Banker’s zone

Complex & Compound Sentences

Uses of Complex Sentence
†h sentence GKwU principal clause Ges GK ev GKvwaK dependent or subordinate
clause wb‡q MwVZ Zv‡K complex sentence e‡j| mnR K_vq complex sentence G
G‡Ki AwaK subject Ges finite verb _vK‡e| Complex sentence Gi ‡ÿ‡Î subject
GKB e¨w³ n‡j I Zv `yBeviB e‡m|
Note: Subordinate clause nj H clause ev evK¨vsk hv Ab¨ clause Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov
A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Principal clause nj H clause ev evK¨vsk hv Ab¨ clause
Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
(1) We were sleeping when it was raining.
hLb e„wó nB‡ZwQj ZLb Avgiv NygvB‡ZwQjvg|
(2) As he was sick, he couldn’t go to office.
†h‡nZz †m Amy¯’ wQj ZvB †m Awd‡m †h‡Z cv‡iwb|
(3) I think that he destroyed the letter which you sent there.
Avgvi g‡b nq †h Zzwg †h wPwVwU †mLv‡b cvwV‡qwQ‡j Zv †m aŸsm K‡i †d‡j‡Q|
(4) These are the people whose houses have been washed away by flood.
GB †mB †jvKRb hv‡`i evwoNi eb¨vq fvwm‡q wb‡q †M‡Q|
(5) Walk fast lest you should miss the train.
`ªæZ nvU bB‡j Zzwg †Uªb wgm Ki‡e|
(6) He will wait here till the sun rises.
m~h© bv DVv ch©šÍ ‡m GLv‡b A‡cÿv Ki‡e|
(7) A lot has been said regarding the incident even though much has not
been done.
NUbvwU m¤ú‡K© A‡bK ejv n‡q‡Q Zv m‡Ë¡I A‡bK wKQz Kiv nqwb|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
 Complex sentence Gi cÖ_g AskwU present A_ev future tense Gi n‡j Aci
AskwU present G n‡e|
 Complex sentence Gi cÖ_g AskwU past Gi n‡j Aci AskwU past tense G
n‡e|
Complex sentence †Pbvi Dcvq
wb‡Pi conjunction w`‡q hw` †Kvb sentence MwVZ nq Zvn‡j Zv complex sentence
n‡e-
As †h‡nZz Since †h‡nZz
Because KviY Though hw`I
Although hw`I Even though Zv m‡Ë¡I
Even if GgbwK hw`, Zvn‡jI Before c~‡e©
After c‡i Until hZÿY bv
Till ch©šÍ Unless hw` bv
While hLb Lest Zv bv n‡j/ bB‡j
What Kx / hv Why †Kb / †hb
Whom Kv‡K / hv‡K How wKfv‡e, †Kgb/†hfv‡e, †hgb
Where ‡Kv_vq / †h_vq When KLb / hLb
Which †KvbwU / †hwU Whose KviwU / hviwU
Who ‡K / †h Who ‡K †K / Kvnviv
That hv / †hwU So that hv‡Z
In order that D‡Ï‡k¨ If hw`
Whoever †hB ‡nvKbv †Kb However hZB
Whatever hvB †nvK bv †Kb Wherever †hLv‡bB †nvK bv †Kb
Whichever †hwUB †nvK bv †Kb So ---- as gZ ----- AZ
As ----- so †hgb ---- †Zgb As ----- as hZ ----- ZZ / gZ
So….that GZUvB----- †h
Dc‡ii conjunction ¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvM wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv‡Z †`Lv‡bv nj-
(1) As it was raining, we took an umbrella with us.
†h‡nZz e„wó nw”Qj ZvB Avgiv QvZv wb‡q wM‡qwQjvg|
(2) Since he was sick, he did not come.
†h‡nZz †m Amy¯’ wQj †mB‡nZz †m Av‡mwb|
(3) We could not go there because we were busy.
Avgiv †mLv‡b †h‡Z cvwiwb KviY Avgiv e¨¯Í wQjvg|
(4) Though he was poor, he was honest.
hw`I †m `wi`ª wQj Z_vwc †m mr wQj|
(5) Although he was poor, he was honest.
hw`I †m `wi`ª wQj, Z_vwc mr wQj|
(6) Nishat has not come even though I invited her twice.
 Avwg `yevi wbgš¿Y Kiv m‡Ë¡I wbkvZ Av‡mwb|
(7) She will not change her decision even if the President has requested.
†m Zvi wm×všÍ cwieZ©b Ki‡ebv †cÖwm‡W›U Aby‡iva Kiv m‡Ë¡I|
(8) The sun had set before we reached the station.
