‡`wk AwZw_‡ì ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡bv n‡jv|
AccÖ‡qvM wn‡m‡eB wPwýZ| G e¨vcv‡i wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv AccÖ‡qvM : AvKÉch©šÍ†fvR‡b ¯^v¯’¨nvwb N‡U|
we‡ePbvq ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i: cÖ‡qvM : AvKÉ (ev KÉch©šÍ) †fvR‡b ¯^v¯’¨nvwb N‡U|
AccÖ‡qvM : `ye©jekZ wZwb Avwm‡Z cv‡ib bvB| AccÖ‡qvM : Zvi `y‡PvL AkÖyR‡j †f‡m †Mj|
cÖ‡qvM : `ye©jZvekZ wZwb Avwm‡Z cv‡ib bvB| cÖ‡qvM : Zvi `y‡PvL AkÖy‡Z †f‡m †Mj|
AccÖ‡qvM : wZwb D×Zc~Y© AvPiY Ki‡Qb| AccÖ‡qvM : Av‡jvP¨gvb AskUzKz Rxebvb‡›ì KweZv †_‡K
cÖ‡qvM : wZwb J×Zc~Y© (ev D×Z) AvPiY Ki‡Qb| †bIqv|
AccÖ‡qvM : Bnvi Avek¨K bvB| cÖ‡qvM : Av‡jvP¨ AskUzKz Rxebvb‡›ì KweZv †_‡K
cÖ‡qvM : Bnvi Avek¨KZv bvB| †bIqv|
AccÖ‡qvM : m`vme©`v †Zvgvi Dcw¯’Z cÖv_©bxq| AccÖ‡qvM : Avcbvi Z_¨ MÖvn¨‡hvM¨ bq|
cÖ‡qvM : me©`v †Zvgvi Dcw¯’wZ cÖv_©bxq| cÖ‡qvM : Avcbvi Z_¨ MÖvn¨ (ev MÖnY‡hvM¨) bq|
‰jw½K k‡ãi cÖ‡qvMRwbZ åvwšÍ AccÖ‡qvM : nxb PwiÎevb †jvK cïiI Aag|

