CH4.

Internal loadings developed in

structural members

PREPARED BY: TENG CHHAY

1
 Sign Convention
The internal load at a specified point in a member can be determined by usingmethod of
sections. In general, this loading for a coplanar structure will consist of a normal force N,
shear force V, and bending moment M.
The sign convention to be adopted here has been widely accepted in structural
engineering practice.
On the left-hand face of the cut member the normal force N acts to the right, the internal
shear force V acts downward, and the moment M acts counterclockwise. In accordance
with Newton’s third law, an equal but opposite normal force, shear force, and bending
moment must act on the right-hand face of the member at the section.

• Note: Positive normal force tends to elongate the segment;

positive shear tends to rotate the segment clockwise; and positive
bending moment tends to bend the segment concave upward, so
as to “hold water”
2
 Procedure for Analysis the Internal Force at a Specific Location in a
structural Member
1. Support Reactions
It may be necessary to determine the
member’s support reactions before the
member is “cut” or sectioned.
If the member is part of a pin-connected
structure the pin reactions can be
determined first
2. Free-Body Diagram
Keep all distributed loadings, couple
moments, and forces acting on the
member in their exact location, then
pass an imaginary section through the
member, perpendicular to its axis at the
point where the internal loading is to be
determined.
• After the section is made, draw a
free-body diagram of the
segment that has the least
number of loads on it. At the
section indicate the unknown
resultants N, V and M acting in
their positive directions
3. Equations of Equilibrium
• Moments should be summed at
the section about axes that pass
through the centroid of the
member’s cross sectional area, in
order to eliminate the unknowns
N and V thereby obtain a direct
solution for M.
• If the solution of the equilibrium
equations yields a quantity having
a negative magnitude, the
assumed directional sense of the
quantity is opposite to that
shown on the free-body diagram.
3
 Example 1
The building roof shown in the photo has a weight of 1.8kN/m²
and is supported on 8m long simply supported beams that are
spaced 1m apart. Each beam transmits it loading to two girders,
located at the front and back of the building. Determine the
internal shear and moment in the front girder at point C. Neglect
the weight of the members.

The reaction of each

Solution interior beam on the girder
Support Reactions. is 1.8
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 8𝑚𝑚
= 7.2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚 2
The roof loading is
Free-body diagram.
transmitted to each beam as
𝐿𝐿 8𝑚𝑚 The column reaction is
a one-way slab �𝐿𝐿2 = 1𝑚𝑚 = 2 3.6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 +11(7.2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)
1 = 43.2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2
8 > 2� .
Equations of equilibrium
The tributary loading on each Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0; 43.2 − 3.6 − 2 7.2 − 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 0
interior beam is therefore 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 25.2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(1.8kN/m²)(1m)=1.8kN/m. Σ𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 0;
(The two edge beams 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 + 7.2 0.4 + 7.2 1.4 + 3.6 2.4
support 0.9kN/m). − 43.2 1.2 = 0
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 30.2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚 4
 Example 2
Determine the internal shear and moment acting at a section passing through
point 𝐶𝐶 in the beam shown.

Equations of Equilibrium
Solution Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0; 45 − 15 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 0
Support Reaction. 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
Replacing the distributed Σ𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 0; −45 2 +
load by its resultant force 15 0.667 + 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 0
and computing the reaction. 𝑴𝑴𝑪𝑪 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 � 𝒎𝒎
Free-body diagram.
Segment 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 will be
considered since it yields
the simplest solution. The Note: This problem illustrates the
distributed load intensity at importance of keeping the distributed
𝐶𝐶 is computed by loading on the beam until after the
proportion, that is beam is sectioned. If the beam were
2𝑚𝑚 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 sectioned at C, the effect of the
𝑤𝑤𝐶𝐶 = 45 = 15 distributed load on segment AC would
6𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
not be recognized, and the result
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 45𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 and 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 90𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚
would be wrong. 5
 Example 3
The 45kN force is supported by the floor panel 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷, which in
turn simply supported at its ends by floor beams. These
beams transmit their loads to the simply supported girder
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴. Determine the internal shear and moment acting at
point 𝐶𝐶 in the girder.
Solution
Support Reaction.
Equilibrium of the floor panel, floor beams, and girder is
shown. It is advisable to check these result.
Free-Body Diagram.
The free-body diagram of segment 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 of the girder will be
used since it leads to the simplest solution.
Note that there are no loads on the floor beams supported
by 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴.
Equation of Equilibrium
𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0; 18.75 − 30 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 0
𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
Σ𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 0; −18.75 3.75 + 30 0.75 + 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 0
𝑴𝑴𝑪𝑪 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 � 𝒎𝒎
6
 Shear and Moment Function
The design of a beam requires a detailed knowledge of the variations of the internal
shear force 𝑉𝑉 and moment 𝑀𝑀 acting at each point along the axis of the beam.
The variations of 𝑉𝑉 and 𝑀𝑀 as a function of the position 𝑥𝑥 of an arbitrary point along
the beam’s axis can be obtained by using the method of section. However, it is
necessary to locate the imaginary section or cut at an arbitrary distance 𝑥𝑥 from one
end of the beam rather than at a specific point.
The internal shear and moment functions or their slop will be discontinuous at
points where the type or magnitude of the distributed load changes or where
concentrated forces or couple moments are applied. Because of this, shear and
moment functions must be determined for each region of the beam located
between any two discontinuities of loading.