Avgiv †÷k‡b hvIqvi c~‡e© m~h© A¯Í wM‡qwQj|
(9) We reached home after the sun had set.
m~h© A¯Í hvevi ci Avgiv evwo †cuŠ‡QwQjvg|
(10) We will wait here until you come.
Zzwg bv Avmv ch©šÍ Avgiv GLv‡b A‡cÿv Kie|
(11) We will wait here until the sun sets.
m~h© A¯Í bv hvIqv ch©šÍ Avgiv GLv‡b A‡cÿv Kie|
(12) We won’t go unless you come. Zzwg bv Avm‡j Avgiv hve bv|
(13) I saw him while I was going to university.
wek¦we`¨vj‡q hvIqvi mgq Avwg Zv‡K †`Ljvg|
(14) Run fast lest you should miss the train.
`ªæZ nvU bB‡j †Uªb wgm Kivi fq Av‡Q|
(15) I do not care you whoever you are.
Zzwg †hB-B nIbv †Kb Avwg †Zvgv‡K †Kqvi Kwi bv|
(16) I will follow you wherever you go.
Zzwg †hLv‡bB hvIbv †Kb Avwg †Zvgv‡K AbymiY Kie|
(17) You can take the pen whichever you like.
Zzwg †h KjgwUB cQ›` Ki Zv wb‡Z cvi|
(18) You will come whenever you like. ‡Zvgvi hLb-B Lywk Avm‡e|
(19) You cannot do whatever you like.
‡Zvgvi hv Lywk Zv Zzwg Ki‡Z cvi bv|
(20) I was so weak that I could not walk.
Avwg GZ `ye©j wQjvg †h nuvU‡Z cvwiwb|
(21) As you sow so you reap. ‡hgb Kg© †Zgb dj|
(22) I want to know when you will come.
Avwg Rvb‡Z PvB Zzwg KLb Avm‡e|
(23) I do not know which man helped me.
Avwg Rvwbbv †Kvb †jvKwU Avgv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj|
(24) They knew how we reached there.
Zviv RvbZ Avgiv Kxfv‡e †mLv‡b †cuŠ‡QwQjvg|
(25) Work hard so that you may achieve success.
K‡Vvi cwikªg Ki hv‡Z Zzwg mdjZv jvf Ki‡Z cvi|
(26) This is the house that my father made.
GB †mB evwo †hwU Avgvi evev ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb|
(27) If you came, I would go. hw` Zzwg Avm‡Z Avwg †hZvg|
(28) We eat rice in order that we may live.
Avgiv fvZ LvB GB D‡Ï‡k¨ †h †hb Avgiv euvP‡Z cvwi|
(29) We do not know whether she will come or not.
Avgiv Rvwb bv †m Avm‡e wKbv|
(30) No sooner had the thief seen the police than he ran away.
cywjk †`LvgvÎ †Pvi cvwj‡q †Mj|
(31) You will get reward according as you work.
‡Zvgvi KvR Abymv‡i Zzwg cyi¯‹vi cv‡e|
(32) You are not as tall as I expected. Avwg hZUv cÖZ¨vkv K‡iwQjvg Zzwg ZZUv j¤^v
bv|
(33) However rich he is, he is unhappy. ‡m hZB abx ‡nvK bv †Kb †m AmyLx|
(34) I am not so clever as you. Avwg †Zvgvi gZ AZ PvjvK bv|
(35) As you behave so you will be behaved.
Zzwg †hgb e¨envi Ki‡e †Zgb e¨envi cv‡e|
(36) As you sow so you reap. Zzwg †hgb Kg© Ki‡e †Zgb dj cv‡e|
(37) However clever you are, you cannot deceive us.
Zzwg hZB PvjvK nIbv †Kb Zzwg Avgv‡`i‡K dvwK w`‡Z cvi‡e bv|
(38) As we were late, we missed many things.
‡h‡nZz Avgiv †`wi K‡iwQjvg ZvB Avgiv A‡bK wKQz wgm K‡iwQjvg|
(39)He was so tired that he could not leave bed.