cÖ‡qvM : nxbPwiÎ †jvK cïiI Aag| cÖ‡qvM : Wvwjg dz‡ji iw³gv †Pv‡L covi g‡Zv|
AccÖ‡qvM : e„¶wU mg~jmn DrcvwUZ n‡q‡Q| AccÖ‡qvM : wk¶Kiv PvB‡Qb wk¶v eë¯’v‡K ivóªKiY Ki‡Z|
cÖ‡qvM : e„¶wU mg~‡j (ev mg~jmn) DrcvwUZ n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡qvM : wk¶Kiv PvB‡Qb wk¶veë¯’v‡K ivóªKiY (ev
AccÖ‡qvM : mkw¼ZwP‡Ë †m K_vUv ejj| ivóªvqËKiY) Ki‡Z|
cÖ‡qvM : mk¼wP‡Ë (ev mkw¼ZwP‡Ë) †m K_vUv ejj| AccÖ‡qvM : GUv n‡”Q lô`k evwl©K mvaviY mfv|
AccÖ‡qvM : mwebqc~e©K wb‡e`b GB †h, ... cÖ‡qvM : GUv n‡”Q †lvok evwl©K mvaviY mfv|
cÖ‡qvM : mwebq (ev mwebqc~e©K) wb‡e`b GB †h, ... AccÖ‡qvM : GZ cwikªg Avgvi mva¨vqË bq|
AccÖ‡qvM : ïaygvÎ Mv‡qi †Rv‡i KvR nq bv| cÖ‡qvM : GZ cwikªg Avgvi mva¨ bq|
cÖ‡qvM : ïay Mv‡qi †Rv‡i KvR nq bv|
AccÖ‡qvM : †KejgvÎ `ybx©wZB G msK‡Ui Rb¨ `vqx| eûeP‡bi AwZwi³ cÖ‡qvM ev AccÖ‡qvM
cÖ‡qvM : †Kej `ybx©wZB G msK‡Ui Rb¨ `vqx| AccÖ‡qvM : hveZxq cÖvYxe„›` GB MÖ‡ni evwm›`v|
AccÖ‡qvM : e¨vcviUv Avgvi AvqËvaxb bq| cÖ‡qvM : hveZxq cÖvYx GB MÖ‡ni evwm›`v|
cÖ‡qvM : e¨vcviUv Avgvi AvqË (ev Aaxb) bq| AccÖ‡qvM : mKj `k©KgÛjx‡K ¯^vMZ RvbvB|
AccÖ‡qvM : Avgv‡ì †`k GK mgq weªwUk‡ì Aaxb¯’ wQj| cÖ‡qvM : mKj `k©K‡K ¯^vMZ RvbvB/`k©KgÛjx‡K
cÖ‡qvM : Avgv‡ì †`k GK mgq weªwUk‡ì Aaxb wQj| ¯^vMZ RvbvB|
AccÖ‡qvM : B`vwbsKv‡j Bs‡iwR auv‡P evsjv ejvi Ac‡Póv AccÖ‡qvM : mKj eb¨vZ©‡ì ÎvYmvgMÖx †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
n‡”Q| cÖ‡qvM : mKj eb¨vZ©‡K ÎvYmvgMÖx †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
cÖ‡qvM : B`vbxs Bs‡iwR auv‡P evsjv ejvi Ac‡Póv n‡”Q| AccÖ‡qvM : mgy`q c¶xivB bxo euv‡a|
AccÖ‡qvM : ZrKvjxb mgq miKv‡ii f~wgKv mgv‡jvwPZ nq| cÖ‡qvM : mgy`q c¶xB bxo euv‡a|
cÖ‡qvM : ZrKv‡j (ev †m mgq) miKv‡ii f~wgKv AccÖ‡qvM : mKj QvÎMY cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx bq|
mgv‡jvwPZ nq| cÖ‡qvM : mKj QvÎ cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx bq|
AccÖ‡qvM : †PviwU egvjmy× aiv c‡o‡Q| AccÖ‡qvM : Ab¨vb¨ welq¸‡jvi Av‡jvPbv c‡i n‡e|
cÖ‡qvM : †PviwU egvj (ev gvjï×) aiv c‡o‡Q| cÖ‡qvM : Ab¨ welq¸‡jvi Av‡jvPbv c‡i