• The coordinates 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 and 𝑥𝑥3 are used to describe the variation of 𝑉𝑉 and 𝑀𝑀
throughout the length of the beam.
7
 Procedure for Analysis
The following procedure provides a method for determining the variation of shear and moment in a
beam as a function of position 𝑥𝑥.
Support Reactions.
Determine the support reactions on the beam and resolve all the external forces into components
acting perpendicular and parallel to the beam’s axis.
Shear and Moment Functions
Specify separate coordinates 𝑥𝑥 and associated origins, extending into regions of the beam between
concentrated forces and/or couple moments, or where there is a discontinuity of distributed
loading.
Section the beam perpendicular to it axis at each distance 𝑥𝑥, and from the free-body diagram of
one of the segments determine the unknowns 𝑉𝑉 and 𝑀𝑀 at the cut section as functions of 𝑥𝑥. On the
free-body diagram, 𝑉𝑉 and 𝑀𝑀 should be shown acting in their positive directions, in accordance with
the sign convention.
𝑉𝑉 is obtained from Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0 and 𝑀𝑀 is obtained by summing moments about the point 𝑆𝑆 located at
the cut section, Σ𝑀𝑀𝑆𝑆 = 0.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
The results can be checked by noting that = 𝑉𝑉 and = 𝑤𝑤, where 𝑤𝑤 is positive when it acts
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
upward, away from the beam.
8
 Example 4
Determine the shear and moment in the beam shown as a
function of x.
Solution
Support Reaction.
With the load intensity
For purpose of computing the
known, the resultant of the
support reactions, the
distributed load is replaced by distributed loading is found
its resultant force of 135𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. in the usual manner as
shown.
However, it is important to
Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0;
remember that this resultant is
not the actual load on beam. 1 10𝑥𝑥
135 − 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑉𝑉 = 0
Shear and Moment 2 3
Functions. 𝑉𝑉 = 135 − 1.667𝑥𝑥 2
A free-body diagram of the Σ𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑠 = 0;
beam segment of length 𝑥𝑥 is 1 10𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
shown. Note that the intensity 810 − 135𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑀𝑀 = 0
of the triangular load at the 2 3 3
section is found by proportion; 𝑀𝑀 = −810 + 135𝑥𝑥 − 0.556𝑥𝑥 3
𝑤𝑤 30 10𝑥𝑥
that is = or 𝑤𝑤 = 10𝑥𝑥/3. Note: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉 and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − = w, which serves
𝑥𝑥 9 3
as a check of the results. 9
 Example 5
Determine the shear and moment in beam shown as a function of
𝑥𝑥.
Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0; 480 − 50𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑉𝑉 = 0
Solution 𝑉𝑉 = 480 − 50𝑥𝑥1
Support Reactions. Σ𝑀𝑀𝑆𝑆 = 0;
The reactions at the fixed 𝑥𝑥1
2274 − 480𝑥𝑥1 + 50𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑀𝑀
support are 𝑉𝑉 = 480𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 and 2
𝑀𝑀 = 2274𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚 =0
Shear and Moment 𝑀𝑀 = −2274 + 480𝑥𝑥1 − 25𝑥𝑥12
Function. 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 ≤ 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 ≤ 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔.
Since there is a discontinuity Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0; 480 − 180 − 𝑉𝑉 = 0
of distributed load at 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑉𝑉 = 300
3.6𝑚𝑚, two regions of 𝑥𝑥 must Σ𝑀𝑀𝑆𝑆 = 0; 2274 − 480𝑥𝑥2 +
be considered in order to 180 𝑥𝑥2 − 1.8 + 𝑀𝑀 = 0
describe the shear and 𝑀𝑀 = 300𝑥𝑥2 − 1950
moment functions for the
These results can be partially
entire beam.
checked by noting that when
Here 𝑥𝑥1 is appropriate for the 𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑚𝑚 then 𝑉𝑉 = 300𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 and
2
left 3.6𝑚𝑚 and 𝑥𝑥2 can be used 𝑀𝑀 = −150𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚. Also note that
for the remaining segment. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉 and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑤𝑤.
𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 ≤ 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. Notice that
𝑉𝑉 and 𝑀𝑀 are shown in the
positive direction, 10
 Example 6
Determine the shear and moment in the beam shown as a
function of 𝑥𝑥.
Solution. load at the cut is found by
Support Reactions. proportion. The resultant
To determine the support force of each distributed
reactions, the distributed loading and its location are
load is divided into a indicated. Applying the
triangular and rectangular equilibrium equations,
loading, and these Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0;
loadings are then replaced 1 𝑥𝑥
by their resultant forces. 75 − 10𝑥𝑥 − 20 𝑥𝑥 −
2 9
These reactions have 𝑉𝑉 = 0
been computed and are 𝑉𝑉 = 75 − 10𝑥𝑥 − 1.11𝑥𝑥 2
shown on the beam’s free-
body diagram. Σ𝑀𝑀𝑆𝑆 = 0;
𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
Shear and Moment −75𝑥𝑥 + 10𝑥𝑥 + 20 𝑥𝑥
Diagram 2 2 9 3
+ 𝑀𝑀 = 0
The trapezoidal loading is 2 − 0.375𝑥𝑥 3
replaced by rectangular 𝑀𝑀 = 75𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑥
and triangular
distributions. Note that
the intensity of triangular 11
 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam
If the variations of 𝑉𝑉 and 𝑀𝑀 as functions of 𝑥𝑥 are plotted, the graphs are termed the
shear diagram and moment diagram.

