Page 105

RETINA

Verb

Introduction

†h Word ev‡K¨ †Kvb KvR cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Verb e‡j | (A verb is a word that expresses some action)
Example: I play football. He writes a letter.
Dc‡ii evK¨ `ywU‡Z Play A_© †Ljv Kiv Ges write A_© †jLv GKBfv‡e †Kvb wKQz Kiv, LvIqv, aiv, gviv, †evSv, fvev, †Ljv ev fv½v cÖf…wZ
n‡jv KvR| †h Word w`‡q GBme KvR ev Action eySvq Zv‡K Verb e‡j| Verb n‡jv ev‡K¨i Acwinvh© Ask| cÖwZwU English Sentence
G Aek¨B GKwU Verb _vK‡Z n‡e|
Different Types of Verbs
Verb ‡K wewfbœ `„wó†KvY †_‡K wewfbœ fv‡e †kªwYwefvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| ms‡ÿ‡c wewfbœ cÖKvi Verb wb‡q ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
Principal Verb: †h Verb ev‡K¨i g~j wµqv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i A_©vr †h Verb wb‡R wb‡R ev‡K¨i A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z mÿg Zv‡K
Principal Verb e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, ‡h Verb Ab¨ Verb-Gi mvnvh¨ e¨ZxZ ¯^vaxbfv‡e ev‡K¨i A_© m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K
Principal Verb ev Mainverb e‡j|
Example: He plays football.
(i) †h‡nZz Main/Principal Verb Qvov †Kvb Sentence MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv, ZvB †Kvb ev‡K¨ GKwUgvÎ Verb _vK‡j Zv Aek¨B
Main/ Principal Verb nq|
Example: I am a boy. I did the sum. I am in class twelve
(ii) ïaygvÎ Principal Verb Gi mv‡_B ‘s/es’ hy³ nq| ZvB ev‡K¨ ‘s/es’ hy³ GKwU gvÎ Verb _vK‡j Zv Aek¨B Main/Principal
Verb nq| Example: He goes to school regularly.
(iii) Auxiliary Verb Gi c‡ii Verb wU Principal Verb nq| KviY, Principal Verb ‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi mgq Auxiliary Verb
Zvi Av‡M e‡m| Example: We should obey our parents.

Auxiliary Verb: Principal Verb ‡K Tense, Voice I Mood cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †h mKj Verb mnvqZv K‡i Zv‡`i Auxiliary
Verb e‡j|
Example: I am waiting here.

◉ Auxiliary Verb Pvi (04) cÖKv‡ii:

 Be Verb: am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being = g~jZ 1 wU Verb Gi wfbœ Form|
 Have Verb: have, has, had = g~jZ 1 wU Verb Gi wfbœ Form|
 Modal Verbs: shall, should, will, can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, used to, ought to = g~jZ 9
wU Verb Ab¨ ¸‡jv G‡`iB Forms|
 Do Verb: do, does, did =g~jZ 1 wU Verb Gi wfbœ Form|
 myZivs ejv hvq English Grammar G Auxiliary Verb g~jZ 12wU|
 ev‡K¨ Principal Verb Gi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Auxiliary Verb (Modal Verb Qvov Ab¨iv)-Principal Verb Gi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Example: I am a boy. am GLv‡b Principal Verb|

◉ Transitive Verb: A_© Complete/¯úó/cwic~Y© Kivi Rb¨ ‡h mKj Verb †K Object MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i Transitive Verb
e‡j| Example:
➥ He writes a letter. ➥ Mother loves me.
➥ The boy reads a book. ➥ He took shelter under a tree.
◉ Intransitive Verb: A_© Complete/¯úó/cwic~Y© Kivi Rb¨ ‡h mKj Verb †K Object MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv A_©vr Object QvovB
A_© m¤ú~Y© n‡q hvq Zv‡`i IntransitiveVerb e‡j| Example:
➥ Fire burns. ➥ The door opened automatically
➥ She sleeps. ➥ Mother laughs
➥ River flows. ➥ He comes here.
 Page 106

RETINA

◉ g‡b ivLyb: (i) Verb Gi c‡i †Kvb Noun ev Pronoun ‡c‡j hw` H Verb-‡K ÔwKÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi Noun ev
Pronoun wU nq Z‡e H Noun ev Pronoun wU nj H Verb Gi Object|
Example: He took shelter under the tree. ‡m Mv‡Qi wb‡P AvkÖq wbj| hw` took- ‡K cÖkœ Kiv nq wK wbj (took)?- Shelter|
myZivs took GKwU Transitive Verb|
(ii) ‡Kvb Verb-‡K ÔwKÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ Kiv bv †M‡j Zv Intransitive Verb n‡e|
Example: Mother laughs. wK nv‡m?- cÖkœ nq bv; †K nv‡m? Ggb n‡e| She sleeps. ‡m Nygvq| wK Nygvq? cÖkœ nq bv; †K Nygvq?
Ggb n‡e| [e¨wZµg: Cognate Verb me©`vB Transitive|]
(iii) ‡Kvb Verb-‡K ÔwKÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ Kiv bv †M‡jI hw` DËiwU hw` Subject ¯’vbxq A_©vr Verb Gi Av‡M _v‡K Z‡e Verb wU
Intransitive n‡e|
Example: Fire burns. Av¸b †cvovq| wK †cvovq? cÖkœ nq wKš‘ DËiwU fire hv Verb Gi Av‡M Av‡Q|

Direct & Indirect Object: Direct Object ej‡Z g~jZ e¯‘evPK Object ‡K eySv‡bv nq Avi Indirect Object nj e¨w³evPK
Object| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, Verb ‡K ÕwKÕ (What?) Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi wn‡m‡e Direct Object cvIqv hvq Avi ÔKv‡KÕ (Whom?)
Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j cvIqv hvq Indirect Object|
* Whom do you like most? * What did you tell her? * She presented me a book.

mvaviYfv‡e ev‡K¨: S + V + e¨w³evPK Object (Indirect Obj.) + e¯‘evPK Object (Direct Obj.) Giƒc nq|
Example: I gave him a book.
wKš‘ hw` Av‡M e¯‘evPK Object I c‡i e¨w³evPK Object nq †m †ÿ‡Î Indirect Object (e¨w³evPK) Gi c~‡e© Aek¨B to n‡e A_©vr
S + V + e¯‘evPK Object (Direct Obj.) + to+ e¨w³evPK Object (Indirect Obj.) n‡e|
Example: I gave a book to him.

Exception!! S+present/entrust/ provide + Indirect Object + with + Direct Object. Example: I presented her with a rose.

Complement: Verb Gi cieZ©x Noun/Adjective hw` Subject ‡KB †evSvq Z‡e H Noun/ Adjective wU‡K Complement ejv
nq| Example:
➥ He was called a fool. ➥ Honey tastes sweet.
➥ It is difficult to pass this admission test. ➥ Shakespeare is a playwright.

Stative Verb: ‡h Verb evwn¨Kfv‡e KvR Kiv bv eywS‡q eis Ae¯’v eySvq, Zv‡K Stative Verb (Ae¯’vag©x wµqv)e‡j| mvaviYZ GB
Verb ¸‡jvi Continuous Tense nq bv Z‡e Gerund (Ving) wn‡me em‡Z cv‡i| Stative Verb wewfbœ iK‡gi State (Ae¯’v) cÖKvk
K‡i| †hgbt
State of perceiving (Dcjwäg~jK) : See, hear, feel, smell, taste,
State of mind & emotion (gvbwmK Ae¯’v) : love, like, hate, belive, forget, appear
Linking verbs : to be, remain,
State of event (NUbvi Ae¯’v) : have, owe, belong, deserve

Linking Verbs/ Copulative Verbs/ Copula: Subject I Object Awfbœ e¨w³ wel‡q gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i|
Example: He has gone mad. (†m cvMj n‡q‡Q|)-GLv‡b, Subject ‡h, Mad (cvMj) n‡q‡Q ‡m| jÿ¨ Kwi, G‡ÿ‡Î Go gv‡b wKš‘ ÔhvIqvÕ bq|

◉ Common Verbs and Causative Verb (cÖ‡hvRK wµqv): ‡h mKj Verb Øviv Subject wb‡R KvR m¤úbœ K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K
Common Verb e‡j| Example: I write a letter.
‡h mKj Verb Øviv Subject mivmwi wb‡R KvR bv K‡i Ab¨‡K w`‡q KvRwU Kivq Zv‡`i‡K Causative Verb e‡j| †hgb: My mother
feeds me. (Avgvi gv Avgv‡K LvIqvb|)
gv‡S gv‡S †Kvb ‡Kvb Intransitive Verb Causative Verb iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq ZLb Zv Transitive Verb n‡q hvq| †hgb: ‡NvovwU nuv‡U|
- The horse walks. [Common Verb]
wKš‘ ‡m †NvovwU‡K nuvwU‡q wb‡q hvq| - He walks the horse. (Causative Verb)
 Page 107

RETINA

KZK¸‡jv Verb Gi c„_K Causative iƒc i‡q‡Q|

Common Causative Common Causative
Meaning Meaning Meaning Meaning
Verb Form Verb Form
Eat LvIqv Feed LvIqv‡bv See ‡`Lv Show ‡`Lv‡bv
Learn ‡kLv Teach ‡kLv‡bv Rise DVv Raise DVv‡bv
Know Rvbv Inform Rvbv‡bv Suck ¯Íb¨ cvb Kiv Suckle ¯Íb¨cvb Kiv‡bv
Dive Wze †`Iqv Dip Wzev‡bv Remember ¯§iY Kiv Remind ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`Iqv
Fall c‡o hvIqv Fell ‡d‡j †`Iqv Lie ï‡q _vKv Lay ï‡q ivLv
Causative ‘Have’: Causative Verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ Have-Verb Gi c‡i e¨w³evPK Object _vK‡j Gi cieZ©x Verb wUi Base Form e‡m|
A_©vr Subject + have (Any Tense) +e¨w³evPK Object + Verb Gi Base Form + Extension
➥ My mother had me drink milk everyday. ➥ Ahis had Rafique clean the floor.
➥ I have Jerry cook my cuisine. ➥ The Principal had his teachers plan their lessons in
➥ Mary had John wash the car. advance.
Have verb Gi c‡i e¯‘evPK object _vK‡j Gi cieZ©x verbwUi past participle e‡m| A_©vr, Subject +have (Any Tense)+
e¯‘evPK Object + V3 +.....{(by + extension)-_vK‡ZI cv‡i, bvI cv‡i}
➥ They had the house painted.
➥ We are going to have our car fixed before we go to New York.
➥ Like humans, zoo animals must have a dentist to have their teeth filled.
➥ Most presidential candidates have their names printed on the ballot in the New Castle primary election.

AwZ ms‡ÿ‡c Rule wU nj: Have + Doer (e¨w³evPK) + VB A_ev.......Have + Receiver (e¯‘evPK)+ V3
Causative ‘Make’: Causative Verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ Make Gi c‡i e¨w³evPK Object ev e¯‘evPK Object hv-B _vKzK bv †Kb Gi
cieZ©x Verb wUi Base Form e‡m|
AwZ ms‡ÿ‡c Rule wU nj: .......Make + Doer (e¨w³evPK) + VBA_ev .......Make + Receiver (e¯‘evPK) + VB
➥ He made me laugh. ➥ An irritation in his throat made him cough.
➥ The smell of the food makes my mouth water. ➥ The mother made her baby take the medicine.
Causative ‘Let’: Let Gi c‡i e¨w³evPK ev e¯‘evPK Object hvB _vKzK bv †Kb Gi cieZ©xVerb wUi Base Form e‡m| Z‡e
Passive Voice G be + V3 n‡jI Gi e¨envi ïay Voice Change GB cÖ‡qvM n‡q _v‡K|
AwZ ms‡ÿ‡c Rule wU nj: .......Let + Doer (e¨w³evPK) + VB A_ev.......Let + Receiver (e¯‘evPK) + VB
wKš‘ Passive Voice G. .......Let + (e¯‘evPK) + be + V3
➥ He did not let me play the guitar. ➥ Let me go home
➥ Don't let that bother you. ➥ He did not let us go shopping
Causative ‘Get’: Causative Verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ Get Verb Gi c‡i e¨w³evPK Object _vK‡j Gi cieZ©x Verb wU Infinitive (to + VB) e‡m|
➥ I'll get an electrician to mend the heating. ➥ We got our servants to wash our living room.
wKš‘ Get Verb Gi c‡i e¯‘evPK Object _vK‡j Gi cieZ©x Verb wUi V3 Form e‡m|
➥ He got his work done on payment. ➥ My friend gets his car repaired yesterday.
➥ Masuma got her transcripts sent to the university. ➥ I got my bread baked.
Causative ‘Help’: Causative Verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ Help Gi c‡i e¨w³evPK Object ev e¯‘evPK Object hv-B _vKzKbv †Kb Gi
cieZ©x Verb wUi Base Form- In‡Z cv‡i, To + VB –GI n‡Z cv‡i|
AwZ ms‡ÿ‡c Rule wU nj: .....Help +Doer (e¨w³evPK) +VB /(to +VB) A_ev ......Help + Receiver (e¯‘evPK)+VB /(to + VB)
➥ My teacher helped me get this job ➥ My teacher helped me to get this job.
Factitive Verb (wØKg©K wµqv): hLb †Kvb Transitive Verb Zvi Object QvovI AwZwi³ Word Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov c~Y© A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv, ZLb H Transitive Verb wU‡K Factitive Verb e‡j| A_© m¤úbœ Ki‡Z AwZwi³ †h Word Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K Factitive
Object ev Complement e‡m| Example: Elect, Select, Nominate, Name, Call, Make, Choose BZ¨vw`|
➥ They elected him captain.
 Page 108

RETINA

Cognate Verb (mgavZzR wµqv): hLb ‡Kvb Intransitive Verb Zvi Noun Form-‡KB Object wn‡m‡e MÖnb K‡i ZLb Zv‡K
Cognate Verb ejv nq|
Example: He ran a race.GLv‡b, run g~jZ GKwU Intransitive Verb n‡jI Gi Object Position G run GiB Noun Form
Av‡Q ZvB Run GLv‡b Cognate Verb Ges race nj Cognate Object|
➥ I dreamt a wonderful dream.
➥ Rani sang a song.
◉ Group Verb /Phrasal Verb: ‡Kvb Verb Gi c‡i wewfbœ Preposition e‡m Transitive Verb iƒ‡c e¨eüZ n‡q wfbœ wfbœ A_©
cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv‡K Phrasal Verb ev Prepositional Verb ev Group Verb e‡j| Group Verb-Gi ci Noun/Pronoun
em‡j Zv Transitive Verb wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
Finite Verbs: †h mKj Verb ev‡K¨i Expression ev fve m¤ú~Y© Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i Finite Verb ev mgvwcKv wµqv e‡j | Ab¨ fv‡e ejv
hvq, Subject Gi Number I Person Ges Sentence Gi Tense †f‡` †hmKj Verb Gi cwieZ©b nq Zv‡`i Finite Verb e‡j|
Example: He goes to school. He went to school. They go to school.
myZivs Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, Go- Verb wU Subject Gi Number I Person Ges Sentence Gi Tense †f‡` cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q|
myZivs Go-Finite Verb.
Non-finite Verbs/ Verbals: †h mKj Verb ev‡K¨i Expression ev fve m¤ú~Y© Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡`i Non-finite Verb ev
AmgvwcKv wµqv e‡j | Ab¨ fv‡e ejv hvq, Subject Gi Number I Person Ges Sentence Gi Tense †f‡` †hmKj Verb Gi cwieZ©b
nq bv Zv‡`i Non-finite Verb e‡j| Right Form of Verb I Sentence Correction Gi Rb¨ GB AskwU LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
Example: I saw him coming. I see him coming.
GLv‡b jÿ¨ Kwi, Subject Gi Number I Person Ges Sentence Gi Tense †f‡` “see”- Verb wUi cwieZ©b n‡”Q| wKš‘
“coming”- Verb wUi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡”Q bv| myZivs “see” - Finite Verb Ges “coming”- Non-finite Verb|

Gerund, Infinitive, Participle & Verbal Noun

Types of Non-finite verbs/ Verbals:
1. Gerund (Ving) 2. Infinitive (to + VB) 3. Participle
(a) Present Participle (Ving)
(b) Past Participle (V3)
(c) Perfect Participle (Having + V3)

Gerund (Ving): Gerund n‡”Q VingForm (Verb + ing) hv ev‡K¨ Verb Ges Noun Gi Df‡qi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ ev‡K¨ GKwU
mvaviY Noun Gi gZ e¨eüZ nq| KviY Gerund me©`vB Noun Gi ¯’v‡b e‡m| ejv nq: Gerund is related to ‘verb’ but similar to
‘noun’.
Position of Gerund:
1. Subject of Verb Swimming is good for health.
Ving + Verb + .....n‡j Subject wn‡m‡e Walking in the morning is good for health.
Giving is better than receiving.
2. Object of Verb I enjoy teaching English.
He found parking difficult.
S + Verb + Ving.......n‡j Object wn‡m‡e
He avoided making the same mistakes again.
John likes gardening.
3. Object of Preposition I am fond of singing.
The customer grew tired of waiting.
.......Preposition + Vingn‡j
By working hard, you can prosper.
There is no credit in earning money illegally.
4. Complement of Verb Seeing is believing.
Intransitive Verb + Vingn‡j My favourite activity is reading.
His profession is teaching.
 Page 109

RETINA

5. As a part of a Ving+ Preposition+.....+Verb n‡j Swimming in the river is good for health.
compound Noun S+Verb+.....Ving+Preposition+....n‡j I like swimming in the river.

◉ Rule 01 : Verb Gici Gerund (Ving) e‡m|

admit anticipate appear appreciate avoid complete consider defer delay deny
detest dislike dread discuss enjoy escape excuse finish fancy forgive
imagine involve keep loathe mean mind mention miss pardon postpone
practice prevent propose quit recollect recall remember resist resent recommend
regret risk save stop suggest tolerate understand involve suggest avoid

➥ I don't mind helping with the cooking but I am not going to wash the dishes.
➥ The people of Quebec have been mentioning considering themselves from the rest of Canada.

◉ Rule 02 : wb‡Pi Verb _vK‡j cieZ©x Verb wUi mv‡_ ing †hvM nq|
With a view to look forward to with an eye to be/get used to be/get accustomed to adhere to
addicted to bar to committed (oneself) to contribute to confess to dedicate to
impediment to object to objection to refer to equal to unequal to
take to resort to aversion to adverse to devote to be given to
➥ We are committed to withdrawing our troops.
➥ Faculty of Agriculture was established with a view to imparting agricultural Education in Bangladesh.

◉ Rule 03 : Busy, Worth BZ¨vw` Adjective Gi cieZ©x Verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq| GQvovI †Kvb jvf †bB A‡_© It is no use, It
is no good e¨eüZ nq Ges G‡`i cieZ©x Verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM nq|
➥ It is worth going shopping now. ➥ It is no good telling me about your lost car.
➥ It is no use talking to him. ➥ It is no use worrying about it.

◉ Rule 03 : See, Hear, Feel, Smell, Watch BZ¨vw` Verb ¸‡jvi Object _vK‡j cieZ©x Verb G Base Form Ges Ving
DfqB ï×| Z‡e Option G Verb Gi Base Form Ges Ving DfqB _vK‡j (Ving) mwVK DËi w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Verb ¸‡jvi c‡i
Infinitive form †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
➥ I heard him saying so. ➥ Listen I can hear someone knocking at the door.
➥ He watched the boat floating down the water. ➥ I saw him entering the room.

◉ Rule 04 : Preposition (of, in, on, up, for, by, without) BZ¨vw` Gi ci Gerund (Ving) e‡m|
➥ He gave up playing football when he got married. ➥ He worked instead of playing.
➥ It has been raining all morning and I am sure it ➥ We are thinking about starting a new project.
will go on raining all afternoon as well.

◉ Rule 05 : KvD‡K wKQz Kiv †_‡K weiZ ivLv (Prevent From) A‡_© Stop Gi Object Gi cieZ©x Verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq|
➥ You can't stop me doing what I want.

◉ Rule 06 : Passive Voice G found, seen, noticed Gi cieZ©x Verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq|
➥ He was seen leaving the place hurriedly. ➥ The beggar was found standing at the door.

◉ Rule 07 : Simple Sentence Gi Kgvi (,) c~e©eZ©x As‡k Ving e¨eüZ nq|
➥ Finishing the letter to night, she will post it tomorrow. ➥ The sun having set, we reached home.
➥ The play being over, we left the field.
 Page 110

RETINA

◉ Infinitive (to+ VB): Infinitive n‡”Q To+Verb Gi Base Form hv ev‡K¨ Verb Ges Noun Gi KvR K‡i| Z‡e KLbI KLbI
Adverb Gi KvRI Ki‡Z cv‡i|

MVbMZfv‡e Avjv`v n‡jI Infinitive Gi Noun wn‡m‡e e¨envi Gerund Gi gZ GKB iKg| Avi Adverb wn‡m‡e e¨envi †Zv i‡q‡QB|
Use of Infinitive
1. Subject of a verb
2. Object of a verb
As Noun (Simple
3. Complement of a verb
Infinitive)
4. Object of a Preposition
As Adverb 5. As an answer to “why?”
Example
To err is human.
He likes to play cricket.
She doesn’t want to lose her peace of mind.
To see is to believe.
To discover is to learn about something that already
exists, but to invent is to create something new.
He is about to die.
We eat to live.

◉ Rule-01: wb‡Pi verb ¸‡jvi c‡i Infinitive e‡mÑ

Agree Advise Claim Decide Fail Happen Prepare Learn Demand
Deserve Forbid Afford Would like Plan Intend Manage Seem Need
Arrange Appear Choose Expect Ask Continue Convince Forget Offer
Pretend Hope Desire Dare Intend Like Refuse Promise Permit
Deserve Know Allow Decline Propose Try Want Learn
➥ I intend to reach there.
➥ Children should learn to take care of their health.

◉ Rule-02: Know, teach, learn, show, explain G mKj Verb Gi c‡i hw` Infinitive emv‡Z nq, Z‡e memgq how + to
+verb Gi base em‡e|
➥ A good student must know how to study effectively.
➥ A bird has to learn how to use its wings.

◉ Rule-03: ‘Want’ Gi e¨envi:

➥ Subject + want + (to +VB) +Extension.
➥ Subject + want + e¨w³evPK Object + (to +VB) +Extension.
➥ wKš‘ Subject + want+ e¯‘evPK Object + V3.
➥ Fast-food restaurants have become popular in our country ➥ Do you want me to come with you or
because many working people want to eat quickly and cheaply. do you want to go alone?
➥ I want you to be more careful with your homework in future. ➥ Dad wants his egg boiled.

◉ Rule-03: AmgvwcKv wµqv (Non-finite Verb) mgvwcKv wµqv (Finite Verb)-Gi Av‡M m¤úvw`Z n‡j Ving Ges c‡i m¤ú~Y© n‡j ev
D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡j Infinitive (to+VB) e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|
➥ I went to shop to buy a newspaper. ➥ I went back to work closing the door.
➥ I came to England to learn English. ➥ Don't let the teacher catch you cheating.

◉ Rule-04: Perfect Infinitive (to + have + V3): A_©vbymv‡i Infinitive Gi Verb wU hw` c~‡e©B/ AZx‡Z N‡U‡Q Ggb eySvq Z‡e
to + VB bv n‡q to + have + V3 nq|
➥ The Parthenon is said to have been ➥ The Taj Mahal is said to have been built by Shahjahan.
erected in the age of Pericles.
 Page 111

RETINA

◉ Rule-05: c~‡e© N‡U‡Q Ggb wKQz Abygvb Kivi †¶‡Î See, appear, happen, pretend, seem cÖf„wZ Verb Gi c‡i Perfect
Infinitive A_©vr to + have + V3 nq|
➥ He seems to have tried his best for the test. ➥ He seems to have stolen the book.

◉ Rule-06: Say, hear, believe, think, suppose, consider, understand BZ¨vw` Verb Gi Passive Gi c‡i Perfect
Infinitive (to+ have +V3) e¨eüZ nq|
➥ The Parthenon is said to have been erected ➥ He is supposed to have passed the S.S.C. examination.
in the age of Pericles.

 Participle: Participle ev‡K¨ g~jZ Adjective Ges Verb Gi KvR K‡i| wKš‘ cÖv_wgKfv‡e Bnv Adjective Ges ev‡K¨ Noun
‡K Qualify K‡i| Adverbial Phrase Gi Ask wn‡m‡e Participle e‡m| Participle wZb cÖKvi Avgiv Av‡MB †R‡bwQ| h_vt
Present Participle, Past Participle ev‡K¨ Adjective Ges Adverbial Phrase Gi Ask wn‡m‡e e‡m| wKš‘ Perfect
Participle ïaygvÎ Adverbial Phrase Gi Ask wn‡m‡e e‡m|

 Present Participle: Present Participle n‡”Q Ving Form hv ev‡K¨ g~jZ Adjective Ges Verb Gi KvR K‡i| wKš‘ cÖavbZ GwU
Adjective Ges ev‡K¨ Noun ‡K Qualify K‡i|

Position of Present Participle

◉ Rule-01: ‡h‡nZz Present Participle ev‡K¨ Adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZvB Article/ Preposition/ Possessive Ges Noun Gi gv‡S Ving
em‡j Zv Noun ‡K Modify K‡i Ges Zv Present Participle nq| Verb ‡_‡K Drcbœ n‡q Adjective Gi KvR K‡i e‡j Present Participle
‡K Verbal Adjective/ Participle Adjective ejv nq|
➥ A rolling stone gathers no moss. ➥ A barking dog seldom bites.
➥ Education is the most pressing need of time. ➥ I helped a drowning man.

◉ Rule-02: Intransitive Verb (go, come, run etc.) Gi c‡i mvaviYZ Present Participle e‡m| A_©vr ev‡K¨i Finite Verb wU
Intransitive n‡j c‡ii Verb wU Non-finite Ges Present Participle nq|
➥ She went away dancing. ➥ The rain came pouring down in torrents.

◉ Rule-03: Preposition + Possessive Gi c‡i Gerund e‡m| Possessive bv _vK‡j Zvi cieZ©x Ving Word wU Present Participle n‡e|
 I have doubts about this happening at all.
 Please oblige me by all leaving the room.

◉ Rule-04: Adverb Gi c‡iB †Kvb Ving _vK‡j Zv Present Participle n‡e|

 Suddenly finding himself alone, he became frightened
◉ Rule-05: Simple Sentence G `ywU KvR _vK‡j ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z cÖ_g KvRwUi Present Participle nq|
 Riding a horse he went to a distant place.

◉ Rule-05
See, hear, feel, smell, watch BZ¨vw` Verb ¸‡jvi Object Gi c‡i Base Form Ges Present Participle (Ving) Df‡qi Gi
e¨envi _vK‡jI Present Participle Gi e¨envi †ekx cÖPwjZ|
 I saw him entering the room.
 I can hear someone screaming.
Past Participle
◉ Rule-01: Have, has, had, having, being Ges to be Gi c‡i verb Gi past participle nq|
 Significant changes have taken place on the type of entertainment.
 Air and water are being polluted in many ways.
 Page 112

RETINA

◉ Rule-02: †Kvb sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z hw` verb Ges Gi gvSLv‡b comma _v‡K Ges sentence Gi subject cÖ_‡g bv †_‡K
comma Gic‡i _v‡K Zvn‡j H verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq A_ev having + verb Gi past participle nq|
 Standing back of his own carelessness, Jerry earned the admiration of the writer.
 Reaching Dhaka, I will phone you. Or, Having reached Dhaka, I will phone you.

N.B.: Imperative sentence Gi verb me©`vB present form nq Ges G‡Z subject Dn¨ _v‡K|
➥ Go home at once.
◉ Rule-03: To be verb (am, is, are, was, were) Gi ci Passive voice G gyj verb Gi past participle nq|
➥ Statistics shows that English is spoken as a first language by 350 million people.

◉ Rule-04: AZxZ m¤¢vebv cÖKvk Ki‡Z verb Gi c~‡e© would have n‡e Ges verb Gi Past participle nq| †hgbt
➥ But for your help she would have failed.

◉ Gerund Vs Participle
A‡bK mgq Compound Noun MV‡bi Rb¨ Gerund Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m wKš‘ D³ Noun †K modify K‡i bv|
➥ A walking stick (=a stick for walking)
➥ A riding school (=a school for riding)
➥ A sleeping tablet (= a tablet for sleeping)
Ab¨w`‡K Participle Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Noun †K modify K‡i|
➥ A drowning man (= a man who is drowning)
➥ A blooming flower (= a flower which is blooming)
➥ A sleeping fox (= a fox which is sleeping)
◉ Gerund Vs Infinitive
‘to’ hLb preposition ZLb to Gi ci gerund e‡m| wKš‘ ‘to’ hLb adverb ZLb ‘to’ Gi ci infinitive e‡m|
to going
➥ I look forward there.
prep gerund
to go
➥ I want there.
adv infinitive

◉ Present Participle VS Past Participle as Adjective

GKwU Ving hLb Adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv Cause ev KviY cÖKvk K‡i| GwU Active Verb ‡_‡K D™¢~Z| Aci w`‡K GKwU Ved mvaviYZ
djvdj (Result) cÖKvk K‡i| GwU Passive Verb ‡_‡K D™¢~Z|
➥ I needed something to read in order not to be bored. ➥ The film is really boring
➥ It is always embarrassing when you misunderstand the ➥ She seemed embarrassed and ill at ease,
customs of other countries. and bent her head.
◉ Perfect Participle : having + V3 nj Perfect Participle| GKB Kv‡Ri ci ciB Av‡iKwU KvR msNwVZ n‡j ‡h KvRwU A‡cÿvK…Z Av‡M
N‡UwQj †mwU Having + V3 Form G e‡m hv Perfect Participle bv‡g cwiwPZ|
➥ Having gained truth, keep truth.
◉ Verbal Noun : the Ges of Gi gv‡S VingAvm‡j H Ving ‡K Verbal Noun ejv nq| GRb¨ Verbal Noun - Gerund-Gi mv‡_B m¤úK©h³
y |
➥ The writing of a good letter is difficult.
➥ We went to see the launching of the ship.

Modals

◉ Modal Auxiliary Verb: Modal Verb nj we‡kl cÖKv‡ii Verb, Giv Auxiliary Verb Gi gZ Principal Verb †K mvnvh¨
K‡i Avevi Principal Verb GigZI ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e Gi we‡kl wKQz ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q hv Ab¨vb¨ Verb †_‡K G‡`i c„_K K‡i‡Q|
 Page 113

RETINA

 Modal Verbs m¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:

➥ Third Person Singular Number Gi †ÿ‡Î Modal Auxiliaries Gi mv‡_ s/es ‡hvM nq bv|
➥ Modal hy³ Interrogative/Negative Sentence G do em‡Z cv‡i bv|
➥ Modal Gi c‡i Verb Gi Base Form e‡m|
➥ Modal hy³ Sentence †K Negative Kivi Rb¨ ïay ‘not’ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
◉ Had better: Ôeis fv‡jvÕ/ ÔDwPZÕ A‡_© had better e¨eüZ nq Ges had better Gi c‡i Verb Gi Base Form e‡m| KvD‡K
Dc‡`k (Advice) ev ûgwK (Threat) w`‡Z had better e¨eüZ nq|
➥ To check acidity, one had better use litmus paper.
➥ Travelers had better get their reservations well in advance if they want to fly during the Eid holidays.
◉ Would rather.....(than): Ôeis fv‡jvÕ A‡_© would rather ..... than e¨eüZ nq| would rather Ges than Df‡qi c‡iB Verb
Gi Base Form e‡m| `ywU Kv‡Ri †¶‡Î †hwU‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv n‡e †mwU than Gi c~‡e© em‡e| A_©MZfv‡e cÖvq KvQvKvwQ n‡jI would
rather Dc‡`k/ ûgwK bv eywS‡q eis GKwU wel‡qi †P‡q Ab¨wU‡K cÖvavb¨ †`Iqvi K_v eySvq| would rather bv cvIqv †M‡j ÔeisÕ A‡_©
ïay rather-I e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
➥ You rather send him here.
➥ The boy from the village said, “I would rather starve than beg.”
 Note: `yB‡qi g‡a¨ GKvwaK AwaKZi cQ›` Kiv A‡_© mvaviY would rather + verb Gi base form e¨eüZ nq| D‡jøL¨ÑeZ©gvb ev
fwel¨r eySv‡Z we‡klfv‡e ‘would rather (that) + subject + past tense’ GB structure wU e¨eüZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Avevi
subjunctive Gi gZ ‘would rather (that) + subject + present tense’ GB structure wUI e¨eüZ nq| wKš‘ British
English G subjunctive Gi e¨envi †Zgb ¯^xK…Z bq weavq ‘would rather (that) + subject + past tense’ Gi e¨envi wUB eûj
cÖPwjZ|
Note: D‡jøL¨ †h AZxZKv‡j †Kv‡bv wKQz Kiv eis fv‡jv wQj eySv‡Z ‘would rather + have + vpp’ GB structure wU e¨eüZ nq|
➥ Ex. I would rather that you bought this book.
➥ Ex. I would rather that she spoke English fluently and impressively.
➥ Ex. I would rather that my sister speak English fluently.

 Would that...... could: Sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z Would that _vK‡j Subject Gi c‡i could +Verb Gi Base Form e‡m|
Aev¯Íe Kíbv †evSv‡Z “Would that + subject + could + base form+ extension!” e¨eüZ nq|
➥ Would that I could be a young man again!
➥ Would that I could enter the palace!
 Will/Would you mind.....: Will/Would you mind (AvcwË Av‡Q wK/Ki‡eb wK) Gi c‡i Gerund (Ving) e‡m|
➥ Would you mind singing a folk song?
➥ Will you mind checking the accounts one more time?

 Cannot help, could not help.....: Ô†KD †Kvb wKQz bv K‡i cv‡i bvÕGgb A‡_© cannot help Ges Ôbv K‡i cv‡i wbÕGgb A‡_©
couldn’t help e¨eüZ nq| can’t help, couldn’t help Gi cieZ©x Verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM nq|
➥ He couldn't help writing the letter.
➥ She tried to be serious but she couldn't help laughing.
 Must have: mvaviYZ must Gi past form ‡bB Z‡e AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR Aek¨B N‡U‡Q Giƒc Abygvb eySv‡Z evK¨wU wb¤œiƒ‡c MwVZ
n‡e|
Subject + must have + V3 + Past Indication.
➥ You must have heard of Helen Killer.
➥ I have lost my money bag. I must have dropped it somewhere.