h_vkãRwbZ AccÖ‡qvM n‡e/Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv c‡i n‡e|
AccÖ‡qvM : ‡Q‡jwU fqvbK †gavex| AccÖ‡qvM : mfvq A‡bK QvÎMY AvwmqvwQj|
cÖ‡qvM : ‡Q‡jwU AZ¨šÍ†gavex| cÖ‡qvM : mfvq A‡bK QvÎ AvwmqvwQj (ev
AccÖ‡qvM : AvMZ kwbev‡i Zvnviv hvB‡e| G‡mwQj)|
cÖ‡qvM : AvMvgx kwbev‡i Zvnviv hvB‡e| AccÖ‡qvM : b~Zb b~Zb †Q‡j¸‡jv eo DrcvZ
AccÖ‡qvM : Avcwb ¯^cwiev‡i Avgwš¿Z| Kwi‡Z‡Q|
cÖ‡qvM : Avcwb mcwiev‡i Avgwš¿Z| cÖ‡qvM : b~Zb b~Zb †Q‡j eo DrcvZ
AccÖ‡qvM : Amy¯e’ kZ †m K‡j‡R Avm‡Z cv‡iwb| Kwi‡Z‡Q/bZzb bZzb †Q‡j eo DrcvZ
cÖ‡qvM : Amy¯Z ’ vekZ †m K‡j‡R Avm‡Z cv‡iwb| Ki‡Q/bZzb †Q‡jiv eo DrcvZ Ki‡Q|
AccÖ‡qvM : wZwb †gvKÏgvq mv¶x †`‡eb| mgvm-NwUZ AcÖ‡qvM
cÖ‡qvM : wZwb †gvKÏgvq mv¶¨ †`‡eb| mgvm evK¨msnZ K‡i GK ev `yB k‡ã cÖKvk K‡i| †m Kvi‡Y
AccÖ‡qvM : evsjv‡`k GKwU DbœZkxj †`k| mgvm n‡Z nq h_vh_| wKš‘ †mLv‡b e¨Z¨q NUv‡j mgvm fyj ev
cÖ‡qvM : evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k| Gi AccÖ‡qvM N‡U| †hgb:
AccÖ‡qvM : Zvnvi mvsNvwZK Avb›` nBj| AccÖ‡qvM : wbÁ©bx
cÖ‡qvM : Zvnvi Acwimxg Avb›` nBj| cÖ‡qvM : wbÁ©b
AccÖ‡qvM : Kzcyiy‡li g‡Zv K_v e‡jv bv| AccÖ‡qvM : wb‡`©vlx
cÖ‡qvM : Kvcyiy‡li g‡Zv K_v e‡jv bv| cÖ‡qvM : wb‡`©vl
AccÖ‡qvM : Avgvi mveKvk bvB| AccÖ‡qvM : wba©bx
cÖ‡qvM : Avgvi AeKvk bvB| cÖ‡qvM : wba©b
AccÖ‡qvM : wZwb ¯^¯x¿ K ivRkvnx‡Z _v‡Kb| AccÖ‡qvM : bx‡ivMx
cÖ‡qvM : wZwb m¯¿xK ivRkvnx‡Z _v‡Kb| (¯¿xmn) cÖ‡qvM : bx‡ivM
AccÖ‡qvM : Avmvwgi Abycw¯’‡Z wePvi Pj‡Q| AccÖ‡qvM : wbicivax
cÖ‡qvM : Avmvwgi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z wePvi Pj‡Q| cÖ‡qvM : wbiciva
AccÖ‡qvM : Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZdj `ywb©evh©| AccÖ‡qvM : wbiwfgvbx
cÖ‡qvM : Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZdj `ywb©evi/Awbevh©| cÖ‡qvM : wbiwfgvb
AccÖ‡qvM : c„w_ex me©`v m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K N~Yx©qgvb| AccÖ‡qvM : wbin¼vix
cÖ‡qvM : c„w_ex me©`v m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K N~Yv©qgvb (ev cÖ‡qvM : wbin¼vi
N~Y©¨gvb)| AccÖ‡qvM : wb¸©Yx
AccÖ‡qvM : Wvwjg dz‡ji iw³gZv †Pv‡L covi g‡Zv| cÖ‡qvM : wb¸©Y