For distributed load

Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0; 𝑉𝑉 + 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 Δx − V + Δ𝑉𝑉 = 0
Δ𝑉𝑉 = 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 Δx
Σ𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 = 0; −𝑉𝑉Δ𝑥𝑥 − 𝑀𝑀 − 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 Δx − 𝜖𝜖 Δ𝑥𝑥 + 𝑀𝑀 + Δ𝑀𝑀 = 0
Δ𝑀𝑀 = 𝑉𝑉Δ𝑥𝑥 + 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 𝜖𝜖 Δ𝑥𝑥 2
Dividing by Δx and taking the limit as Δ𝑥𝑥 → 0, The equation become

12
 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a
Beam (cont.)
Integrating from one point to another between concentrated forces or couple

Note:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1. The slope of the shear diagram at a point ( ) is equal to the intensity of
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
the distributed load 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 at the point.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2. The slope of the moment diagram is equal to the intensity of the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
shear at the point.
3. The change in the shear between any two points on a beam equals the
area under the distributed loading diagram between the points.
4. The change in the moment between the two points equals the area
under the shear diagram between the points.
13
 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a
Beam (cont.)

For concentrated load

Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0; Δ𝑉𝑉 = −𝐹𝐹
Σ𝑀𝑀𝑂𝑂 = 0; Δ𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀
Note:
1. If 𝐹𝐹 acts downward on the beam, Δ𝑉𝑉 is negative so that the shear diagram shows a
“jump” downward.
2. If an external couple moment 𝑀𝑀𝑀 is applied clockwise, Δ𝑀𝑀 is positive, so that the
moment diagram jumps upward.

14
15
 Procedure for Analysis
Support Reactions
◦ Determine the support reactions and resolve the
forces acting on the beam into components which
are perpendicular and parallel to the beam’s axis.
• Shear Diagram
− Establish the 𝑉𝑉 and 𝑥𝑥 axes and plot the values of
the shear at the two ends of the beam.
− Since 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑤𝑤, the slope of the shear diagram
at any point is equal to the intensity of the
distributed loading at the point. (Note that 𝑤𝑤 is
positive when it acts upward.)
− If a numerical value of the shear is to be
determined at the point, one can find this value
either by using the method of sections which state
that the change in the shear force is equal to the
area under the distributed loading diagram.
− Since 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 is integrated to obtain 𝑉𝑉, if 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 is a
curve of degree 𝑛𝑛, then 𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥 will be a curve of
degree 𝑛𝑛 + 1. (if 𝑤𝑤(𝑥𝑥) is uniform, 𝑉𝑉(𝑥𝑥) will be
linear.
• Moment diagram
− Establish the 𝑀𝑀 and 𝑥𝑥 axes and plot the
value of the moment at the ends of the
beam.
− Since 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉, the slope of the moment
diagram at any point is equal to the
intensity of the shear at the point.
− At the point where the shear is zero,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0, and therefore his may be a
point of maximum or minimum moment.
− If the numerical value of the moment is to
be determined at a point, one can find this
value either by using the method of sectin
which states that the change in the
moment is equal to the area under the
shear diagram.
− Since 𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥 is integrated to obtain M, if 𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥
is a curve of degree 𝑛𝑛, then 𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥 will be a
curve of degree 𝑛𝑛 + 1. (if 𝑉𝑉(𝑥𝑥) is linear,
𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥) will be parabolic.
16
 Example 7
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the beams
Solution
Support Reactions.
The reactions are calculated and shown on a free-body diagram of each beam
Shear Diagram.
From the established sign convention, the shear at the ends of each beam is plotted first. Since 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑤𝑤, the trend of the slope of the shear diagram between these end points can be determined and 𝑉𝑉
versus 𝑥𝑥 can be sketched.
Moment Diagram.
From the sign convention, the moments at the ends of each beam are plotted first. Since 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉,
the trend of the slope of the moment diagram between these points can then be determined and 𝑀𝑀
versus 𝑥𝑥 can be sketched.