 Must be : ‡Kvb NUbv †_‡K Abygvb Kiv hvq †h, eZ©gv‡b †Kvb KvR Aek¨B Pj‡Q ZLb Must be + Ving e‡m|
 Page 114

RETINA

➥ He is taking a walk; he must be feeling better now.

➥ The line is busy; someone must be using the telephone now.

 Should & Ought : (i) Kvi I wKQz Kiv DwPZ ev DwPZ bq A‡_© should (not) +base form e¨eüZ nq| Example: You
should accept this job to cut your teeth on. AwfÁZv jv‡fi Rb¨ †Zvgvi PvKwiwU †bIqv DwPZ|
(ii) Kvi I wKQz Kiv DwPZ wQj ev DwPZ wQj bv ev DwPZ nqwb A‡_© ought (not) to have/should have (not) + V3e¨eüZ nq|
Example: You should have done the work. †Zvgvi KvRwU Kiv DwPZ wQj| You shouldn't have told her. It was a secret.
Zv‡K ejv †Zvgvi DwPZ nqwb| GUv †Mvcbxq e¨vcvi wQj|
➥ That dress doesn't suit you; you should buy another.
➥ My cousins did not help when I was in deep trouble. But they should have helped me then
➥ Before you entered the classroom, you should have sought the teacher’s permission.

 Can/Could: Can Øviv eZ©gvb mg‡qi ÿgZv ev mvg_©¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq| Can AbygwZ cÖv_©bv Ki‡ZI e¨eüZ nq| †hgbÑ
➥ I can do the work. (eZ©gvb mvg_©¨)
➥ Can I use your pen? (AbygwZ)
Can-Gi past form n‡”Q could hv Øviv AZx‡Zi ¯’vqx ÿgZv eySvq| D‡jøL¨, mvg_©¨ A‡_© can/could-Gi cwie‡Z© be able to e¨envi Kiv
hvq| †m‡ÿ‡Î can/could-Gi mv‡_ GK‡Î e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|

 Could: eZ©gvb mg‡q webxZ Aby‡iva Ki‡Z could e¨envi Kiv hvq|
➥ I have a headache. Could you buy some aspirin for me?
 Could have + verb Gi past participle form AZx‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi mvg©_¨ wQj wKš‘ Kiv nqwbÑ Giƒc eySv‡Z could have +
verb-Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq|
➥ You could have done the work. – Zzwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi‡Z (wKš‘ K‡ivwb)
➥ I could have beaten you. – Avwg †Zvgv‡K gvi‡Z cviZvg (wKš‘ gvwiwb)

 But for.......would have + V3: (...) Qvov, bB‡j, bv + AmgvwcKv wµqv A‡_© But for e¨eüZ nq| But for wb‡Pi MVb AbymiY
K‡i| But for + noun phrase, Subject + would have +V3 A_ev would (not)+be + Extension. Example: But for
his timely assistance, I wouldn't be here-. †Zvgvi mn‡hvwMZv bv †c‡j AvR Avwg GLv‡b _vKZvg bv|
➥ But for your help, I would have failed in my attempt.
➥ But for your help we would have been in trouble.
◉ Semi-Modal Verb: Need, Dare Ges Used to ‡K Semi-Modal Verb ejv nq| KviY, Giv ev‡K¨ Principal Verb Ges
Modal Auxiliary Verb `ywU wn‡m‡eB e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| Giv Modal wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j G‡`i mv‡_ s, es ev ing hy³ nq bv Ges
G‡`i c‡i to e‡m bv|

➥ g‡b ivLyb:
(i) Negative Sentence G Need Aek¨B Modal Verb| ZLb do not/ does not/ did not e¨envi bv K‡i need not/ needn’t
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cieZ©x Verb wU VB Form G _vK‡e|
Example: He need not go there.

(ii) Dare mvaviYZ Negative I Interrogative Sentence G Modal wn‡m‡e e¨envi n‡jI Affirmative I Modal wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
n‡Z cv‡i|
Example: Dare I say this? I dare not say this. I dare say this.

Note: Main verb n‡j don’t /doesn’t +to+ base verb nq: You don’t need (main verb) to mention it.
 Page 115

RETINA

(iii) Used to: AZx‡Zi Af¨vm eySv‡Z Used to e¨eüZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Used to Gi c‡i Verb Gi Base Form e‡m| A_©vr Subject +
used to + VB+......wKš‘ Af¨¯Í A‡_© Subject Gi c‡i be Verb/get/become+ used to n‡j Gi c‡i Verb Gi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM nq|
myZivs
Used to (do) – AZx‡Z wbqwgZ †Kvb KvR Kiv nZ wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Zv Avi Kiv nq bv|
Be used to (doing) - †Kvb KvR K‡i Af¨¯Í eZ©gv‡b hv Kiv Zvi Kv‡Q A™¢yZ ev KwVb ev bZzb wKQz bq|
➥ Our ancestor used to exchange gifts on Eid day.
➥ Most Bangladeshis are used to eating rice every day.
➥ We went to Rajshahi last month to see the house where we used to live in the 1960s.
Rule-01: need Ges dare hLb Auxiliary Verb wn‡m‡e Negative Ges Interrogative Sentence G e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K ZLb Giv
Modal Auxiliary wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| ZvB Zv‡`i c‡i to e‡m bv Ges c~‡e© do not, does not, did not BZ¨vw` e‡m bv Ges Gi mv‡_
s/es hy³ nq bv Ges Past Form nq bv|
➥ He dare not do it.
➥ He need not wait for us.
➥ How dare you break the rule?

Rule-02: need, want, require Gi Subject e¯‘evPK n‡j Gi c‡i Gerund (Verb + ing) e‡m A_ev Passive Infinitive (to be
+ Past Participle) e‡m| Example: My car needs fixing./ My car needs to be fixed.
➥ These shoes need mending.
➥ The grass is very long. It needs cutting.

Conjugation of Verbs

◉ Basics: g~j Verb (V1) ‡K Zvi Past Form (V2) I Past Participle Form (V3) G cwieZ©b‡K Conjugation of Verb ev
iƒcMZ cwieZ©‡bi bxwZ e‡j| Conjugation of Verb Abymv‡i Verb ¸‡jv‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_vt
1. Strong ev Irregular verb 2. Weak ev Regular verb
 Strong Verb: ‡h mKj Verb Gi Af¨šÍixY Vowel Gi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g A_ev †k‡l n, en, ne BZ¨vw` †hvM K‡i Past Ges Past
Participle MVb Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K Strong ev Irregular Verb e‡j| Example: Chide (wZi¯‹vi Kiv) – Chid – Chidden;
Cleave (wP‡i †djv)-Clove-Cloven; Cling (‡j‡M _vKv)-Clung-Clung
 Weak Verb: ‡h mKj Verb Gi †k‡l d, ed, t BZ¨vw` †hvM K‡i Past Ges Past Participle MVb Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K Weak ev
Regular verb e‡j| †hgb: Creep-Crept-Crept; Dream-Dreamt-Dreamt etc.
Conjugation of Some Important Verbs
A-B
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Abide (‡g‡b Pjv) Abode Abode Best (civwRZ Kiv) Bested Bested
Act (KvR Kiv) Acted Acted Bid (Av‡`k Kiv) Bade Bidden
Arise (IVv) Arose Arisen Bind (euvav) Bound Bound
Awake (RvMv‡bv) Awoke Awoken Bite (evBU-Kvgov‡bv) Bit Bitten, Bit
Bear (enb Kiv) Borne/ Blend (wgkv‡bv) Blended Blended
Bore Born
Bear (cÖme Kiv) Bless (Avwke©v` Kiv) Blessed Blessed
Beat (cÖnvi Kiv ) Beat Beaten Bleed (i³ †ei nIqv) Bled Bled
Become (nIqv) Became Become Blow (evZvm evIqv) Blew Blown
Befall (NUv) Befell Befallen Break (fv½v) Broke Broken
Beget (Drcbœ Kiv) Begot Begotten Breed (Rb¥ †`qv) Bred Bred
Begin (ïiæ Kiv) Began Begun Bring (Avbv) Brought Brought
Behold (‡`Lv) Beheld Beheld Build (‰Zix Kiv ) Built Built
 Page 116

RETINA

Believe (wek¦vm Kiv) Believed Believed Bury(Kei †`qv) Buried Buried

Bend (euvKv‡bv) Bent Bent Buy (µq Kiv) Bought Bought
C-D
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Catch (aiv) Caught Caught Deal (e¨envi Kiv) Dealt Dealt
Chew (wPev‡bv) Chewed Chewed Deliberate (we‡ePbv Kiv) Deliberated Deliberated
Chide (wZi¯‹vi Kiv) Chid Chidden Die (giv) Died Died
Choose (cQ›` Kiv) Chose Chosen Dig (Lbb Kiv ) Dug Dug
Clap (nvZZvwj †`qv) Clapped Clapped Draw (A¼b Kiv) Drew Drawn
Cleave (wP‡i †djv) Clove Cloven Dream (¯^cœ †`Lv) Dreamt Dreamt
Cleft Cleft
Cling (‡j‡M _vKv) Clung Clung Drink (cvb Kiv) Drank Drunk
Clothe (Kvco civ) Clothed Clothed Drive (Pvjv‡bv) Drove Driven
Come (Avmv) Came Come Dwell (evm Kiv ) Dwelt Dwelt
Dare (mvnm Kiv) Dared Dared Dye (is Kiv) Dyed Dyed
E-F
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Eat (LvIqv) Ate Eaten Forbear (mn¨ Kiv) Forbore Forborne
Fall (c‡o hvIqv) Fell Fallen Forbid (gvb¨ Ki) Forbade Forbidden
Feed (LvIqv‡bv) Fed Fed Foresee (fwel¨r †`Lv) Foresaw Foreseen
Feel (Abyfe Kiv) Felt Felt Forget (fy‡j hvIqv) Forgot Forgotten
Fell (cZb Kiv) Felled Felled Forgive (¶gv Kiv) Forgave Forgiven
Fight (hy× Kiv) Fought Fought Forsake (Z¨vM Kiv) Forsook Forsaken
Find (‡LuvR Kiv) Found Found Found (¯’vcb Ki) Founded Founded
Fling (wb‡¶c Kiv) Flung Flung Freeze (R‡g hvIqv) Froze Frozen
Confusing Verbs “F”
Flee (cjvqb Kiv ) Fled Fled Fly (D‡o Pjv) Flew Flown
Flow (cÖevwnZ nIqv) Flowed Flowed Overflow (Qvwc‡q hvIqv) Overflowed Overflowed
G-L
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Get (cvIqv) Got Got Lead (‡bZ…Z¡ †`qv) Led Led
Grow (Drcbœ Kiv) Grew Grown Learn (‡kLv) Learnt Learnt
Hide (jywK‡q ivLv) Hid Hidden Lean (‡njvb †`qv) Leant Leant
Hold (aiv) Held Held Leave (Z¨vM Kiv) Left Left
Kneel (nuvUz †c‡Z emv) Knelt Knelt Lend (aiv †`qv) Lent Lent
Knit (‡evbv) Knit Knit Light (Av‡jv R¡vjv‡bv) Lighted Lighted
Knock (Kov bvov) Knocked Knocked Load (‡evSvB Kiv) Loaded Loaded
Know (Rvbv/†Pbv) Knew Known Loose (wX‡j Kiv) Loosed Loosed
Leap (jvdv‡bv) Leaped Leaped Lose (nvwi‡q †djv) Lost Lost
Confusing Verbs “H”
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Hang (duvwm †`qv) Hanged Hanged Hang (e¯‘ Szjv‡bv) Hung Hung
Confusing Verbs “L”
V1 V2 V3 Ving V1 V2 V3 Ving
Intransitive Transitive
Lie (wg‡_¨ ejv) Lied Lied Lying Lay (‡Kvb wKQz ivLv, ¯’vcb Kiv, Laid Laid Laying
Lie (ï‡q _vKv, wKQz c‡o _vKv, †Kvb Lay Lain Lying KvD‡K ïB‡q ivLv, wWg cvov)
RvqMvq Aew¯’Z nIqv)
 Page 117

RETINA

Short Technique: Lay em‡j Aek¨B Gi Object _v‡K| A_©vr Lay Gi c‡i mivmwi Noun/Pronoun/ Noun Phrase _vK‡e
(Aek¨B Noun/Pronoun/ Noun Phrase-i c~‡e© †Kvb Preposition _vK‡e bv, hw` _v‡K Z‡e Lie em‡e|)
➥ The post man lays/ laid the mail on the table every day.
➥ He lies/lay on the sofa to rest.
Special Notes:
Incorrect : Her coat was laying on the chair
Correct : Her coat was lying on the chair.
Explanation: ‡h‡nZz ciewZ©‡Z on the chair (Preposition + Noun Phrase)ZvB laying Gi cwie‡Z© lying n‡e|
Preposition _vK‡j Gi c~‡e© Lie n‡e Avi mivmwi Noun/ Noun Phrase Avm‡j Lay n‡e|
Incorrect : I have lain your notebook on the table by the door so that you won’t forget it.
Correct : I have laid your notebook on the table by the door so that you won’t forget it.
Explanation: †h‡nZz GLv‡b your notebook GKwU Noun Phrase hv lain (Lie Gi V3 Form) Gi c‡i †`Lv hv‡”Q, wKš‘ GLv‡b
Lay Gi V3 Form- laid nIqvi K_v| KviY, Lay + Noun/ Noun Phrase, Avi Lie + Preposition + Noun Phrase|
Incorrect : Key West lays off the coast of Florida.
Correct : Key West lies off the coast of Florida.
Incorrect : Why don’t you lay down for a while?
Correct : Why don’t you lie down for a while?
Incorrect : Linda always forgets where she lies her glasses.
Correct : Linda always forgets where she lays her glasses.
R-S
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Rive (wQbœ Kiv) Rived Riven Slink (m‡i cov) Slunk Slunk
Ride (Pov) Rode Ridden Slip (cv wcQjv‡bv) Slipped Slipped
Rid (gy³ Kiv) Rid Rid Smell (NÖvY †bqv) Smelt Smelt
Ring (N›Uv evRv‡bv) Rang Rung Sow (ecb Kiv) Sowed Sowed
Rise (Dw`Z nIqv) Rose Risen Speak (K_v ejv) Spoke Spoken
Run (‡`Šov‡bv) Ran Run Speed (`ªæZ Kiv) Sped Sped
See (‡`Lv) Saw Seen Spell (evbvb Kiv) Spelt Spelt
Seek (‡LuvR Kiv) Sought Sought Spill (Dc‡P cov) Spilt Spilt
Sew (‡mjvB Ki) Sewed Sewed /Sewn Shear (wef³ Kiv) Sheared Shorn Sheared
Sell (weµq Kiv) Sold Sold Spoil (bó Kiv) Spoiled Spoiled
Send (cvVv‡bv) Sent Sent Spring (jvd †`qv) Sprang Sprung
Shake (bvov †`qv) Shook Shaken Stand (`uvov‡bv) Stood Stood
Shave (`uvwo KvUv) Shaved Shaved Steal (Pzwi Kiv) Stole Stolen
Spin (myZv KvUv) Spun Spun Stick (‡j‡M _vKv) Stuck Stuck
Shine (wKiY †`qv) Shone Shone Sting (ûj †dvUv‡bv) Stung Stung
Shrink (msKzwPZ Kiv) Shrank Shrunk Stink (`~M©Ü Qov‡bv) Stunk Stunk
Shoot (¸wj Kiv) Shot Shot Stride (cv †djv) Strode Stridden
Sing (Mvb Kiv) Sang Sung Strive (msMÖvg Kiv) Strove Striven
Sink (Wy‡e hvIqv) Sank Sunk Swell (dz‡j IVv) Swelled Swelled
Sit (emv) Sat Sat Swim (muvZvi KvUv) Swam Swum
Slay (nZ¨v Kiv) Slew Slain Swing (‡`vj LvIqv) Swung Swung
Slide (wcQ‡b hvIqv) Slid Slid Swear (kc_ †bqv) Swore Sworn
Sling (wb‡¶c Kiv) Slung Slung Sweep (SuvU †`Iqv) Swept Swept
Confusing Verbs “R-S”
V1 V2 V3 Ving V1 V2 V3 Ving
Intransitive Transitive
Rise (wb‡R IVv, e„w× cvIqv) Rose Risen Rising Raise (Ab¨‡K DV‡bv, e„wØi KviY nIqv) Raised Raised Raising
 Page 118

RETINA

Sit (wb‡R emv) Sat Sat Sitting Set (Ab¨‡K emv‡bv, ¯’vcb Kiv) Set Set Setting
Arise (DVv, D™¢~Z nIqv) Arose Arisen Arising Rouse (RvMÖZ Kiv) Roused Roused Rousing
Short Technique: Raise/Set em‡j Aek¨B Gi Object _v‡K| A_©vr Raise/ Set Gi c‡i mivmwi Noun/Pronoun/ Noun Phrase
_vK‡e (Aek¨B Noun/Pronoun/ Noun Phrase-Gi c~‡e© †Kvb Preposition _vK‡e bv, hw` Preposition _v‡K A_ev †Kvb
Noun/Pronoun/ Noun Phrase-B bv _v‡K Z‡e Rise/Sit em‡e|)
➥ Heavy rain raises/raised the water level of reservoir. ➥ The students set the lab equipments on the table.
➥ The water lever rises/ rose when it rains. ➥ The equipment sits/ sat on the table.
T-Z
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Tear (wQu‡o †djv) Tore Torn Wear (cwiavb Kiv) Wore Worn
Thrive (mg„× n‡q IVv) Throve Thriven Weave (‡evbv) Wove Woven
Throw (wb‡¶c Kiv) Threw Thrown Weep (Kuv`v) Wept Wept
Tread (cv‡q gvov‡bv) Trod Trodden Welcome (¯^vMZg Rvbv‡bv) Welcomed Welcomed
Understand(eyS‡Z cviv) Understood Understood Win (wR‡Z hvIqv) Won Won
Uphold (Zz‡j aiv) Upheld Upheld Wind (¸Uv‡bv) Wound Wound
Undertake(`vwqZ¡ MÖnb Kiv) Undertook Undertaken Withhold (cÖZ¨vnvi Ki) Withheld Withheld
Wake (‡R‡M IVv) Woke Waken Wring (‡gvPov‡bv) Wrung Wrung
Wait (‡`wi Kiv) Waited Waited
No Change in V1, V2 & V3 Forms
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Bet (evwR ivLv) Bet Bet Read (cov) Read Read
Bid (wbjvg WvKv) Bid Bid Rid (gy³ Kiv) Rid Rid
Burst (‡d‡U cov) Burst Burst Set (¯’vcb Kiv) Set Set
Cast (wb‡¶c Kiv) Cast Cast Shed (Siv‡bv) Shed Shed
Cost (`vg) Cost Cost Shut (eÜ Kiv) Shut Shut
Cut (KvUv) Cut Cut Spread (Qwo‡q cov) Spread Spread
Hit (AvNvZ Kiv) Hit Hit Spit (_y_y †djv) Spit Spit
Hurt (AvNvZ †`Iqv) Hurt Hurt Thrust (‡Rvi K‡i Pvcv‡bv) Thrust Thrust
Let (AbygwZ †`Iqv) Let Let Broadcast (m¤cÖPvi Kiv) Broadcast Broadcast
Put (ivLv) Put Put Telecast (wUwf‡Z cÖPvi Kiv) Telecast Telecast
Quit (‡Q‡o †`Iqv) Quit Quit Beset (‡NivI Kiv) Beset Beset
 Page 119

RETINA

Right form of verb

Tenses

Name Types Structure Examples

Indefinite S+V1+O I play football. (Avwg dzUej †Lwj|)

Continuous S + am/is/are + Ving + O I am playing football. (Avwg dzUej †Lwj‡ZwQ|)

Present Perfect S + have/has + V3 +O I have played football. (Avwg dzUej †LwjqvwQ|)

I have been playing football for two hours.

Perfect S + have/has+been+ Ving+
Continuous O + for/since + time (Avwg `yB N›Uv a‡i dzUej †Lwj‡ZwQ|)

Indefinite S+V2+O I played football.(Avwg dzUej †L‡jwQjvg)

Continuous S+was/were+Ving+O I was playing football.(Avwg dzUej †Lwj‡ZwQjvg|)

I had played football before I went there. (‡mLv‡b

Past Perfect S+had+V3+O
hvIqvi c~‡e© Avwg dzUej †LwjqvwQjvg|)

I had been playing football for two hours.

Perfect S+had+been+
Continuous Ving+O+for/since+time (Avwg `yB N›Uv a‡i dzUej †Lwj‡ZwQjvg|)

Indefinite S+shall/will+VB+O I shall play football. (Avwg dzUej †Lje|)

Continuous S+shall/will+be+Ving+O I shall be playing football. (Avwg dzUej †Lj‡Z _vKe|)

Future
Perfect S+shall/will+have+V3+O I shall have played football. (Avwg dzUej †Lwjqv _vKe|)

Perfect S+shall/will+have+been+ I shall have been playing football for two hours.
Continuous Ving+O+for/since+time (Avwg `yB N›Uv a‡i dzUej †Lwj‡Z _vKe|)

N.B.: V= Principal Verb;S= Subject, O= Object

Exception!! g‡b ivLyb....... ReCAP!!
Avgiv c~‡e©B †R‡bwQ, Like, Love, Hate, Want, Believe, Appear, Sound, Continue, Prefer, See, Seem, Deny, Delay
cÖf…wZ nj Stative Verb; G‡`i Continuous Form Kiv hvq bv| †h mKj †ÿ‡Î Present/Past Continuous Tense Ki‡Z nq †m
mKj †ÿ‡Î Present/Past Indefinite Ges Present/Past Perfect Continuous Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î Present/Past Perfect n‡e|
Present Tense
Present Indefinite Tense: ‡Kvb KvR eZ©gv‡b mvaviYfv‡e N‡U Giƒc eySv‡Z Present Indefinite Tense nq| G‡K Present
Simple Tense ejv nq| cÖavbZ wPišÍb mZ¨ (Universal truth), HwZnvwmK mZ¨ (Historical truth), ‰eÁvwbK mZ¨ (Scientific
Truth), ˆ`bw›`b NUbv (Daily Event), cÖev` evK¨ (Maxim), Af¨vmMZ Kg© (Habitual fact), †Kvb e³v ev †jL‡Ki Dw³
(Quotation) Gi †¶‡Î me©`vB Present Indefinite Tense e¨eüZ nq|
Example: Time goes by so quickly (†`L‡Z †`L‡Z mgq P‡j hvq|). He wears a beard/long hair. (†m `vwo/j¤^v Pzj iv‡L|)
Special Note: (i) Subject hw` Third Person Ges Singular Number n‡j Principal Verb-Gi †k‡l s ev es †hvM nq|
 Page 120

RETINA

(ii) Imperative Sentence me©`vB Present Indefinite Tense wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|

Structure:
A. Affirmative: Subject + g~j verb-Gi present form + object + extension.
Example: i) Floods destroy crops. (wPišÍb mZ¨)
ii) Humayun ascends the throne. (HwZnvwmK eZ©gvb.
B. Negative: Subject +do/does +not+ g~j Verb-Gi Present form+ object + extension.
Example: I do not do it.
C. Interrogative: Do/Does/Don't/Doesn't+Subject+g~j Verb-Gi Present form+ object +extension+?
Example: Do you know it?
or, What+do/does+Subject+g~j Verb-Gi Present form+extension+? Example: What do you know?
D. (i) Active Sense: Subject+g~j Verb-Gi Present form+ object/complement.
Example: I go to school regularly.
(ii) Passive Sense: Subject+ am/is/are + Past participle + extension. Example: The terrorist is arrested.
◉ Rule-01: mywbw`©ó mgq D‡jøL bv †_‡K ev‡K¨ hw` always, often, usually, hardly, seldom, generally, when ever,
normally, regularly, occasionally, sometimes, daily, frequently, at times, every morning/day /week/ month/
year /time etc. BZ¨vw` _v‡K Zvn‡j Verb wU Present Indefinite Tense G n‡e| always, often, usually, hardly, seldom,
still BZ¨vw` Adverb ¸‡jv Present Indefinite Tense G Subject I Principal Verb Gi gv‡S e‡m| Present Indefinite
Tense-G Subject-wU Third Person Singular Number G _vK‡j Verb Gi mv‡_ s ev es hy³ nq| G †ÿ‡Î Verb Gi †k‡l
ch, sh, ss, x, o, z BZ¨vw` _v‡K Zv‡`i mv‡_ es hy³ nq Ges Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î ïay s hy³ nq|
➥ He/Shaheen usually plays tennis twice a week.
➥ He often looks at me, but he never talks to me.

◉ Rule-02: `ywU wPišÍb mZ¨ evK¨ When Øviv hy³ n‡j `y‡UvB Present Indefinite Tense-G nq|
➥ When water freezes, it turns into ice.
➥ When metal becomes hot, it expands.
Present Indefinite Tense Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨envi
(i) Universal truth ev wPišÍb mZ¨ eySv‡Z- (vii) Optative Sentence G-
➥ The sun sets in the west. ➥ May Allah bless you.
(ii) Habitual fact ev Af¨vmMZ mZ¨ eySv‡Z- (viii) †Kv‡bv e³v ev †jL‡Ki Dw³ cÖKvk Ki‡Z-
➥ My mother reads the holy Quran everyday. ➥ Shakespeare says, “Cowards die many times
(iii) Historical truth ev HwZnvwmK mZ¨ eySv‡Z- before their death.”
➥ Akbar ascends the throne when he is only twelve (ix) †Kv‡bv KvR c~‡e© ïiæ n‡q GLbI Pj‡Q Giƒc eySv‡Z-
years old. ➥ The saint is on yoga since Friday last. (MZ ïµevi
(iv) Scientific truth ev ‰eÁvwbK mZ¨ eySv‡Z- nB‡Z mvay †hvMvm‡b iZ|)
➥ Ice floats on water. (x) wbZ¨ ev ˆbwgwËK †Kv‡bv NUbv wb‡`©k Ki‡Z-
(v) wbKUZg fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© aviYv- ➥ I play tennis every Sunday morning.
➥ Situ starts to Dhaka next day. (xi) cÖev‡`i †ÿ‡Î :
(vi) Imperative Sentence G- ➥ Practice makes a man perfect. (Nl‡Z Nl‡Z avi I‡V|)
➥ Open the door.
Present Continuous Tense: †Kvb KvR eZ©gv‡b Pj‡Q Giƒc Structure:
eySv‡j evK¨wU Present Continuous G nq| G‡K Present A. Assertive: Subject + be verb(am/is/are)/be verb
Progressive Tense-I ejv nq| (am/is/are)not + g~j verb + ing+extension.
Special Note: Be verb Gi c‡i Present Participle (Ving) Example: i) I am reading a story book. ii) He is n
e‡m Zv hw` Complement Gi KvR K‡i A_©vr Subject †K wb‡`©k B. Interrogative: Be verb (am+is+are)/
K‡i ev Gi Ae¯’v cÖKvkK nq Zvn‡j Sentence wU Present (ain't/isn't/aren't) +sub + g~
j verb+ing+ extension+?
Indefinite tense nq| Example: i) Are you enjoying TV? ii) Aren't
or, What+be verb (am/is/are)+sub+g~j
 Page 121

RETINA

Verb+ing+extension+? ➥ Maria is in the kitchen. She is cooking lunch.

Example: What are you looking for?
C. i) Active Sense : Subject + am/is/are + ing hy³
Verb + Extension
Example: I am reading a book now.
ii) Passive Sense : Subject + am/is/are + being +
Past participle form of verb + Extension
Example: The program is being telecast live.
Present Perfect Tense: †Kvb KvR AZx‡Z m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q wKš‘
hvi djvdj eZ©gv‡b Av‡Q Giƒc eySv‡Z Present Perfect Tense
nq|
Special Note: GB Tense-G evsjv wµqvi †k‡l -BqvwQ (-wQ), -
BqvQ (-Q), -Bqv‡Qb (-‡QB. _v‡K|

Present Continuous Tense Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨envi Structure:

(i) wbKU fwel¨‡Zi KvR eySv‡Z- A. Assertive: Subject + have/has/have not/has not +
➥ My brother is sitting for the ensuing BCS g~j verb-Gi Past participle + extension.
examination this year. Example: i) He has been here since Monday. ii)
(ii) B`vwbs KvRwU n‡”Q Giƒc eyS‡Z- He has not done the work.
Inc: He (has) his meal. Cor: He has had his meal.
➥ I am reading in this college.
B. Interrogative: Have/Has/Hasn't/Haven't+sub+g~j
(iii) Af¨vmMZ KvR eySv‡Z-
Verb Gi Past participle form + extension+?
➥ Rangana Herath is playing cricket even at
Example: i) Have you finished the work? ii)
this age of forty.
Haven't you met him yet?
(iv) cybt cybt NU‡Q Ggb KvR eyS‡Z-
or, What+ have/has+sub+g~j Verb Gi Past participle +
➥ He is always disturbing me. extension+?
(v) cwieZ©bkxj †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v eySv‡Z- Example: What have you done?
➥ The price of daily necessaries is increasing C. i) Active Sense : Subject + have/has + verb in the
day by day. past participle form + extension.
Example: He completed his work.
Rule-01: Lye wbKU fwel¨‡Z NU‡Z hv‡”Q Ggb cwiKwíZ KvR ii) Passive Sense : Subject + have/has + been +
wb‡`©k Ki‡Z Verb Gi Present Continuous Tense e¨eüZ verb in the past participle form + extension.
nq| G‡¶‡Î fwel¨r mgqKvj, †hgb: next (week/month/year), Example: The work has been completed by him.
today, tonight, tomorrow etc.D‡j¬L¨ _v‡K|
Present Perfect Tense Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨envi
➥ They are going to a concert tomorrow. ➥(i) Jamil
†Kv‡bvisKvR
notGB
going to school
gvÎ †kl n‡q‡Q eytoday.
Sv‡j-
➥ We aren't taking the car to Sylhet next month ➥ Apparently, Suchi is getting
➥ The plane has just landed. married in May but she
because the journey takes too long. hasn't invited me!
(ii) †Kv‡bv KvR c~‡e© msNwUZ n‡q‡Q wKš‘ djvdj GLbI
we`¨gvb Giƒc eySv‡Z-
Rule-02: Now, right now (GB g~û‡Z©) at present, at this
➥ Karim has passed HSC examination.
time/ moment/very moment, this morning/week/month/
(iii) This is the first time/second time G RvZxq
year/ season/summer/winter/spring today, still, day by
day, gradually, year after year BZ¨vw` D‡jøL _vK‡j Ges expression eySv‡Z-
eZ©gv‡b Pjgvb †Kvb wKQz eySv‡j Verb Gi Present Continuous ➥ This is the first time I have made a journey
Tense nq| by boat.
 I am reading a crime-thriller now. Rule-01: †Kvb Sentence G just, just now, already, yet,
 Migrant laborers are increasingly becoming never, ever, lately, recently BZ¨vw` Adverb Ges so far (-
an important source of labor during harvesting .until now), till now, up to now, up to the present, by
season. the time BZ¨vw` Adverbial Phrase _vK‡j Present Perfect
Tense nq| Just, already, never BZ¨vw` Adverb ¸‡jv
Rule-03: KLbI GKwU Sentence ev Clause Gi mv‡_ A‡_©i wgj Present Perfect Tense-G Auxiliary Verb Ges Principal
†i‡L ciewZ© evK¨wU Present Continuous nq| Verb Gi gv‡S e‡m|
➥ Do not make a noise while your father is sleeping ➥ Rahim ➥ The hasdog is barking.
finished It isby
his work making a terrible noise.
the time.
➥ It's 10 a.m. now. The sun is shining in the eastern sky. ➥ Just ➥now Don’t
he disturb
has hadme.hisI dinner
am doing but my homework.
he says he
 Page 122
RETINA
will see when he is finished.
Rule-02: It is the first time/second time/third time,
This is the first time/second time/third time BZ¨vw`i c‡i
Present Perfect Tense e¨eüZ nq|
➥ Jesmin has lost her passport again. It’s the 2nd
time this has happened
➥ When we reached the cinema, Siraj said, “This
is the first time I have been here.
Rule-03: Stative Verb (‡hmKj Verb ‡K Continuous Kiv
hvq bv) Gi †ÿ‡Î Present Continuous Tense Gi ¯’v‡b
Present Perfect Ki‡Z nq|
➥ After this performance I have seen Hamlet
five times.
➥ We have not had a holiday since the
beginning of this year.
➥ He is my best friend now, and has been for
many years.
Rule-03: Superlative Degree Gi c‡i A‡bK mgq ever hy³
Present Perfect e¨eüZ nq|
➥ My uncle is the best story-teller I’ve ever met
➥ She is one of the most generous persons I have
ever known.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense: ‡Kvb KvR AZx‡Z ïiæ
n‡q GLb ch©šÍ Pj‡Q Giƒc eySv‡Z Present Perfect Continuous
Tense nq| Sentence Gi g‡a¨ wbw`©ó mgq hver, a‡i, n‡Z, †_‡K
A‡_© for ev since _vK‡j Present Perfect Continuous
Tense nq
Special Note: GB Tense-G KvRwU AZx‡Zi †Kvb mg‡qi D‡jøL
c~e©K GLb ch©šÍ Pj‡Q Giƒc D‡jøL _v‡K|
Structure:
A. Assertive: Subject + have/has/have not/has not +
been + g~j verb + ing + extension.
Example: We have been working for two hours.
B. Interrogative: Have/Has+sub+been+g~j
Verb+ing+extension+?
Example: Have you been reading since morning?
or, What+have/has+sub+been+do/g~j Verb Gi Present
form+ing?
Example: What have you been reading?
C. i) Active Sense : Subject + have been /has been +
ing hy³ verb + Object/Complement.
Example: He has been playing football for 30
minutes.
ii) Passive Sense : Subject + have been /has been
+ being + past participle + Extension.
Example: Football has been being played by him.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨envi
(i) Stand, wait, learn, study, sleep, rest, sit,
stay, lie, live, work, rain BZ¨vw` verb ¸‡jv
Present Perfect Continuous tense G ‡ewk
e¨eüZ nq|
➥ He has been waiting for two hours.
(ii) Recently, lately, how long, since, for BZ¨vw`
_vK‡jÑ
➥ How long have you been living in this
town?
Rule-01: †Kvb KvR Av‡M †_‡K Avi¤¢ n‡q eZ©gvbKv‡jI Pj‡Q
eySv‡j Verb wUi Present Perfect Continuous Tense nq|
G‡¶‡Î ev‡K¨ mvaviYZ since, for, how long BZ¨vw` D‡jøL
_v‡K|
➥ Jashim looks sick. He has been suffering
from fever for the last three days.
➥ We came to Dhaka in 1994 and have been
living here since then.
Rule-02:
...For + Period of time Awbw`©ó mgq/Duration of
time/e¨wß
...Since + Point of time wbw`©ó mgq / Starting time/ïiæi
gyn~Z©
➥ He has been ill since Friday last.
➥ I haven’t seen you since Monday
Past Tense
Past Indefinite Tense: ‡Kvb KvR AZxZ Kv‡j m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q
Ges hvi djvdj eZ©gv‡b †bB A_ev AZx‡Z mvaviYfv‡e †Kvb wµqv
msNwUZ n‡Zv Giƒc eySv‡Z Past Indefinite Tense nq|
Special Note: GB Tense-G KvRwU AZx‡Zi †Kvb mg‡qi D‡jøL
_v‡K, AZxZ wb‡`©kK Adverb (eg. ago, yesterday, last night
etc.) ev AZx‡Zi †Kvb w`‡bi/ mg‡qi/ mv‡ji K_v mivmwi D‡jøL
_v‡K|
Past Indefinite Tense Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨envi
(i) AZxZKv‡j †Kv‡bv Af¨vmMZ KvR eySv‡jÑ
➥ My grandmother walked in the morning.
(ii) f`ªZv, webq ev Aby‡gv`b eySv‡Z-
➥ Could you tell me the time, please?
(iii) AZxZ mg‡qi D‡jøL _vK‡jÑ
➥ Musfika passed SSC examination last year.
(iv) AwbqwgZ Af¨vm wQj eySv‡ZÑ
 Page 123
RETINA
➥ I would drink a cup of coffee after dinner.
(v) Aby‡iva Ávc‡b-
➥ Would you please give me a cup of tea?
Structure:
A. Affirmative: Subject + g~j verb Gi Past form +
extension.
Example: The Dillingham youngs took a mighty
pride in their possession.
B. Negative: Subject+did not+g~j Verb Gi Present
form+ extension
Example: We did not oppose you.
C. Interrogative: Did/Didn't+sub+g~j Verb Gi Present
form+ extension+?
Example: i) Did you participate in the program?
ii) Didn't I sell my car to help you?
Or, What+did+sub+do/g~j Verb- Gi Present
form+extension+?
Example: What did you do then?
D. i) Active Sense : Subject + Past Verb + Extension.
Example: I went home yesterday.
ii) Passive Sense : Subject + was/were + Past
participle + Extension.
Example: I was advised to get the visa in advance.
◉ Rule-01: †Kvb Sentence G ago, before, as soon as,
long ago, long since, once, yesterday, last night/
week/ month/ year/ summer, previous day, the day
before cÖf„wZ A_ev AZxZKv‡ji mgq (eg. 1985) D‡jøL
_vK‡j Zv Past Indefinite Tense n‡e| A_©vr Subject Gi
c‡i Verb Gi Past Form em‡e|
➥ I went to his house yesterday but could not
meet him.
➥ When I saw her leaving in a hurry, I asked her
where she was going.
◉ Rule-02: AZxZKv‡ji `ywU KvR hw` as soon as Øviv hy³ nq
Zvn‡j `ywU KvRB Past Indefinite Tense G n‡e|
➥ I opened the door as soon as I heard the bell.
➥ As soon as he saw me he began to cry.
Past Continuous Tense: †Kvb KvR AZxZ Kv‡j PjwQj Giƒc
eySv‡j evK¨wU Past Continuous Tense nq|
Structure:
A. Assertive: Subject+ was/were/was not/were not +
g~j verb + ing + extension.
Example: He was reading a book.
B. Interrogative: Was/ were/wasn't +sub+ g~j Verb+
ing + extension+?
Example: i) Was he working hard? ii) Weren't
they fighting hard against the English?
or, What+was/were+sub+do/g~j
Verb+ing+extension+?
Example: What was she doing in the last evening?
C. i) Active Sense : Subject + was/were + ing form of
verb + extension.
Example: I was listening to BBC news then.
ii) Passive Sense : Subject + was/were + being +
past participle form of verb + Extension.
Example: The class was being taken then.
Past Continuous Tense Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨envi
(i) AZxZKv‡j `ywU KvR GKB mg‡q PjwQj Giƒc eySv‡Z-
➥ Nabil was watching TV while I was
listening to radio.
(ii) AZxZKv‡j GKwU KvR PjvKvjxb Avi GKwU KvR
msNwUZ n‡j, †h KvRwU PjwQj Zv eySv‡Z-
➥ She burnt her hand while she was cooking
her dinner.
(iii) AZxZ mg‡qi D‡jøL _vK‡jÑ
➥ He was trying to leave the country forever.
When & While: AZxZKv‡ji `ywU Clause hw`
As/while/when Øviv hy³ nq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i GKwU‡Z Past
Continuous Ges AciwU‡Z Past Indefinite Tense nq|G‡¶‡Î
GKwU KvR PjvKv‡j Ab¨ KvRwU msNwUZ nq Giƒc A_© †`q|
‡Kv_vq Past Continuous Tense? Structure
Principal Clause G Past When + past continuous, past indefinite.
Continuous: (Past continuous + Past indefinite +when+ past continuous.
When/ While +....) Past indefinite +while +past continuous.
Subordinate Clause G Past Past continuous + when+ past indefinite.
Continuous:(When/While When + past indefinite, past continuous.
+Continuous)
Past Perfect Tense: AZx‡Z †Kvb GKwU KvR msNU‡bi c~‡e©
Av‡iv KvR msNwUZ n‡qwQj Giƒc eySv‡j Av‡M msNwUZ KvRwU Past
Perfect Tense nq Avi c‡i msNwUZ KvRwU Past Indefinite
Tense G nq| Example: I had bought a computer before
I got the gift.
Special Note: GLv‡b, before/ after _vKvi welqwU eva¨Zvg~jK
bv, Ab¨ †Kvb Clause Marker (Relative Pronoun/Relative
Adverb/ Subordinating Conjunction) I _vK‡Z cv‡i|
Structure:
A. Assertive: Sub + had/had not + g~j verb Gi Past
Participle form + extension.
 Page 124
RETINA
Example: I had reached the college before the
examination began.
Inc: Rana (has) his breakfast. Cor: Rana had had
his breakfast.
B. Interrogative: Had/Had not+sub+g~j Verb-Gi Past
participle form+ extension+?
Example: Had he finished the work before it
rained?
or, What+ had+sub+ g~j Verb Gi past participle
form+extension+?
Example: What had you done before the exam
started?
C. i) Active Sense : Subject + had + verb in the past
participle form + extension.
Example: He had played football before lunch.
ii) Passive Sense : Subject + had + been + past
participle of verb + Extension.
Example: Football had been played before lunch
by him.
Past Perfect Tense Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨envi
(i) AZxZKv‡j `ywU KvR ev NUbv msNwUZ n‡j †hwU Av‡M
N‡U‡Q Zv eySv‡ZÑ
➥ They had reached the station before the
train left.
(ii) That Øviv `ywU Clause hy³ n‡j Ges that c~e©eZx©
Clause wU Past Indefinite Tense G n‡j that hy³
Clause wU Past Perfect Tense G n‡e|
➥ Hasif told me that he had finished his
homework.
(iii) AZxZKv‡j msNwUZ `ywU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ GKwU KvR †kl
n‡q hvevi ci Avi GKwU KvR ïiæ n‡qwQj Giƒc eySv‡Z
As soon as, after, till, until, when BZ¨vw` Øviv
m~wPZ Clause wU Past Perfect tense G nq|
➥ As soon as the rain had stopped, they went
home.
Rule-01: AZxZKv‡j `ywU msNwUZ KvR before Øviv hy³ n‡j
before Gi c‡i Past Indefinite Ges Before Gi c~‡e© Past
Perfect Tense n‡e| A_©vr Past Perfect Tense + before +
Past Indefinite Tense wKš‘ KvR `ywU after Øviv hy³ n‡j after
Gi c‡i Past Perfect Tense Ges after Gi c~‡e© Past
Indefinite n‡e| A_©vr, Past Indefinite Tense+ after +Past
Perfect Tense
Example: Rain had stopped before I reached there.
The train left after we had reached the
station.
Rule-02: that Gi c~‡e©i evK¨wU Past Indefinite Tense n‡j
That Gi c‡ii evK¨wU mvaviYZ Past Perfect nq| G‡¶‡Î That
Gi c‡ii As‡ki KvRwU c~‡e© msNwUZ nq| Example: He denied
that he had written the letter.
Rule-03: that Gi c~‡e©i evK¨wU Past Indefinite Tense n‡jI
that Gi c‡ii As‡k the previous day/ week/month/year
_vK‡j Past Perfect/Perfect Continuous Tense nq Avi the
next day/week/ month/year _vK‡j Future Expectation in
the Past eySv‡Z would/should + base form n‡e|
Rule-04: No sooner.......than, Scarcely.....when,
Hardly.....when, BZ¨vw` Øviv `ywU Clause hy³ n‡j 1g Clause
wUi Verb Past Perfect Tense 2q Clause wUi Verb Gi
Simple Past Tense nq|
Example: No sooner had he seen the police than he
ran away.
Rule-05: Since-Gi c~‡e© hw` Past Indefinite tense e¨eüZ
nq, Zvn‡j Since-Gi c‡ii AskwU Past Perfect Tense n‡e|
Example: It was ten years since we had first met/seen.
It’s years since I had seen you last.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense: AZx‡Z †Kvb GKwU KvR
msNU‡bi c~‡e© Av‡iv KvR PjwQj Giƒc eySv‡j Av‡M msNwUZ KvRwU
Past Perfect Continuous Tense nq Avi c‡i msNwUZ KvRwU
Past Indefinite Tense G nq| Example: I had been
reading the book before he came. I had been looking
for a girl before I got married.
Structure:
A. Assertive: Sub + had/had not + been + g~j verb +
ing + extension.
Example: At that time, Shama had been writing a
novel for two months.
B. Interrogative: Had+sub+been+ g~j
Verb+ing+extension+?
Example: Had you been watching TV for two
hours at that time?
or, What+ had+sub+been+g~j Verb+ing+extension+?
Example: What had you been reading then?
C. i) Active Sense : Subject + had been + ing form of
verb + Extension / Object / Complement.
Example: He had been playing football.
ii) Passive Sense : Subject + had + been + being +
past participle form of the verb + Extension.
Example: Football had been being played by him.
Some Important Rules of Past Tense
1. Past continuous tense+when+simple past.
Example: We were reading when he came.
2. Past indefinite tense+while+past continuous tense.
Example: I read a novel while you were sleeping.
 Page 125
RETINA
3. Past continuous tense+while+past continuous
tense.
Example: We were enjoying TV while taking tea.
4. Past perfect+before+past indefinite.
Example: We had reached the station before the
train left.
5. Past indefinite+after+past perfect.
Example: We started our journey after he had
come.
Future Tense
Future Indefinite Tense: mvaviYfv‡e fwel¨‡Z †Kvb KvR
m¤úvw`Z n‡e Giƒc eySv‡j KvRwU Future Indefinite Tense G
n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î ev‡K¨ mvaviYZ fwel¨Z wb‡`©kK kã _v‡K|†hgb:
Tomorrow, next, coming, ensuing, next month, next
week, next year A_ev fwel¨‡Zi †Kvb mgq †hgb: in 2020
BZ¨vw`| evK¨wUi MVb n‡e: Subject + shall/will + VerbBase
Example: I shall go to meet her tomorrow.He will be
fifty years old in 2025.
Structure:
A. Assertive: Subject + shall (only in 1st person)/
will/shall not (only in 1st person)/will not + g~j
verb- Gi present form + extension.
Example: The fog will hold tomorrow.
B. Interrogative: Shall/will+sub+g~j verb-Gi present
form+ extension+?
Example: Will you do it?
or, What+shall/will+sub+do/g~j Verb Gi present
form+ extension+?
Example: What will they perform?
C. i) Active Sense : Subject + shall/will + base form
+ ext.
Example: He will go to America tomorrow.
ii) Passive Sense : Subject + shall /will + be + past
participle + Extension.
Example: The Padma bridge will be completed
within ten years.
Future Indefinite Tense Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨envi
(i) ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g msNwUZ nq Giƒc †Kv‡bv fwel¨Z NUbv
cÖKvk Ki‡Z-
➥ The summer will come again.
(ii) Expect, sure, think, wonder BZ¨vw` verb Øviv
Abygvb, avibv, gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z-
➥ I am sure he will pass the exam.
(iii) Conditional sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î Subordinate
clause wU Present Indefinite Tense G n‡j
Principal clause wU Future Indefinite Tense G
nq|
➥ If it rains, I’ll not go out.
(iv) †Kvb sentence-Gi GKwU Ask hw` Future
Indefinite Tense nq, Zvn‡j Ab¨ AskwU Present
Indefinite Tense n‡e| A_©vr GKwU sentence-G
`ywU Ask Future nq bv|
➥ I will call you, when I return.
Future Continuous Tense: fwel¨‡Z †Kvb KvR Pj‡Z _vK‡e
Giƒc eySv‡j ‡mwU Future Continuous Tense G n‡e| mvaviYZ
Future Continuous Tense Gi †Kvb wPý †bB| evK¨wUi MVb
n‡e: Subject + shall/will + be + Verbing
Example: I shall be waiting for you till my death (Avgvi
g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ Avwg †Zvgvi Rb¨ A‡cÿv Ki‡Z _vK‡ev|).He will be
doing this work to succeed (‡m mdj nIqvi Rb¨ GB KvRwU
Ki‡Z _vK‡e|). I will be sleeping at that time. (Avwg H mgq
Nygv‡Z _vK‡ev|)
Structure:
A. Assertive: Subject + will/shall/will not/shall not +
be + g~j verb Gi Present form Gi c‡i mvaviYZ ing +
extension.
Note: First Person Gi c‡i mvaviYZ shall be e‡m| evwK
me person-Gi c‡i will be e‡m|
Example: I shall be reading the book.
B. Interrogative: Shall/will+sub+be+ g~j Verb Gi
present form+ extension+?
Example: Will you be reading the book?
or, What+ shall/will+sub+do/g~j Verb Gi present
form+ing+ extension+?
Example: What will you be writing?
C. i) Active Sense : Subject + shall/will + be + ing hy³
verb + extension.
Example: I shall be waiting for you.
ii) Passive Sense : Subject + shall /will + be +
being + V3 + extension.
Example: The work is being done at the moment.
Future Perfect Tense: fwelr mgq ÁvcK †hgb- by + future
time, by then, by that time, by the end of + future time
etc. Øviv Future Perfect Tense cÖKvk Kiv nq| fwel¨‡Zi `ywU
Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †h KvRwU Av‡M n‡e ‡mwU Future Perfect Tense G
Ges evKx KvRwU Present Indefinite Tense ev Future
Indefinite G n‡e|evK¨wUi MVb n‡e: Subject + shall/will +
have + Verb3
 Page 126
RETINA
Example: I shall have finished the work before the he
comes (‡m Avmvi c~‡e© Avwg KvRwU K‡i _vKe|).He will have
reached home by this time (†m GZ¶‡Y evwo †cuŠ‡Q _vK‡e|).
Structure:
A. Assertive: Subject + shall/will/shall not/will not +
have + g~j verb-Gi Past Participle form +
extension.
Example: I shall have finished reading the book by
4 p.m.
B. Interrogative: shall/will+sub+ g~j Verb Gi Past
participle +extension+?
Example: Will he have worked hard?
or, What+ shall/will+have+sub+g~j Verb Gi past
participle+extension+?
Example: What will you have read?
C. i) Active Sense : Subject + shall/will + have + PP
+ extension.
Example: He will have played football.
ii) Passive Sense : Subject + shall /will + be +
have + been + PP + extension.
Example: Football will have been played by him.
◉ Rule-01: ev‡K¨ fwel¨r mgq ÁvcK kã by the time Øviv
hLb `ywU Clause hy³ _v‡K ZLb by the time Gi c‡i
Present Indefinite Ges Aci As‡k Future Perfect /
Future Perfect Continuous Tense nq|
By the time I get there, the work will all have been
done.
hZ¶‡Y Avwg †mLv‡b hve ZZ¶‡Y meKvR Kiv n‡q hv‡e|
◉ Rule-02: fwel¨rKv‡ji `ywU KvR before Øviv hy³ n‡j
before Gi c~‡e© Future Perfect/Future Indefinite
Tense Ges before Gi ci Present Indefinite Tense
e‡m| Example: By the time I get there, the work
will all have been done (hZ¶‡Y Avwg †mLv‡b hve
ZZ¶‡Y me KvR Kiv n‡q hv‡e|)
◉ Rule-03: fwel¨rKv‡ji `ywU KvR after Øviv hy³ n‡j after
Gi c~‡e© Future Indefinite Tense Ges after Gici
Present Perfect Tense e‡m|
Future Perfect Continuous Tense: mvaviYfv‡e fwel¨‡Z
†Kvb KvR wKQz mgq a‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡e Giƒc eySv‡j KvRwU Future
Perfect Continuous Tense -G n‡e| GB Tense-wUi ev¯ÍweK
e¨envi bvB| evK¨wUi MVb nq: Subject + shall/will + have
been + Verbing
Example: I shall have been watching the movie.
Structure:
A. Assertive: Subject + shall/will/shall not/will not +
have been + g~j verb -Gi Present form Gi mv‡_ ing +
extension.
Example: I Shall have been doing the work before
my father comes.
B. Interrogative: Shall/will+have+sub+been+g~j
Verb Gi present form+extension+?
Example: Will we have been reading books before
exam starts?
or, What+ shall/will+have+sub+been+do/g~j Verb Gi
present form + ing+extension+?
Example: What will you have been doing before
rain stops?
C. i) Active Sense : Subject + shall / will + have +
been + ing hy³ verb + extension.
Example: He will have been playing football.
ii) Passive Sense : Subject + shall / will + have +
been + being + V3 + extension.
Example: Football will have been being played by
him.
Special Note
1. The following verbs are not normally used in the
continuous
Perception: see, hear, notice, recognize, smell.
Appearance: appear, look, seem.
Emotion: Want, wish, desire, feel, hate, hope, like,
love, prefer, refuse.
Thinking: Agree, believe, consider, forget,
imagine, know, mean, mind, remember, think,
trust, understand.
Possession: Belong to, consist of, contain, own
possess.
2. Present perfect tense is never used with adverb of
past tense.
He was gone to Calcutta yesterday. (wrong)
He went to Calcutta yesterday. (Correct)
3. We use 'will' instead of 'shall' and 'shall' instead of
'will' when we express strong intenstion or promise
I shall go to school. (Avwg ¯‹z‡j hve)
I will go to school. (Avwg ¯‹z‡j hveB.
4. When an action is planned or arranged to take
place in near future present continuous tense is
used instead of simple future tense.
Avwg AvR weKv‡j XvKv hve| I am going to Dhaka this
afternoon.
 Page 127

RETINA

Sequence of Tense ordinate Clause wU Past perfect nq|

07. Principal Clause wU Past Continuous n‡j Sub-

ordinate Clause wU Past perfect Continuous
◉ Basics: Principal Clause Gi Tense Abyhvqx
nq|
Subordinate Clause-Gi Tense wba©viY‡K Sequence of
Tense e‡j|
08. Principal Clause wU Shall/will n‡j Sub-
ordinate Clause wU Should/Would nq|
◉ Rule-01: Principal Clause-wU hw` Present/ Future
Tense-G _v‡K Z‡e Sub-ordinate Clause wU ‡h‡Kvb
09. Principal Clause wU Can/ may n‡j Sub-ordinate
Tense-G n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Principal Clause Gi Verb wU
Clause wU Could/might nq|
Past Tense G _vK‡j Sub-ordinate Clause Gi Verb
wUI Past Tense n‡e| mvaviYZ That, What, Which,
Exceptions!!
Where, When, Which, How, Though, Although,
 Principal Clause Gi verb ‡h Tense GB _vKzK bv †Kb
Since, As, If, Unless BZ¨vw` Gi c‡i Sub-ordinate
Subordinate clause w`‡q wPišÍb mZ¨, Af¨vm MZ Kg©,
Clause e‡m| A_©vr
HwZnvwmK NUbv, ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨ eySv‡j Present Indefinite
Tense n‡e| wKš‘ Ab¨_vq mvaviY wbqgwUB cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
Principal Subordinate
Example:
01.Galileo Galile first told the people that the earth
Past Aek¨B Past n‡e|
.......... round the sun.
A. moved B. move
Present ev Future Any Tense
C. had moved
D. moves
Ans: D
Example: The girl sang when I was going by her
 ‘Than/As’hy³ Sentence Gi †ejvq Zzjbv eySv‡j Tense Gi
house.
†ÿ‡Î eva¨ evaKZv cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|
Example:
A_©vrÑ Sub-ordinate clause-wU cwieZ©b n‡e wb¤œewY©Z wbqg I love you he loves you.
Abyhvqx|
I loved you more than he loved you.
01. Principal Clause wU Future Indefinite n‡j Sub- I will love you he will love you.
ordinate Clause wU Present Indefinite nq|  Sentence-G DwjøwLZ `yÕwU NUbv GKB mg‡qi n‡j `yÕwUiB
Tense-Gi form GKB iKg n‡e|
02. Principal Clause wU Present indefinite n‡j Sub-
ordinate Clause wU Past Indefinite nq|  GKwU ev‡K¨i `ywU Clause (Principal & Subordinate)
KLbB Future Tense n‡Z cv‡i bv| GKwU Future n‡j
03. Principal Clause wU Present Continuous n‡j AciwU Aek¨B Present Indefinite Tense G Ki‡Z n‡e
Sub-ordinate Clause wU Past Continuous nq| hw`I A_© Future wb‡`©k Ki‡e|
Example: I shall wait here till he (comes/ will come).
04. Principal Clause wU Present perfect n‡j Sub- A_ev,I (wait/ shall wait) here till he will come.
ordinate Clause wU Past perfect nq|  Inverted Comma (“ ”)-i wfZ‡i †h‡Kvb Tense n‡Z
cv‡i| KviY Zv g~jZ Kv‡iv e³e¨‡K ûeû Dc¯’vcb K‡i|
05. Principal Clause wU Present perfect
Continuous n‡j Sub-ordinate Clause wU Past Example:
ℎ .
perfect Continuous nq| ℎ .
He said to me, “ ”
ℎ ℎ .
06. Principal Clause wU Past indefinite n‡j Sub-
 Page 128

RETINA

 Rules of ‘Since’: Since Gi c~‡e© Present _vK‡j c‡i Avevi, As if/As though Gi Av‡Mi As‡k Past Indefinite
Past Indefinite nq| wKš‘ Since Gi c~‡e© hw` Past Tense n‡j As if/As though Gi c‡ii As‡k Past Perfect
Indefinite _v‡K Z‡e c‡i Past Perfect nq| A_©vr, Tense n‡e|
Present Tense + since + Past Indefinite Sentence Structure: Subject + verb (Past) + As if/ As
though + subject + verb (Past Perfect)
Past Indefinite + since + Past Perfect
Example: It was many years since they had first met. Example:
01. He looked as though he had run ten milles.
◉ Rule 01: No sooner --- than, scarcely --- when, Past indefinite Past perfect
hardly --- before hy³ clause ¸‡jvi no sooner, 02. He behaved as though I ___ mistakes.
scarcely, hardly Gici past perfect tense nq Ges than, A. make B. had made
when, before Gici Past Indefinite Tense nq| C. made
D. have made
Example: Ans: B
01. No sooner had he reached the station --- the Rule-05
train left. Had hoped AZx‡Zi Ggb GKwU NUbv cÖKvk K‡i hv N‡Uwb|
A. when B. then C. thanSubject+had hoped+that+would+Verb
D. while (Present
Ans: C
02. Hardly had the train stopped form)+Extension
A. before we got down B. as we got down C. than
Ex.weWegothad
down
hoped thatD.she
when
would
we change
got downher Ans:
mind.C
Ex. I had hoped that she would come to the party.
◉ Rule 02: fwel¨rKv‡ji `ywU KvR before Øviv hy³ n‡j
before Gi c~‡e© Future Perfect/Future Indefinite Rule-06
ev‡K¨ †Kv‡bv Am¤¢e B”Qv cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î If, wish, fancy
Tense Ges before Gi ci Present Indefinite Tense
BZ¨vw`i c‡i ‘to be verb’ Avm‡j Zv me mgq were nq Ges
e‡m| main verb Avm‡j Zvi past form A_ev would/could+verb
Ex: The train will have left before we reach the station. Gi base form nq|
Ex: My friend will leave before I come. Note: eZ©gvbKv‡ji †Kv‡bv Aev¯Íe Kvgbv eySv‡Z wish Gi
cieZ©x Clause wU past indefinite nq A_ev Subject Gi c‡i
◉ Rule 03: fwel¨rKv‡ji `ywU KvR after Øviv hy³ n‡j after could + verb Gi form e‡m| Avi fwel¨‡Zi †Kv‡bv B”Qv eySv‡Z
Gi c~‡e© Future Indefinite Tense Ges after Gici wish Gi cieZ©x Clause G would + verb Gi base form
Present Perfect Tense e‡m| e‡m|
Ex. If I were you, I would never do it.
Ex: We will tell him about it after he has reached
Ex. I wish that I had enough time to work.
Ex: I shall go home after I have finished the work. Ex. I wish I could speak English fluently.
◉ Rule 04: KwíZ ev Aev¯Íe A‡_© (unreal/contrary to fact)
As if ev As though ev‡K¨ _vK‡jÑ ◉ Rule 07: Wish ÔAev¯ÍeÕ (contrary to fact) Ges ‘KwíZÕ
As if/As though Gi Av‡Mi As‡k Present Indefinite Tense (unreal) A‡_© ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡j wish Gici past
_vK‡j As if/As though Gi c‡ii As‡k verb memgq Past indefinite nq| (to be verb _vK‡j me mgq were nq)
Indefinite Tense n‡e (be verb _vK‡j memgq were nq) 01. He wished, I ___ poet.
Sentence Structure: subject+verb(present)+As if/As A. was B. be C.
though + subject + verb (past) am D.
Example: were
01. Rishan walks as if he ___ lame. [30th BCS) Ans: D
A. is B. had been C. has
02. I wish, I ___ fly in the sky.D. were Ans: D
02. He talks as if he ___ everything. A. can B. could C.
A. has known B. had known C. will
willknow D. knew Ans:
D. D
none of these Ans: B
 Page 129

RETINA

e¨wZµg A. would B. will C.

Past wish wn‡m‡e em‡j wish Gi ci Past Perfect nq| does D. has
01. I wish I __ my homework last night. Ans: B
A. did B. had done C.
have done D. had been dying ◉ Rule 10: Principal clause Gi mv‡_ Subordinate
Ans: B clause wU As soon as Øviv hy³ _vK‡jÑ
e¨wZµg i) Principal clause wU Past Indefinite Tense n‡j,
Future wish wn‡m‡e em‡j wish Gi ci would /could+ verb Subordinate clause wU Past Indefinite ev Past Perfect
Gi base form n‡e| Tense G n‡e|
I wish that you would stop saying that. ii) Principal clause wU Future Indefinite Tense G n‡j,
01. I wish, I ___ join in the party. Subordinate clause wU Present Indefinite Tense ev
A. could B. can C.
Present Perfect Tense G n‡e|
may D. none of these
01. As soon as he arrives in Dhaka,____.
Ans: A
A. he will give reception B. he
◉ Rule 08: Principal clause Gi mv‡_ Subordinate has reception
clause wU till/until/unless BZ¨vw` conjunction Øviv hy³ C. he will be given a reception D. he
_vK‡jÑ will be give reception Ans:
i) Principal clause wU Present Indefinite Tense/Future C
Indefinite Tense G _vK‡j, Subordinate clause wU Present 02. As soon as I ___ the bell ringing, I opened the
Indefinite Tense G n‡e| door.
ii) Principal clause wU Past Tense G _vK‡j, Subordinate A. have heard B. overheard C. heard
clause wU Past Indefinite Tense G n‡e|
iii) Until ev unless Gi c‡i negative word-no, not, never, ◉ Rule 11: Use of Lest: Lest Gi A_© n‡”Q Òcv‡Q (†Kvb
none BZ¨vw` e‡m bv| wKQz N‡U) GB f‡qÓ Lest Gi c‡i Subject _vK‡j Verb Gi
01. Wait here until I ...... you. c~‡e© should e‡m Ges should Gi c‡i not, no, never e‡m
A. will call B. call C. bv| Z‡e cÖ‡kœ should bv _vK‡j might e¨envi Kiv hvq|
am calling D. am going to call Example: Rahim began to weep lest Rahima
Ans: B should forget him. (cv‡Q ivwngv Zv‡K fy‡j hvq GB f‡q
02. We waited until the plane - iwng Kuv`‡Z jvMj|)
A. did not take off B. took off C.
had taken off D. had not taken off ◉ Rule 12: While/because/when hy³ ev‡K¨ `ywU clause
Ans: B
Gi `ywU KvR GKm‡½ NUv‡Z eySv‡j clause `ywU‡Z GKB tense
03. The laptop didn't ...... until we .....it. (Avgiv †givgZ
n‡e|
bv Kiv ch©šÍ j¨vcUcwU KvR K‡iwb|)
01. Riyadh is absent because he ___ a cold.
A. drive, steered B.sell, buy
A. is having B. have C. will ha
C.move, drove
D.function, repaired
Ans: D ◉ Rule 13: Sub-ordinating conjunction hy³ kã when
_vK‡j sub-ordinating conjunction hy³ evK¨wU Present
◉ Rule 09: If, incase, as long as, till, when hy³ Indefinite Tense nq Ges Ab¨ AskwU‡Z Future
Sentence G fwel¨‡Zi †`¨vZbv _vK‡j subordinate clause Indefinite Tense nq|
01. I will phone you when I ___ the news.
wU Present Indefinite Tense n‡e Ges Principle Clause
A. am getting B. get C. will g
wU Future Indefinite Tense n‡e|
◉ Rule 14: AZxZKv‡ji `y‡Uv NUbvi g‡a¨
01. If a ruby is heated, it ___ temporarily lose its
color. As/Since/while/when hy³ _vKv evK¨wU n‡e Past
Continuous Tense Ges Ab¨ evK¨wU n‡e Past Indefinite
Tense. G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU KvR PjvKv‡j Ab¨ KvRwU msNwUZ nq|
 Page 130