GB mgvme× c`¸‡jvi cÖwZ we‡klfv‡e j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e: ¯^Ë¡ bq ¯^Z¡ wbt‡kwlZ bq wbt‡kl
gwnggwÊZ (gwngvgwÊZ bq) Aa©ivÎ (Aa©ivwÎ bq) ¯^vZš¿ bq ¯^vZš¿¨ cy®‹Yx© bq cy®‹wiYx
gvZ…RvwZ (gvZvRvwZ bq) Anwb©k (Anwb©wk bq) Aaxb¯’ bq Aaxb
hyeivR (hyeivRv bq) A‡nvivÎ (A‡nvivwÎ bq)
ivRMY (ivRvMY bq) MwiggwÛZ (MwigvgwÛZ bq) Ô-ZvÕ cÖZ¨q eënviRwbZ fyj ev AccÖ‡qvM
m¶g (m¶wgZ bq) Mwiggq (Mwigvgq bq) evsjvq Ô-ZÕ cÖZ¨qwUi fyj eënvi LyeB †`Lv hvq| G e¨vcv‡i
mj¾ (mj¾v bq) wèvivÎ (wèvivwÎ bq) we‡klfv‡e `„wó bv w`‡j fyj nevi m¤¢vebv †_‡K hv‡e Ges †mUv
mk¼ (mk¼v bq) wcZ…nviv (wcZvnviv bq) AccÖ‡qvM e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e| wb‡P KwZcq k‡ã Ô-ZÕ cÖZ¨q
eënvi wb‡q mZK© `„wó AvKl©Y Kiv n‡jv:
myeyw× (myeyw×gvb bq) åvZ…e„›` (åvZve„›` bq)
evûj¨Zv bq evûj¨, eûjZv A‰ah©Zv bq A‰ah©, AaxiZv
AZj¯úk© (AZj¯úkx© bq)
êwPÎZv bq êwPÎ¨, wewPÎZv AcKh©Zv bq AcKh©,
cÖZ¨qNwUZ AccÖ‡qvM
AcK…óZv
ig¨ (igvYxq bq) gaywigv (gvaywigv bq) MÖvn¨ (MÖvn¨bxq
êwkó¨Zv bq êwkó¨, wewkóZv AvwZkh¨Zv bq AvwZkh¨,
bq)
AwZkhZv
j¶Yxq (j¶Ÿxq gvb¨ (gvb¨bxq bq) PzlYxq (†PvlYxq êag¨Zv bq êlg¨, welgZv Avjm¨Zv bq Avjm¨, AjmZv
bq) bq)
fvimvg¨Zv bq fvimvg¨, DrKl©Zv bq DrKl©, DrK…óZv
‡kªvZe¨ (kÖyZe¨ ‡gvn¨gvb (gyn¨gvb bq) `~lYxq (†`vlYxq fvimgZv
bq) bq)
gZ‰ØaZv bq gZ‰Øa HK¨Zvb bq HK¨, GKZv
mR©b (m„Rb bq) igYxq (igŸxq bq) wb¸©YZv
gvayh©Zv bq gvayh©, gayiZv Kvc©Y¨Zv bq Kvc©Y¨, K…cYZv
(wb¸©wYZv bq)
ˆgÎZv bq ˆgÎ, wgÎZv K…”Q¡Zv bq K…”Q¡
mnbxq (mn¨bxq Av_©bxwZK (A_©‰bwZK wb‡`©vwlZv
bq) bq) (wb‡`©vlZv bq) †gŠbZv bq †gŠb Mv¤¢xh©Zv bq Mv¤¢xh©, M¤¢xiZv
mvgmgwqK HKZvb (HK¨Zvb bq) cwiZ¨vR¨ jvNeZv bq jvNe, jNyZv PvÂj¨Zv bq PvÂj¨, PÂjZv
(mgmvgwqK bq) (cwiZvR¨ bq) mL¨Zv bq mL¨ PvZzh©Zv bq PvZzh©, PZziZv
e›`¨ (eÜ¨bxq bq) HKgZ¨ (HK¨gZ bq) c~RYxq (c~R¨bxq mvij¨Zv bq mvij¨, mijZv Pvcj¨Zv bq Pvcj¨, PcjZv
bq) mv`„k¨Zv bq mv`„k¨, m`„kZv `vwi`ª¨Zv bq `vwi`ª¨, `wi`ªZv
gw_Z (gwÌZ bq) MY¨ (MY¨bxq bq) c~R¨ (c~Rb¨bxq mvg_©¨Zv bq mvg_©¨, mg_©Zv ˆ`b¨Zv bq ˆ`b¨, `xbZv
bq) †mŠRb¨Zv bq †mŠRb¨, ˆØZZv bq ˆØZ
myRbZv
cÖZ¨qNwUZ Av‡iv wKQz AccÖ‡qvMRwbZ D`vniY: †mŠ›`h©Zv bq, †mŠ›`h©, ‡`Še©j¨Zv bq †`Še©j¨, `ye©jZv
evwn¨K bq evn¨ Amn¨bxq bq Amnbxq/Amn¨ my›ìZv
weev`gvb bq wee`gvb mva¨ZxZ bq Amva¨ †mŠnv`©¨Zv bq †mŠnv`©¨ âh©Zv bq âh©, axiZv
êwPÎ bq êwPÎ¨ Avek¨Kxq bq Avek¨K ˆ¯’h©Zv bq ˆ¯’h© cÖmviZv bq cÖmvi
e¨vKzwjZ bq e¨vKzj D‡ØwjZ bq D‡Øj ¯^vZš¿¨Zv bq ¯^vZš¿¨, ¯^Zš¿Zv †cŠiylZ¡ bq †cŠiyl, cyiylZ¡
gnZ¡ bq gnË¡ GKwÎZ bq GKÎ GKB A_©ÁvcK k‡ãi AccÖ‡qvM
mg-A_©ÁvcK k‡ãi GKvwaKevi cÖ‡qvM fyj e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|
gvb¨bxq bq gvbbxq/gvb¨ KwiZKgx© bq KwiZKg©v G ai‡bi AccÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vKvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi KwZcq
gnvZ¥ bq gvnvZ¥¨ MÖvn¨‡hvM¨ bq MÖnY‡hvM¨/MÖvn¨ `„óvšÍ`ªóe¨:
jäcÖwZwôZ bq jäcÖwZô N~Yx©qgvb bq N~Y©gvb/N~Y©vqgvb h`¨vwcI bq h`¨wc/hwÌ AkÖyRj bq AkÖy
ïaygvÎ bq ïay/gvÎ AvqËvaxb bq AvqË/Aaxb
mZ¡v bq mË¡v †Pvl¨ bq Pzl¨
mg~jmn bq mg~j/g~jmn Aviw³g bq Avi³/iw³g
m¤£všÍkvjx bq Ávbgvb bq Ávbevb
m¤£gkvjx/m¤£všÍ mgqKvj bq mgq/Kvj K`vwcI bq K`vwc
mva¨vqË bq mva¨ Z`„‡ó bq ZÏk©‡b myeyw×gvb bq myeyw×/eyw×gvb †KejgvÎ bq †Kej/gvÎ
my¯^vMZ bq ¯^vMZ weweacÖKvi bq wewea
wmwÂZ bq wm³ `yj©•Nbxq bq `yj©•N¨
A`¨vwcI bq A`¨vwc/A`Ï
wmÂb bq †mPb †`ŠivZ¥ bq †`ŠivZ¥¨