Passage translation based on complex and compound sentence

evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKv eywoM½v b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z| XvKv wkí, ms¯‹…wZ I mvwn‡Z¨ Lye mg„×|
G kn‡ii Dˇi i‡q‡Q MvRxcyi I Uv½vBj, `wÿ‡Y gywÝMÄ I ivRevwo, c~‡e© bvivqYMÄ I cwð‡g
gvwbKMÄ| BwZnvmwe`‡`i g‡a¨ XvKvi bvg wb‡q gZcv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib ejøvj
†mb KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ Xv‡Kk¦ix gw›`i †_‡K kniwUi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K A‡b‡K e‡jb
†h 1610 mv‡j Bmjvg Lvb G kn‡ii mxgvbv wba©viY K‡ib hZ`~i †_‡K XvK (‡Xvj) evRv‡j Gi
kã †kvbv hvq ZZ`~i ch©šÍ| MZ Pvik eQ‡i XvKv kni A‡bK e`‡j †M‡Q| eZ©gv‡b XvKvq
emevmiZ †jv‡Kiv †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ K‡Vvi cwikÖg K‡ib| ivRavbx kni e‡j G kn‡ii Rxeb
hvÎvi LiP A‡bK †ewk| GKw`‡K G kn‡ii A‡bK gvbyl hviv cÖPzi A_© m¤ú‡`i gvwjK Zviv
wejvmx Rxe‡b Af¨¯Í| Ab¨w`‡K A‡bK gvbyl wb‡R‡`i‡K †Kvb iK‡g euvwP‡q †i‡L‡Q| G `ywU
†kÖYxi evB‡i Av‡iKwU †kÖYxi gvbyl i‡q‡Q hviv wQbœg~j gvbyl bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zv‡`i‡K
†ij‡÷kb, jÂNvU, evmUvwg©bvj I dzUcv‡Z iv‡Z Nygv‡Z †`Lv hvq| G kn‡i evm K‡i weivU
GK ga¨weË †kÖYx hviv g~jZ wkÿvi Rb¨ MÖvg †_‡K G kn‡i Av‡m Ges wkÿv mgv‡ßi ci Zviv
Avi MÖvggyLx nq bv| †h‡nZz ivRavbx kn‡i Zviv AvaywbK Rxe‡bi mKj my‡hvM myweav †fvM K‡i
ZvB Zviv Kg myweav m¤úbœ MÖv‡g wM‡q ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Z Pvq bv| GUvI †`Lv hvq †h A‡b‡K
PvKwii LvwZ‡i XvKvi evB‡i †M‡jI cwievi cwiRb‡K †i‡L hvq XvKvq| e¯‘Z XvKvi RxebhvÎvi
LiP `ªæZ MwZ‡Z evo‡Q| d‡j Aí UvKv DcvR©bKvix e¨w³iv Li‡Pi mv‡_ Zvj †gjv‡Z cvi‡Q
bv| GwU Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GK ai‡Yi nZvkv I Aw¯’iZv m„wó Ki‡Q| G nZvkv I Aw¯’iZv ïay Zv‡`i
e¨w³ Rxeb‡KB ÿwZMÖ¯Í K‡i bv, Zv‡`i cvwievwiK Rxeb‡KI ÿwZMÖ¯Í K‡i| GUv mZ¨ †h Afve
AbUb cvwievwiK AkvwšÍi m„wó K‡i| GUv ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv †h wkïiv hLb AkvšÍ cvwievwiK
cwi‡e‡k eo nq ZLb Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK weKvk ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| Aek¨ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î msmv‡ii
µgea©gvb Li‡Pi Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z wM‡q gv-evev Dfq‡K M„‡ni evB‡i Kv‡R †h‡Z nq| Gi wKQz
myweav I Amyweav i‡q‡Q| myweav nj Afve `~i n‡”Q, msmvi Avw_©Kfv‡e m”Qj n‡”Q, bvixi
ÿgZvqb n‡”Q cÖf…wZ| Avi Amyweav nj †Q‡j‡g‡qiv gv‡qi †¯œn I fvjevmv †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q
KviY Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB eo n‡”Q Kv‡Ri †g‡q‡`i ZË¡veav‡b| GwU mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK eÜb‡K
`ye©j K‡i w`‡”Q| Ab¨K_vq cwievi Av‡Mi gZ Kvh©Ki mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z
cvi‡Q bv| gvbyl n‡q hv‡”Q AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK I evwYwR¨K| Av‡eM, AbyivM, mnvbyf~wZ, mngwg©Zv,
mnbkxjZv, †mŠnv`¨c~Y©Zv, c‡ivcKvixZvi gZ m`¸Y ¸‡jv nvwi‡q hv‡”Q| A_©‰bwZK m”QjZv
mwZ¨B wK Avgv‡`i gvbwmK cÖkvwšÍ evwo‡q‡Q? m”QjZv Ges ÿgZv hv‡`i g‡a¨ AvZ¥Mf© e‡q bv
Av‡b Zviv A‡bK cÖkvwšÍ‡Z _v‡K|
KwVb k‡ãi A_©t is bounded by †ewóZ; keep somebody afloat somehow †Kvb
iK‡g euvwP‡q ivLv; all modern amenities mKj AvaywbK myweav; rootless people wQbœg~j
gvbyl; for the sake of the job PvKwii LvwZ‡i; keep pace with expenditure Li‡Pi
mv‡_ Zvj wgjv‡bv; frustration and fickleness nZvkv I Aw¯’iZv; peaceless family
AkvšÍ cwievi; delicate `ye©j; self centred AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK; empathy mngwg©Zv; fall into
oblivion nvwi‡q hvIqv; amicability †mŠnv`¨c~Y©Zv; benevolence c‡ivcKvixZv; GUv
ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv it goes without saying/it is needless to say.