RETINA

01. Neela__ her hand when she was cooking dinner. Ex : He said that he had come the previous day;
A. is burring B. burnt Ex:
C. will
Theburn
passer-by said that heD.had
wastravelled
burning a Ans:
lot the
B
02. As the sun ___, I decided to go out. previous day.
A. shines B. has shone Ex:
C. shine
He promised that he wouldD. come
was next
shining
Monday.
Ans: D
◉ Rule 15: When/while hy³ `ywU clause ev‡K¨ _vK‡j Ges
GKwU KvR Pj‡Z _vKv Ae¯’vq Av‡iKwU KvR ïiæ n‡j while/ ◉ Rule-20: that Gi c~‡e©i evK¨wU Past Indefinite Tense
when hy³ sentence wU Present Continuous/Past n‡j That Gi c‡ii evK¨wU mvaviYZ Past Perfect nq|
Continuous Tense nq| G‡¶‡Î That Gi c‡ii As‡ki KvRwU c~‡e© msNwUZ nq|
01. Do not make a noise while your father___ Example: He denied that he had written the letter.
A. is sleeping B. has slept C. asleep D. is being asleep Ans: A
Spelling Mistakes
◉ Rule 16: While Gi c‡i Subject _vK‡j AZx‡Zi †ÿ‡Î
verb wU Past Continuous Tense G nq| Avi subject bv
_vK‡j verb wUi mv‡_ -ing hy³ nq| Note: Spelling †kLvi me‡P‡q fvj c×wZ n‡”Q †ewk †ewk wj‡L
01. My uncle arrived while I ___ the dinner. PP©v Kiv| Z‡e mvaviY wKQz c×wZ Abymv‡i wb‡Ri gZ wj‡L PP©v Ki‡j
A. would cook B. had cooked C. cook
fvj D. was
dj cvIqv hv‡e| we‡kl K‡i 200 cooking
Spelling wkL‡j Ans: D
mvaviYZ
cixÿvq common cvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K ZvB †h me Letter Gi fzj
◉ Rule-17 nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K H me Letter G we‡kl †Rvi w`‡q wjL‡Z n‡e|
While-Gi ci mivmwi verb _vK‡j ing n‡e, wKš‘ mivmwi †hgbÑHallucination (`„wóåg) G L `ywU, LL fyj nIqvi m¤¢vebv
verb bv †_‡K subject _vK‡j past indefinite tense nq| _v‡K ZvB PP©v Kivi mgq Hal luci nation wjL‡j `ywU L G fzj
Example: While walking to school, I saw a red cow nIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K bv| ZvQvov nj (Hal), jywP (luci) nation
grazing on the field.
Gfv‡e cov hvq Giƒc fv‡e Assassination †K Ass ass i nation
While I was a child, I used to play ludo.
A_©vr cwiwPZ k‡ãi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L wjLv hvq| ZvQvov GKwU kã
◉ Rule 18: When & While: AZxZKv‡ji `ywU Clause hw` †hfv‡e wjL‡Z nq †m fv‡e D”PviY K‡i co‡j wKQzUv myweav cvIqv
As/while/when Øviv hy³ nq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i GKwU‡Z Past hvq| wb‡Pi Steps ¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb|
Continuous Ges AciwU‡Z Past Indefinite Tense Step 01 Mnemonics (wbgwbK-¯§„wZea©b we`¨v) Gi gva¨‡g
nq|G‡¶‡Î GKwU KvR PjvKv‡j Ab¨ KvRwU msNwUZ nq Giƒc
A_© †`q| GKevi c‡oB Spelling g‡b ivLvi †KŠkj|
‡Kv_vq Past Continuous Tense? Structure 01. Assassination (A¨vmvwm‡bBkb)Ñ(¸ßnZ¨v)Ñ
Example Ass ass i
When + past continuous, past When they were
nation – Muvav Muvav Avwg RvwZkilling the snake, I was
indefinite. afraid.
02. Malaria (g¨v‡jwiqv) – mala ria – gvjvÑwiqv
Principal Clause G Past
Past indefinite +when+03.past Neela
Lieutenant burnt her
(†jd‡Ub¨v›U )–Liehand
u tenwhen
ant– she
wg_¨v was
Zzwg `k wcucov
Continuous: (Past continuous +
continuous. 04. Colonelcooking.
(K‡b© j ) Ñ Co lo nel Ñ †Kv †jv †bj
When/ While +....)
Past indefinite +while +past My uncle arrived while I was cooking
05. Mymensingh – My men sing h – Avgvi gvby‡liv Mvb Mvq
continuous. dinner.
06. Millennium – (wg‡jwbAvg) Ñ Mil len ni um wgj †jb wb Avwg
Subordinate Clause G Past Past continuous + when+ past He was washing his car when I arrived.
07. Villain – (wf‡jb) - Villa in – wfjv Bb
Continuous:(When/While + indefinite.
08. Liaison (wjGBRb) Ñ †hvMv‡hvM Ñ Li ai son – wj AvB mvb
Continuous) When + past indefinite, past When I saw him, he was cutting down a
continuous. tree. – (n¨jywm‡bBkb) Ñ `„wóåg Ñ Hal luci
09. Hallucination
nation – nvj jywP †bBkb
◉ Rule-19: That, so that, in order that BZ¨vw` Øviv hy³ 10. Dilemma – (wW‡jgv)Ñ Dfq m¼UÑ Di lem ma – wW †jg gv
Complex Sentence Gi c~‡e©i evK¨wU Past Indefinite 11. Restaurant – Res tau rant Ñ †im UvD †i›U
Tense n‡jI that Gi c‡ii As‡k the previous day/ 12. Committee – Com mit tee Ñ Kg wgU wU
week/month/year _vK‡j Past Perfect/Perfect 13. Commemorate–(†Kvb e¨w³ ev NUbv‡K ¯§ibxq K‡i ivLv)
Continuous Tense nq Avi the next day/week/ Com me mo rate – Kg wg †gv †iBU
month/year _vK‡j Future Expectation in the Past 14. Mongoose – (gOM~m)Ñ †euwRÑ Mon go o se – gb M~ I wm
eySv‡Z would/should/could/might + base form n‡e| 15. Repetition – (cybive„wË) Re pe ti ti on – wi wc wU wU Ab
 Page 131
RETINA
16. Competition–(cÖwZ‡hvwMZv) Com pe ti ti on–Kg wc wU wU Ab
17. Cholera – (K‡jiv) – Cho le ra – P †j iv
18. Renaissance – (wi‡bBmbm)Ñ beRvMiYÑ Rena is sance
– wibv BR †mbm
19. Archaeology–(AvwK©AjwR)Ñ Ar chaeo logy – Avi PvBI jwR
20. Magnanimous – (g¨vMb¨vwbgvm)Ñ gnvbyfeÑ Magna ni
mo us – gvMbv wb †gv Avm
21. Reminiscence–(†iwgwbmbm)Ñ ¯§„wZPviYÑ Remi nis cence
wiwg wbm †mbm A_ev Re mini s cence – wi wgwb Gm †mbm
22. Grievance – (MÖxfbm)Ñ `ytL-`y`©kv Gri evan ce – wMÖ Bfvb wm
23. Papyrus – a tall plant – Pa py rus – cv cvB ivm
24. Encyclopedia/Encyclopaedia–
(BbmvBK¬vcxwWqv)Ñwek¦‡KvlÑ En cy clo pe dia–Gb mvB †K¬v
wcwWqv (Media Gi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L g‡b ivLv hvq)
25. Pandemonium – (c¨vbwW‡gvDwbAvg)Ñwek„•Ljvi ¯’vbÑ Pan
de moni um – c¨vb wW gwb Avg
26. Accommodation – (A¨vKgv‡WBkb) Ñ Avevm¯’vbÑ Ac
com mo da tion – Gwm Kg †gv †WBkb
27. Pharmaceutical – (dvg©vwmDwUKj)ÑJla cÖ¯‘‡Zi we`¨v
msµvšÍ Ñ Phar ma ce u tical – dvi gv wm BD wU Kj
28. Heinous – (†nBbvm)Ñ N„Y¨Ñ He i no us wn AvB †bv Avm
29. Bureaucracy – (weDi¨µ¨vwm)Ñ AvgjvZš¿Ñ Bu re au
cracy – weD wi AvD µ¨vwm
30. Collaboration–(Kj¨vev‡iBkb)Ñmn‡hvwMZvÑCol la bo
ration- †Kvj jv ev †iBkb
31. Inoculate – (BbvwKD‡jBU)ÑwUKv †`IqvÑ I no cu late –
AvB †bv Kz ‡jBU
32. Perseverance – (cvwm©wfii¨bm)ÑAa¨emvqÑ Per se ve
rance – cvi wm wf‡ibm
33. Commitment–(KwgUg¨v›U)ÑA½xKviÑCom mit mentÑKg wgU g¨v›U
34. Dilapidated–wWj¨vwc‡WB‡UW)ÑaŸsmcÖvßÑ Di la pi dated–
wW jv wc †W‡UW
35. Maintenance–(†gBbUvb¨vbm)ÑiÿYv‡eÿYÑMain ten
ance - †gBb †Ub Gbm
36. Questionnaire – (Kz‡qm‡PbAvwi)ÑcÖkœvejx Question nai
re – †Kv‡qðb bvB †i
37. Cigarette – (wmMv‡iU)Ñ Ci ga ret te – wm Mv †iU wU
38. Leisure – (†jBRvi) Lei sure †jB wmDi
39. Belligerent–(wewjRvi¨›U)Ñhy×iZÑBel li ge rent-†ej wj wR †i›U
40. Elephantiasis – (Gwjd¨vbUvBwmm)Ñ cv †dvjv †ivMÑ Elep
han ti as is – Gwjc n¨vb wU Gm BR
41. Giraffe – (wRivd) – Gi raf fe wR ivd wd
42. Mustache/Moustache – (gvmU¨vk)Ñ †MŠudÑ Mus ta che gvm Uv wm
43. Repercussion –(ixcvK©vkb)ÑcÖwZaŸwbÑRe per cus sion wi
cvi Kvm mb
44. Harmonious – (nvi‡gŠwbAvm)Ñ wgjwewkóÑ Har mo ni o
us nvi †gv wb I Avm
45. Humorous – (wnDgvivm)Ñ imvZ¥KÑ Hum or o us nvg Ai I Avm
46. Commentary – (KgvbwUª)Ñavivfvl¨Ñ Com men tar y Kg
gvby‡liv AvjKvZiv
47. Connoisseur – (KbvBmvi)ÑcwÛZ wePviKÑ Con no is se
ur Kb †bv BR wm Avi
48. Warrantee –(hvnv‡K AwaKvi mb` ev Avk¦vm †`Iqv nq)
War ran tee – IAvi †ib wU
49. Transitory – (UªvmwRUwi)ѯ^íKvj¯’vqxÑ T ran sit ory wU
†ib wmU Awi
50. Voluntary – (fjvbwUª)ÑVol un tary – fzj Avb Uvwi
51. Catastrophe – (K¨vUvmUªwd)Ñwech©qÑ Cat as trop he –
K¨vU GR Uªc wn
52. Heterogeneous - (†nUviRxwbAvm)ÑwelgRvZxqÑ He te ro
ge ne o us – wn wU †iv wRwb I Avm
53. Mesmerising - (†gRgvwiwRs)Ñ m‡¤§vnbÑ Mes me ris
ing - †gR wg wiR Bs
54. Transfiguration – (UªvÝwdMv‡iBkb)Ñ †Pnviv e`jÑ Trans
figur a tion – UªvÝ wdMvi G kb
55. Exhilaration – (BMwRjv‡iBkb)Ñ(Avb›`, Djøvm)Ñ Ex hi la
ration G· wn jv †ikb
56. Satellite – (m¨vUvjvBU)Ñ DcMÖnÑSat el lite †mU Gj jvBU
57. Superstitious – (mycviw÷kvm)ÑAeÁvwgwkÖZ, Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ Ñ
Supers ti ti ous – mycvi wU wU I Avm
58. Reconciliation – (†iKvbwmwjGBkb)Ñ(cybwg©jb)Ñ Re con
ci lia tion – wi Kb wm wjqv kb
59. Constellation – (Kb÷v‡jBkb)ÑCons tel la tion –
bÿÎcyÄÑ Kbm †Uj jv kb
60. Kindergarten (wKÛviMv‡U©b)Ñkind er garten – KvBÛ Avi Mv‡U©b
61. Intuition (BbwUDkb) AšÍ©ÁvbÑ In tu i tion – Bb Uz AvB kb
62. Superintendent (myc¨vib‡U‡W›U)Ñ(wbqš¿K) Super in ten
dent – mycvi Bb †Ub †W›U
63. Spontaneousness (¯úb‡UBwbAvm‡bm)ѯ^Z:ùzZ© Spon ta
neo us ness – ¯úb Uv wbD Avm †bm
64. Secede (wmÕmxW)ÑLvwiR KivÑ Se ce de – wm wm wW
65. Simultaneously (wmgj‡UBwbAvwj)ÑhyMcrfv‡e – simul ta
ne ous ly – wkgyj Uv wb Avm wj
66. Scintillation (wmbU‡jBkb&)Ñ`y¨wZ wewKiYÑ S c in til la
tion – Gm wm Bb wUj jv kb
67. Pronunciation (cÖÕbvbwmGBkb&)ÑD”PviYÑ Pron un ci a
tion – cÖb Avb wm G kb
68. Surveillance (mv‡fBjvb&m)ÑbRi`vwiÑ Sur veil lance –
mvi †fBj jvb&m
69. Compassionate (Kg‡ckbGBU)ÑKiæYvgqÑ Com pas
sion ate – Kg †cm kb& GBU
 Page 132
RETINA
70. Bourgeoisie (eyAviRIqvwR)Ñm¤ú`kvjxÑ Bou r ge oi si e
– eD Avi wR H wk B
71. Phnom Penh (bg‡cb) K‡¤^vwWqvi ivRavbx)ÑPh nom pen
h – wc GBP bg †cb GBP
72. Sierra leone (wm‡qiv wjIb) wW‡m¤^i 2002 mv‡j evsjv
fvlv‡K Awdwmqvj fvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ `vbKvix †`kÑ Si erra
leone wm Giv wjIwb
Step 02 †h me k‡ãi cÖ_g Aÿi D”PvwiZ nq bv|
01. Tsunami – (mybvgx)Ñ co‡Z n‡eÑwU mybvgxÑ T sun ami –
wU mvb Avwg
02. Pneumonia – (wbD‡gvwbqv)Ñco‡Z n‡eÑ wc wbD‡gvwbqvÑ P
neu monia – wc wbD †gvwbqv
03. Psychology Ñ (mvBKjwR)Ñco‡Z n‡eÑ wc mvBKjwRÑ Psy
cholo gy – wcwm Pj hvB
04. Mnemonic (wbgwbK)Ñco‡Z n‡eÑ Gg wbgwbKÑ g‡b ivLvi
†KŠkj M ne mo nic – (wb †gv wbK)
05. Pseudonym – (wmDWwbg)ÑQÙbvgÑ co‡Z n‡eÑ wc
wmDWwbgÑ P seu do nym – wc wmD Wz wbg
Step 03 †h me k‡ã ‘I’ fzj nq|
01. Tuition – (wUDkb)Ñ Tu i tion
02. Ceiling – (mxwjO)Ñ Ce i ling
03. Parliament – (cvj©v‡g›U)Ñ Par lia ment – cvi wjAv †g›U|
04. Receipt – (wimxU)Ñ Re ce i pt
Step 04 †h me k‡ã ‘E’ fzj nq|
01. Kerosene – (†KimxB)Ñ Ke ro se ne - †K †iv wm wb|
02. Messenger – (g¨vwmbRvi)Ñ evZ©vevnKÑ Mes sen ger – †gm †mb Rvi
03. Jewellery – (Ry‡qjvix)Ñ Je wel lery
04. Personnel – (cvm©‡bj)ÑKg©PvixÑ Per son nel – cvi mb †bj
05. Semester – (wm‡gmUvi)ÑAa©el©Ñ Se mes ter – wm †gm Uvi|
06. Independent – (¯^vaxb)Ñ In de pen dent
07. Precedent – (†cÖwmWvbU)Ñ bwRiÑ Pre ce dent
08. Cemetery – (wmgvwUª)Ñ †Mvi¯’vbÑ Ce me tery
09. Cement – (wm‡g›U)Ñ Ce ment
10. Miscellaneous – (wgmv‡jBwbAvm)ÑweweaÑ mis cell ane o
us – wgm †mj Gwb I Avm|
11. Dysentery – (i³ Avgvkq)Ñ Dy sen tery
Step 05 †h me k‡ã ‘vowel’ fzj nq|
01. Assassination – (¸ßnZ¨v)Ñ Ass ass i nation
02. Condonation – (ÿgv)Ñ Con do nation
03. Indignation – (†ÿvf, †µva)Ñ In dig nation
04. Hallucination – (`„wóåg)Ñ Hal luci nation
05. Fascination – (AvKl©Y)Ñ Fas ci nation
06. Explanation – (e¨vL¨v)Ñ Ex pla nation
Step 06 †iv‡Mi bvg
01. Cholera – (K‡jiv)Ñ Cho le ra – P †j iv
02. Diarrhoea – (WvBqvwiqv)Ñ Dia r r ho ea – wWqv Avi Avi û Bqv
03. Jaundice – (RwÛm)Ñ ja un dice – Rv Avb wWm
04. Eczema – (GKwRgv)Ñ Ec ze ma – GK wR gv
05. Diabetes – (Wvqv‡ewUm)Ñ Dia be tes – wWqv †e †Um
06. Diphtheria – (wWdw_wiAv)Ñ KÚbvjxi †ivM - Diph the ria
– wWcd w` wiqv
07. Elephantiasis – (GwjdvbUvBAvwmm)Ñcv †dvjv †ivMÑ Elep
han ti as is– Gwjc n¨vb wU Gm BR
08. Rheumatism – (ivgvwURg)ÑmwÜ evZÑ Rheu ma tism –
wiD gv wURg
Rules of Spelling
R-01 hw` †Kvb Word nq Monosyllable Ges Word wUi
Vowel+ 1wU ‘L’ Z‡e †mLv‡b memgqB ‘LL’ nq| Example:
‘fill’ word-wU Monosyllable (GKevi D”PvwiZ), Word-wUi
†k‡l ‘L’ Ges Av‡M GKwU Vowel. myZivs Word-wUi †k‡l
Aek¨B ‘LL’ n‡e| GiKg AviI wKQz Word D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvt full,
till, bill, kill, mill, bell, tell, ball, fall, call, cell, well,
sell, hell, lull, doll, yell.
wKš‘ †k‡li ‘L’ Gi Av‡M `ywU Vowel _v‡K, Z‡e Word-Gi †k‡l
memgq GKwU ‘L’ _v‡K| Example: ‘Seal’ Word-wU
Monosyllable| Word-wUi †k‡l ‘L’ Av‡Q Ges ‘L’ Gi Av‡M
`ywU Vowel (ea) i‡q‡Q| myZivs †k‡l Avewk¨Kfv‡e GKwU ‘L’
n‡e| GiKg AviI wKQz Word D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvt deal, feel, bail,
tail, fail, weal, meal, peal, zeal.
R-02 hw` †Kvb Word Monosyllable nq Ges Word-wUi †k‡l
‘LL’ _v‡K, Z‡e ‘ness’ ev Vowel w`‡q ïiæ Suffixes
(†hgbÑing,-ed etc) ev‡` Word-wUi †k‡l Ab¨ †Kvb Suffix
(AbymM©) hy³ n‡j Word-wU n‡Z GKwU ‘L’ ev` hvq| Example:
full+ some  fulsome; well+come welcome.
wKš‘ ‘ness’ hy³ n‡jÑ, Vowel w`‡q ïiæ Ggb Suffix hy³ n‡j
`yBwU L AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e Ñ
ill + ness  illness will + ing  willing
still + ness  stillness fill + ing  filling
hill + ock  hillock
R-03 †k‡l ‘LL’ hy³ †Kvb Monosyllabic Word hw` Suffix
wnmv‡e Ab¨ Word ev Prefix Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq Z‡e ‘LL’ hy³
Monosyllabic Word-wUi GKwU ‘L’ ev` hvq| Example: full
+ fill  fulfil; un + till  until
Exceptional
hw` ‘LL’ hy³ Word wU Call, Fall ev Well nq, Z‡e GmKj
Word Ab¨ Word Gi mv‡_ Suffix wnmv‡e em‡j †k‡l ‘LL’ i‡q
hvq| Example: fare + well  farewell; un + well
unwell; water + fall  waterfall; rain + fall 
 Page 133

RETINA

rainfall; down + fall  downfall; roll + call  roll- ing  compelling; refer + in  referring; omit + ing
call; re + call  recall.  omitting; repel + ed  repelled; worship + er 
R-04 hw` †Kvb Word Gi †k‡l e _v‡K, Z‡e Vowel w`‡q ïiæ worshipper wKš‘, refer + ence  reference; unparallel +
nIqv Suffixes (-ing,-ed, -able etc.) Word-wUi †k‡l hy³ ed  unparalleled; visit + ing  visiting; offer + ing
nevi mgq †k‡l e ev` hvq|  offering.
Example: leave + ing  leaving; give + ing  giving; R-08 hw` †Kvb Word-Gi †k‡l y _v‡K Ges y-Gi Av‡M
cure + able  curable; move + able  movable wKš‘ Consonant _v‡K, Z‡e –ous, -ish, -ing, -ism, ev‡` †h †Kvb
sale + able  saleable, debate + able  debatable. ai‡bi Suffix Word-wUi †k‡l hy³ n‡j †k‡li ‘y’ D‡V ‘i’ nq|
Z‡e Consonant w`‡q ïiæ nIqv Suffix (-ment, -some etc.) Example: dry + ed  dried; deny + al  denial; hoary
hy³ n‡j e ev` hvq bv| + nor  hoariness; gloomy + er  gloomier, gloomy
Example: free + dom  freedom; move + ment  + ness  gloomines; dry + ness  dryness; boy +
movement; tire + some  tiresome; care + ful  hood  boyhood; boy + ish  boyish; shy + ly 
careful. shyly; baby + ish  babyish; copy + ing  copying.
wKš‘ Word-wU hw` -dge, -le, -ue, -we w`‡q †kl nq Z‡e Avw`‡Z R-09 hw` Word-Gi †k‡l -c _v‡K, Z‡e Word-wUi mv‡_, -ed, -
Consonant hy³ Suffixes hy³ n‡jI e ev` hvq| er Ges ing hy³ nq c-Gi c‡i AwZwi³ k e‡m|
Example: whole + ly  wholly; true + ly  truly; awe Example: panic+ingpanicking; mimic + ed 
+ ful awful mimicked; picnic + ers  picnickers
(i) hw` Word-Gi †k‡l –ce ev –ge _v‡K Z‡e a, o ev u w`‡q R-10 k‡ãi †k‡l –tion I –sion emv‡bvi wbqgÑ
ïiæ nIqv †Kvb Suffix Word-wUi †k‡l hy³ n‡j †k‡li e ev` hvq (A) †h mKj Noun Gi †klvs‡k –ss Av‡Q Zv‡`i c‡i –ion e‡m:
bv| Example: manage + able  manageable; marriage aggression digression profession compression
+ able  marriageable; courage + ous  courageous;
service + able  serviceable| wKš‘ practice + able  expression repression concussion impression
practicable; singe + ing  singeing.
succession depression obsession suppression
(ii) hw` Word-wUi †k‡l –ee, -oe ev –ye _v‡K Z‡e Word-wUi
c‡i Vowel w`‡q ïiæ nIqv Suffix hy³ n‡jI e ev` hvq bv| discussion oppression transgression
Example: dye+ing  dyeing; eye + ing  eyeing;
agree + ing  agreeing; hoe + ing  hoeing. (B) †h mKj Noun Gi †klvs‡k Consonant we‡klfv‡e c, p, ev
R-05 hw` Monosyllable Word Gi †k‡l ‘-ie’ _v‡K, Z‡e s Av‡Q Zv‡`i c‡i –tion e‡mÑ
Word –wUi †k‡l ing †hvM Kivi mgq †k‡li ‘ie’ D‡V y + ing absorption digestion obstruction affection
nq| Example: die + ing  dying; lie + ing  lying
R-06 hw` Monosyllable Word Gi †k‡l GKwU Consonant disruption exception attraction distinction
Ges †mB Consonant-Gi Av‡M GKwU Vowel _v‡K, Z‡e Avw`‡Z
presumption collection connection reception
Vowel Av‡Q Ggb Suffix Word-wUi mv‡_ hy³ n‡j †k‡ji
Consonant-wU Double nq| wKš‘ †k‡li Consonant-wU y, x, congestion exemption redemption perception
ev w n‡j Zv Double nq bv| Example: get + ing 
getting; big + er  bigger; god + ess  goddess wKš‘ exhaustion satisfaction deception indigestion
narrow + er  narrower.
Z‡e †k‡l hy³ nIqv Suffix-wUi Avw`‡Z Consonant _vK‡j ev subscription description interruption suggestion
Monosyllable Word-wUi †kl Consonant-Gi Av‡M `ywU
Vowel _vK‡j †k‡li Consonant Double nq bv| (C) †h mKj Noun Gi †klvs‡k -L Av‡Q Zv‡`i ci– sion e‡mÑ
compulsion emulsion repulsion convulsion
Example: sin + ful  sinful; wool + en  woolen;
troop + er  trooper; sleep + y  sleepy. propulsion revulsion
R-07 hw` †Kvb Word `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kã wewkó nq Ges k‡ãi
†k‡l GKwU Consonant-Gi Av‡M GKwU Vowel _v‡K, Z‡e (D) †h mKj Noun Gi †klvs‡k -n Av‡Q Zv‡`i ci– sion e‡mÑ
Avw`‡Z Vowel wewkó Suffix Word mv‡_ hy³ n‡j †k‡li apprehension declension extension ascension
Consonant-wU ZLbB Double nq hLb Word-Gi †kl
Syllable-G Accent (¯^ivNvZ) _v‡K| Example: compel +
 Page 134

RETINA

dimension pretension comprehension dissension R-13 Word Gi ga¨Kvi ‘ei’ ev ‘ie’ A‡bK mgq evbv‡bi †ÿ‡Î
weåvwšÍ Av‡b; ZvB †h mKj Spelling G Word-Gi †k‡l ‘ei’ ev
suspension condescension expansion tension ‘ie’ i‡q‡Q, Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv †`Iqv n‡jv:
(A) †h mKj Spelling G Word Gi g‡a¨ ‘ei’ i‡q‡Q, n‡jv
(E) †h mKj Noun Gi †klvs‡k –r Av‡Q Zv‡`i ci –sion e‡m|
aspersion diversion incursion aversion
abseil conceit deceit forfeit
excursion submersion conversion immersion
protein sovereign beige conceited
subversion dispersion perversion version
deceitful forefeit protein their

caffeine conceive deceive freighter

R-11 Word Gi †klvs‡k ‘cede’, ‘-ceed’ ev ‘sede’ A‡bK
mgq evbv‡bi †ÿ‡Î weåvwšÍ Av‡b; ZvB †h mKj Spelling G receipt theirs ceiling counterfeit
Word-Gi †k‡l ‘-cede’, ‘-ceed’ ev ‘-sede’ i‡q‡Q, Zvi GKwU
wj÷ †`Iqv n‡jv: deign freighter receive veil
(A)-cede (B)-ceed (C)-sede
eiderdown kaleidoscope seize heifer
accede exceed supersede
reign vein eight leisure
concede proceed
seizure height rein weigh
intercede succeed seizure neigh sheikh heir
eighth
precede
reindeer weight either neighbor
succeed
skein heiress rottweiler weir
recede
Fahrenheit neither sleigh heirloom
secede
seismograph weird foreigner poltergeist
R-12 Word Gi †klvs‡k ‘ify’ ev ‘efy’ A‡bK mgq evbv‡bi
†ÿ‡Î weåvwšÍ Av‡b; ZvB †h mKj Spelling G Word-Gi †k‡l spontaneity
‘ify’ ev ‘efy’ i‡q‡Q, Zvi GKwU wj÷ †`Iqv n‡jv:
(A) –ify: (B) †h mKj Spelling G Gi g‡a¨ ‘ie’ i‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv n‡jv
amplify classify justify signify
achieve grievous reprieve achievement
beautify disqualify notify simplify
mischievous siege diesel handkerchief
certify electrify purify unify retrieval field niece sieve

clarify falsify quantify verify apiece hygiene retriever friend

(B) –efy: unwieldy frieze believe interview

liquefy putrefy rarefy stupefy
review preview view grief

besiege mantelpiece series priest

 Page 135

RETINA

viewer grievance brief masterpiece Aborigines (A¨ve&vwiRbxR) n Avw`evmx

shield relief wield grieve Absorb (Ave&‡mve&) n ï‡l †bIqv ev wbgMœ Kiv
chief mischief relieve yield
Abundance (Avevb&Wvb&m&) n cÖvPyh©
R-14 †hme Word Gi †k‡li y-Gi c~‡e© Consonant Av‡Q, Zvi
Acclamation (A¨vK&jv‡gBk&b&) n †mvrmvn mg_©b
†k‡l ‘i’ Av`¨ÿi wewkó Suffix (†hgb-ing, ist) Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb
cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡j ‘y’ Gi ¯’‡j ‘i’ n‡e| Example: carry + ed  Accommodation (AvKgv‡WBk&b&) n mymw¾Z Kÿ
carried, easy + ly  easily, busy + ness  business,
carry + age  carriage, envy + ous  envious, defy + Accelerate (A¨vK&‡mjv‡iBU&) vt,vi MwZe„w× Kiv
ance  defiance, fancy + full  fanciful, holy + ness
 holiness, happy + ness  happiness, mercy + full Accessible (A¨vK&‡mmej) adj AwfMg¨Zv
 merciful, merry + ly  merrily, pity + able 
pitiable, study + ed  studied, vary + ance  Accession (A¨vK&‡mk&b&) n †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vq Av‡ivnY
variance, fury + ous  furious BZ¨vw`|
Exception!! dry + ness dryness. Accessories (A¨vK&‡mmwim) n mnvqK e¯‘
R-15 †h mg¯Í Word-Gi †k‡l ‘y’ Ges †mB ‘y’ Gi Av‡M ‘t’
Av‡Q Zv‡`i †k‡l ‘ous’ hy³ n‡j ‘y’ Gi n‡j ‘e’ n‡e| Accomplish (GKgwcøk) vt m¤úv`b Kiv
Example: beauty + ous  beauteous, bounty + ous 
bounteous, pity + ous  piteous BZ¨vw`| Accusation (A¨vwKD‡RBkb) n Awf‡hvM
R-15 wKš‘ †h mg¯Í Word-Gi †k‡l e Ges H e Gi Av‡M g ev c
Av‡Q Zv‡`i †k‡l ous ev able hy³ n‡j e wVKB _vK‡e (ev` hv‡e Accustom (A¨vKvm&Uvg&) vt Af¨¯Í Kiv
bv)| Example: advantage + ous  advantageous,
Achieve (AvÕPxf) vt AR©b Kiv
change + able  changeable, charge + able 
chargeable, manage + able  manageable, marriage +
Achievement (AvPxfg¨vb&U&) n AR©b
able  marriageable, notice + able  noticeable,
service + able  serviceable, outrage + ous  Acknowledgment (AvK&bwjR&gvbU) n cÖvw߯^xKvi
outrageous, trace + able  traceable BZ¨vw`|
Exception!! practice + able  practicable Acquaintance (Av‡Kv‡qBbUb) n AwfÁZvjä Ávb

Correct Spelling Adulterate (GWvjUv‡iU) adj †fRvjhy³

covi myweav‡_© Medical, BCS, wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vjq Ges Adolescence (A¨vWv‡jmb&m&) n ˆK‡kvi
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvq weMZ mvj¸‡jv‡Z Avmv k㸇jv Bold
AvKv‡i †`Iqv n‡jv| Amalgamation (Avg¨vjMv‡gBkvb&) n GKÎxKiY

kã (D”PviY) A_© Anachronism (Avb¨vµvwbRvg&) n Kv‡ji wePv‡i †egvbvb

A Annihilation (AvbvBAv‡jBk&b&) n c~Y©aŸsm

Abattoir (A¨vev‡Uvqvi) n KmvBLvbv Announce (AvbvDbm) vt †NvlYv Kiv

Abduction (A¨ve&WvK&k&b&) n AcniY Anonymous (Avbwbgvm&) adj bvgnxb

Abhorrence (Ave&nivb&m) n N„Yv Antecedent (A¨vbwUmxW&b&U&) adj c~e©eZ©x

 Page 136

RETINA

Antediluvian (A¨vbwUwWj~wfAvb) adj †m‡K‡j Attendance (Av‡Ub‡Wbm&) n Dcw¯’wZ

Appetite (A¨vwcUvBU&) n ÿzav Attentive (Av‡UbwUf&) adj g‡bv‡hvM

Apprehend (A¨vwcÖ‡nb&W) n eyS‡Z cviv Authoritative (I_wiUvwUf&) adj AwaKvi Av‡Q Ggb

Appropriate (Av‡cÖŠwcÖAvU) n h_vh_ Aweary (AvIq¨vwi) adj K¬všÍ

Approval (AvcÖ~fj) n Aby‡gv`b Awful (Idj) adj fqvbK

Aquarium (Av‡KvGAvwiAvg&) n gv‡Qi †PŠev”Pv Allegiance (GwjwRGbm) n AvbyMZ¨

Archaeology (Av:wKAjvwR) n cÖZœZË¡/cÖZœwe`¨v Aggressive (G‡MÖwmf) adj AvµgbvZ¥K

Arbitrariness (Av:weªUvwi‡bm) n †¯^”QvPvwiZv Admissible (GWwgwmej) adj MÖnbxq

Argument (Av:wMDgvbU) n Kjn Atmosphere (GU‡gvmwdqvi) n evqygÛj

Archipelago (Av:wK‡cjv‡MŠ) n ØxccyÄ Awkward (IKIqvW©) adj wekÖx

Ascent (Av‡mbU) n Av‡ivnY Awareness (GIqvi‡bm) n m‡PZbZv

Ascertain (Av‡mmgvbU) n g~j¨ wba©viY kã (D”PviY) A_©

Assignment (AvmvBbgvbU) n eivÏKiY B

Acquiescence (A¨v‡KvBGmbm) n ‡gŠbm¤§wZ Barrier (e¨vwiAv(i)) n cÖwZeÜK

Adulteration (AvWvjUv‡iBkb) n †fRvj Beginning (wewMwbs) n ïiæ

Advertisement (A¨vWfvwUmgvbU) n weÁvcb`vb Believe (wejxf&) n wek¦vm

Advisory (AvWfvBRvwi) adj Dc‡`k welqK Believable (wejxfGBej&) adj wek¦vm‡hvM¨

Adversity (AvWfvwmwU) n wb`viæY `y`©kv Bellicosity (†ewj‡KŠwmwU) n gvigywLZv/hy‡× AvMÖnx

Aestheticism (Cm&‡_wUwmRvg) n bv›`wbK Belligerent (wewjRvivbU) adj.n hy×iZ

Agreeable (AvMixAvej) n m¤§Z Beneficiary (†ewbwdwmqvwi) adj jvfevb

Assassination (Avm¨vwm‡bBkb) n ¸ßnZ¨v Bizarre (weRv:(i)) adj A™¢zZ

Assurance (AvïAvivb&m&) n AvZ¥cÖZ¨q Blasphemy (eø¨vmdxwg) n Ck¦iwb›`v

Astronaut (A¨vm&Uªv‡bvU&) n bfPvix Blossom (eø‡mvg) n cy®ú

Asylum (AvmvBjvg&) n AvkÖq Bouquet (ey‡KB) n dz‡ji †Zvov

 Page 137

RETINA

Bourgeoisie (eyAvRIqvwi) n.adj m¤ú`kvjx e¨w³ ev †kÖwY Cessation (†m‡mBk&b&) n weiwZ

Bowler (†eŠjv(i)) n Chancellery (Pv:b&mvj&wi) n cÖavb wePvicwZi `dZi

Brochure (†eªŠkv(i)) n mswÿß cyw¯ÍKv Changeable (†PÄGej) adj cwieZ©bkxj

Brilliant (weªwjqv›U) adj D¾¡j Cholera (Kjviv) n K‡jiv

Buffalo (evdv‡jŠ) n gwnl Chronicle (µwbKj) n avivweeiYx

Bureaucracy (weD¨Aviµvwm) n AvgjvZš¿ Chrysanthemum P›`ªgwjøKv

(wµm¨vb&_vgvg&) n
Bureaucrat (weD¨Avivµ¨vU) n miKvwi Kg©KZ©v
Chauffeur (†kvdvi) n †kvdvi
Burgomaster (evMvgv: mUv(iv)) n bMiva¨ÿ
Competition (Kg&cvwUk&b&) n cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
kã (D”PviY) A_©
Compulsory (Kvg&cvj&mvwi) adj eva¨Zvg~jK
C
Conceive (Kvbmxf) vt aviYv Kiv
Cadaverous (KvW¨vfvivm) adj kem`„k
Concession (Kvb&‡mk&b&) n we‡kl myweav
Caffeine (K¨vdxb) n K¨vwdb
Conglomerate (KvbMøgv‡iBU&) adj wgwkÖZ
Calendar (K¨vwjbWv(i)) n el©cywÄ
Connoisseur (Kbvmv(i)) n cÖavb PviæKjv wel‡q imÁ e¨w³
Calligraphy (KvwjMÖvwd) n wjwcKjv
Connotation (Kbv‡UBk&b&) n A_©
Camouflage (K¨vgydjv:R) n KcU‡ek
Conquer (KOKv(i)) vt Rq Kiv
Canine (†KbvBb) adj KzKzimyjf
Conqueror (KOKviv(i)) n Rqx
Career (K¨vwiqvi) n †ckv
Conscience (Kb&kvb&m) n we‡eK
Catalyst (K¨vUvwjm&U) n AbyNUK
Conscientious (Kb&wkGb&kvm) adj we‡eKevb
Catastrophe (KvU¨vmUªwd) n wech©q
Conspicuous (Kvb&w¯úwKDAvm) adj `k©bxq
Category (K¨vwUMwi) n †kÖwY
Constellation (Kb&÷v‡jBk&b&) n Rgv‡qZ/mg‡eZ
Ceiling (mxwjO) n N‡ii Qv‡`i bx‡Pi wcV
Contamination (KvbU¨vwg‡bBkb) n `~lY
Censor (†mbmv(i)) vt cixÿv Kiv
Contemplation (Kb‡Ug‡cøBkb) n cÖZ¨vkv
Certainty (mvUbwU) n hv wbwðZ
Cigarette (wmM‡iU) n wmMv‡iU
Certificate (mvwU©wd‡KU) n mb`
 Page 138