KwZcq we‡kl evbvb ewnwiw›`ªq ey¨rcwË k¥kvb n«¯^
AK¯§vr DaŸ© Rxevk¥ Z¨³ evZ¨vweaŸ¯Í e~¨n k¥kÖ“ n«vm
AMœ¨vkq GZÏviv R¡i `qv`ª© evj¥xwK eªvþY kª×v¯ú‡`ly ÜrwcÛ
AM-y¨rcvZ GZØ¨ZxZ R¡jR¡j `vwi`ª¨ weØ¾b †fŠ‡MvwjK kªxgZx n„`hš¿
AwPšÍ¨ J¾¡j¨ R¡jv `yivKv•¶v we`y¨r åvZ…Z¡ †k¨b
Aa¨vZ¥ J×Z¨ R¡vjv `ywb©ix¶v wefxwlKv gaym~`b †kø®§v
Awb›`¨ KZ©„ R¡vjvwb †`ŠivZ¥¨
AbyaŸ© KZ©„Z¡ †R¨ô Ø›Ø
AšÍtmË¡v KÎx© ˆR¨ô wØZxq
AšÍR©v¡ jv Kvw•¶Z †R¨vrmœv wØav
A‡šÍ¨wówµqv KzrwmZ †R¨vwZ †Øl
AcvO‡³q K…”Q« †R¨vwZ®‹ ˆØZ
AgZ©¨ K…wËevm UxKvwUàbx Ø¨_©
Aj•N¨ K¡wPr Zr¶Yvr `~¨Zµxov
Ak¦Ì Îyyi Zrm‡Ë¡I aŸsm
AvKv•¶v ¶y× ZË¡ aŸRv
Av`ª© ¶zYœ ZË¡veavb aŸwb
D‰”Pt¯^‡i ¶zwYœe„wË ZØ¨ZxZ aŸb¨vZ¥K
D”Q¡vm Mvn©¯’¨ ZvwË¡K bT_©K
D¾¡j M~p Zx² wbK¡Y
DZivB MÖx®§ Z~òx¤¢ve wbiew”Qbœ
DZ¨³ N~Y©¨gvb Z¡K wbØ©›Ø
Dw™¢¾ R‡jv”Q¡vm Z¡iY wbwØ©av
Dch©y³ RvR¡j¨gvb Z¡ivwš^Z bx‡ivM
Dcjwä RvZ¨wfgvb Z¡wiZ ˆbF©Z
b¨¯Í wef~wZf~lY gb¯Í Ë¡ lvb¥vwmK
by¨â ‰ewPÎ¨ gš^šÍi msea©bv
b~¨b ê`»¨ gZ¨ mËv
cK¡ êwkó¨ gnË¡ mË¡
cO&w³ e¨³ gvnvZ¥¨ m‡Ë¡I
cÙ e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ gyûgy©û mZ¨vwqZ
civ•gyL e¨MÖ gyn~Z© mÜ¨v
cwimªveY e¨½ h²v mbœ¨vm
cðv`cmiY e¨Äbv hk¯^x mbœ¨vmx
cvk¦© e¨wZµg hv”Tv mw¤§jb
cÖwZØw›ØZv e¨wZ‡i‡K hv_v_©¨ m‡¤§jb
cÖwZØ›Øx e¨wZe¨¯Í iwk¥ mi¯^Zx
cÖZ¨wqZ e¨ZxZ iƒp mvwË¡K
cÖZ~¨l e¨Z¨q †iŠ`ª mvšôbv
cÖvZtK…Z¨ e¨_v j¶Y wm›`yi
cÖvZå©gY e¨w_Z j²x m~²
‡cÖv¾¡j e¨c‡`k j¶¨ †mŠnv`©¨
†cŠ‡ivwnZ¨ eë‡”Q` km¨ ¯^Ztù~Z©
e¶¨gvY eëavb kvk¦Z ¯^Z¡
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq eëmv wki‡k&Q` ¯^v”Q›`¨
eÜ¨v eë¯’v wkl¨ ¯^vZš¿¨
eqtKwbô eënvi ïfvKv•¶x ¯^vqËkvmb
eqtcÖvß e¨q k¦ïi ¯^v¯’¨
e‡qv‡R¨ô e¨_© k¦kÖ“ ¯§iY
eZ¥©¨ e¨¯Í k¦vc` nxb¤§b¨Zv