Answer
Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, stands on the bank of the river
Burigonga. Dhaka is very rich in art, culture and literature. The city is
bounded by Gazipur and Tangail on the north, Munshiganj and Rajbari on
the south, Narayanganj on the east and Manikganj on the west. Historians
differ over the naming of Dhaka. Many think that the city’s name has been
originated from the name of Dhakeswari Mandir (temple) founded by
Ballal Sen. On the other hand, many others say that in 1610 Islam Khan
determined the boundary of the city upto the area as far as the sound of
‘Dhak’ (drum) reached while it was beaten. Dhaka city has greatly
changed over the last four hundred years. At present, people living in
Dhaka work hard to survive. As a capital city, life leading expenditure is
very high here. On the one hand, many people, who possess huge amount
of money in this city, are accustomed to leading luxurious life. On the
other hand, many other people have kept themselves afloat somehow.
Besides these two classes, there is another class of people who are known
as rootless people. They are seen to sleep in the rail-station, launch-ghat,
bus-terminal and footpath at night. The city is the abode of a large middle
class people who mainly come to this city for education, but do not go
back to village on completion of their education. As they enjoy all modern
amenities in the capital city, they are reluctant to settle in the villages
blessed with less facilities permanently. It is also seen that although some
people go out of Dhaka for the sake of their jobs, they leave their families
in Dhaka. Indeed, life leading expenditure is rising by leaps and bounds
in Dhaka. Consequently, the people earning low income cannot keep pace
with expenditure. It is creating some sort of frustration and fickleness in
them. This frustration and fickleness affects not only their personal life
but also family life. It is true that want and crisis creates family
unhappiness. It goes without saying that when children grow up in
peaceless family environment, their normal growth is affected. However,
in many cases both the father and the mother have to join work outside
home to meet up the increasing expenditure of the family. There are some
pros and cons of doing this. Advantages include removal of want from the
family, rise of solvency, women empowerment and so on. Disadvantages
include children’s deprivation of motherly love because many of them are
growing up under the supervision of maid servants. It is making social
and family ties delicate. In other words, family cannot work as an effective
social organization as earlier one. People are becoming self centred and
commercial. Virtues like emotion, passion, sympathy, empathy tolerance,
amicability, benevolence are falling into oblivion. Has economic solvency
truly raised our mental tranquility? The people for whom solvency and
power do not bring self conceit, remain in mental tranquility.
 Uses of Compound Sentence

†h sentence `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK principal clause wb‡q MwVZ nq Zv‡K compound

sentence e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î principal clause ¸‡jv co-ordinating conjunction A_ev
corelative conjunction Øviv GKwU ev‡K¨ cwiYZ nq|
cÖavb cÖavb Co-ordinating conjunctions
(1) And Ges
(2) But wKš‘
(3) Or A_ev
(4) As well as Ges
(5) Else bB‡j
cÖavb cÖavb Co-relative conjunctions
(6) Not only ---- but also ïay GUvB bv ----- IUvI
(7) Either ----- or nq GUv ------ bq IUv
(8) Neither ----- nor GUvI bv ----- IUvI bv
(9) Still Zey
(10) Both --------- and DfqB

Gevi wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb

(1) You and your brother have done this work.
Zzwg Ges †Zvgvi fvB GB KvRwU K‡iQ|
(2) Shomi is rich but unhappy. kgx abx wKš‘ AmyLx|
(3) The man is poor but happy. ‡jvKwU Mixe wKš‘ myLx|
(4) Nupur as well as her friends is good.
bycyi Ges Zvi eÜziv fvj|
(5) I tried my best, nevertheless I failed.
Avwg Avgvi m‡e©v”P †Póv K‡iwQjvg Zv m‡Ë¡I e¨_© n‡qwQjvg|
(6) He is rich, yet he is not happy. ‡m abx Z_vwc †m myLx bq|
(7) Walk quickly, else you will not overtake him.
`ªæZ nuvU bB‡j Zzwg Zv‡K wcQ‡b †dj‡Z cvi‡e bv|
(8) He is diligent, therefore he will succeed. ‡m cwikªgx ZvB †m mdj n‡e|
(9) He is sick, so he will not attend class. ‡m Amy¯’ ZvB †m K¬v‡k †hvM w`‡e bv|
(10) You killed your time, consequently you have to suffer difficulties.
Zzwg mgq bó K‡iQ djkÖæwZ‡Z/d‡j †Zvgv‡K `y‡f©vM †cvnv‡Z n‡e|
(11) Neither Nipa nor Ruma came. wbcv Ges iægvi †KD Av‡mwb|
(12) Either Nipa or Ruma came. nq wbcv bq iægv G‡mwQj|
(13) Not only Nupur but also Jumur came.