RETINA

Colonel (Kvb&j&) n K‡b©j Councillor (KvDwÝji) n Dc‡`óv

Collaboration (Kvj¨vev‡iBk&b) n mn‡hvwMZv Credentials (wµ‡Wb&k&j&R&) n cÖgvY-cÎ

Collateral (Kvj¨vUvivj) adj cvkvcvwk Criticize (wµwUmvBR&) vt,vi mgv‡jvPbv Kiv

Colleague (KjxM) n mnKg©x Curriculum (KvwiwKqyjvg&) n cvV¨m~wP

Coming (Kvwgs) n AvMgb kã (D”PviY) A_©

Commemorate (Kv‡ggv‡iBU) vt ¯§iYxq K‡i ivLv D

Commission (Kvwgkb) n Ab¨‡K ÿgZv Ac©Y Decathlon (wWK¨v_&jb) n µxov`kK

Commitment (KvwgU&gvbU&) n A½xKvi Deceit (wWÕmxU) n KcU

Commentary (Kgvb&wUª) n gšÍe¨ Deceive (wWÕmxf&) vt cÖZvwiZ Kiv

Committee (KvwgwU) n mwgwZ Definition (†Wwdwbk&b&) n msÁv_©

Comparative (Kvg&c¨vivwUf) adj Zzjbvg~jK Degradation (†WMÖv‡WBk&b&) n gh©`vnvwb

Communication (KwgDwb‡Kkb) n †hvMv‡hvM Dependent (wW‡cb&Wvb&U&) n AvwkÖZ

Contiguous (KvbwUwMDAvm) adj msjMœ Delegate (†WwjMvU&) n cÖwZwbwa

Convenience (Kvb&fxwbAvb&m&) n myweav Delineate (†WwjwbGBU) vt eY©bv Kiv

Conveyance (Kvb‡fBAvb&m&) n cwienb Demurrage (wWgv‡iR) n M¤¢xiZv

Conundrum (Kvb&vb&Wªvg) n auvav Descending (wW‡mb&wWs) adj AeZiY

Corruption (Kvivc&k&b) n `yb©xwZ Desiccate (†Wwm‡KBU&) vt ﮋ Kiv

Consumerism (KbRygvwiRg) n †fvMev` Development (wW‡fjvcgb&U&) n Dbœqb

Conduit (KbwWBU) n Rjbvwj Diagnosis (WvBAvM&‡bŠwmm&) n †ivMwbY©q

Condescension (Kb‡W‡mkb) n ÿvwšÍ, mgvwß Dialogue (WvqvjM) n K‡_vcK_b

Council (KvDbm&j&) n cwil`gÛjx Dilapidated (wWj¨vc‡WB‡UW&) adj aŸsmcÖvß

Counsel (KvDbm&j&) n Dc‡`k Diarrhoea (WvBAvwiAv) n D`ivgq

Courier (KzwiAvi(i)) n Kzwiqvi Dilemma (wW‡jgv) n Dfq-m¼U

Courteous (†KvwUAvm&) adj f`ª Diligent (wWwjRvb&U) adj Aa¨emvqx

 Page 139

RETINA

Dimension (WvB‡gbkb) n gvÎv C. Accilerrate D. Acoilerate Ans: B

04. Choose the correct spelling (27th BCS)
Dinosaur (WvBbv‡mv(i)) n WvB‡bvmi A. Ascertain B. Assertain
C. Ascertein D. Asartain Ans: A
Diphtheria (wWdw_AvwiAv) n KÉbvjxi †ivMwe‡kl
kã (D”PviY) A_©
Disappointed (wWmvcqbwUW) adj nZvk
E
Disaster (wWRv:mUv(i)) n wech©q
Earth (Av_&) n c„w_ex
Discipline (wWwmwcøb) n k„•Ljv
Education (GRy‡KBk&b&) n wkÿv
Discussion (wWmKvkb) n Av‡jvPbv
Efflorescence (Gdjv‡im&b&m&) n dzj †dvUv
Discrete (wWm&µxU&) adj c„_K
Elementary (Gwj‡g›U&wi) adj cÖv_wgK
Dissident (wWwm&Wvb&U&) adj wfbœgZvej¤^x
Embassy (Ggevwm) n `~Zvevm
Dissemination (wW‡mwg‡Bbkb&) n weZiY
Emeritus (G‡gwiUvm) n m¤§vb I Dcvwamn AemicÖvß

Dissonance (wWmvbvb&m&) n my‡ii Awgj

Embedded (Bg‡e‡WW) adj LwPZ
Domicile (WwgmvBj) n evmv
Enormous (B‡bvgvm&) adj cÖPzi
Dolorous (†Wv‡jvivm) adj `ytLc~Y©
Entrepreneur (BbwUªwcÖwbqvi) n D`¨v³v
Dossier (WwmAv(i)) n mswÿßmvi
Evanescence (Cfv‡b‡m&b&m&) n wejywß
Dumbbell (Wvg&‡ej&) n Wv‡¤^j (e¨vqv‡g
Exaggerate (BM&R¨vRv‡iBU&) vt, vi AwZiwÄZ Kiv
e¨envh©)

iÄbKvh© Exaggeration (BMR¨vRv‡iBkb) n AwZiÄb

Dyeing (WvBBs) n

gyg~ly© Elephantiasis (GwjdvbvBAvwmm)n †Mv` †ivM

Dying (WvBBs) n

Avgvkq Embarrassing (Bge¨vivwms) adj weeªZKi

Dysentery (wWmvbwUª) n
Embarrassment (Bge¨vivmgvb&U&) n A¯^w¯Í
Lesson – 01 (A – D)
Medical wek¦‡Kvl/Ávb‡Kvl
Encyclopedia (BbmvBK¬vcxwWAv) n
01. Which one is correctly spelt (M 16-17)
A. Abborigines B. Aboriginnes
Endeavour (Bb&‡Wfv(i)) n cÖ‡Póv
C. Aborigines D. Aboregenes Ans: C
02. Which one is correct? (M 91-92)
A. Descipline B. Resturant Enthusiastic (Bb_&BDwRA¨vw÷K&) adj AZz¨rmvnx
C. Lieutenant D. Committee Ans: C,D
BCS Environment (BbfvBAvivb©gv›U) n cwi‡ek
st
03. Choose the correctly spelt word? (31 BCS)
A. Accilerate B. Accelerate
 Page 140

RETINA

Envision (BbwfRb) vt Kíbv Kiv Favorable (†dBfvivej) adj mnvqK

Equilibrium (CKIwqwjweªAvg) n fvimvg¨ Folklore (†dŠKj&) n †jvKvPviwe`¨v

Erroneously (B‡ivwbAvmwj) adv fzjµ‡g Fascination (d¨vwm‡bBkb) n gy»Zv

Estuary (GmUzAvwi) n †gvnbv Foreigner (divbv(i)) n ewnivMZ

Etiquette (GwUKz‡qU) n wkóvPvi Forfeit (†dvwdU&) vt †Lvqv‡bv

Excessive (G·‡mwmf) adj AwZwi³ Forgetful (dv‡MUdj) adj fz‡jv gb

Exemplary (BM&‡RgcøvwR) adj `„óvšÍg~jK Forty (†dvwU) adj.n Pwjøk

Exemplification D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Fluctuate (d¬vKPzGBU) vi †`vjvwqZ nIqv

(Gwj‡Rgwcøwd‡KBkb)n KiY
Fugitive (wdDRvwUf) n cjvZK
Exhilaration (BM&wRjv‡iBk&b&) n Djøvm
Fulfil (UK) (dzjwdj) vt c~iY Kiv
Existence (BMwRmUvb&m&) n Aw¯ÍZ¡
Fulfill (USA)
Expedient (BK&m&cxwWAvb&U&) adj D‡Ïk¨mva‡bi c‡ÿ
Dc‡hvMx kã (D”PviY) A_©

Experiment (BK&m‡cwigvb&U&) n cixÿv G

Garbage (Mv:weR) n AveR©bv

Explanation (GK&m&cøv‡bBk&b&) n e¨vL¨v
Gazette (Mv‡RU&) n miKvwi Bk‡Znvi
Exploratory (G·‡cøv‡iUwi) adj AbymÜvbx
Gesture (†RmPv(i)) n Bkviv
Extempore (GK&m‡& Ugcvwi) adj,adv c~e©cÖ¯‘wZ Qvov
Giraffe (wRiv:d) n wRivd
Extension (BK&m‡Ub&k&b&) n m¤úªmviY
Gorgeous (†MvRvm&) adj RgKv‡jv
Exterminate (BK&m&Uvwg‡bBU) vt †kl Kiv
Government (Mvfvb&gvb&U) n miKvi
kã (D”PviY) A_©
Grammar (MÖ¨vgvi) n e¨vKiY
F

Facsimile (†dKwmgvBj) n Abywjwc Grammatic (MÖvg¨vwUK) adj e¨vKiYMZ

Fallacious (d¨v‡jBkvm&) adj åvwšÍiK Grateful ( †MÖBU&d&j&) n K…ZÁ

Familiar (dv‡gwjAv(i)) adj †PbvRvbv Grief (wMÖd) adj welv`

Fantasy (d¨›Uvwm) n Kíbv Gregarious (wMÖMvwiqvm) adj `jwcÖq

 Page 141

RETINA

Grandeur (†MÖwÛqvi) adj RuvKRgK Lesson – 02 (E – H)

Medical
Grievance (†MÖŠ‡Um&K&) adj A™¢zZ 01. Which one is correctly spelt (Medical: 13-14)
A. Exxcessive B. Axcessive
Guarantee (M¨vivw›U) n Rvwgb C. Excessive D. Exccesive Ans: C
BCS
Guerrilla (†Mwijv) n †Mwijv-‡hv×v 02. Which one is the correct spelling? (38th BCS)
A. Hetrogeneous B. Hetrogenous
Guillotine (wMjvUxb&) n wki‡”Q` Kivi hš¿we‡kl C. Heterogeneous D. Hetroges Ans: C
03. Choose the correct one? (26th BCS)
Gynecology/Gynaecology ¯¿x‡ivM I cÖm~wZ A. Humourous B. Humoxious
(MvBwbKjvwR) n weÁvb C. Humorous D. Humorious Ans: C
04. Select the correct spelling? (12th BCS)
Gyretion (RvB‡iBkb) n AveZ©b A. Expadient B. Expedeint
C. Expodiant D. Expedient Ans: D
kã (D”PviY) A_© kã (D”PviY) A_©

H I

Hallucination (nvj~wm‡bBk&b&) n `„wóåg Imaginary (Bg¨vwRbvwi) adj KvíwbK

Harmonious (nv:†gŠwbAvm&) adj wgjwewkô Immediately (BgxwWAvU&wj) adv Awej‡¤^

Headache (†n‡WBK) n gv_ve¨_v Implementation (Bg&c&wjgvb‡UBkb) n ev¯Íevqb

Heinous (†nBbvm&) adj N„Y¨ Impressionable (Bg‡cÖkvbve&j) adj mn‡R cÖfvweZ nq

Ggb
Hideous (wnwWqvm) adj K`vKvi
Inaccessibility (Bb&A¨vK‡mmvwejvwU) n `yM©gZv
Hierarchy (nvBAviAvwK©) n cy‡ivwnZ MYKZ…©K
kvmb Inaugurate (B‡bvwMD‡iBU&) vt D‡Øvab Kiv

Honorarium (†nv‡bvivwiqvg) n `wÿYv Incandescent (Bb&K¨vb‡Wm&b&U&) adj D¾¡j

Hostility (nm&wUjvwU) n kÎæZv Inconvenience (Bb&Kvb&fvwbAvb&m&) n cxov

Humorous (wnDgvivm&) adj iwmKZvc~Y© Incriminate (Bb&wµwg‡bBU&) vt Awfhy³ Kiv

Hygiene (nvBRxb&) n cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv Incredible (Bb‡µWve&j&) adj `vwqZ¡

Heterogeneous (†nUvivRxwbAvm) adj wecixZ/Avjv`v Indiscretion (Bb&wWm‡µkb) n AmveavbZv

Hyacinth (nvBAvwmb&_&) n KPzwicvbv Indispensable (Bb&wWm&‡cb&mve&j&) adj Acwinvh©

Hypocrisy (wn‡cvwµwm) n fÛvwg Indigenous (BbwWRvbvm) adj †`kR

Hypochondriac (nvB‡cvKwÛªqvK) adj welYœcÖK…wZ Indifference (BbwWdivb&m) n D`vmxbZv

 Page 142

RETINA

Indwelling (Bb&‡WvGwjs) adj AšÍikvqx/AšÍh©vgx kã (D”PviY) A_©

Inflammation (Bbdjv‡gBk&b&) n cÖ`vn J

Influenza (Bb&djyGb&Rv) n Bbd¬‡z qbRv Judiciary (RywWwmqvwi) n wePvicwZMb

Inferior (Bbwdwiqi) adj wb¤œZi Jewellery (R~qvjwi) n Aj¼vivw`

Inoculate (BbvwKD‡jBU) vt wUKv †`Iqv Jovial (†Rvwfqvj) adj cÖdzjø

Innocuous (BbwKDAvm&) adj AbcKvix Jurisdiction (RyAvwimwWK&k&b&) n wePvi e¨e¯’v

Innumerable (BwbDgvive&j&) adj AmsL¨ Jubilee (R~wejx) n RqšÍx

Instead (Bb&m‡UW) adv e`‡j/¯’‡j Juvenile (R~fvbvBj&) n ZiæY

Institution (Bb&m&wUwUDk&b&) n cÖwZôvb kã (D”PviY) A_©

Intentional (Bb&‡Ub&kvb&j&) adj B”QvK…Z K

Intercede (Bb&UvwmW) vt ga¨¯’Zv ev mvwjwk Kaleidoscope (KvjvBWvm&‡KŠc&) n †PvOvK…wZ †Ljbv

Kiv
Kindergarten (wKbWvMv:U&b&) n wkï‡`i Rb¨ ¯‹zj
Interrogate (Bb&‡Uiv‡MBU&) vt wRÁvmvev` Kiv
kã (D”PviY) A_©
Intimidating (Bb&wUwg‡WBwUs) adj wbiærmvwnZKiY
L
Illegitimate (B‡jwRUvgvU) adj A‰ea
Laboratory (j¨ve‡iUwi) n M‡elYvMvi
Intolerance (Bb&Ujvivb&m) n Amwn&òzZv
Laborious (†j‡evwiqvm) adj kÖgmva¨
Intrinsic (BbwUªbwmK) n mnRvZ
Lascivious (jvwmwfqvm) adj j¤úU
Investigate (Bb‡fmwU‡MU) vt Z`šÍ Kiv
Leisure (†jRv(i)) n AeKvk
Intuition (Bb&wUDBk&b&) n mnRÁvb
Licence (jvBmb&m&) n AbygwZcÎ
Illuminate (Bj~wg‡bBU&) vt Av‡jvwKZ Kiv
License (jvBmb&m&) vt AbygwZ †`Iqv
Irresolute (B‡jRvj~U) adj Aw¯’igwZ
Lieutenant (†jd‡Ubvb&U) n †mbvevwnbxi Awdmvi
Irresistible (BwiwRmUvej) adj AcÖwZ‡iva¨
Lying (jvBBs) pres.p wg_¨v/kqb
Isosceles (AvBmmvjxR) n mgevû
Lesson – 03 (I – L)
Itinerary (AvBwUbvivwi) n c_cwÄ/åg‡Yi Medical
01. Find the correct spelling: (Medical: 13-14)
cwiKíbv
A. Leftenant B. Lieutanent
 Page 143

RETINA

C. Leiutenant D. Lieutenant Ans: D Meticulous (†gwUwKDAvm) adj AwZmZK©

BCS
02. Choose the correctly spelt word. (30th BCS) Millennium (wg‡jwbAvg) n mn¯ªvã
A. Liesure B. Leasure
C. Leisure D. Lasere Ans: C Millionaire (wgwjAv‡bAv(i)) n †KvwUcwZ
kã (D”PviY) A_©
Minuscule (wgbvmwKDj) n ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª
M
Miser (gvBRv(i)) n K…cY
Machinery (gvkxbvwi) n hš¿cvwZ
Mischievous (wgmwPfvm) adj ÿwZKi
Massacre (gvmv‡µ) n nZ¨vKvÛ
Missionary (wgkvbwi) n ag©cÖPviK/wgkbvwi
Mattress (g¨v‡Uªm) n Mw`
Misspell (wgm&‡¯új&) n evbvb fzj Kiv
Malingering (g¨vwjsMvwis) vt cxovi fvb Kiv
Miscellaneous (wgmv‡jBwbAvm) adj wewea/bvbviKg
Melamine (†gjvwgb&) n †gjvgvBb
Miscreant (wgmwµqv›U) n `ye„©Ë
Magnanimous (g¨vM&b¨vwbgvm&) adj gnvbyfe
Modification (gwWwd‡KBkb) n cwieZ©b
Magnificent (g¨vM&wbwdm&b&U&) adj PgKcÖ`
Mongoose (gO&-M~m) n †euwR
Maintenance (†gBb&Uvbvb&m) n iÿYv‡eÿY
Moustache (gvmUv:k) BrE-n †Muvd
Malevolent (gv‡jfvjb&U&) adj cikÖxKvZi
Mustache (gvmUv:k) UsE-n
Malicious (gvwjkvm&) adj we‡Ølc~Y©
kã (D”PviY) A_©
Malnutrition (g¨vjwbDwUªk&b&) n Acywó
N
Maneuver (gvb~fv(i&)) n iY‡KŠkj
Navigation ( †bwf‡Mkb) n bvweKwe`¨v
Marriage (g¨vwiR&) n we‡q
Necessary (†bmvmvwi) adj cÖ‡qvRbxq
Masquerade (gv:Kv‡iBW&) n †gwK Awfbq`„k¨
Nectar ( †bKUvi) n dz‡ji gay
Mausoleum (†gvmvwjAvg&) n RuvKRgKc~Y© mgvwa
Niece (wbm) n fvBwS/ †evbwS
Medieval (†gwWCfj) adj ga¨hyMxq
Nominee (bwgwb) n g‡bvbxZ e¨w³
Merchant (gvPvb&U) n ewYK
Nonentity (†bb&UvwU) n AmËv
Mesmerising (†gRgvivwRs) adj m‡¤§vnb Kiv
Nonetheless (bvbw؇jm) adv Z_vwc/Zv ¯^‡Ë¡I
Messenger (†g‡mÄvi) n evZ©vevnK
Numerical (wbD‡gwiKj&) adj msL¨vwelqK
 Page 144

RETINA

kã (D”PviY) A_© Pediatric (cxwWAwUªK) n wkï‡iv‡Mi wPwKrmv

msµvšÍ
O
Pedestrian ( †c‡WmwUªqvb) n c_Pvix
Obnoxious (AvebKkvm&) adj AvcwËKi
Perceive (cviwmf) vt Dcjwä Kiv
Obsession (Ave&‡mkb) n Av”QbœZv
Perimeter (†cwiwgUvi) n cwimxgv
Obstacle (Ae&m&UvK&j&) n evav
Possession (cv‡Rk&b&) n ¯^Z¡
Occur (AKv(i&)) n NUv
Posthumous (cmwUDgvm) adj g‡ivYËi
Occurrence (A¨Kvivb&m) n NUbv
Precedence (†cÖwm‡Wb&m&) n AMÖvwaKvi
Occasionally (I‡Kkbvwj) adj gv‡Sg‡a¨
Primary (cÖvBgvwi) adj cÖv_wgK
Ominous (Awgbvm&) adj Aïf
Privilege (wcfvwjR&) n we‡klvwaKvi
Occasion (Av‡KBRb&) n Dcjÿ
Problem (cÖeøvg) n mgm¨v
Orthopaedic (I_vcxwWK&) adj Aw¯’‡iv‡Mi wPwKrmv
welqK Professional (cÖv‡dkbvj&) adj †ckvMZ

Ornithology (Iwb_jvwR) n cwÿweÁvb Perseverance (cvwmwfAvivb&m&) n Aa¨emvq

Ostentatious (Am&‡Ub&‡UBkvm&) adj RuvKv‡jv Personnel (cvm©v‡bj) n Kg©Pvix

kã (D”PviY) A_© Pharmaceutical (dv:gvwmDwUK&j) adj Jla cÖ¯‘Z msµvšÍ

P Pharmacopoeia (dv:gvKvcxAv) n Jla cÖ¯‘Z cÖbvjx

Palatable (c¨vjvUve&j&) adj iæwPKi Phenomenological (wdb&wgbjwRK&j) adj we¯§qKi

Palate (c¨jvU) n Zvjy Philosopher (wdjmvdv(i)) n hyw³ev`x e¨w³

Paleontology (c¨vwjAb&UjvwR) n Rxevk¥weÁvb Phoenix (dxwb·b) n †cŠivwYK cvwL

Papyrus (c¨vwcivm) n bjLvMov RvZxq Phonetic (dv‡bwUK&) adj fvlvZË¡

Dw™¢`
Physic (wdwRK&) n Jla
Parliament (cv:jvgvb&U) n msm`
Physique (wdRxK&) n ˆ`wnK MVb I e„w×
Parallel (c¨viv‡jj&) adj mgvšÍivj
Physical (wdwRK¨vj) adj kvixwiK
Parasite (c¨vivmvBU&) n ciRxex
Physiology (wdwRIjwR) n †`nZË¡
Passenger (c¨vwmbRv(i)) n hvÎx
 Page 145

RETINA

Piety (cvBwU) n fw³ Lesson – 04 (M – P)

Dental
Placard (cø¨vKv:W) n cÖPvicÎ/†cv÷vi 01. Correct spelling? (Dental: 95-96)
A. Personel B. Personnel
Pneumonia (wbD¨‡gŠwbAv) n dzmdzmcÖ`vn C. Personale D. Personnle Ans: B
BCS
Pomegranate (cwgMÖvwbU) n Wvwjg 02. Choose the correct one. (12th BCS)
A. Mispel B. Misspell
Pulitzer (cywjrRvi) n gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª mvsevw`KZv, mvwnZ¨ I C. Mispell D. Mispel Ans: B
m½x‡Zi Dci †`Iqv m‡e©v”P cyi¯‹vi kã (D”PviY) A_©

Precinct (wcÖwms±) n cwicvk¦©, Gw³qvi Q

Prettier (wcÖwUqvi) adj my›`i Quorum (KzIivg) n †Kvivg

Profession (cÖ‡dkb) n †ckv Questionnaire (KzGmPv‡bAv(i)) n cÖkœvejx

Professor (cÖv‡dmv (i&)) n Aa¨vcK Quotient (Kz‡qv‡k›U) n fvMdj

Pronunciation (cÖvbvb&wmGBk&b)& n D”PviY kã (D”PviY) A_©

Proprietor (†cÖvcÖvBAvUv(i)) n ¯^Z¡vwaKvix R

Prosperity (cÖm&cvivwU) n mg„w× Radius (†iwWqvm) n e¨vmva©

Protection (cÖv‡UKk&b&) n cvnviv Receive (wimxf&) vt.vi MÖnY Kiv

Protuberant (cÖvwUevivb&U) adj cÖùxZ Recipe (wimvwc&) n Anvh©

Prudency (cÖƒ-Wb&wm&) n `~i`wk©Zv Recipient (wiwmwcAvb&U&) n MÖnxZv

Psychology (mvBKjvwR) n g‡bvwe`¨v/g‡bvweÁvb Recession (wi‡mkb) n cÖZ¨vnvi/g›`v

Psychotic (mvBKwUK) gvbwmK fvimvg¨nxb Recognition (†iKM&wbk&b&) n ¯^xK…wZ

Punctual (cvOK&PzAvj&) adj mgqwbô Recommendation (wi‡Kv‡gb‡Wkb) n mycvwik

Pusillanimous (wc¨Dwmj¨vwbgm&) adj fxiæ Reconciliation (†KKvb&wmwjGBk&b&) n gxgvsmv

Puttee (cvwU) n cwÆ Reconnaissance (wiKwbmb&m&) n cÖv_wgK Rwic

Putrescent (wc¨D‡Uªmb&U&) adj c‡P hv‡”Q Ggb Referred (†idviW&) adj Awc©Z

Pyorrhoea (cv‡qvwiqv) n cyuRwb:¯ªve Rejoice (wiRqm&) vt.vi Avbw›`Z/Avn¬vw`Z Kiv

Relevant (†ijvfvb&U) adj m¤úK©xq

 Page 146

RETINA

Religion (†iwjwRqb) n ag© Sanctimonious (m¨vO&wU‡gŠwbqvm&) adj Qjavwg©K

Remittance (wiwgUb&m&) n UvKv cvVvb Sanitary (m¨vwbwUª) adj cwi”Qb

Reminiscence/Reminisce ¯§„wZPviY Salient (†mBwjAvbU) adj cÖavb

(†iwgwbm&b&m&/†iwgwbm) n
Satellite (m¨vUvjvBU) n DcMÖn/K…wÎg DcMÖn
Renaissance (wi‡bBmbm) n cybR©b¥/beRvMiY
Schism (w¯‹Rg) n we‡f`
Renascence (wib¨vm&b&m&) n cybR©qgvb
Schizophrenia (w¯‹U&‡mŠd«xwbAv) n gvbwmK †ivMwe‡kl
Rendezvous (ib&w`fz) n wgjb¯’j
Schizophrenic (w¯‹U‡mŠ‡d«wbK) adj gvbwmK †ivM
Repetition (†iwcwUk&b&) n cybive„wË
Scurried (†¯‹vwiW) n `ªæZ‡e‡M †QvUv
Repercussion (ixcvKvk&&b&) n cÖwZwµqv
Supercilious (mycvwmwjAvm) adj J`vmxb¨c~Y©
Resistance (wiwRm&Uvb&m&) n cÖwZ‡ivaÿgZv
Secretariat (†mµv‡UAvwiAvU&) n mwPevjq
Restaurant (†im&Uªvb&U) n †i‡¯Íviuv
Sedate (wm‡WU) n Aby‡ËwRZ, kvšÍ
Reversal (wifvmj) n DjU-cvjU
Secretarial (†m‡µUvwiqvj) adj mwPe msµvšÍ
Reunion (wiBDwbqb) n cybwg©jb
Seychelles (wmwmwj) n †`‡ki bvg/wmwmwj
Rhinoceros (ivB‡bv‡mim) n MÛvi
Spelling (†¯úwjs) n evbvb
Rhododendron (†iŠWv‡WbWªvb) n i‡Wv‡WbWªb
Sedentary (†mW&b&wUª) adj e‡m e‡m Ki‡Z nq Ggb
Rhythm (wi`vg&) n Q›`
Separate (†mcivU) adj wef³
Ridiculous (wiwWwKqyjvm) adj VvÆvm~PK
Serviceable (mvwfmvej&) adj gReyZ I †UKmB
Rigorous (wiMvPvm&) adj cÖPÛ/K‡Vvi
Shakespeare ( †kK&mwcqi) n Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i
Righteous (ivBPvm&) adj bxwZevb KweÑ †kK&mwcqi

Rumour (iƒgv(i)) n ¸Re Soberness ( †mvev‡b©m) n ‡evaMg¨

Rumbustious (ivg&evm&wUAvm&) adj ˆn‰Pc~Y© Sobriety (mveªvBAvwU) n mshg

kã (D”PviY) A_© Sophisticated (mvwdm&wU‡KBwUW&) adj AZ¨vaywbK

S Solipsism (mwjcwmRg) n AvZ¥Ávbev`

Sabotage (m¨vevUvR&) n AšÍN©v‡Z wjß nIqv Souvenir (m~fvwbqvi) n ¯§„wZwPý

 Page 147

RETINA

Sovereignty (mfwib&wU) n mve©‡fŠg ÿgZv Tolerate (Uj‡iBU&) vt AvZw¼Z Kiv

Spontaneous (¯úb‡Uwbqvm) adj ¯^Z:ù~Z© Tomorrow (UzÕ‡gŠ‡iv) adv AvMvgxKvj

Spontaneity (¯úb‡U‡bBwU) n ¯^Z:ù~Z©Zv Transfiguration (Uª¨vbmwdMv‡iBk&b&) n †Pnviv e`j

Subtract (mveUªvK) vt ev` †`Iqv Transitory (Uª¨vb&wmUwi) adj ÿY¯’vqx

Subsequent (mve&wm&‡KvAvbU) adj cieZ©x Translucent (Uª¨vbRj~m&b&U&) adj Av‡jvKcÖevnx wKš‘

A¯^”Q
Successful (mvK&‡mm&d&j&) adj mdj
Transparency (Uª¨vb&m&c¨vivb&wm) n ¯^”QZv
Suggest (mv‡R÷) vt aviYv Kiv
Treacherous (†UªPvivm) adj wek¦vmNvZK
Supersede (m~cvmxW&) vt ¯’vb AwaKvi Kiv
Tremendous (wUª‡gbWvm) adj kw³kvjx
Superstitious (m~cvm&wUkvm&) adj Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ
Tresspass (†Uªmcvm) vt AbvwaKvi cÖ‡ek
Surveillance (mv‡fBjvbm) n cvnviv
Triumph (UªvBAvg&d&) n weRq
Superior (mywcwiqvi) adj DrK…ó
Truthfulness (Uªy_dzj‡bm&) n mZ¨evw`Zv
Surreptitious (mvivcwUk:m) adj ¸ßfv‡e K…Z
Tsunami (mybvwg) n mybvwg
Susceptible (mv‡mcUvej) adj ms‡e`bkxj
Tuberculosis (wU¨DevwK¨D‡jŠwmm&) adj h²v
Synaesthesia (wmwbm_xwRAv) n ms‡PZbv
Tuition (wU¨Dk&b&) n wkÿv`vb
kã (D”PviY) A_©
Typhoid (UvBdqW) n mwbœcvwZK R¡i
T
kã (D”PviY) A_©
Tantamount (†UbUvgvD›U) adj mgcwigvb
U
Taxidermist (U¨v·wmWvwgm&U&) n g„Z cïi Pvgovi g‡a¨ Lo
XzwK‡q RxešÍ †`Lv‡bvi Ugliest (AvMwj‡q÷) adj KzrwmZ
we`¨vq cvi`wk© e¨w³
Umpteen (Avg&c&U&xb&) n AmsL¨
Technology (†UKbjwR) n cÖhyw³
Unfair (Avb&‡dAv(i)) adj Ab¨vq
Television (†UwjwfR&b&) n `~i`k©b
Unceremonious AvbyôvwbKZvnxb
Temperature (†Ugcv‡iPvi) n ZvcgvÎv (Avb&‡mwi‡gŠwbqvm&)adj

Terrify (†UwidvB) vt AvZw¼Z Kiv Universal (BDwbfvm&j&) adj me©Rbxb

Terror (†Uii) n mš¿vm kã (D”PviY) A_©

 Page 148

RETINA

V Wiki Leaks (DBwKwjKm) n DBwKwjKm

Vacancy (†fBKvbwm) n k~b¨Zv Wrapper (i¨vcvi) n Av‡jvqvb

Versatile (fvm&UvBj&) adj eûgyLx Writing (ivBwUs) n wjwLZ

Vertebrate (fvwU©‡eªU) adj †giæ`Ûx kã (D”PviY) A_©

Visionary (wfRvb&wi) adj KvíwbK Y

Voluntary (fjvbwUª) adj †¯^”QvcÖ‡Yvw`Z Yacht (BqU&) n nvjKv †bŠhvb

Volunteer (fjvb&wUAv(i)) n †¯^”Qv‡meK Yeast (Cm&U&) n C÷

Voluptuous (fvjvcPz¨qvm) adj Bw›`ªqcwiZ…wßKi Lesson – 05 (Q – Z)

Medical
Vouchsafe (fvDPv‡mBd) vt mvbyMÖ‡n Kiv 01. Choose the correct speeling (M 14-15)
A. Separate B. Seperate
Vulnerability (fvjbvivwejvwU) n Avµg¨Zv C. Saparete D. Saperate Ans: A
BCS
kã (D”PviY) A_© 02. Select the word with right spelling. (BCS 39th )
A. Seizophrania B. Scizophrenia
W C. Schizophrania D. Schizophrenia Ans: D
03. Choose the correctly spelt word. (BCS 31th )
Walkie-talkie (I‡qvwK †UvwK) n IqvwK-UwK A. Tsunami B. Sunami
C. Suname D. Sunamee Ans: A
Waitress (I‡q‡Uªm) n Lv`¨ cwi‡ewkKv 04. Choose the correctly spelt word. (BCS 31th )
A. Volantory B. Volantary
Whether (IG`vi) conj hw` C. Voluntary D. Voluntory Ans: C
05. Choose the correctly spelt word. (BCS 30th )
Whisper (DBmcv) vt.vi wdmwdm K‡i ejv A. Superceed B. Supercede
C. Supersede D. Superseed Ans: C
 Page 149

RETINA

Subject Verb Agreement

Lesson – 01
◉ GKwU Verb-Gi Number wba©vwiZ nq, Subject-Gi Number Ges Person Abyhvqx| Subject-Gi mv‡_ Verb-Gi m¤úK©B
Subject-Verb Agreement.