Welq: Evsjv (E Vkiy-01) : Cwipvwjz

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Welq: Evsjv (E Vkiy-01) : Cwipvwjz

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Lecture 03

welq: evsjv (e¨vKiY-01)

e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq

1. aŸwb 2. kã aŸwbZË¡ kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡

3. evK¨ 4.A_© evK¨ZË¡ A_©ZË¡

GQvov AwfavbZË¡ (Lexicography), Q›` I AjsKvi cÖf„wZI e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq|

aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

evK¨Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq

k‡ãi A_© Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq

e¨vKiY welqK MÖš’

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

¯^iaŸwbi Ab¨vb¨ †kªwYwefvM

D”Pvi‡Yi ¯’vb‡f‡` e¨ÄbaŸwbi †kªwY wefvM:

Q‡K ¯úk© aŸwbi †kªYxwefvRb

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

djv t e¨Äbe‡Y©i mswÿß iƒc‡K ejv nq ÔdjvÕ|

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

 P Gi ci k _vK‡j P ¯’‡j k nq| h_v:

Zrmg ¯^imwÜi wbqg

 B ev C-Kv‡ii ci B ev C (`xN©)-Kvi nq, C-Kvi c~e©e‡Y© hy³ nq| h_v:

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

Zrmg e¨Äb mwÜi wbqg

 Z ev ` Gi c‡i Q/P _vK‡j Z I ` ¯’v‡b ÔPÕ nq| h_v:

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

 Z ev ` Gi c‡i R ev S _vK‡j Z I ` ¯’v‡b ÔRÕ nq| h_v:

 Z ev ` Gi c‡i W _vK‡j Z I ` ¯’v‡b ÔÇÕ nq| h_v:

 Z ev ` Gi c‡i U ev V _vK‡j Z I ` ¯’v‡b ÔUÕ nq| h_v:

 Z/` Gi c‡i b/g _vK‡j 3/` ¯’v‡j b nq| h_v:

 l Gi c‡i Z wKsev _ _vK‡j Z ¯’v‡j U Ges _ ¯’v‡j V nq| h_v:

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

 wemM© Gi ci ¶, i, k, m _vK‡j mwÜ‡Z wemM© AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| h_v:

wbcvZ‡b wm× ¯^imwÜ

wbcvZ‡b wm× e¨ÄbmwÜ

we‡kl wbq‡g mvwaZ e¨ÄbmwÜ

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

k‡ãi DrcwËMZ †kªwYwefvRb

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

ms¯‹…Z cÖvK…Z Z™¢e ms¯‹…Z cÖvK…Z Z™¢e

Zrmg Aa©Zrmg Z™¢e Zrmg Aa©Zrmg Z™¢e

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

evsjv fvlvi e¨eüZ K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡`wk kã

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

k‡ãi A_©MZ †kªYxfvM

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

we‡kl¨ c` 6 cÖKvi| h_v:

fveevPK we‡kl¨ (Verbal Noun)

¸YevPK we‡kl¨ (Abstract Noun)

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198

L. Zrmg k‡ãi AwZkvqb:

evsjv fvlvq wZb cÖKvi Ae¨q kã i‡q‡Q| h_v:

FB Group: Matrix BCS Study Hotline: 01762-284198