ïay bycyiB bq SzgyiI G‡mwQj|
(14) Nupur went not only to college but also to shopping mall.
bycyi ïay K‡j‡RB hvqwb kwcs g‡jI wM‡qwQj|
(15) Nupur not only studied but also played.
bycyi ïay cov‡jLvB K‡iwb †L‡jwQjI|
(16) I both respect and honor them.
Avwg Zv‡`i‡K kª×v Ges m¤§vb DfqB Kwi|
(17) Both the father and the mother came. evev gv DfqB G‡mwQ‡jb|
(18) Both Mitu and Situ will come. wgZz Ges wmZz DfqB Avm‡e|
(19) You are no less clever than he. Zzwg Zvi †P‡q Kg PvjvK bv|
(20) Work hard, otherwise you will fail.
K‡Vvi cwikªg Ki bB‡j †dj Ki‡e|
(21) He has worked hard, yet he couldn’t pass.
‡m K‡Vvi cwikªg K‡i‡Q Z_vwc cvm Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
(22) It is 10 a.m, still you are sleeping. GLb `kUv ev‡R Zey Zzwg Nygv”Q|
(23) You are very honest, while your son is dishonest.
Zzwg Lye mr Ab¨w`‡K †Zvgvi †Q‡j Amr|
(24) You are gentle man, whereas your brother has been a terrorist.
Zzwg f`ª‡jvK Ab¨w`‡K †Zvgvi fvB n‡q‡Q mš¿vmx|
(25) He passed not because he studied hard but because he leaked out
question paper.
‡m cvm K‡i‡Q K‡Vvi cwikªg K‡i‡Q e‡j bq cÖkœ duvm K‡i‡Q e‡j|
(26) You have studied a lot, so you can expect good output.
Zzwg A‡bK cwikªg K‡iQ ZvB Zzwg fvj dj cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡Z cvi|
(27) I cannot speak English, but I can speak Bengali.
Avwg Bs‡iwR ej‡Z cvwibv wKš‘ evsjv ej‡Z cvwi|
(28) A team has gone to Tangail, while another team has gone to
Jamalpur.
GKwU `j Uv½vBj wM‡q‡Q Ab¨w`‡K Av‡iKwU `j †M‡Q Rvgvjcyi|
(29) I will go to Chittagong and meet him
Avwg PÆMÖv‡g hve Ges Zvi mv‡_ †`Lv Kie|
(30) Not only he but also you are honest. ïay †mB bv ZzwgI mr|
Not only …… but also Gi e¨envi
( ïay GUvB bv ..... IUvI)
Not only …but also e¨env‡ii wZbwU wbqg Av‡Q| h_v-
(a) `ywU clause Gi verb wfbœ n‡j not only e‡m cÖ_g verb Gi c~‡e© Avi but also e‡m
w`¦Zxq verb Gi c~‡e©| †hgb -
(i) Avgiv †mw`b ïay gv‡VB hvBwb wµ‡KU †LjvI ‡`‡LwQ|
We not only went to the playground but also watched cricket match
that day.
(ii) wQbZvBKvwiwU ïay gwnjvwUi e¨vMB wQbZvB K‡iwb Zv‡K AvNvZI K‡i‡Q|
The snatcher has not only snatched the bag of the woman but also
hit her.
(i) Avgiv Gevi kx‡Zi QzwU‡Z ïay MÖv‡g hveB bv K‡qKw`b _vKeI|
We will not only go to village in winter vacation this year but also
stay for a few days.
(b) `ywU clause Gi verb GKB n‡j not only e‡m verb Gi c‡i, Zvici cÖ_g
clause Gi evwK Ask Gici but also Zvici wØZxq clause Gi evwK Ask e‡m| †hgb-
(i) Avgiv †ivwn½v‡`i‡K ïay AvkÖqB †`Bwb LveviI w`‡qwQ|
We have given the Rohingya not only shelter but also food.
Note: verb Gic‡i object GKB n‡j not only e‡m object wUi c‡i|
(ii) jyrdv ïay wewmGm cixÿvB w`‡e bv e¨vs‡Ki PvKwii cixÿvI w`‡e|
Lutfa will sit for not only BCS exam but also bank job recruitment test.
(iii) Avgiv MZKvj ïay wek¦we`¨vj‡qB hvBwb kvnev‡Mi MYMÖš’vMv‡iI wM‡qwQjvg|
We went not only to university but also to the public library at Shahbag.