17
 Example 8
The two horizontal members of the power line support frame are
subjected to the cable loading. Draw the shear and moment
diagrams for each member.
the 6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 force acts upward, so the
Solution shear jumps up 6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, from −4𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 to
Support Reactions. + 2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, etc.
Each pole exerts a force of 6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 on Moment Diagram
each member as shown on the free- The moment at the end points 𝑥𝑥 =
body diagram 0, 𝑀𝑀 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑚𝑚, 𝑀𝑀 = 0. The
Shear Diagram slope of the moment diagram within
The end points 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑉𝑉 = −4𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, and each 1.5𝑚𝑚 long region is constant
𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑚𝑚, 𝑉𝑉 = 4𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. because 𝑉𝑉 is constant. Specific
The shear between each values of the moment, such as at 𝐶𝐶,
concentrated force is constant since can be determined by the method of
𝑤𝑤 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0. The shear just to the sections or by finding the change in
right of point B (or C and D) can be moment by the area under the shear
determined by the method of diagram. For example,
sections. The shear diagram can also since 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0 at 𝐴𝐴,
be established by “following the load” then at 𝐶𝐶, 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 + Δ𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
on the free-body diagram. Beginning = 0 + −4 1.5 + 2 1.5
at A the 4𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 load acts downward so = −3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = −4𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. No load acts between A
and B so the shear is constant. At B 18
 Example 9
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

Solution
Support Reactions.
The reactions have been
calculated and are shown on the
free-body diagram of the beam.
Shear Diagram.
The end points 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑉𝑉 = +30𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
and 𝑥𝑥 = 9𝑚𝑚, 𝑉𝑉 = −60𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 are first
plotted. Note that the shear
diagram starts with zero slope
since 𝑤𝑤 = 0 at 𝑥𝑥 = 0, and ends
with a slope of 𝑤𝑤 = −20𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚.
The point of zero shear can be
found by using the method of
sections from a beam segment of
length 𝑥𝑥. We require 𝑉𝑉 = 0, so
that
1 𝑥𝑥
Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0; 30 − 20 𝑥𝑥 = 0
2 9
𝑥𝑥 = 5.2𝑚𝑚
Moment Diagram.
For 0 < 𝑥𝑥 < 5.2𝑚𝑚 the value of shear
is positive but decreasing and so
the slope of the moment of the
moment diagram is also positive
and decreasing (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉).
At 𝑥𝑥 = 5.2𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.
Likewise for 5.20𝑚𝑚 < 𝑥𝑥 < 9𝑚𝑚, the
shear and so the slope of the
moment diagram are negative
increasing as indicated.
The maximum value of moment is
at 𝑥𝑥 = 5.20𝑚𝑚 since 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉 = 0
at this point. From the free-body
diagram we have
Σ𝑀𝑀𝑆𝑆 = 0;
1 5.2 5.2
−30 5.2 + 20 5.2
2 9 3
+ 𝑀𝑀 = 0
𝑀𝑀 = 104𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚
19
 Example 10
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown.
Solution.
Support Reactions.
The reactions are calculated
and indicated on the free-
body diagram.
Shear Diagram.
The values of the shear at
the end points 𝐴𝐴 (𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 =
0.5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) and 𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = −2.5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
are plotted. At 𝐶𝐶 the shear is
discontinuous since there is
a concentrated force of 3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
there. The value of the shear
just to right of 𝐶𝐶 can be
found by sectioning the
beam at this point. Notice
that no jump or discontinuity
in shear occurs at 𝐷𝐷, the
point where the 6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚
couple moment is applied.
Moment Diagram.
The moment at each end of
the beam is zero.
The value of the moment at
𝐶𝐶 can be determined by the
method of section or by
finding the area under the
shear diagram between 𝐴𝐴
and 𝐶𝐶. Since 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0,
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 + Δ𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
= 0 + 0.5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 3𝑚𝑚
Also, since 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 1.5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚,
the moment at 𝐷𝐷 is
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 + Δ𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
= 1.5 + −3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 1.5𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = −2.25𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚
A jump occurs at point 𝐷𝐷
due to the couple moment of
6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚. The method of
section, gives a value of
3.75𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚 just to the right
of 𝐷𝐷.
20
 Example 11
Draw the shear and moment diagram for each of the beams shown.
Solution.
In each case the support reactions have been calculated and are shown.
Shear and moment diagram are drawn based on the slope and moment, where 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑤𝑤 and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉. Calculated values are found using the method of sections or
finding the areas under the load or shear diagrams.