◉ Rule-01
Agreement Bs‡iRx kãwUi evsjv A_© mwÜ, ewbebv ev wgj| Subject and verb must agree with one another in number
(singular or plural) or in person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) A_©vr Subject hw` Singular nq Verb-I Singular n‡e Ges Subject hw`
Plural nq, Verb-I Plural n‡e| wb‡Pi evK¨wU jÿ¨ Kiæb:

The professor were travelling in Europe when she received notice for her promotion.
GLv‡b, Subject nj Professor hv Singular Noun, AZGe Gi Verb-I n‡Z n‡e Singular wKš‘ Verb Av‡Q Were hv Plural;
were Gi e`‡j was n‡j Subject Gi mv‡_ Verb wU Agree Ki‡e|

N.B. we‡klfv‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e: Noun hw` Plural nq Zvn‡j Noun m‡½ s ev es hy³ nq| wKš‘ Verb Singular n‡j Verb Gi
m‡½ s ev es hy³ nq hw` Subject 3rd person singular number Ges evK¨wU Present Indefinite Tense G nq|

◉ Rule-02
ev‡K¨i Subject ev KZ©vi Number I Person Abyhvqx Verb e¨eüZ nq| GKwU Singular subject GKwU Singular verb Ges
GKwU Plural subject GKwU Plural verb †bq|
 ‘Be’ verb Gi †ÿ‡Î †Kej 1st person singular Ges 3rd person singular Qvov Ab¨ me‡ÿ‡Î verb Gi GKB iƒc nq|
Person Subject Verb Subject Verb Subject Verb Subject Verb
1st Person I am We are I was We were
nd
2 Person You are You are You were You were
3rd Person He is They are He was They were

◉ Rule-03 Subject With Accompaniment

As well as
In addition to
And not/no
Not only
Together with
Among with cÖf…wZ Øviv `ywU Subject hy³ n‡j 1st subject Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© verb n‡e|
With
Along with
In collaboration with
Accompanied by
In conjunction with
Except No less than
Including
Besides this
No less than
➥ Everything including the books was bought.
➥ Karim along with his sons was there
 Page 150

RETINA

◉ Rule-04 Correlative Confusion

Either ----or, Neither ---- nor, Not ........ but, Not only ---- but also, Or, Nor cÖf…wZhy³ (Correlative Conjunction)
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Singular Noun _vK‡j Verb Gi Singular Number n‡e| Z‡e Zviv hw` Number Ges Person G wfbœ nq, Z‡e
Verb Gi wbKUeZ©x Noun wUi Number Ges Person Abymv‡i em‡e|
Neither ---- Nor
Either ---- or Øviv hy³ Subject wfbœ wfbœ persons G n‡j †k‡l e¨eüZ Subject Gi persons Abyhvqx
Not --- but verb e¨eüZ nq|
Not only --- but also
➥ Neither Rini nor Simi is qualified for the job.
➥ Either they or I am wrong

◉ Rule-05
Sentence-G ‘Clause ev Phrase’ Subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j verb wU singular nq|
➥ Buying clothes is often a very time consuming practice.
➥ To err is human.

◉ Rule-06
One of, each of, neither of, the number of, quality of cÖf…wZ Gi ci plural noun _vK‡jI singular verb e‡m|
Either of
Neither of
Each of
None of + Noun (Plural) Verb (Singular)
One of
Any of
Every of
➥ One of the problems is extremely easy to solve
➥ Neither of the students gets full marks every time.
◉ Rule-07
Subject hw` Singular Indefinite Pronoun nq †m‡ÿ‡Î It takes a singular verb. For example:
Everyone studies
who majors in architecture and fine arts History of Art 450.
sub verb
Dc‡ii evK¨wU‡Z ‘Everyone’ – Singular Indefinite Pronoun wU Subject nIqvi Kvi‡Y Verb Gi mv‡_ ‘es’ hy³ n‡q‡Q| GLb cÖkœ
n‡”Q, wK K‡i eyS‡eb Sentence Gi Subject wU Singular Indefinite Pronoun wKbv| GUv †Kvb e¨vcviB bv!!! GK wbtk¦v‡m Pjyb gyL¯Í
K‡i †dwj Bs‡iRx fvlvi gvÎ K‡qKwU Sigular Indefinite Pronoun:
Each, Either, Neither, One, None, Nobody, Nothing, Anyone, Anybody, Anything, Someone, Somebody,
Something, Everything, Everybody, Everything.
➥ One of my friends is a student.
➥ At least one of the students gets full marks every time.
◉ Rule-08
None of e‡m Sentence Gi subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j None of Gi c‡i e¨eüZ Noun ev Pronoun Singular n‡j Verb
Singular Ges Noun ev Pronoun Plural n‡j Verb Plural Number nq|
None of them are alive now.
None of the boys are intelligent.
None of us speak English.
 Page 151

RETINA

◉ Rule-09
hw` sentence Gi subject one nq, Z‡e sentence Gi cieZ©x Ask Z`¯’‡j one ev one’s n‡e| be ev his n‡e bv|
➥ One should be careful about one’s duty.
➥ One should not give one’s opinion unasked
One of
Each of
Either of
Each one of + Pronoun/ Noun (Plural) + Possessive/ verb (Singular)
Not one of
None of
Neither of
➥ Each of the sons followed his father’s trade.
◉ Rule-10 Percentage, Fraction, Some of, Any of, None of, All of, Rest of, Part of, Half of, Most of
Half of
Part of
Rest of
Most of
Some of
None of
+ Noun (Plural) + Verb (Plural)
Any of
One- fourth of
+Noun (Singular)+ Verb (Singular)
Three-fourths of
Majority of
All of
No
30% of
90% of
➥ One third of the work is/was finished.
➥ Two-thirds of the players are present.
N.B. Some of, Any of, None of, All of cÖf…wZ word ev phrase ¸‡jv uncountable noun Gi Av‡M em‡j verb singular nq
Ges countable noun Gi Av‡M em‡j noun wUI plural n‡e, verb I plural n‡e|
Some of the money was missing. Some of the gold coins were missing.
◉ Rule-11 ‘One and a half’
One and a half ____ Gi c‡i verb wU singular nq Ges Noun wU Plural nq|
One and a half + Plural noun + Singular Verb
➥ One and a half lemons was eaten by him.
➥ One and a half jugs has already been finished.
◉ Rule-12
The greater/greatest part G hLb msL¨v wb‡`©k Kiv nq ZLb plural nq| hLb cwigvb wb‡`©k Kiv nq ZLb Zv Singular nq|
The greater/greatest part + Noun (Singular/Uncountable)
+ Verb (Singular)
➥ The greatest part of the land was fertile.
➥ The greatest part of the village is/was flooded.
The greater/greatest part + Noun (Plural)+ Verb (Plural)
Incorrect : The greatest part of the voters comes from this village.
Correct : The greatest part of the voters come from this village.
Incorrect : The greater part of the pineapples (be) good.
Correct : The greater part of the pineapples are good.
 Page 152

RETINA

◉ Rule-13
Of Øviv GKvwaK noun A_ev pronoun †K hy³ Kiv n‡j c~e©eZ©x noun A_ev pronoun Abyhvqx verb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
➥ The study of English and Economics is not easy.
➥ The legs of the table are not new.
◉ Rule-14 ‘The Number of’ Vs ‘A Number of’
A number of Gi †ÿ‡Î subject Ges verb DfqB plural nq| wKš‘ the number of Gi †ÿ‡Î subject plural n‡e Ges verb
singular n‡e|
The number of Plural noun Singular Verb
➥ The number of people was very high.
A number of Plural noun Plural Verb
➥ A number of students have joined together to form a club for hockey
◉ Rule-15 ‘Many a’ Vs ‘A many’
A many Gi c‡i Plural Verb e‡m Ges Many a Gi c‡i Singular Verb e‡m|
Many a + Singular Noun + Singular verb
A many + Plural Noun + Plural Verb
➥ Many a man has tried to complete the work.

◉ Rule-16
No sooner --- than, Scarcely --- when, Hardly --- when cÖf…wZ hy³ ev‡K¨i Than, when Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ Past Perfect
Tense Ges c‡i Past Indefinite Tense e‡m| No sooner, Scarcely, Hardly cÖf…wZ ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g e‡m|
# No sooner had + sub + verb Gi past participle + Additional + than + Sub + verb Gi past form.
# Scarcely and + sub + verb Gi past participle + Additional + when + Sub + verb Gi past form.
# Hardly had + sub + verb Gi past participle + Additional + when + Sub + verb Gi past form.
➥ No sooner had he reached the station than the train left.
➥ Scarcely had we started when it began to rain.

◉ Rule-17
Sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z would that _vK‡j subject Gi c‡i could e‡m Ges cÖ`Ë verb Gi Present form nq|
Would that + subject + could + present form + ext.
➥ Would that I could go there.
◉ Rule-18
Subject wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡j Zv‡`i cieZ©x verb me mgq singular nq|
Everybody Anybody Somebody Nobody Each Everyday
Everyone Anyone Someone No one Either Whatever
Everything Anything Something Nothing Neither Whichever
➥ Everybody has done to help him.
◉ Rule-19
Many, Both, Few, Fewer, Some, Several, Other, The rest kã ¸‡jvi ci Noun Gi Plural form nq I Verb Gi Plural form nq|
Few
Fewer
Some
Several
Many + Noun (Plural) + Verb (Plural)
Both
Other
Others
The rest
➥ Several of these books look brand new.
➥ Both of the pencils have an eraser.
 Page 153

RETINA

◉ Rule-20
Aev¯Íe ev Acwic~Y© B”Qv †evSv‡j Subject + wish + subject + were/ had e‡m| Subject wb‡R nIqv (be) †evSv‡Z were e‡m|
Ab¨ †Kvb verb n‡j Zvi past tense nq| Subject Gi _vKv (have) †evSv‡Z had e‡m|
➥ I wish I were a king.

◉ Rule-21 ‘More than....’

More than – Gi c‡i Singular Noun e¨eüZ n‡j verb n‡e Singular Ges Plural Noun e¨eüZ n‡j verb n‡e plural.
More than one Singular Noun Singular verb
➥ More than one boy is allowed to go.
More than two Plural Noun Plural verb
➥ More than two boys are allowed to go.

◉ Rule-22 ‘Distance, Time, Money, Unit’

Uncountable Noun GKK ¸wj Plural n‡jI verb singular n‡e| wb‡Pi Table wU jÿ¨ Kiæb|
Note: `~iZ¡, mgq, IRb, A_© m¤úwK©Z, mgwóevPK (plural) subject Gi verb singular nq|
Length 80 meters Seventeen inches is the length of this board.
Two hundred dollars is a lot of money.
Money 200 dollars
One hundred dollars is a lot of money for a bottle of wine.
Three weeks is a long time.
Time 20 minutes, six weeks
Seven years was a long time to spend at college.
Weight 30 kgs 15 maunds is a heavy weight.
10 miles is not a long distance.
Distance 7 miles, 10 kilometers
93 miles is the distance from the sun to the earth.

◉ Rule-23 ‘†`L‡Z plural g‡b n‡jI Avm‡j G¸‡jv singular’

wb¤œwjwLZ Noun †`L‡Z plural g‡b n‡jI G¸‡jvi ci singular verb e‡m|
Mathematics Economics Physics Dynamics
Politics Ethics Mumps Statics
Statistics Measles Electronics News
Gallows Tennis Gymnastics Innings
Athletics Wages Whereabouts Civics
Comics Alms Magnetics Metaphysics
Tactics Poetics Rickets Hydraulics
Pneumatics Phonics Optics Linguistics
Bellows Means Analytics Aeronautics
➥ Mathematics is my favorite subject.
◉ Rule-24
KZ¸‡jv Noun Av‡Q †h¸‡jv memgq Plural wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq Ges G‡`i c‡ii Verb-wUI Plural nq|
compliments (m¤§vb) regards (m¤§vb) belongings (e¨w³MZ wRwbmcÎ)
savings (mÂq) earnings (Avq) vegetables (kvKmewR)
surroundings (Pvicvk/Avkcvk) scissors (KuvwP) handcuffs (nvZKov)
scales (gvcKvwV) glasses/ spectacles (Pkgv) Pajamas (cvRvgv)
jeans amends overalls
trousers trunks shorts
clothes pliers pincers
tweezers tongs shears
braces headquarters stairs
 Page 154

RETINA

whereabouts foundations riches

alms ashes auspices (c„ô‡cvlKZv)
dregs (Zjvwb) entrails (bvwofzwo) environs (cvwicvwk¦KZv)
fetters (wkKj) odds (evavwecwË) politics (ivRbxwZ)
tidings (msev`) vitals (Rxebxkw³)
k㸇jv memgq plural wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| D‡jøL¨, G‡`i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwUi Singular iƒc _vK‡jI A_© wVK _v‡K bv|

◉ Rule-25
wb¤œwjwLZ Pair noun ¸‡jv plural Ges Gi c‡i plural verb e¨eüZ nq| wKš‘ c~‡e© a pair of, the pair of, this pair of _vK‡j
singular verb e‡m|
Scissors trousers tongs Tweezers
Pants pliers scales pyjamas
sacks tights trunks bellows
glasses breeches binoculars pincers
sunglasses headphones socks
➥ The pair of pliers is on the bench.
➥ This pair of socks is too small for me.

◉ Rule-26
wb‡¤œv³ Noun phrase ¸‡jvi mv‡_ me©`v singular verb nq|
Pride of lions
School of fish
Pack of dogs
Flock of birds, sheep
Gang of robbers
Herd of cattle
Bundle of pencils +Singular verb
A pod of whales
A gaggle of geese
Swarm of bees, flies
Murder of crows
Branches of flowers
Shoal of fish/fishes
Example:
The herd of cattle is breaking away.
A pack of wild dogs has frightened all the ducks away.
◉ Rule-27
Collective noun mgwóMZ A_© eySv‡j A_©vr hw` G‡K ALÛ g‡b Kiv nq verb wU singular nq| wKš‘ mgwóMZfv‡e mKj‡K GK‡Î bv
eywS‡q c„_K c„_Kfv‡e eySv‡j verb wU plural nq|
committee group army minority
Family Congress crowd parliament
Team class government public
Jury club majority council
Board corporation organization company
➥ The jury was/is the same opinion.
➥ The jury were/are divided on their opinion.
 Page 155

RETINA

◉ Rule-28
And Øviv hy³ `ywU singular noun hw` GKwU GKK A_© ev aviYv eySvq ev mgwóMZ fv‡e GKwU A_© eySvq Z‡e verb singular n‡e|
Slow and steady
Rice and curry
The horse and carriage
Crown and glory
Romeo and Juliet
Proctor and gamble
The sum and substance
Bread and butter + Verb (Singular)
Rise and Fall
Truth and Honesty
Bag and Baggage
Coming and Going
Long and short
Tomatoes and Eggs on Noddle
Screaming and Shouting
➥ Slow and steady wins the race.
➥ Pen and paper is essential to write.
➥ Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast.
➥ wKš‘ and Øviv hy³ `ywU Singular Noun Øviv hw` GKK A_© bv eywS‡q Avjv`vfv‡e `ywU wRwbm‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Z‡e verb plural n‡e|
Example: Fire and water, Gold and silver, Time and tide- Gi ci verb plural nq, KviY time I tide.... `yBwU Avjv`v
wRwbm| GBKfv‡e Fire and water, Gold and silver `yBwU Avjv`v wRwbm|
➥ Time and tide wait for none. (GwU cÖev` evK¨ nIqvq waits n‡e bv, wKš‘ Time and tide does not wait for any one,
GwU mwVK| KviY GwU cÖev` evK¨ bq|)
➥ Fire and water do not look same.
➥ Pen & Pencil were bought from this stationary shop.
◉ Rule-29
wKQz Noun Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi Plural form nq bv|
Alphabet Expenditure Furniture Information
Luggage Off-spring Scenery poetry
➥ He has learnt the alphabet.
➥ He writes good poetry.
◉ Rule-30
wKQz Adjective Gi Av‡M The em‡j †mUv GKwU †kÖwY‡Z cwiYZ nq Ges †mB †kÖwYwU Plural nq|
The rich The deaf The blind The brave
The aged The pious The disabled The oppressed
The poor The wicked The police The elderly
The sick The handicapped The young The virtuous
➥ The virtuous are happy.
➥ The weak are always deprived.
➥ The poor are born to suffer.
wKš‘ Zv‡`i c‡i singular noun em‡j Gi verb wU singular n‡e|
The + Adjective + Noun (singular) + verb (singular)
➥ The rich man is not happy.
➥ The poor girl is helpless.
 Page 156

RETINA

◉ Rule-31
Abstract noun Ges Uncountable noun A‡_©i w`K w`‡q Plural n‡jI Zv singular verb wb‡`©k K‡i|
Honesty courage peace sympathy
dust milk water oxygen
smoke hair rice air
salt grass sand earth
information knowledge love ink
training furniture cotton cricket
football tennis chess advice
➥ Honesty is the best policy.
◉ Rule-32 Verb in Mathematical Calculation.
Arithmetical statements (†hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM) Gi c‡i verb singular nq|
➥ Two and two is four.
➥ Two times six is twelve.
◉ Rule-33
wKQz Noun Av‡Q hviv Singular Ges Plural G AcwiewZ©Z form G Plural n‡jI G‡`i mv‡_ KL‡bvB s/es nq bv|
Sheep Cannon Swine Apparatus
Salmon Pair Deer Score
Dozen Gross Species Score
➥ When Mary grew up, she kept a flock of thirty sheep.
➥ There are many species of monkeys.
➥ I saw eight deer and four sheep.
➥ He wants to buy four dozen eggs.
➥ I bought a pair of shoes.
◉ Rule-34
Hundred, thousand, million, billion, trillion G‡`i‡K Plural Kivi mgq G‡`i mv‡_ s/es hy³ nq bv|
➥ I have twenty thousand taka.
➥ 800 million people live under acute poverty in Bangladesh.
➥ The town has sixty thousand people.
◉ Rule-35
wb¤œwjwLZ noun ¸‡jv †`L‡Z singular, wKš‘ Giv plural Ges c‡i plural verb e‡m|
Aristocracy nobility people cattle
peasantry gentry folk clergy
vermin poultry
➥ The peasantry of Bangladesh are poor.
➥ Cattle are grazing in the field.
➥ The aristocracy are on the king’s side.

◉ Rule-36
Zzjbv Kivi mgq GKB Noun Gi cybive„wË Gov‡bvi Rb¨ Singular Gi RvqMvq that of I Plural Gi RvqMvq those of e‡m|
Noun (Singular)+Verb+Adjective+that of+Noun/Pronoun
➥ The rice of Dinajpur is better than that of Sylhet.
Noun (Plural)+Verb+Adjective+those of+Noun/Pronoun
➥ The roads of Dhaka are better than those of Rangpur.
 Page 157

RETINA

◉ Rule-37
Majority Singular ev Plural DfqB n‡Z cv‡i| Majority Plural noun Gi mv‡_ e¨eüZ n‡j mvaviYZ Plural nq| Majority
wegyZ© Abyf~wZ (Abstract sense) eySv‡j ev ïay Majority n‡j Singular nq|
➥ A two-thirds majority is needed to amend the constitution but a majority of the senate were opposed.
➥ The majority of the employees have university degrees.
➥ A large majority of people approve of the death sentence.
➥ The majority believes that we are in good position.
Lesson – 02
◉ Rule-38 Infinitive, gerund, verbal noun, clause, phrase as subject.
Infinitive, gerund, verbal noun, clause, phrase, subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j verb wU third person singular n‡e|
➥ To tell a lie is a great sin.
➥ To err is human.
➥ Reading is his favourite hobby.
➥ The writing of a good letter is difficult.
◉ Rule-39
And Øviv hy³ `yBwU singular subject Gi c~‡e© hw` each, every ev no words _v‡K Zvn‡j verb Gi singular form n‡e|
➥ Each boy and each girl was given prizes.
➥ No boy and no girl performs well
◉ Rule-40
Both Gi A_© n‡”Q `yBRbB, Dfq| myZivs Both n‡”Q Plural Subject Gi c‡i Plural Verb e‡m|
➥ Both of the mice are underfed.
➥ Neither of my brothers is handsome, but both like to be flattered.

◉ Rule-41
†Kvb and Gi ci not/ no _vK‡j cÖ_g subject Abyhvqx verb e¨eüZ nq|
➥ I, and not he, am guilty.

◉ Rule-42
And Øviv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK singular noun hw` GKB e¨w³, e¯‘ ev avibv †evSvq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i c‡i singular verb e¨eüZ n‡e| wKš‘
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK singular noun hw` and Øviv hy³ n‡q wfbœ wfbœ e¨w³, e¯‘ ev aviYv‡K †evSvq Zvn‡j Zvi c‡i plural verb e¨eüZ nq|
➥ The professor and the student agree on that point.
➥ The principal and Secretary of the college has resigned.

◉ Rule-43
GKwU singular subject I GKwU plural subject †K †Kvb conjunction Øviv hy³ Kivi mgq plural subject wU †k‡l wjL‡Z n‡e
Ges plural verb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
➥ He and his brothers are guilty.
➥ Saiful or his friends are liar.

◉ Rule-44
Subject Gi head word Abyhvqx verb nq ZvB headword singular n‡j verb singular Ges headword plural n‡j verb
plural nq| Preposition hy³ phrase subject n‡j preposition Gi c~‡e©i kã Abymv‡i verb n‡e|
➥ A writer of stories is need of imagination.
 Page 158

RETINA

◉ Rule-45
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK subject ‘and’ Øviv hy³ n‡j, Zv‡`i c‡i e¨eüZ verb Ges pronoun Df‡qi plural number n‡e|
➥ He and I are friends.
➥ Shumi and Rumi were my friends.

◉ Rule-46
It, Who hw` Subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq Zvn‡j Gi cieZ©x verb me©`v singular nq|
➥ It is said that most people enjoy traveling.
➥ Who does not know that two and two makes four.

◉ Rule-47
wKQz Verb Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi Øviv KZ©vi B”Qv cÖKvk cvq Ges Hme Verb-Gi ci that clause _vK‡j H clause-Gi verb-Gi mv‡_
s/es/ing/ed wKQzB hy³ nq bv| G iKg verb-¸‡jv n‡jv advise, ask, command, decree, demand, move, order, prefer,
propose, recommend, request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge cÖf…wZ| The teacher suggested that he read regularly.
➥ The authority proposed that the employee take seven days leave.

◉ Rule-48
wb¤œwjwLZ adjective-¸‡jv e¨eüZ n‡j Avevi sentence MV‡bi mgq GKwU structure AbymiY Kiv nq| Adjective-¸‡jv n‡jv:
Advised, proposed, imperative, mandatory, necessary, obligatory, proposed, recommended, required, suggested.
Structure-wU n‡jv It+be verb (†h †Kv‡bv tense-Gi)+ Dc‡iv‡jøwLZ †h †Kv‡bv adjective+that+subject+ verb-Gi simple form|
G‡ÿ‡Î verb-¸‡jvi mv‡_ s/es/ing/d/ed/t wKQzB hy³ nq bv Ges American English Abyhvqx verb-Gi Av‡M should I em‡e bv|
➥ It was suggested that he take the subject.
➥ It has been proposed that we change our house.

◉ Rule-49
Main clause Gi verb wU past tense Gi n‡j Ges c‡ii As‡k next Gi c‡i †Kvb mg‡qi (next day, next week, next month,
next year) D‡jøL _vK‡j bracket- Gi verb-Gi c~‡e© would ev should e‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î bracket Gi verb wUi present form nq|
➥ He said that he would go home the next day.

◉ Rule-50
Interrogative sentence-G what, when, where, who, which, whose, why, how _vK‡j subject Gi c~‡e© Tense I
person Abyhvqx Auxiliary verb †hvM Ki‡Z nq|
➥ What do you want?

◉ Rule-51
Main verb-Gi c~‡e© am to, is to, are to, was to, were to, has to, have to, able to, used to, will have to _vK‡j main
verb wU base form-G n‡e|
➥ He is to (go) thereHe is to go there.
➥ I am to (plays) now.  I am to play now.
➥ He used to (went) there  He used to go there.

◉ Rule-52
To be, being, to have, having-Gi ci Verb-wUi Past Participle nq:
➥ Having (finish) her meals, she went to school Having finished her meals, she went to school.
➥ It is to be (finish) in time.It is to be finished in time.
 Page 159

RETINA

◉ Rule-53
Had better, had rather, would rather, have to, has to, am to, are to, is to; Bare infinitive (let, make, need, dare,
bid, watch, feel, see, behold, hear, used to, cannot but; Modal Auxiliaries (shall, should, will, would, may, might,
can, could, must, ought to) BZ¨vw` ci cÖ`Ë verb Gi Present form nq|
➥ You had better (study) harder, or you will fail the test.You had better study harder, or you will fail the
test.
➥ It may (rain) today.  It may rain today.
➥ We should (know) about eating habitsWe should know about eating habits.

◉ Rule-54
†Kv‡bv Simple sentence G hw` g~j verb Gi c‡i cybivq verb Av‡m Ges D‡Ïk¨ nq Z‡e cieZ©x verb wU to + base form nq|
Ab¨_vq verb wUi mv‡_- ing hy³ nq|
➥ It’s waste of money to buy the things you don’t need (to +base form)
➥ Met a girl carrying a basket of flowers (verb +ing form)

◉ Rule-55
hw` †Kvb simple sentence-Gi `ywU verb _v‡K Zvn‡j bracket-Gi verb-Gi mwnZ ing †hvM Ki‡Z nq| Avevi D‡Ïk¨ A_© eySv‡Z
bracket-Gi verb Gi c~‡e© to e‡m|
➥ I saw him (go)= I saw him going.
➥ He watched the boat (float) down the river.
= he watched the boat to float down the river.

◉ Rule-56
Mind, worth, would you mind, without Ges preposition-Gi ci Verb _vK‡j, Verb-Gi ing form n‡e|
➥ I don’t mind (to have) a cup of tea.  I don’t mind having a cup of tea.
➥ Without (read), you cannot pass in the examination  Without reading, you cannot pass in the
examination.

◉ Rule-57
GKwU sentence G wfbœ wfbœ person _vK‡j cÖ_g second person Zvi ci third person Ges me‡k‡l first person (231) e‡m|
wKš‘ †`vl ¯^xKvi A‡_© [1=1st person, 2=second person 3 = third person]
➥ You, he and I are friends.
➥ I, you & he are guilty.

◉ Rule-58
Simple present tense Gi †ÿ‡Î subject hw` third person I singular number nq †m‡ÿ‡Î affirmative sentence-G verb
Gi †k‡l es ev s hy³ nq|
➥ English (help) communication across national borders. English helps communication across national
borders.
➥ Tasnim (sing) a beautiful song. Tasnim sings a beautiful song

◉ Rule-59
GKwU sentence G wfbœ wfbœ person G Subject and Øviv hy³ n‡j Ges Gi g‡a¨ First person _vK‡j Pronoun wU First person G
nq Ges First person Gi Subject bv †_‡K Second person Gi subject _vK‡j Pronoun wU Second person Gi nq|
➥ Nasir and I did our work.
➥ You and Imran did your duty.
➥ You, Mizan and I did well in our work.
 Page 160

RETINA

◉ Rule-60
GKB subject Gi `ywU principal verb GKwU auxiliary verb Øviv KvR Pvjv‡Z cv‡i|
†hgbÑ I have lost a pen and got a pencil. (have got) = Avevi, wfbœ wfbœ subject _vK‡j `yBwU principal verb Gi Rb¨ `yBwU
Auxiliary verb Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
➥ I have resigned and a new man has been appointed.
◉ Rule-61
Relative pronoun Gi c‡ii verb wU mvavibZ Relative pronoun Gi wVK c~‡e©i noun/pronoun A_©vr Relative pronoun G
Antecedent (c~e©eZ©x noun ev pronoun) Gi number of person Abyhvqx e‡m|
➥ It is I who am to blame It is you who have done this.
N.B. The person who ev the man who Gi c~‡e© †h noun/pronoun _v‡K, †mB noun A_ev pronoun Abyhvqx verb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
➥ I am the person who have done this.
➥ You are the man who are responsible for this.
◉ Rule-62
Anticipatory it clause (It is known/It is said/It is true/It is tought/It is believed/ It is written/ It is
hypothesized......) wek¦vm ev Ávb A_© cÖKvk K‡i| It hy³ Clause Gi ci That _v‡K Ges cieZ©x Clause G mPivPi †h †Kvb Tense
nq| Anticipatory it clause ¸‡jv Main clause Gi c~‡e© e‡m|
➥ It is believed that all mammals experience dreams.
➥ It is known that he is an honest man.
➥ It is thought that our ancestors built this city.
◉ Rule-63
Sentence G subject Gi mv‡_ Appositive (Subject m¤ú‡K© †Kvb wKQz e‡j) I _vK‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Appositive Abymv‡i Verb n‡e
bv, Appositive Gi c~‡e© Subject Abymv‡i Verb n‡e| Appositive Noun †K follow K‡i| mvaviYZ Gi Av‡M c‡i K‡g _v‡K|
➥ Several pets, two dogs and a cat, need to be taken care of while we are gone.
➥ The books, an English dictionary and a chemistry text, were on the shelf yesterday.
◉ Rule-64
Use of It is time/ It is high time: Sentence G It is time, It is high time BZ¨vw`i c‡i Subject _vK‡j Subject Gi ci Verb
Gi Past Form nq| Subject bv _vK‡j to + VB nq| mvaviYZ †Kvb wKQz Kivi mgq n‡q‡Q A‡_© It is time e¨eüZ nq| Example:
GLb †Zvgvi Ilya LvIqvi mgq n‡q‡Q-It is time you took your medicine. Avevi hv c~‡e©B Kiv `iKvi wQj n‡e bv, hv Ki‡Z †`wi n‡q
†M‡Q wKš‘ hv Kivi GLbB Dchy³ mgq A‡_© It is high time e¨eüZ nq|
Zvi e`f¨vm cwieZ©b Kivi GLbB Dchy³ mgq
➥ It is high time he changed his bad habits.
◉ Rule-65
†Kvb jvf †bB A‡_© It is no use, It is no good e¨eüZ nq Ges G‡`i cieZ©x Verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM nq|
➥ It is no good telling me about your lost car.(†Zvgvi nviv‡bv Kv‡ii K_v Avgv‡K e‡j †Kvb jvf †bB|)
◉ Rule-66
†`k ev ¯’v‡bi bvg (Bangladesh), †Kvb e¨w³ (John Keats, Charles Dickens), eB‡qi bvg (Arabian Nights, Great
Expectations), msev`c‡Îi bvg (The Times, The Sunday Times, The New York Times), Pjw”P‡Îi bvg (Titanic),
g¨vMvwR‡bi bvg (The Forbes), bvU‡Ki bvg, wk‡ivbvg †`L‡Z Plural n‡jI Zviv g~jZ: Singular Ges G‡`i c‡i Singular verb nq|
➥ The United States of America is a rich country.
➥ The Arabian nights is still a great favourite.
 Page 161

RETINA

◉ Rule-67
†Kvb Sentence hw` Introductory ‘There’ Øviv ïiæ nq Ges Zvic‡i hw` Singular Number _v‡K Zvn‡j There Gi c‡i
Singular Verb nq|
There is/was/has been + Singular subject
There Gi c‡i Plural Number _vK‡j Plural verb nq|
There are/ were/ have been + Plural subject
➥ There is a big tower in front of our college.
➥ There are many shops in our areas.

◉ Rule-68
Here kãwUi c‡ii subject Abyhvqx Auxiliary verb e‡m|
➥ Here is the pencil in my hand.
➥ Here are those pictures you asked for.

◉ Rule-69
Subject †K Modify Kivi Rb¨ ev Subject m¤ú‡K© wKQz ejvi Rb¨ †h kã ev kãmgwó (Words/group of words) e¨eüZ nq, Zvi
bvg Modifier. GB Modifier Singular ev Plural hvB †nvK bv †Kb, It doesn’t influence the verbs, Rather, †KejgvÎ Subject
UvB Determine K‡i What will be the form of a very. Form example:
His knowledge of history and economics aid him in his work.
Dc‡ii fzj Sentence wU †`Lyb| Sentence wUi cÖK…Z Subject n‡jv Knowledge Ges of history and economics k㸇jv
Knowledge kãwUi Modifier. AmZK©Zv ekZ, †KD hw` GUv‡KB Subject a‡i †bq, †m‡ÿ‡Î fzj nevi m¤¢vebv kZKiv GK‡kv fvM|
Avm‡j mwVK evK¨wU n‡e GiKg:
knowledge aids
His of history and economics (mvnvh¨ Kiv) him in his work.
sub verb
(Subject singular nIqvi Kvi‡Y ‘aid’ – Verb wUi mv‡_ ‘s’ hy³ n‡q‡Q)
 Page 162

RETINA

Translation
†h‡nZz †Zvgiv Medical Admission cixÿv w`”Q, AZGe, Health Ges Disease Related Translation- ¸‡jv †Zvgv‡`i
Rb¨ †ewk Important| wb‡P Giƒc †ekwKQz bgybv †`qv nj| These should be sufficient:
 †Zvgvi ¯^v¯’¨ G‡Kev‡i †f‡O c‡o‡Q— Your health has completely broken down.
 Avgvi Mv AvR g¨vR-g¨vR Ki‡Q— I feel out of sorts today.
 Zvi bvox GKUz Mig n‡q‡Q — His pulse is lightly excited.
 †m cÖej R¡‡i kh¨vMZ— He is laid up with high fever.
 R¡i †ewk n‡”Q— The temperature is rising.
 wZwb †m‡i D‡V‡Qb wK?— Has he come round?
 R¡i µgk K‡g Avm‡Q— The fever is gradually coming down.
 †g‡qwUi VvÛv †j‡M‡Q— The girl has caught cold (or, a colD..
 Avgvi ewg ewg jvM‡Q — I feel nausea.
 R¡‡ii m‡½ K¤úb Av‡Q— The fever is associated with shivering.
 Zvnvi †cU †du‡c‡Q— He has a flatulent stomach.
 Avgvi cvqLvbv cwi®‹vi nq bv— My bowels do not move freely.
 Avgv‡K A¯¿cPvi Kiv‡Z n‡e — I shall have to undergo an operation.
 †m GLb mvievi gy‡L— He is now in a fair way to recovery.
 Avgvi gy‡L KLbI eªY nq bv— I never have pimples on my face.
 Awej‡¤^ wUKv jI— Get yourself vaccinated immediately.
 †duvovUv GLb cv‡K bvB- The boil has not yet suppurated.
 GB Ilya wZb N›Uv AšÍi LvBI— Take this medicine every three hours.
 Avwg †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R fwZ© n‡Z PvB- I want to get myself admitted into a medical college.
 gnvgvix‡Z nvRvi nvRvi †jvK gviv †M‡Q- Thousands of people died in the epidemic.
 mgv‡R Wv³v‡ii f~wgKv Acwimxg-The role of doctors in society is unlimited.
 h_v_© wPwKrmvi Afv‡e cÖwZ eQi eû †jvK AKvj g„Zz¨ eiY K‡i- A great number of people die premature death in
want of proper treatment.
 a~gcvb gvbe‡`‡n K¨vÝvi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i- Smoking can result in cancer in human body.
 KwVb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi ga¨ w`‡q †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R fwZ© n‡Z nq- One is to get oneself admitted into a medical college
through a hard competition.
 Avwg Pv A‡cÿv `ya cQ›` Kwi- I prefer milk to tea.
 †Q‡jwU nvm‡Z nvm‡Z P‡j †Mj- The boy went away laughing.
 †Q‡jwU bv †n‡m cvij bv- The boy could not but laugh or the boy could not help laughing.
 Avgv‡K MZKvj `šÍ wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡qwQj- I had to go to dentist yesterday.
 Avgv‡`i †`k‡K fvjevmv DwPZ- We ought to love our country.
 ÎæwU ¯^xKvi Kivi mvnm Zvi †bB- He does not dare to admit his fault.
 Av‡¯Í nvU b‡Pr c‡o hv‡e- Walk slowly lest you should fall.
 Wv³vi WvK- Call in a doctor.
 Zvnvi wfwRU KZ?— What is his fee ?
 †ivMxi Avi fq bvB— The patient is out of danger.
 Page 163

RETINA

 Zvnvi †cU Lvivc n‡q‡Q— His bowels are out of order.