(c) `ywU clause Gi subject wfbœ n‡j not only ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z e‡m, Zvici cÖ_g subject
Gici but also Gici wØZxq subject, Gici common verb mn evwK Ask e‡m| †hgb-
(i) ïay mydjB bq gvmyg wejøvI wewmGm K¨vWvi n‡q‡Q|
Not only Sufol but also Masum Billah has been a BCS cadre.
(ii) ïay ZvgvbœvB bq Zvi evÜexivI wewmGm cixÿv w`‡q‡Q|
Not only Tamanna but also her friends have sat for BCS exam.
Note: but also Gic‡i †h subject _v‡K †mwU Abymv‡i verb e‡m|
 (iii ) ïay cÖvYxK~jB bq Dw™¢`K~jI cwi‡ekMZ fvim‡g¨i Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
Not only fauna but also floa are highly essential for ecological
balance.
Either…… or (nq GUv ----bq IUv )
Either ……. Or Gi †ÿ‡Î not only ….. but also Gi wZbwU wbqgB cÖ‡hvR¨| wb‡Pi
D`vniY¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb -
(i) nq Zzwg fvjfv‡e covïbv Ki‡e bq MÖv‡g wM‡q Rwg Pvlvev` Ki‡e|
You will either read attentively or plough land going to village.
(ii) nq †m PvKwi Ki‡e bq e¨emv cÖwZôvb w`‡e|
He will either do a job or set up a business centre.
(iii) nq Zzwg bq †Zvgvi eÜziv G PgrKvi KvRwU K‡i‡Q|
Either you or your friends have done this excellent job.
(iv) nq Avwg _vbvq hve bq †Kv‡U© hve|
I will go either to the police station or to the court.
(v) nq Zzwg †fvU †K‡›`ª hv‡e bq †fvU`v‡b weiZ _vK‡e|
You will either go to the polling station or abstain from voting.

Neither ……. Nor (GUI bv..... IUvI bv )

Neither ….. nor Gi †ÿ‡ÎI not only ….but also Gi wZbwU wbqgB cÖ‡hvR¨| †hgb
-
(i) wiZv I Zvi †evb‡`i †KDB G KvR K‡iwb|
Neither Rita nor her sisters have done this work.
(ii) wiZv fvZI Lv‡e bv K‡j‡RI hv‡e bv|
Rita will neither eat rice nor go to college.
(iii) Avgiv G `‡jI bB I GUv mg_©bI Kwi bv|
We neither belong to this group nor support this.
(iv) wbcv K‡j‡RI hv‡e bv gv‡K©‡UI hv‡e bv|
Nipa will go neither to college nor to market .
(v) Zvi UvKvI †bB ÿgZvI †bB|
He has neither money nor power.
(vi) Avjvgxb Bs‡iwR ey‡SI bv eySvi AvMÖnI †bB|
Alamin neither understands English nor has eagerness to
understand the same.
 Difference between conjunction and the sentence linker/connector
Conjunction hy³ K‡i `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK words, `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK clauses A_ev `yB ev
Z‡ZvwaK sentence ‡K| GwU GKwU sentence Gi g‡a¨B (within a sentence) e¨eüZ
nq|
Ab¨w`‡K sentence linkers/connectors wfbœ wfbœ consecutive (avivevwnK) sentence
Gi flow eRvq ivL‡Z e¨eüZ nq| GwU e¨eüZ nq between two sentence G| G‡ÿ‡Î
`ywU sentence Gi g‡a¨ Full stop ev semicolon (;) e¨eüZ nq| sentence
linkers/connectors ¸‡jv nj-
(1) However (hvB †nvK/Zv m‡Ë¡I) (2) Nevertheless (Zv m‡Ë¡I) (3) Indeed
(mwZ¨/e¯‘Z) (4) Besides (QvovI) (5) Therefore (myZivs, †mB‡nZz) (6)
Consequently (djkÖæwZ‡Z) (7) Actually (mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©) (8) Naturally (¯^fveZB,
cÖK…wZMZfv‡e) (9) Finally (Ae‡k‡l) (10) On the contrary (Aciw`‡K) (11) Only
(ïaygvÎ) (12) Afterall (mem‡Ë¡I, Zv m‡Ë¡I) (13) Any way (hvB †nvK) (14) For
example (D`vniY¯^iƒc) (15) On the other hand (Aci w`‡K) (16) Similarly
(Abyiƒcfv‡e) (17) In contrast (cÿvšÍ‡i) (18) Further, or Furthermore (AviI)
(19) As a result (d‡j) (20) Moreover (AwaKš‘), (21) Such as (†hgb), (22)
For instance (D`vniY ¯^iƒc), (23) First of all (cÖ_gZ), (24) Last of all (me‡kl)|

Uses in sentences
(1) You made late. However/nevertheless, you may start your work.