 Avgvi gv_v Nyi‡Q— I feel giddy.
 †iv‡Mi m¼UKvj †K‡U †M‡Q- The crisis of disease is over.
 Zvnvi cv †f‡½ †M‡Q— His leg has been fractured.
 †Zvgvi wK GLbI R¡i Av‡Q?— Is the fever still on you?
* wKQz Emphatic sentence- Gi bgybv wb‡P †`qv nj| evwK wewfbœ type-Gi sentence (Assertive, Interrogative,
Imperative, Optative, Exclamatory) m¤^‡Ü †Zvgv‡`i fvj aviYv _vKvi K_v|
EMPHATIC SENTENCES
 UvBUvwbK RvnvR WzweqvB †Mj- Down went the Titanic.
 †mB ab¨ biKz‡j— Blessed is he amongst mankind.
 `yt‡Li cÖ‡qvRbxqZvI gayi— Sweet are the uses of adversity.
 †Zvgv‡K †h‡Z n‡e— You must go.
 kcvs K‡i PveyK coj— Smack went the whip.
 †mvbv iæcv Avgvi wKQzB bvB— Gold and silver have I none.
Note: †Rvi eySv‡bvi Rb¨ Emphatic Sentence e¨eüZ nq| Emphatic sentence- G Verb Subject- Gi c~‡e© em‡Z cv‡i|
 wKQz cwiwPZ Adverb- Gi e¨envi wb‡P †`qv njt
Very Very Important Translation
01. KZ…©cÿ Zv‡K wZi¯‹vi Ki‡jv Ñ The authorities took him to task.
02. Pvjwb e‡j myuP Zzwg †Kb †Q`vÑ The pot calling the kettle back.
03. mgvR we‡ivaxiv GL‡bv aiv †Quvqvi evB‡iÓÑ The anti-socials are still at large.
04. †Kv‡bv KvRB Kv‡Ri w`K †_‡K DuPz ev wbPz bqÑ No work is superior or inferior from its value.
05. ¯§vU©‡dvb GK mgq RbwcÖqZv nviv‡eÑSmartphones will lose their popularity someday.
06. mK‡jB kvwšÍ Pvq Ges Awnsmvi bxwZ cQ›` K‡iÑEveryone wants peace and likes the principles of non-violence.
07. wkÿK Avgv‡`i †`wi Kivi Rb¨ eK‡jbÑOur teacher told us off for being late.
08. Avgv‡`i fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i Avkvev`x nIqv DwPZÑWe should be hopeful about our future.
09. Avwg AíKvj †mLv‡b wQjvgÑI was there for a short time.
10. †Kvb gvby‡li RxebUv AvBj¨vÛ bq †h GKvKx _vK‡Z cv‡iÑEveryone needs help from other people.
11. A‡b¨i †`vl aiv mnRÑIt is easy to find fault with others.
12. gxi gkviid †nv‡mb wQ‡jb wewPÎ ag©x †jLKÑMir Musharraf Hussain was a versatile writer.
13. Zzwg Avgv‡K GwU Av‡M w`‡Z cvi‡j fv‡jv n‡ZvÑIt would have been better if you could give it to me earlier.
14. Avwg †Zvgvi RvqMvq n‡j SuywKwU wbZvg bvÑIf I were in your shoes, I would not have taken risk.
15. †mŠfvM¨µ‡g c‡ii ev‡m Avwg DV‡Z †c‡iwQjvgÑFortunately I could get into the next bus.
16. AviR Avjx gvZzeŸi evsjv‡`‡ki GK we¯§qKi e¨w³Z¡ÑAroj Ali Matubbor is an amazing Bangladeshi personality.
17. Avwg Avg cQ›` KwiÑI like mangoes
18. Zviv mvM‡ii Kv‡Q GKwU KzwU‡i evm KiZÑ They lived in a hut close to the sea.
19. eBwU †Kgb KvU‡QÑ How is the book selling?
20. cywóKi Lv`¨ ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ fv‡jvÑNutritious food is good for health.
21. wK K‡i AsKwU Ki‡Z nq Zv wZwb Avgv‡K †`Lv‡jbÑHe showed me how to do the sum:
22. Avwg Zv‡K eySv‡Z †Pó KieÑI will try to make him understand.
23. Avwg hw` †Zvgvi RvqMvq nZvgÑIf I were in your shoes.
24. Mv‡Q GLbI dj a‡i bvBÑThe tree has not yet borne fruit.
25. †m AZ¨šÍ a~Z©ÑHe is very clever.
26. G eQi Lye kxZ c‡o‡QÑIt is very cold this year.
27. Avwg Zvi K_v g‡b Ki‡Z cviwQ bvÑI can’t remember him:
 Page 164

RETINA

28. MZ Pviw`b hver †m R¡‡i fzM‡QÑHe has been suffering from fever for the last four days.
29. †m AZ¨šÍ wbôziÑHe is very cruel.
30. iwng `ye©j ü`‡qi gvbyl wQ‡jb bvÑRahim did not lack courage.
31. mgm¨vwU h_vh_fv‡e mgvavb Kiv n‡q‡QÑThe problem has been solved in a befitting manner.
32. †m LyeB Av‡eMcÖeYÑHe is very passionate.
33. †m AZ¨šÍ a~Z© gvbylÑHe is a very clever man
34. †m Zvi fvB‡qi g‡Zv j¤^v bq?Ñ He is not as tall as his brother.
35. Zzwg wK Bs‡iwR‡Z †Kvb †Q‡jfzjv‡bv Qov Rv‡bv?Ñ Do you know any nursery thyme in English?
36. †Zvgvi K_v wek¦vm‡hvM¨ bqÑYour words cannot be believed
37. mKv‡j cvwLiv wKwPiwgwPi K‡i?ÑBirds twitter at dawn
38. GwU Kxfv‡e nq Zv RvwbÑI know how to do it
39. gvbyl ïay †L‡q euvP‡Z cv‡i bvÑ Man needs other things too
40. Avwg 1985 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQÑI was born on January 01, 1985
41. Zviv †Nvi weev`gvb wQjÑ They were at dagger’s drawn.
42. ivRkvnx‡Z cÖPzi Avg R‡b¥ÑMangoes grow in plenty in Rajshahi.
43. UvBUvwbK RvnvRLvbv Wz‡eB †MjÑDown went the Titanic.
44. bvm© Avgv‡K e‡jwQj †h, Wv³v‡ii Kvh©vjq we‡K‡j 5Uvq eÜ nqÑThe nurse told me that the doctor’s office closes at 5.00 P.M
45. Zviv mviv mܨv cÖvq †Kvb K_v e‡jwbÑThey had hardly spoken all evening
46. wZwb mwgwZi mvg‡b `k©b welqK GKwU e³e¨ w`‡jbÑShe delivered a talk on philosophy to the Society.
47. wPwVUv Wv‡K †dj‡Z fz‡j †hI bv?ÑDo not forget to mail the letter.
48. K_vwU ï‡b mygb A‡bKÿY fve‡jvÑShumon thought for a long time after hearing the words.
49. mvwKe my›`i Mvb MvB‡Z cv‡iÑSakib can sing well.
50. mwZ¨Kv‡ii dzjI nq‡Zv Gi †P‡q †ewk myMÜx nZ bvÑReal flowers could hardly have smelt better.
51. †ewkifvM cigvYyi GB ˆewkó¨wU †bBÑMost atoms do not possess this property.
52. wKš‘ mvgvb¨ Drm †_‡K Rxeb b`xi DrcwË nqÑBut from the humble beginning emerged the stream of life.
53. Zvi wbi‡cÿZv Ges mZZv wb‡q weZK© †bBÑHis neutrality and honesty is above controversy.
54. mviv Rxeb Avwg GB gyûZ©wUi Rb¨ A‡cÿv K‡iwQÑI have waited for this moment my whole life.
55. b`xUv LyeB MfxiÑThe river is very deep.
56. GLb A‡bK ivZÑIt is deep night now.
57. ïay Rxe‡b †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© †m †ivRMvi K‡iÑHe earns only that much money which is necessary to keep body
and soul together.
58. ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× AvgviI Ask wQjÑI also took part in our freedom fighting.
59. Avwg nZeyw× nBqvwQjvgÑI was at my wit’s end.
60. gy`ªvùxwZ evo‡Z _vKvq UvKvi `vg Ki‡QÑAs inflation is rising, the value of the taka is decreasing.
61. Zzwg Zv‡K KZUv eyw×gvb g‡b Ki?ÑHow much intelligent do you think he is?
62. †m Avðh© n‡q †MjÑHe was surprised
63. Avwg G †_‡K wKQzB eySjvg bvÑI can make neither head nor tail of it.
64. GB †`bv cvIbvi d‡j Avgvi †jvKmvb n‡q wM‡q‡QÑI am out of pocket by the transaction.
65. †Zvgvi mvnvh¨ Qvov G KvR Kiv m¤¢e n‡Zv bvÑThis work could not be possible without your help.
66. Zzwg Kvi †Q‡j?ÑWho is your father?
67. cv‡Q iwngv Zv‡K fz‡j hvq GB f‡q iwng Kuv`‡Z jvMj ÑRahim began to cry that Rahima should forget him:
68. Zviv GB welqwU wb‡q ZK© Kwi‡ZwQj †Kb?ÑWhy were they arguing about this matter?
69. cj‡Ki g‡a¨ †iev DavI n‡q †M‡jvÑOff went Reba in the twinkling of an eye.
70. KvRwU fv‡jv KiwbÑIt was poor of you.
71. Avwg Zv‡K A‡bKw`b †_‡K wPwbÑI have known him for a long time.
72. Kv‡iv KZ©e¨ Ae‡njv Kiv DwPZ bvÑOne should not neglect one’s duty.
 Page 165

RETINA

73. awi gvQ bv QzB cvwbÑA cat loves fish but is loath to wet her feet.
74. Avwg hw` Zvi bvgwU RvbZvgÑHad I know his name before! or If I had known his name before!
75. ¯’cwZÑArchitect
76. Avgvi †Kv‡bv eB bvB ej‡jB P‡jÑI have few books.
77. wfÿvi Pvj Kvov Avi AvKvovÑBeggars must not be choosers.
78. †Zvgvi evevi †ckv Kx?ÑWhat does your father do?
79. Avwg mwVK mg‡q G‡mwQÑI have come on time.
80. em‡Z w`‡j ï‡Z PvqÑGive someone an inch and they’ll take a mile.
81. Zv‡K kvwo‡Z Lye my›`i †`LvqÑShe looks beautiful in saree.
82. †Pv‡i †Pv‡i gvmZzZ fBÑBirds of the same feather flock together.
83. Zzwg Kxfv‡e GB ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ e¨vL¨v KiQ?ÑHow do you read this political situation?
84. †m Avgvi K_vq AvcwË KijÑHe objected to what I said.
85. nvwZ †Nvov †Mj Zj wcucov e‡j KZ Rj?ÑFools rush in where angels fear to tread.
86. fwZ© cixÿv GKwU cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvÑAdmission test is a competitive exam:
87. Avwg w_‡qUv‡i Zv‡K †`L‡Z †cjvgÑI caught sight of her at the theatre.
88. `yN©UbvwU †Kv_vq N‡UwQj?ÑWhere did the accident happen?
89. I‡K emvi RvqMv `vIÑPlease make room for her.
90. Zvi eBwU m¤úªwZ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡QÑHis book has recently been published.
91. †m mewKQz ¸wj‡q †d‡j‡QÑHe has messed up everything.
92. bZzb K‡i ïiæ KiÑStart afresh.
93. cwikÖg Ki‡j Zzwg cvm Ki‡Z cvi‡ZÑIf you had worked hard, you could have passed.
94. †hB GLv‡b Av‡m †mB Kó cvqÑWhoever comes here suffers.
95. †jvKwUi Kvb cvZjvÑThe man cannot maintain secrecy.
96. AZxZ‡K gy‡Q †djÑLet bygones be bygones.
97. gvbe RvwZ GLb msKUvcbτMankind is at stake now.
98. wZwb K`vwPr wg_¨v K_v e‡jbÑHe seldom tells a lie
99. eBwU Avgvi, †bvUwU †ZvgviÓÑThe book belongs to me, the note belongs to yours.
100. LvIqvi gv‡S LvIqvi †Póv K‡iv bvÑTry not to eat between meals.
101. XvKv †Kvb †`‡ki ivRavbxÑWhich country Dhaka is capital of?
102. evNUv Kv‡Q †Kv_vI ï‡qwQjÑThe tiger was lying up close by.
103. Avgvi wZjgvÎ mgq †bBÑI cannot spare a moment.
104. †m bxi‡e Kuv`‡Z jvM‡jvÑHe started weeping silently.
105. †Zj cvwb‡Z fv‡mÑOil floats on water.
106. †m Avgvi g‡bi g‡Zv †jvKÑHe is a man after my heart.
107. †m †Zvgv‡K AvµgY Ki‡Z `„pmsKíÑHe is out for your blood.
108. Zv‡K Avgvi Amn¨ jv‡MÑI am sick of him
109. KZ…©cÿ Zv‡K wZi¯‹vi KijÑThe authority criticized him:
110. hZ †ewk K_v ej‡e, ZZ Kg eyS‡eÑThe more you speak, the less you understand.
111. GLv‡b fj‡Uqvi mgvwnZÑLies voltaire
112. ev”Pv‡K †Mvmj `vIÑLet the baby take a bath.
113. hvi A‡bK cwiwPZ †jvKRb wQjÑWho had many acquaintances.
114. Ae‡k‡l †m cywj‡ki Kv‡Q aiv w`jÑAt last he surrendered to the police.
115. ïbv K_vq wek¦vm KwiI bvÑDo not believe in hearsay.
116. GB AsKwU k³ÑThis sum is hard.
117. QvÎiv b¨vq I MYZ‡š¿i Rb¨ msMÖvg K‡iÑStudents fight for justice and democracy.
118. AvwgB fvweÑIt is I who think.
 Page 166

RETINA

119. bvixiv `wi`ª‡`i g‡a¨ `wi`ªZgÑWomen are the poorest of the poor.
120. †mw`b QzwUi w`bÑIt was a holiday.
121. weev`x‡K h_vmg‡q mgbRvwi Kiv n‡qwQjÑThe defendant was issued summons in time.
122. Avwg dj cQ›` KwiÑI like fruits.
123. †Zvgvi eis ¯’vbwU Z¨vM Kiv fvjÑYou had better leave the place.
124. †m Mfxi wPšÍvq wbgMœ njÑHe was absorbed in thought
125. Avgv‡K Zvi KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ KijÑHe made me work for him:
126. Ggb †Q‡j euvP‡jI hv gi‡jI ZvÑIt is all the same whether such a boy lives or dies.
127. Avwg †`Ljvg †h NwoUv eÜ n‡q †M‡QÑI found that the clock had stopped.
128. Zzwg hZ b‡ói †MvovÑYou are at the root of all mischiefs.
129. †m eo k³ †jvKÑHe is a hard nut to crack
130. gwnjvwU Rvb‡Zvbv Zvi ¯^vgx evwo‡Z †bB?ÑThe woman did not know that her husband was not at home.
131. Av‡jvi wb‡PB AÜKviÑThe nearer the church, the farther from God.
132. Avgvi wZb †Rvov RyZv Av‡QÑI have three pairs of shoes.
133. cÂvk eQi c~‡e© wZwb B‡šÍKvj K‡i‡QbÑHe died fifty years ago.
134. Avwg Zvi mv‡_ K_v ewj bvÑI am not on speaking terms with him:
135. kµz‡K Lv‡Uv K‡i †`‡Lv bvÑDon’t cry down your foe
136. Zvi GK`g ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z B”Qv KiwQj bvÑShe did not at all feel like going to school.
137. Av‡MKvi †P‡q Lvivc †eva n‡”QÑI feel worse
138. KviY QvovB Zv‡K Ae¨vnwZ †`Iqv njÑHe was dismissed unreasonably.
139. wbt†kwlZÑOut of place
140. †ijMvwowU Qv‡o Qv‡oÑThe train is about to start.
141. Zvi eyw× eo †gvUvÑHe is a blockhead.
142. mg‡qi mبenvi Kiv DwPZÑOne should make the best of one’s time.
143. SzuwK m‡Ë¡I †m b`x‡Z Suvc w`jÑShe jumped into the river despite the risks.
144. †m †Póv Kiv †_‡K weiZ wQjÑHe left no stone unturned
145. g‡b nq †h †Q‡jwU Zvi KvRwU K‡i †d‡j‡QÑThe boy has seemed to do his assignment.
146. AwaKvsk ms¯‹…wZ Av‡jv‡K Avwe®‹vi Ges Auvavvi‡K Aï‡fi mv‡_ GK K‡i †d‡j‡QÑMost cultures have identified light with
discovery and darkness with evil.
147. N›Uv †kvbv gvÎB †Q‡jiv †`Š‡o †ewi‡q †MjÑAs soon as the boys heard the bell they ran out.
148. †Kv‡bv AvaywbK †jLK †k·wcqvi m¤ú‡K© AewnZ bqÑNo modern writer comes up to Shakespeare.
149. eZ©gvbB wKQz Kievi m‡e©vËg mgqÑNo time like the present.
150. GLv‡b KvQvKvwQ †Kv_vI †÷kb †bBÑThe station isn’t anywhere near here.
151. Abv_ †Q‡jwU‡K Kv‡jf‡`ª †`Lv hvqÑThe orphan boy is seen once in a blue moon.
152. KuvPvq bv †bvqv‡j euvk, cvK‡j K‡i Vvm VvmÑStrike the iron while it is hot.
153. Kv‡jv n‡jI †m my›`ixÑDespite her blackness, she is beautiful.
154. hvÎxiv hLb †Uª‡b DVvbvgv KiwQj, ZLb Avwg e¨vMUv nvwi‡qwQjvgÑWhile the passengers were getting down and getting in
the train, I lost my bag.
155. †m Zvi gv‡K WvK‡Z WvK‡Z N‡i XzKjÑShe entered the room calling her mother.
156. ˆe`y¨wZK Av‡jv Qvov wesk kZvãxi w_‡qUv‡ii K_v KíbvB Kiv hvq bvÑIt is next to impossible to imagine the twentieth century
theatre without electric light.
157. A‡bK ivZ Aewa Avwg †Uwjwfkb †`wLÑI watch TV up to late night.
158. ivRv cÖ_g Pvj©m‡K 1639 m‡b g„Zz¨`‡Û `wÛZ Kiv n‡qwQjÑKing Charles I was executed in 1639.
159. weQvbvq †h‡Z bv †h‡ZB †m Nywg‡q cojÑNo sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.
160. weZ‡K© cÖwZcÿ‡K AvµgY Kivi PvB‡Z AvZ¥iÿv KivUvB †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©ÑIn a debate, it is far more important to defend oneself
than to attack the opponent.
 Page 167

RETINA

161. AwZ mvgvb¨‡ZB †m †i‡M hvqÑHe is out of temper even at trifles.

162. †hme †jv‡Kiv wØZxq e¨vL¨vq wek¦vm K‡i, Zviv cÖ_g e¨vL¨vq wek¦vmx‡`i Zzjbvq m¤ú~Y© wfbœ RM‡Z evm K‡iÑPeople who believe the
second explanation live in a very different world from those who believe the first.
163. wZwb wkÿKZv K‡ibÑHe is a teacher
164. ivZvivwZ Avgv‡`i dj cÖZ¨vkv Kiv wVK bqÑWe shouldn’t expect results overnight.
165. Avwg †jvKwU‡K wfZ‡i Avm‡Z w`‡qwQjvgÑI let the man in/ I let the man come in.
166. AÜvi nevi Av‡MB N‡i †divi †Póv K‡ivÑTry to get home before dark.
167. RvqMvUv KzL¨vZ Acivax‡`i wbivc` AvkÖq¯’jÑThe place is a safe heaven for notorious criminals.
168. †m Zvi ¯^v¯’¨ m¤ú‡K© wbivc` †eva K‡i bvÑHe feels insecure about his health.
169. Zvi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ K_vi mvgÄm¨ i‡q‡QÑHis action is in keeping with his speech.
170. kÎæ‡K AvU‡K †`Iqv njÑThe enemy was captured.
171. Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ †m K‡Vvi cwikÖg K‡iÑShe works hard to make both ends meet.
172. Avwg GK f`ª‡jv‡Ki Rb¨ GKwU Pvi‡c‡q †Pqvi wKb‡Z PvBÑI want to buy a four-legged chair for the gentleman.
173. mgy`ªZ‡Ui `~iZ¡ `yB gvBjÑIt’s two miles to the sea beach.
174. †Kej AvwgB KvRwU Ki‡Z cvwiÑI alone can do the job.
175. Avwg h_vm¤¢e fv‡jvfv‡e KvRwU Kivi †Póv KieÑI shall try to do the job as best as I can.
176. e„wógyLi I e„wónxb w`b¸‡jv ch©vqµ‡g G‡Ki ci GK G‡m‡QÑRainy days alternated with dry ones.
177. Zuvnv‡K wbe©vwPZ Kwievi Rb¨ Zuvnvi †jvKRb K‡Vvi cwikÖg Kwiqv‡QÑPeople have worked hard to elect him.
178. m`m¨MY welqwU m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jbÑThe members discussed the matter in detail.
179. Avgvi evev A‡bK w`b nq gviv †M‡QbÑMy father is long dead.
180. AvR wK eviÑWhat is today?
181. Zv‡K †`L‡jB Avgv‡K Lei w`IÑInform me as soon as you see him:
182. bvP‡Z bv Rvb‡j DVvb euvKvÑA bad workman quarrels with his tools.
183. †`k Avgvi, gvwU AvgviÑThis is my country, this is my soil.
184. `yÕR‡bi GKRb †h‡Z cv‡ivÑEither of the two may go.
185. Bnv‡Z Avgvi wKQz hvq Av‡m bvÑIt matters little to me.
186. †Zvgvi PvPv wK Aa¨vcK b‡nb?ÑIs your uncle not a professor?
187. †Zvgvi PvPv wK Aa¨vcK b‡nb?ÑIs your uncle not a professor?
188. mvd‡j¨i †Kvb mnR Dcvq †bBÑThere is no short cut to success.
189. Avcbvi Rb mZZ AvcbÑBlood is thicker than water.
190. `yt‡Li cÖ‡qvRbxqZv gayiÑSweet are the uses of adversity.
191. k‡ãi evbvb, A_© I D”Pvi‡Yi Rb¨ Awfavb GK `ªæZ I mywbwðZ cÖvgvY¨ we‡klÁÑDictionary is a quick and sure authority on
spelling, meaning and pronunciation of words.
192. †Pv‡Li gwYÑOne son too many.
193. e„wói w`‡bi Avj‡mgx LyeB gayiÑOne must lay by something against the rainy day.
194. mcvs K‡i PveyK cojÑSmack went the whip.
195. Avwg G †_‡K wKQzB eySjvg bvÑI can make neither head nor tail of it.
196. †g‡qwU †`L‡Z Zvi gv‡qi g‡ZvÑThe girl takes after her mother.
197. eo eo evb‡ii eo eo †jRÑBig monkeys have big tails.
198. Avgvi evevi GKwU Kjg wQjÑMy father had a pen.
199. Zviv KvRwU Ki‡Z _vK‡eÑThey will be doing the work.
200. †g‡qwU bvP‡ZI cv‡i bv, Mvb MvB‡ZI cv‡i bvÑThe girl can neither dance nor sing.
201. Avwg KvRwU Kwi‡qwQÑI have got the work done.
202. †KvwKj gayi my‡i Mvb MvqÑThe cuckoo sings sweetly.
203. Avwg Zv‡K welqwU m¤ú‡K© Avfvm w`‡qwQjvgÑI hinted him at the matter.
204. †g‡qwU AsK‡b cUzÑThe girl is expert at drawing/ The girl is expert in drawing.
 Page 168

RETINA

205. †Kvb gvbyl GKv evm Ki‡Z cv‡i bvÑNo man can live alone.
206. Avcwb Kv‡K Pvb?ÑWhom do you want?
207. †cqvjvwU Mig †hb Av¸bÑThe cup is as hot as fire.
208. AÁZv AÜKv‡ii kvwgjÑIgnorance is darkness.
209. †m †h KjgwU Pzwi K‡iwQ‡jv †mwU ¯úóÑIt is clear that he stole the pen.
210. Zzwg wK ai‡bi gvbyl?ÑWhat kind of man are you?
211. †m Bs‡iwR ej‡Z fv‡jvev‡mÑHe is fond of speaking English.
212. Gev‡ii msMÖvg gyw³i msMÖvgÑStruggle this time is the struggle for liberation.
213. wZwb wK K‡ib?ÑWhat does he do?
214. Avgvi †jLvi Kjg †bBÑI have no pen to write with.
215. †m covi †P‡q †jLv †ewk cQ›` K‡iÑHe prefers writing to reading.
216. muvZvi KvUv GKwU fv‡jv e¨vqvgÑSwimming is a good exercise.
217. Avwg Pv cv‡b Af¨¯Í bBÑI am not habituated to drinking tea.
218. wK cwiZv‡ci welq!ÑWhat a pity it is!
219. b`xwU cvnv‡oi w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡”QÑThe river is flowing towards the hill.
220. fv‡M¨i cwinv‡mi Kvi‡Y †m mdjZv †cj bvÑHe could not succeed by irony of fate.
221. Zzwnb GLb wKQzUv Amy¯’ÑTuhin is out of sorts now.
222. Kvgvj mg‡qi g‡a¨B †÷k‡b †cŠuQv‡jvÑKamal reached the station in time?
223. gvQ Do‡Z cv‡i bv, cv‡i wK?ÑFishes cannot fly, can they?
224. †m ejj †h, †m KL‡bv GLv‡b Avm‡e bvÑHe said that he would never come here.
225. 5 Gi g‡a¨ Avwg GPA 4.8 †c‡qwQ ÑOut of 5, I have got GPA 4.8.
226. e½eÜz e³…Zvq AwØZxq wQ‡jbÑAs an orator Bangabondhu was second to none.
227. Avgiv †QvU †ejv †_‡KB Bs‡iwR wkLwQÑWe have been learning English since our childhood.
228. m‡e©v”P b¤^iavix QvÎQvÎxÑValedictorian
229. Avwg AwcÖq mZ¨ K_v ej‡Z wØav Kwi bvÑI have no hesitation to call a spade a spade.
230. `yó †jv‡Ki m½ Z¨vM KiÑTry to get rid of that rogue.
231. Avwg Zvi Kv‡Q Bs‡iwR wkwLÑI learn English with him:
232. hLb Lywk AvmÑCome when you like.
233. Zvi evwo iscyiÑHe comes from Rangpur.
234. Zvi evwo XvKvÑHe hails from Dhaka.
235. wZwb gyw³hy‡× †hvM`vb K‡ibÑHe joined the war of liberation.
236. bvmwib Qvov mK‡jB cixÿvq cvk K‡i‡Q?ÑEverybody except Nursin passed the exam:
237. wg_¨v ejv gnvcvcÑTo tell a lie is a great sin.
238. ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× AvgviI Ask wQjÑI also took part in our freedom fighting.
239. †k‡l Avgvi Abygvb mZ¨ cÖgvwYZ n‡jvÑAt last my prediction came true.
240. el©v ïiæ n‡q‡QÑThe rains have set in.
241. gvbyl evqy Qvov euvP‡Z cv‡i bvÑMan cannot live without air.
242. evN wkKvwi cïÑThe tiger is a beast of prey.
243. Zzwg wK Rvb, †m †Kv_vq?ÑDo you know where he is?
244. Avwg fwZ© n‡Z PvBÑI want to be admitted
245. wZwb cÖvqB Pv LvB‡ZbÑHe would take tea very often.
246. hvi e¨_v †mB Rv‡bÑThe wearer best knows where the shoe pinches.
247. Miæ Nvm LvBqv euv‡PÑThe cow lives on grass.
248. †m nv‡o nv‡o e`gvkÑHe is rogue to the backbone.
249. wZwb eo K‡ó mgq KvUv‡”QbÑHe is having very hard time.
250. Avwg Kx Kwi?ÑWhat do I do?
 Page 169

RETINA

251. A‡Üi Kv‡Q w`evivÎ mgvbÑDay and night are same to the blind.
252. m¤úK© fv‡jv nIqvÑTo break the ice.
253. hv i‡U, Zv wKQz †Zv e‡UÑIn every rumor there is a little bit of truth.
254. †m GLv‡b Av‡mbv ej‡jB P‡jÑHe hardly comes here.
255. `kP‡µ fMevb f~ZÑVox populi, Vox Dei.
256. P›`ª †hb iv‡Zi cÖ`xcÑThe moon, is as it were, the lamp of the night.
257. AwZ Av`‡i †Q‡jwU †Mvjøvq †M‡QÑToo much indulgence has spoiled the boy.
258. mZ¨ K_v ej‡Z wK, †m GKRb wg_¨vev`xÑTo speak the truth, he is a liar.
259. †m G‡mwQj eÜz †e‡kÑHe came in the guise of a friend.
260. Avgvi Lye mw`© †j‡M‡QÑI have caught a severe cold.
261. Zvi bvg Avgvi g‡b co‡Q bvÑI cannot call up his name.
262. Avwg G wel‡q wKQz Rvwb bvÑI do not know anything about this matter.
263. MvQ¸‡jv w`‡b w`‡b j¤^v n‡”QÑThe trees are growing taller day by day.
264. gvIjvbv fvmvbxi bvg †K bv ï‡b‡Q?ÑWho has not heard the name of Mawlana Bhashani?
265. †m Zvi †`vl A¯^xKvi Ki‡jvÑHe denied his guilt.
266. Sg& Sg& Kwiqv e„wó AvwmjÑThe rain came down in torrents.
267. †m PviUvi Av‡M wdij bvÑHe did not get back by four o’clock.
268. ÿzav jvM‡j ev‡N avb LvqÑHunger is the best sauce.
269. †m wK gvQ cQ›` K‡i bv?ÑDoesn’t he like fish?
270. Avwg Avgvi Pzj KvUveÑI shall get my hair cut.
271. GB M„nwU fvov †`Iqv nB‡eÑThis house is to let.
272. wZwb cÖ‡Z¨K mßv‡n GLv‡b Avm‡ZbÑHe used to come here every week.
273. †jvKwU‡K K¬všÍ e‡j g‡b nqÑThe man seems to be tired.
274. AvR Avgvi gb fvj †bBÑToday I feel depressed.
275. kn‡i A‡bK abx †jvK Av‡QbÑThere are many rich men in the town.
276. wK K‡i A¼wU Ki‡Z nq, wZwb Avgv‡K †`wL‡qwQ‡jbÑHe showed me how to do the sum:
277. AcPq K‡iv bv, AfveI n‡e bvÑWaste not, want not.
278. Avgvi Kvbœv cv‡”QÑI feel like weeping.
279. Avwg Zv‡K A‡bK w`b †_‡K wPwbÑI have known him for a long time.
280. †m cwikÖg Ki‡j cvk Ki‡Z cviZÑIf he had worked hard, he could have passed.
281. AbyMÖn K‡i G K_vwU ¯§i‡Y ivL‡ebÑPlease remember it
282. †g‡qwU †`L‡Z Zvi gv‡qi g‡ZvÑThe girl takes after her mother.
283. kirKv‡j Mv‡Qi cvZv S‡i hvqÑA tree sheds its leaves in autumn.
284. Hk¦h© `xN©w`b _v‡K bvÑRiches do not last long.
285. †m muvZvi w`‡q b`x cvi n‡jvÑHe swam across the river.
286. Puv‡`I Kj¼ Av‡QÑThere are lees to every wine.
287. †m K‡jivq gviv †M‡QÑHe died of cholera.
288. †gv‡Ui Dci Zviv mK‡jB myLxÑAfter all, all of them are happy.
289. Ab¨_vq Zviv fzj Ki‡Z cvi‡ZvÑThey could be wrong otherwise.
290. †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ †K G wel‡q †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡i?ÑWho among you can give it a try?
291. †g‡qwU †hgb eyw×eZx, †Zgb iƒceZxÑThe girl is as intelligent as beautiful.
292. NiwU Avgv‡`i Rb¨ Lye †QvUÑThe room is too small for us.
293. `yB N›Uv a‡i cÖej e„wó n‡”QÑIt has been raining heavily for two hours.
294. `yB GK w`‡bi g‡a¨ cixÿv ïiæ n‡eÑThe examination will begin in a day or two.
295. †m †Mvjøvq †M‡QÑHe has gone to the dogs.
296. †Zvgvi eis P‡j hvIqvB fv‡jvÑYou better leave.
 Page 170

RETINA

297. ÿzav jvM‡j ev‡N avb LvqÑHunger is the best sauce.

298. me ¸R‡eB wfwË Av‡QÑNo smoking without fire.
299. Av‡qi AwaK e¨qI KwiI bvÑDon’t live beyond your means.
300. Avcwb wK `qv K‡i GKwU eB avi w`‡eb?ÑWill you please lend me a book?
301. AvR †Kv‡bv K¬vm n‡e bvÑThere will be no class today.
302. Avgvi hw` cvwLi g‡Zv Wvbv _vKZ!ÑHad I the wings of a bird!
303. †m hLb cowQj, ZLb Avwg Nygvw”QjvgÑI was sleeping when he was studying.
304. AvR Kw` a‡iB ¸uwo ¸uwo e„wó n‡”QÑIt has been drizzling for several days.
305. GB gvÎ cuvPUv evRjÑIt has just struck five/ It is just five.
306. Zv‡K GKw`b AšÍi Ilya †L‡Z nqÑHe has to take medicine on alternative days.
307. Zviv Gevi D”P gva¨wgK cixÿv w`‡q‡QÑThey took HSC examination this year.
308. GB eBwUi †jLK †K?ÑWho has authored the book?
309. †m Avgv‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jv, Zzwg wK Bs‡iwR e‡jv?ÑHe asked me, “Do you speak English”?
310. Av‡M Ni Z‡e †Zv ciÑCharity begins at home.
311. gvbyl hZ cvq, ZZ PvqÑThe more they get, the more they want.
312. Zvi †jLvi nvZ fv‡jvÑHe has strong pen.
313. Avwg Zv‡K w`‡q eBwU †KbveÑI will make him buy the book.
314. G wel‡q gZ‡f` Av‡QÑThere are different opinions in this subject.
315. `yB N›Uv a‡i cÖej e„wó n‡”QÑIt has been raining heavily for two hours.
316. †Pv‡i †Pv‡i gvmZz‡Zv fvBÑBirds of the same feather flock together.
317. Zb¥q GB eQi cixÿv w`‡e, ZvB bv?ÑTonmoy will appear at the examination this year, won’t he?
318. †h‡Z cvwi, wKš‘ †Kb hve?ÑI can go, but why should I?
319. Zvi †hgb K_v †Zgb KvRÑHe is true to his word.
320. mywg iæwgi †P‡q †ewk dm©vÑSumi is fairer than Rumi.
321. cvwb ev‡®ú cwiYZ nqÑWater changes into vapour.
322. Bf wUwRs GKwU mvgvwRK e¨vwaÑEve-teasing is a social disease.
323. †jvKwU‡K nZvkvMÖ¯Í Kiv wVK nqwbÑThe man shouldn’t have been made disappointed.
324. †cqvjvwU Mig †hb Av¸bÑThe cup is as hot as fire.
325. Ggb †`kwU †Kv_vI Luy‡R cv‡e bv‡Kv ZzwgÑNowhere will you find such a country.
326. Zviv Avgv‡K evB‡i A‡cÿvq †i‡L P‡j †MjÑThey left me waiting outside.
327. †m Pvq Zvi mšÍv‡biv fv‡jv †cvkvK ciæKÑHe likes his children to wear dress well.
328. Avcbvi mv‡_ mvÿvr n‡e e‡j Avkv KiwQÑI look forward to meeting you.
329. Zzwg Aek¨B mKj‡K †Zvgvi gZvgZ Rvb‡Z †`‡eÑYou must make your views known to all.
330. Avgv‡`i †`vl ¯^xKvi KivB DwPZÑIt is right to admit our faults.
331. Zzwg myLx nIÑMay you be happy.
332. cvwLwU KZBbv my›`iÑHow beautiful the bird is!
333. Avwg GKwU KvK †`‡LwQÑI have seen a crow.
334. Avgiv cÖwZw`b b`xi av‡i †eov‡Z †hZvgÑWe used to go for a walk by the river everyday.
335. Avgv‡`i Rq mywbwðZÑWe will surely win.
336. eo‡`i cÖwZ Avgv‡`i kÖ×v _vKv DwPZÑWe should have respect for our elders.
337. gvbyl m¤ú‡K©i †fZ‡i bqÑHuman beings are not beyond relationship.
338. g›Uziv `yB fvB?ÑMontu has one brother.
339. Zviv MZiv‡Z Lye Aí Nywg‡qwQjÑThey had barely slept last night.
340. bZzb K‡i ïiæ KiÑStart afresh.
341. mܨv nq nqÑIt is about to be evening.
342. dzjwU i‡³i g‡Zv jvjÑThe flower is as red as blood.
 Page 171

RETINA

343. Puv‡`I Kj¼ Av‡QÑThere are lees to every wine.

344. Zv‡K K¬všÍ g‡b n‡”QÑHe looks tired.
345. iex›`ªbv_ eQi eQi R‡b¥ bvÑA Rabindranath is not born every year.
346. AvenvIqv DòZi n‡”QÑThe weather is getting warmer.
347. ïay K_vq †cU f‡i bvÑWishes never fill the bag.
348. mKvj †_‡K GKwU †Pqv‡i w¯’i n‡q e‡m AvwQÑFrom the morning, I have been sitting still in the chair.
349. †mB KbK‡b kx‡Z Avwg Kuvwc‡Z jvwMjvgÑI began to tremble in that biting cold.
350. Avgvi GLv‡b Aí K‡qKRb eÜz Av‡QÑI have a few friends here.
351. wRwbm c‡Îi `vg û û K‡i evo‡QÑThe price of commodities is shooting up.
352. Zvi fvB‡K †evKv evbv‡j †Kgb nZ?ÑHow about made his brother foolish?
353. Abf¨v‡mi †dvUv Kcvj Pi Pi K‡iÑEvery shoe fits not every foot.
354. Qvqvg~wZ©wU †Pv‡Li wbwg‡l A`„k¨ n‡jvÑThe phantom disappeared in the twinkling of an eye.
355. bicï‡`i‡K mvevo K‡i `vIÑExterminate all the brutes.
356. RvwZmsN gvqvbgvi †_‡K Zv‡`i D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©v‡K †W‡K cvwV‡q‡QÑThe UN has called forth its top official from Myanmanr.
357. †m eBLvbv †Uwe‡ji Dci m‡Rv‡i Qz‡o gvijÑHe slammed the book on the table.
358. `„k¨wU wK PgrKviÑWhat a charming scenery it is!
359. wK †MvjgvjB †h Zzwg Ki! ÑWhat a noise you make!
360. Avwg †PviwUi wcQz Zvov K‡iwQjvgÑI chased the thief.
361. †g‡qwU †Ku‡` DVjÑThe girl burst into tears.
362. Zviv fzj K‡i‡QÑThey are mistaken
363. eo n‡Z †K bv Pvq?ÑWho does not want to be great?
364. GLb A‡bK ivZÑIt is very late at night now
365. g›Uziv `yB fvBÑMontu has a brother.
366. ÿgv ¯^M©xqÑForgiveness is divine.
367. bvgv‡Ri mgq n‡q‡QÑIt is time for prayer.
368. ¯^‡`kcÖxwZ GKwU gnr ¸bÑPatriotism is a noble virtue.
369. †g‡qwU bvP‡Z Rv‡bÑThe girl knows how to dance.
370. gvbeZvi e„nËi Kj¨v‡Y weÁvb‡K wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z n‡eÑWe have to apply science to the greater well-being of humanity.
371. e‡m e‡m Avi fv‡jv jv‡M bvÑSitting idle does not seem well.
372. †m Avgv‡K gviv e¨ZxZ Avi me K‡iwQjÑHe did everything except killing me.
373. m~h© A¯Í †M‡j Avgiv evwo wdijvgÑThe sun having set, we returned home.
374. †Mvjvc myMwÜ dzjÑThe rose is a fragrant flower.
375. Avwg Zv‡K cuvP eQi hver wPwbÑI have known him for five years.
376. Avwg cixÿvq Lvivc K‡iwQÑI have done badly in the exam:
377. iwng g‡›`i fvjÑRahim is more good than bad.
378. gvwb‡K gvwbK †P‡bÑDiamond cuts diamond.
379. GK_v ï‡b wZwb †Ku‡` †dj‡jbÑOn hearing this he burst out crying.
380. evB‡i hvIqvi mgq Zzwg eis †mv‡qUvi c‡i hvIÑYou had better wear a sweater when you go out.
381. †m fv‡jv †L‡jvqvo n‡eÑHe will make a good player.
382. AbyMÖn K‡i G K_vUv ¯§i‡Y ivL‡ebÑPlease make a note of it.
383. Avwg bv, Zzwg eis KvRwU †kl KiÑI would rather you finish the job.
384. wkÿv RvwZi †giæ`ÛÑEducation is the backbone of a nation.
385. ¸uwo ¸uwo e„wó nB‡Z‡QÑIt is drizzling.
386. iv½vgvwU cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡` ficyiÑRangamati is full of natural resource.
387. wZwb m¤£všÍ cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡QÑHe comes of a respectable family.
388. B”Qv _vK‡jB Dcvq nqÑWhere there is a will, there is a way.
 Page 172

RETINA

389. Avwg †Zvgvi wbKU we‡kl K…ZÁÑI am very grateful to you.

390. GKRb bZzb wkÿv_©x‡K Wv³vi nevi Rb¨ cuvP eQi K‡Vvi cwikÖg Ki‡Z nqÑAn entrant will have to require to work hard for
five years to become a physician.
391. gvbyl fv‡e GK, nq Av‡iKÑMan proposes but god disposes.
392. Avgv‡`i †`‡k †W›Uvj K‡j‡R wkÿvi fvlv Bs‡iwRÑThe medium of education in Dental College of our country is English.
393. Avgiv Ajm †jvK‡`i cQ›` Kwi bvÑWe do not like idle people.
394. †Mvjvc myMwÜ dzjÑThe rose is a fragrant flower.
395. KZ…©cÿ Zv‡K wZi¯‹vi KijÑThe authorities took him to task.
396. iweevi n‡Z e„wó nB‡ZwQjÑIt had been raining since Sunday.
397. `uvZ _vwK‡Z `uv‡Zi gh©v`v bvBÑBlessings are not valued till they are gone.
398. Zzwg wK AvR iv‡Z Avm‡e?ÑWill you come tonight?
399. KvRwU Avwg Aek¨B Kwi‡q †beÑI must have the work done.
400. Zvi †ckv Kx?ÑWhat is he?
401. K`vwPr †m GLv‡b Av‡mÑHe seldom comes here.
402. GZ my›`i GKUv Kjg nvZQvov Ki bvÑDo not part with such a good pen.
403. me fvj hvi †kl fvj ZviÑAll is well that ends is well.
404. Avgv‡K GLb †h‡Z n‡eÑI have to go now.
405. wZwb K`vwPr wg_¨v e‡jbÑHe seldom tells a lie.
406. Avwg bv †h‡q cvwi bvÑI cannot but go.
407. Avgvi ewg ewg jvM‡QÑI feel nausea.
408. Avgiv `yb©xwZevR †jvK‡`i cQ›` Kwi bvÑWe do not like corrupted people.
409. cÖwZgvbbvÑhomage.
410. †Zjv gv_vq †Zj †`IqvÑTo carry coals to Newcastle.
411. A‡b¨iv Zv‡`i weQvbv †Q‡o IVvi Av‡MB mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K IVv e¨w³ Zvi KwVb Kv‡Ri †ewki fvMB †kl K‡i †d‡jÑThe early riser has
done a large quantity of hard work before other men have got out of bed.
412. cvZv¸‡jv hLb S‡i co‡e ZLb MvQ¸‡jv wfbœ iƒc †`Lv‡eÑThe trees will look different when the leaves have fallen off.
413. m~h© A¯Í hvIqvi c~‡e© Avgiv KvR K‡iwQjvgÑWe had worked before the sunset.
414. Lvevi mgq Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h Avgiv ïay ÿzav wbe„Ë Ki‡Z A_ev †cU fiv‡bvi Rb¨ LvB bvÑWhile eating food, we should
bear in mind that we do not eat just to satisfy hunger or to fill the belly.
415. GB eBLvwb Avwg LuyRwQÑThis is the book that I am looking for.
416. g„Zz¨i mgq Amgq †bBÑDeath has no in season and out of season.
417. cÖ‡Z¨‡KB PwiÎevb †jvK‡`i kÖ×v K‡iÑEverybody respects men of characters.
418. Avgv‡K Zvnvi mwnZ †`Lv Kwi‡Z nqÑI am to see him:
419. †hme K…lK `wi`ª Zviv F‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡e`b K‡i‡QÑThe farmers who are poor have applied for a loan.
420. †m gyL© eBZ bqÑHe is no better than a fool.
421. †h‡nZz †m Amy¯’ wQjÑZvB †m K‡j‡R Avm‡Z cv‡iwbÑSince he was ill, he could not come to college.
422. Avwg Avgvi GKRb eÜz‡K Avgvi eBwU avi w`‡qwQjvgÑI lent my book to a friend of mine.
423. c~e©w`‡K Ny‡iB Avwg evwowU †c‡q wM‡qwQjvgÑWhen I turend east, I found the house.
424. ingZ †h mgq AvdMvwb¯Ívb †_‡K KjKvZvq P‡j Av‡m, †m mgq Zvi †QvU †g‡q iv‡eqvi nv‡Zi Qvc †`Iqv GK UzK‡iv KvMR G‡bwQjÑAt the time
of coming to Kolkata from Afganistan, Rahmat brought a piece of paper with Rabeya’s palm impression on it.
425. Avgv‡`i knievmx‡`i AwaKvskB MwieÑfqvbK iK‡gi MwieÑThe great majority of our city dwellers are poor – extremely poor.
426. AvMvgx †mvgevi ¯‹zj eÜ _vK‡eÑThe school will remain closed on Monday next.
427. wZwb Avgv‡`i †Mvjgvj bv Ki‡Z ej‡jbÑHe told us not to make a noise.
428. cwiYv‡g †m GKRb eo Kwe n‡eÑHe will be a great poet in course of time.
429. evev Avgvi bvg †i‡L‡Qb Mwb wgqvÑFather has named me Gone-Mia.
430. †`vKvbwU D‡V wM‡q‡QÑThe shop has been closed down.
 Page 173

RETINA

431. KziAvb gymjgvb‡`i cweÎ MÖš’ÑThe Quran is the sacred book of the Muslims.
432. wK¬I‡cUªv Aciƒc my›`ix wQ‡jbÑCleopetra was a paragon of beauty.
433. Mv‡q gv‡b bv Avcwb †gvojÑHe is a self-styled leader.
434. †db w`‡q fvZ Lvq, Mí K‡i `BÑBig boast, small roast.
435. fvweqv KwiI KvRÑLook before you leap.
436. DËivwaKvi m~‡Î wZwb cÖf~Z m¤úwË AR©b K‡iwQ‡jbÑHe inherited much property.
437. mZZv m‡e©vrK…ó cš’vÑHonesty is the best policy.
438. Avgiv bv †n‡m cvijvg bvÑWe could not but laugh.
439. AvMvgx †mvgevi ¯‹zj eÜ _vK‡eÑThe school will remain closed on Monday next.
440. wZwb Avgv‡`i †Mvjgvj bv Ki‡Z ej‡jbÑHe told us not to make a noise.
441. cwiYv‡g †m GKRb eo Kwe n‡e?ÑHe will be a great poet in course of time.
442. wZwb Avgv‡`i †Mvjgvj bv Ki‡Z ej‡jbÑHe forbade us to make a noise.
443. †`vKvbwU D‡V wM‡q‡QÑThe shop has been closed down.
444. Avwg 1985 mv‡ji 1jv Rvbyqvwi Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡QÑI was born in January 1, 1985.
445. Zviv †Nvi weev`gvb wQjÑThey were at daggers drawn.
446. Zviv mviv mܨv cÖvq †Kvb K_v e‡jwbÑThey had hardly spoken all evening.
447. mvwKe my›`i Mvb MvB‡Z cv‡iÑSakib can sing well.
448. AvKv‡k †gN R‡g‡QÑClouds have gathered in the sky.
449. †m Avðh© n‡q †MjÑHe was surprised.
450. †Z‡j gv_vq †Zj †`IqvÑTo carry coals to Newcastle.
 Page 174
RETINA
Proverbs
 AwZ Pvjv‡Ki Mjvq `woÑToo much cunning overreaches
itself.
 kvK w`‡q gvQ XvKvÑHide in a superficial way.
 AÜKv‡i wXj gvivÑTo beat about the bush.
 Hk¦h© `xN© w`b _v‡K bvÑRiches do not last long [¯^v¯’¨
mnKvix-04, IU: 13-14]
 AcPq K‡iv bv Afv‡e c‡ov bvÑWaste not, want not.
 Aejvi gyLB ejÑA woman’s weapon is her tongue.
 AfvMv †hw`‡K Pvq, mvMi ïKvqÑOne unlucky, always unlucky.
 A_©B Ab‡_©i g~jÑMoney is the root of all evils.
 g‡š¿i mvab wKsev kixi cZbÑTo try one’s utmost.
 hZÿY k¦vm ZZÿY AvkÑWhile there is life, there is hope.
 ÔwZj‡K Zvj KivÕÑTo make a mountain out of a mole
hill- [KU 10-11]
 Amr m‡½ ¯^fve bóÑA rotten sheep infects the flock.
 Awnsmv cig ag©ÑNon-violence is a supreme virtue.
 Avcb Mv‡q KzKzi ivRvÑEvery dog is a lion at home.
 Avcbvi MÛv mK‡jB ey‡SÑEven a fool knows his business.
 Avcbvi duv‡` Avcwb Rwo‡q covÑTo hoist with one’s own petard.
 Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÑThe child of a rich parents.
 Avm‡ji †P‡q my` wgwóÑInterest is sweeter than the principal.
 B”Qv _vK‡j Dcvq njÑWhere there is a will, there is a way.
 Ck¦i hv K‡ib g½‡ji Rb¨ K‡ibÑWhat God wills is for good.
 DVwšÍ gy‡jv cˇbB †Pbv hvqÑMorning shows the day.
 KuvUv w`‡q KuvUv †ZvjvÑSet a thief to catch a thief [CU 04-05]
 GK gv‡N kxZ hvq bvÑOne swallow does not make a summer.
 GK gy‡L `yB K_vÑTo blow hot and cold in the same breath.
 KB gv‡Qi cÖvY eo k³ÑA cat has nine lives.
 cv‡ci ab cÖvqwð‡Ë hvqÑIll got, ill spent.
 ejv mnR wKš‘ Kiv KwVbÑIt is easy to say, but difficult to do.
 mvZ cuvP fvevÑTo think twice.
 nq Gmcvi bv nq ImcviÑTo be desperate.
 Kovq MÛvq Av`vq KivÑTo exact to the last penny.
 Kwoi gv_vq ey‡ovi we‡qÑMoney makes marriages.
 KZ av‡b KZ Pvj eyS‡eÑYou will know now what’s what.
 KR© †bB, Kó †bBÑOut of debt, out of danger.
 Kó bv Ki‡j †Kó †g‡j bvÑNo pains no gains.
 KvuPv evu‡k Ny‡b aivÑTo be spoilt at early youth.
 KuvPvq bv †bvqv‡j euvk cvK‡j K‡i Vvm& Vvm& ÑTo strike the iron
while it is hot.
 Kv‡Ki gvsm KvK Lvq bvÑOne aven will not pluck
another’s eyes.
 KvRI bvB, KvgvBI bvBÑBusy for nothing.
 Kv‡Ri mgq KvRx, KvR dziv‡j cvwRÑTo give a dog a bad
name and hang him.
 Kvb Uvb‡j gv_v Av‡mÑGiven the one, the other will follow.
 Kvbv Miæ evgy‡bi `vbÑTo put all the waste buttons in the
collection box.
 Kv‡iv †cŠl gvm, Kv‡iv me©bvkÑWhat is sport to the cat is
death to the rat.
 wKb‡Z cvMj †euP‡Z QvMjÑNecessity never makes a bargain.
 KzKz‡ii †c‡U wN mq bvÑHabit is the second nature.
 †hgb evc †Zgb †eUvÑLike father, like son
 hZB cwo‡e, ZZB wkwL‡eÑThe more you read, the more
you learn.
 m¯Ívi wZb Ae¯’vÑCheap goods are dear in the long run.
 Avcb fv‡jv‡Zv RMr fv‡jvÑTo the pure all things are pure.
 †Kv_vKvi Rj †Kv_vq `uvovqÑLet us wait to see the conclusion.
 †Kvb ¸Y bvB Zvi Kcv‡j Av¸bÑIt is a pity, he is good for nothing.
 †Kv¤úvwb Kv gvj `wiqv‡g XvjÑTo make free will public property.
 ÿzavi R¡vjvq evQweQPvi _v‡K bvÑHungry dog is an angry dog.
 my‡L _vK‡Z fz‡Z wKjvqÑTo feel ill at ease.
 Afv‡e ¯^fve bóÑNecessity knows no law.
 Lvj †K‡U Kzwg AvbvÑTo bring a calamity by one’s own
imprudence.
 wL‡` _vK‡j byb w`‡q LvIqv hvqÑHunger is the best sauce.
 Mix‡ei K_v evmx n‡j wgwó nqÑNobody listens to the
advice of an ordinary man, however good it may
prove in the long run.
 N‡ii fvZ †L‡q e‡bi †gl Zvov‡bvÑLabour of love
 NyNy †`‡LQ, duv` †`LwbÑYou must not see things with
half an eye.
 P‡›`ªI Kj¼ Av‡QÑThere are lees to every wine.
 Pvjbx e‡j QuyP Zzwg †Kb †Qu`vÑThe pot calls the kettle black.
 †hgb KzKzi †Zgb gy¸iÑLike dog, like hammer.
 †hgb ey‡Rv Ij, †Zgb evav †ZuZzjÑAs is the evil, so is the remedy.
 †mB ivgI †bB, †mB A‡hva¨vI †bBÑO the times, O the manneer
 †Póvi Amva¨ †Kvb KvR †bBÑTry your best, and you will win.
 †Pv‡Li m‡l©dzj †`LvÑTo see sparks before the eyes.
 †Pv‡Li Avovj n‡jB g‡bi AvovjÑOut of sight, out of mind.
 †Pvi‡K e‡j Pzwi Ki‡Z, M„n¯’‡K e‡j mveavb n‡ZÑHe runs with
the hare and hunts with the sounds.
 †Pviv bv ï‡b a‡g©i KvwnbxÑThe devil would not listen to
the scriptures.
 †Pv‡ii Dci evUcvwoÑTo rob the robber.
 QvB †dj‡Z fvOv KzjvÑScapegoat of the family.
 Zzj cvZvi †mcvBÑA carpet knight.
 a‡g©i Kj evZv‡m b‡oÑVirtue proclaims itself.
 QzuP n‡q †Xv‡K dvj n‡q †e‡ivqÑGive him an inch and he take an ell.
 †Quov Kuv_vq ï‡q jvf UvKvi ¯^cœÑTo build castles in the air.
 QuyP †g‡i nv‡Z MÜÑDon’t nag me and leave me in peace.
 Page 175
RETINA
 Suv‡Ki KB Suv‡K hvqÑThe sheep return to the flock.
 wS‡K †g‡i †eŠ‡K wkLv‡bvÑTo teach the guilty a lesson by
railing at the innocent.
 UvKv D‡o hvq, _v‡K bvÑRiches have wings.
 UvKvq wK nq bvÑMoney begets money.
 gv‡Qi †Z‡j gvQ fvRvÑTo gain without spending.
 hv‡K †`L‡Z bvwi, Zvi Pjb euvKvÑFaults are thick where
love is thin.
 AvR ev`kv Kvj dwKiÑWeal and woe come by turns.
 †XuwK ¯^‡M© †M‡jI avb fv‡bÑHabit is the second nature.
 `‡k wg‡j Kwi KvR, nvwi wRwZ bvwn jvRÑTwo heads are
better than one.
 `‡ki jvwV G‡Ki †evSvÑMany a little makes a mickle.
 w`‡b evwZ hvi N‡i, Zvi wfUvq NyNy P‡iÑWaste not, want not.
 awi gvQ bv QuyB cvwbÑTo make sure something without
risking anything.
 bv‡K †Zj w`‡q Nygv‡bvÑTo be careless about what happens.
 †hLv‡b ev‡Ni fq †mLv‡bB ivZ nqÑDanger often comes
where danger is feared.
 †h hvq j¼vq †mB nq iveYÑHe who gets the power misuses it.
 hvi we‡q Zvi Lei †bB, cvovcokxi Nyg †bBÑThough he is
careless tomake his mark, others are moving.
 †hLv‡b ev‡Ni fq, †mLv‡b mܨv nqÑDanger often comes
where danger is feared.
 byb Avb‡Z cvšÍv dzivqÑAfter meat comes mustard.
 c‡owQ †gvM‡ji nv‡Z Lvbv †L‡Z n‡e mv‡_ÑI have caught a
Tartar, so there is a great disgrace in store for me.
 c‡i KLbI c‡ii gg© †ev‡S bvÑOne cannot really feel for another.
 †c‡U †L‡j wc‡V mqÑPain is forgotten where gain follows.
 cyiv‡bv Pvj fv‡Z ev‡oÑAll that is old is not bad.
 †evevi kÎæ bvBÑSilence seldom doth provoke.
 e‡ii N‡ii wcmx, K‡bi N‡ii gvmxÑTo run with the hare
and hunt with the sounds.
 em‡Z †c‡j ï‡Z PvqÑGive him an inch and he will take an ell.
 euv‡ki †P‡q Kw eoÑThe chip is tougher than the old block.
 evb‡ii Mjvq gy³vi gvjvÑTo cast pearls before swine.
 AÜKv‡i wXj gvivÑTo beat about the bush.
 A‡Üi wKev ivwÎ wKev w`bÑDay and night are alike to blind man.
 ey‡ov kvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †iuvÑChildish behaviour of an old man.
 fv‡Mi gvQ M½v cvq bvÑEverybody’s business is
nobody’s business.
 fvM¨ev‡bi †evSv fMev‡b eqÑFortune favours the brave.
 fv½v Kcvj †Rvov jv‡M bvÑLost credit is like a broken glass.
 ÔbvP‡Z bv Rvb‡j DVvb euvKvÕÑA bad workman quarrels
with his tools. [IU 04-05]
 g›` Lei evZv‡mi Av‡M eqÑIll news runs a pace.
 gi‡Yi mgq Amgq bvBÑDeath keeps no time.
 B”Qv _vK‡j Dcvq nqÑWhere there’s will, there’s a way.
 GK ÿz‡i gv_v †gvovÑTo be tarred with same brush.
 †NvgUvi wfZ‡i †LgUvi bvPÑCoquetry under the guise of modesty.
 gy‡L gay AšÍ‡i welÑAn angels face with a deveil’s mind.
 †gN †`L‡jB el©v ejv P‡j bvÑOne swallow does not make a summer.
 hZ nvwm ZZ Kvbœv e‡j †M‡Q ivg kg©vÑIf you laugh today
you may cry tomorrow.
 hvi R‡b¨ Kwi Pzwi †mB e‡j †PviÑTo be abused them we do good.
 †h iÿK †m-B fÿKÑLaw-makers are law-breakers.
 i_ †`Lv I Kjv †ePvÑTo kill two birds with one stone.
 iƒ‡c Kv‡jv ¸‡Y Av‡jvÑHandsome is that handsome does
 †hgb Kg© †Zgb djÑAs you sow so you reap.
 webv †g‡N eRªcvZÑA bolt from the blue.
 †Q‡o †` gv †Ku‡` euvwPÑDon’t nag me, leave me in peace.
 †Svc ey‡S †Kvc gviÑMake hay while sun shines.
 wZj‡K Zvj KivÑTo make a mountain out of a molehill
 Aí we`¨v fq¼ixÑA little learning is a dangerous thing.
 fv‡M¨i wjLb bv hvq LÛbÑWhat is lotted cannot be
Blotted – [10g wkÿK wbeÜbÑ2014]
 Amg‡qi eÜzB cÖK…Z eÜzÑA friend in need is a friend indeed.
 MvQ Zvi d‡j cwiPqÑA tree is known by its fruit.
 bvP‡Z bv Rvb‡j D‡Vvb euvKvÑA bad workman quarrels with tools.
 mg‡qi GK †duvo Amg‡qi `k †dvoÑA stitch in time saves nine.
 me fvj Zvi †kl fvj hviÑAll’s well that ends well.
 PK PK Ki‡jB †mvbv nq bvÑAll that glitters is not gold.
 hv‡K †`L‡Z bvwi Zvi Pjb euvKvÑFaults are thick where
love is thin. [9g wkÿK wbeÜbÑ2013]
 b¨v‡Uvi †bB evUcv‡ii fqÑA beggar has nothing to lose.
 hZÿY k¦vm ZZÿY AvkÑA drowning man catches at a straw.
 Ni †cvov Miæ wmu`‡y i †gN †`L‡jB fq cvqÑA brunt child
fears the fire.
 Rxeb w`‡q‡Qb whwb AvnviI w`‡eb wZwbÑGod never sends
mouths but He sends meat.
 †Zvgvi BnKvj †bB, ciKvjI †bBÑYou are doomed here
and hereafter.
 bvB gvgvi †P‡q Kvbv gvbv fv‡jvÑSomething is better than nothing.
 m½ †`‡L †jvK †Pbv hvqÑA man is known by the
compnay he keeps.
 Mv‡q gv‡b bv Avcwb †gvojÑA fool to others, himself a sage.
 `vuZ _vK‡Z `uv‡Zi gh©v`v †evSv hvq bvÑBlessings are not
valued till they are gone.
 wfÿvi Pvj Kuvov Avi AvKuvovÑBeggars must not be choosers.
 `yó Miæi †P‡q k~b¨ †Mvqvj fvjÑBetter an empty house than
an ill tenant.
 †Pv‡i †Pv‡i gvmZz‡Zv fvBÑBirds of the same feather flock together.
 Kqjv ayB‡jI gqjv hvq bvÑBlack will take no other hue.
 Page 176
RETINA
 G wel‡q Zvi A,Av,K, L, Ávb †bBÑHe is ignorant of the
rudiments of this subject.
 †Pvi cvjv‡j eyw× ev‡oÑAfter death comes the doctor.
 cwikÖg †mŠfv‡M¨i g~jÑDiligence is the mother of good luck.
 hZ M‡R© ZZ e‡l© bvÑBarking dog seldom bites.
 Avq ey‡S e¨q KiÑCut your coat according to your cloth
 AiY †iv`bÑCrying in wilderness.
 UvKvq me nqÑMoney makes the mare go.
 `yB †bŠKvq cvÑTo be between two stools.
 evcKv †eUv wmcvBKv †NvovÑLike father like son.
 †`‡L ï‡b cv evovIÑLook before you leap.
 wec` KLbI GKv Av‡m bvÑMisfortune does not come alone.
 KZ©vi B”QvB Kg©ÑMaster’s will is law.
 AwZ fw³ †Pv‡ii jÿYÑToo much courtesy, too much
craft. [cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †evW© (mwPe)Ñ2013]
 bvbv gywbi bvbv gZÑMany men many minds.
 †Rvi hvi gyjøyK ZviÑMight is right.
 Avcb PiKvq †Zj `vIÑMind your own business/Oil your
own machine.
 KviY webv Kvh© nq bvÑNo smoke without fire.
 Kó bv Ki‡j †Kó †g‡j bvÑNo pains no gains.
 Av`vi e¨vcvix Rvnv‡Ri Lei †KbÑThe cobbler must stick
to his last.
 D‡o G‡m Ry‡o emvÑTo be quick to occupy.
 RûixB †Rvni †P‡bÑDiamond cut diamonds.
 ÒAmv‡ii ZR©b MR©b mviÓÑA barking dog seldom bites.
[IU- 10-11]
 exi †fvM¨v emyÜivÑNone but the brave deserves the fair.
 Kv‡Q _vK‡j †cv‡o gb, `~‡i _vK‡j Vb VbÑOut of sight, out
of mind.
 GK gv‡N kxZ hvq bvÑOne swallow does not make a summer.
 m¯Ívi wZb Ae¯’vÑCheap goods are dear in the long run.
 Av‡Mi Ni Z‡e †Zv ciÑCharity begins at home.
 DVj evB‡Zv K‡UK hvBÑTo act on the spur of the moment.
 Lvj †K‡U Kzwgi AvbvÑTo bring on calamity by one own
imprudence.
 AvKvk Kzmyg Kíbv Ki bvÑDon’t build castle in the air.
 Amv‡ii ZR©b MR©b mviÑEmpty vessels sound much.
 PvPv Avcb cÖvY euvPv/Mv‡q gv‡b bv Avcwb †gvojÑEvery man is
for himself.
 hv‡i †`L‡Z bvwi Zvi Pjb euvKvÑFaults are thick where
love is thin.
 AwZ †jv‡f ZvZx bóÑGrasp all lose all.
 †Pbv evg‡bi ˆcZv jv‡M bvÑGood wine needs no bush.
 ÿzav †c‡j ev‡N avb LvqÑHunger is the best sauce.
 mZZvB m‡e©vrK…ó cš’vÑHonesty is the best policy.
 cv‡ci ab cÖvqwð‡Ë hvqÑIll got ill spent.
 †Pvi cvjv‡j eyw× ev‡oÑTo lock the stable door when the
steen is stolen.
 mg‡qi GK †duvo, Amg‡qi bq †duvoÑA stitch in time saves
nine [IU 06-07]
 cvM‡j wKbv e‡j QvM‡j wKbv LvqÑA mad man and an
animal have no difference.
 weov‡ji Mjvq N›Uv euvavÑTo bell the cat.
 GK nv‡Z Zvwj ev‡R bvÑIt takes two to make a quarrel.
 cwikÖg †mŠfv‡M¨i PvweKvwVÑIndustry is the key to success.
 Djye‡b gy³ QovbÑTo cast pearls before swine.
 AwZ fw³ †Pv‡ii jÿYÑToo much courtesy too much craft.
 Av½yi dj UKÑThe grapes are sour.
 Avcwb euvP‡j ev‡ci bvgÑSelf-perservation is the first
law of nature. [DU D 14-15]
 Kqjv ay‡jI gqjv Q‡o bvÑBlack will take no other hue.
 wXjwU gvi‡j cvU‡KjwU †L‡Z nqÑTit for tat.
 AwaK mbœ¨vmx‡Z MvRb bóÑToo many cooks spoil the broth.
 Miæ †g‡i Ry‡Zv `vbÑTo rob peter to pay paul.
 wb‡Ri bvK †K‡U c‡ii hvÎv f½ KivÑTo cut off one’s nose
to spite one’s face.
 Mv‡Q KuvVvj †Mv‡d †ZjÑTo count chickens before they
are hatched.
 AvMvQvi evo †ewkÑIll weeds grow apace.
 Kzwg‡ii mv‡_ weev` K‡i R‡j evm KivÑIt is hard to sit at
Rome and strive with pope.
 giv nvwZ jvf UvKvÑThe very ruins of greatness are great.
 eRª AvUzwb d¯‹v †M‡ivÑPenny wise pound foolish.
 mey‡i †gIqv d‡jÑPatience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.
 eBUv cvVv‡bv Avcbvi `qvÑIt is kind of you to send me the book.
 †m Ggbfv‡e K_v e‡j g‡b nq me Rv‡b ÑHe talks are if he
knew everything.
 giv nvZx jvL UvKvÑThe very ruins of greatness as great
 cwikÖg †mŠfv‡M¨i cÖm~wZÑIndustry is the mother of good luck.
 N‡ii kÎæ wefxlYÑFifth columnist.
 cÖ‡Z¨‡KB PwiÎevb †jvK‡`i kÖ×v K‡iÑEverybody respects
men of character.
 wbDUb eQi eQi R‡b¥ bvÑA Newton is not born every year.
 Avgv‡K Zvnvi mwnZ †`Lv Kwi‡Z nqÑI am to see him.
 Ck¦i hv K‡ib g½‡ji Rb¨ÑWhat God wills is for good.
 GKwX‡j `yB cvwL gvivÑTo kill two birds with one stone.
 Zvnvi eyw× eo †gvUvÑHe is a blockhead.
 wZwb †Kvb Kv‡RB fq cvq bvÑHe is not afraid of any
undertaking.
 Kó bv Ki‡j †Kó †g‡j bvÑNo pains no gains – [IU B
10-11]