Zzwg †`wi K‡iQ Zv m‡Ë¡I Zzwg †Zvgvi KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cvi|
Note: However hy³ K‡i `ywU we‡ivax sentence ‡K|
(2) You are honest. Indeed you are respected by all.
Zzwg mr| mwZ¨ Zzwg mevi Øviv m¤§vbxZ|
(3) He is intelligent. Besides he is laborious.
‡m eyw×gvb ZvQvov †m cwikªgx|
(4) You are working hard. Therefore/consequently, you can expect good
output.
Zzwg K‡Vvi cwikªg Ki‡ZQ myZivs Zzwg fvj dj cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡Z cvi|
(5) Kamrul scored highest marks. Actually, he deserves it.
Kvgiæj m‡e©v”P gvK© †c‡q‡Q| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© †m GUvi †hvM¨|
(6) Mina’s mother died yesterday. Naturally, she is very upset today.
 MZKvj wgbvi gv gviv †M‡Qb| ¯^fveZB †m nZvk|
(7) I tried three times. Finally, I got success.
Avwg wZbevi †Póv K‡iwQ| Ae‡k‡l Avwg mdjZv †c‡qwQ|
(8) This bus is Chittagong bound. On the contrary, that bus is Dhaka
bound.
GB evmwU PÆMÖvg gyLx| Aciw`‡K H evmwU XvKvgyLx|
(9) Take my umbrella. Only, take care that you do not break it.
Avgvi QvZv wb‡q hvI| ïay †Lqvj †iL †hb Zv †f‡½ bv hvq|
(10) You should not insult Mr. Palash Afterall he is your senior.
‡Zvgvi cjvk mv‡ne‡K Acgvb Kiv DwPZ bq| me m‡Ë¡I wZwb †Zvgvi eo|
(11) You made late. Anyway you may try.
Zzwg †`wi K‡i †d‡jQ| hvB †nvK Zzwg †Póv Ki‡Z cvi|
(12) He insulted me. However, I did not mind.
‡m Avgv‡K Acgvb K‡i‡Q Zv m‡Ë¡I Avwg ivM Kwiwb|
(13) They are two brothers. Elder one has joined the Bangladesh army to
serve the nation. In contrast, the younger one has been a professional
terrorist and is harming the nation.
(14) He is a chain smoker and takes about 50 cigarettes a day. As a result,
he may suffer from lung disease in his old age.
(15) Pakistani Hanadar Bahini killed many innocent people in 1971.
Furthermore, they raped many women.
(16) This bank is performing many corporate social responsibilities. For
example, it is providing financial assistance to poor students.
(17) Farmers of our country are beset with problems. Moreover, they are
to work against different natural disasters.
(18) There are many reasons of my disliking student politics. First of all,
it creates campus violence.

Passage translation based on simple, complex and compound

sentence.
cÖwZwU hy‡MiB wbR¯^ wKQz ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| AvaywbK hyM G †_‡K e¨wZµg bq| AvaywbK hy ‡Mi
cÖavb ˆewkó¨ nj m‡›`n I we‡iva Ges ØÜ I weZK©| hy‡Mi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q evsjv‡`k GwM‡q
hv‡”Q| MZ wek eQ‡i evsjv‡`k wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î A‡bK AMÖMwZ mvab K‡i‡Q| G¸‡jv nj
Z_¨cÖhyw³‡Z wecøe, bvixi ÿgZvqb; AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb; wkï I gvZ…g„Zz¨nvi n«vm, Mo
gv_vwcQz Avq e„w×, mvÿiZvi nvi e„w×, evwY‡R¨i m¤úªmviY cÖf…wZ| †h‡nZz evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK
†ÿ‡Î e¨vcK DbœwZ mvab K‡i‡Q ZvB miKvi cÙv †mZzi gZ eo cÖKí wbR¯^ A_©vq‡b Kivi
SuzwK wb‡Z †c‡i‡Q| GQvov `vwi`ª, Afve AbUb MZ `k‡K A‡bK K‡g‡Q| me‡P‡q †ewk Dbœqb
n‡q‡Q wb¤œweË gvby‡li KviY Zv‡`i cÖK…Z Avq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i †e‡o‡Q| GKwU D`vni‡Yi
gva¨‡g cwieZ©bwU e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| `k eQi Av‡M GKRb wi·vPvjK hv DcvR©b KiZ
Zv w`‡q 10 †KwR Pvj wKb‡Z cviZ| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b †m Zvi mvivw`‡bi DcvR©‡bi UvKv w`‡q cÖvq
wek †KwR Pvj wKb‡Z cvi‡Q| Ab¨ K_vq MZ `k eQ‡i Zvi cÖK…Z Avq cÖvq wظY n‡q †M‡Q|
Av‡iKwU K_v G wel‡q bv ej‡jB bq| wb¤œga¨we‡Ëi eo GKwU Ask ga¨weË †kÖYx‡Z cwiYZ
n‡q‡Q| GUv wbtm‡›`‡n A_©bxwZi Rb¨ GKwU fvj w`K| Zvi gv‡b A_©bxwZi cÖvq me¸‡jv m~PKB
†e‡o‡Q| ZvQvov miKvix PvKwi‡Z †eZb Ges Ab¨vb¨ myweav A‡bK †e‡o‡Q| G Kvi‡Y miKvix
PvKwi cvIqv †`‡ki me‡P‡q †gavex Qv·`i cÖ_g j‡ÿ¨ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| GUvI mZ¨ †h MZ
K‡qK `k‡K Avgiv wKQz FYvZ¥K cwieZ©bI jÿ¨ K‡iwQ| G¸‡jv nj cwievi †f‡½ hvIqv,
cwiev‡i Aw¯’iZv e„w×, G‡K A‡b¨i cÖwZ Awek¦vm I m‡›`n e„w×, wK‡kvi Aciva I wkï nZ¨v
e„w×, ag©xq DMÖev‡`i cÖwZ †SuvK, ivR‰bwZK AmwnòzZv cÖf…wZ| m‡›`n †bB GB welq¸‡jvi
Kvi‡Y gvbyl A_©‰bwZKfv‡e m”Qj n‡qI gvbwmK cÖkvwšÍ cv‡”Q bv| A_©‰bwZK m”QjZv I
gvbwmK cÖkvwšÍ G `ywU wRwbm gvbwmK my¯’Zvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| GKRb Afvex gvbyl `ywðšÍvi Kvi‡Y
iv‡Z kvwšÍ‡Z Nygv‡Z cv‡i bv, wVK †Zgwb mš¿vm KewjZ ev hy× weaŸ¯Í †Kvb GjvKvi gvbyl kvwšÍ‡Z
Nygv‡Z cv‡i bv AvZ‡¼i Kvi‡Y| Avgiv kvwšÍKvgx gvbyl| Avgiv ïay mKj ag©, eY©, †Mvôxi
gvby‡li mv‡_B wg‡jwg‡k evm Ki‡Z PvB bv, mKj c‡_i, g‡Zi I Av`‡k©i gvby‡li mv‡_I
wg‡jwg‡k evm Ki‡Z PvB|
KwVb k‡ãi A_©t m‡›`n I we‡iva doubt and dispute; ØÜ I weZK© conflict and
controversy; Zvj wgjv‡bv keep pace; cÖK…Z Avq real income; wK‡kvi Aciva
juvenile deliquency; ag©xq DMÖev` religious fanatism; gvbwmK cÖkvwšÍ mental
tranquility; mš¿vm KewjZ terror stricken; hy× weaŸ¯Í war torn; kvwšÍKvgx gvbyl peace
loving people.
Answer:
Each and every era has some unique features. Modern age is not exception
to this. The salient features of modern era are: doubts and disputes and
conflicts and controversies. Bangladesh is advancing keeping pace with
era. Bangladesh has greatly progressed in various fields over the last
twenty years. These include revolution in information technology, women
empowerment, infrastructural development, reduction in child and mother
mortality rate, rise in average per capita income, increase in literacy rate,
expasion of trade and commerce and so on. As Bangladesh has achieved
tremendous success in economy, the government has been able to take the
risk of constructing big projects like the Padma Bridge with self finance.
Besides, poverty and want and crisis have fallen significantly over the last
decade. The greatest development has taken place in the life of lower class
people because their real income has considerably increased. The change
may be explained with an example. The amount a rickshawpuller used to
earn ten years ago was enough to buy ten kg of rice. But, at present the
amount he earns everyday is sufficient to buy as many as twenty kg of
rice. In other words, his real income has almost been double over the last
ten years. Another point deserves worth mentioning in this connection. A
significant portion of lower middle class has entered in the group of
middle class. It is undoubtedly a positive sign for the economy. That
means almost all the indices of the economy have grown positively. In
addition, salary and other benefits in government jobs have smartly risen.
Thus, to get a government job has been the first target of the most
meritorious students of the country. It is also true that we have noticed
some negative changes over the last few decades. These are: breaking
down the families, rising unrestness in the family, increasing suspect and
mistrust among people, growing juvenile deliquency and child killing,
inclination towards religious fanatism, political intolerance and so on.
There is no doubt that people are not getting mental tranquility owing to
these reasons though they have become financially solvent. Two things –
financial solvency and mental tranquility are essential for mental
soundness. A needy person can not sleep in peace at night because of
anxiety. Similarly, people of a terror stricken or war torn area cannot sleep
in peace at night owing to panic. We are peace loving people. We want to
live amicably not only with the people of all religions, castes, groups but
also with the people of all paths, opinions and ideologies.