21
 Example 12
The beam shown in the photo is used to support a portion of the
overhang for the entranceway of the building. The idealized model
for the beam with the load acting on it is shown. Assume 𝐵𝐵 is a roller
and 𝐶𝐶 is pinned. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam.

Solution The support reaction causes

Support Reactions.
The reactions are calculated
in the usual manner.
Shear Diagram.
The shear at the ends of the
beam is plotted first, 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 0
and 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = −2.19𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. To find
the shear to the left of 𝐵𝐵 use
the method of sections for
segment 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, or calculate the
area under the distributed
loading diagram,
Δ𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 0 = −10(0.75)
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵− = −7.5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
the shear to jump up
−7.5 + 15.31 = 7.81𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
The point of zero shear can
be determined from the slope
− 10𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚, or by proportional
triangles,
7.81 2.91
=
𝑥𝑥 (1 − 𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥 = 0.781𝑚𝑚
Notice how the 𝑉𝑉 diagram
follows the negative slope,
defined by the constant
negative distributed loading.
22
 Example 12 (cont.)
The beam shown in the photo is used to support a portion of the
overhang for the entranceway of the building. The idealized model
for the beam with the load acting on it is shown. Assume 𝐵𝐵 is a roller
and 𝐶𝐶 is pinned. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam.

Solution
Moment Diagram.
The moment at the end points
is plotted first
𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 0 Likewise, show that the
The value of −2.81 and 0.239 maximum positive moment is
on the moment diagram can 0.239𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚.
be calculated by the method Notice how the 𝑀𝑀 diagram is
of sections, or by finding the formed, by following the
areas under the shear slope, defined by the 𝑉𝑉
diagram. diagram.
Δ𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 − 0
1
= −7.50 0.75
2
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = −2.81
23
 Example 13
Draw the shear an moment diagrams for the compound beam shown .
Assume the supports at 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐶𝐶 are rollers and 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐸𝐸 are pin
connections.
Solution
Support Reactions.
Once the beam is
disconnected from the pin at
𝐵𝐵, the support reactions can
be calculated as shown.
Shear Diagram.
The end shear at 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐸𝐸 are
first plotted. Using the
equation 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑤𝑤, the
curves are indicated. Note
the constant negative slope
from 𝐴𝐴 to 𝐵𝐵 of 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
− 20𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚 zero slope from 𝐵𝐵
to 𝐶𝐶, increasingly negative
slope from 𝐶𝐶 to 𝐷𝐷 (0 to
30𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚 ), and finally
decreasingly negative slope
from 𝐷𝐷 to 𝐸𝐸 (30𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚 to 0).
Try to establish the values of
shear using the appropriate
areas under the load diagram
(𝑤𝑤 curve) to find the change in
shear. The zero value for shear
at 𝑥𝑥 = 1𝑚𝑚 can either be found
by proportional triangles, or by
using statics.
Moment Diagram.
The end moments
𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 150𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚 and
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸 = 0 are plotted first. Study
the appropriate areas under the
the diagram and note how the
shear diagram to find the
various curves are established
change in moment.
using 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉. Verify the
numerical values for the peaks
using statics or by computing 24
 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame
Frame is composed of several connected members that are either fixed or pin connected
at their ends.
This requires first determining the reactions at the frame supports.
Then, using the method of sections, we find the axial force, shear force and moment acting
at the ends of each member.
Provided all loadings are resolved into components acting parallel and perpendicular to
the member’s axis, the shear and moment diagrams for each member can then be drawn.
When drawing the moment diagram, one of two sign conventions is used in practice.
◦ If the frame is made of reinforced concrete moment diagram is drawn positive on the
tension side of the frame.
◦ Here, the moment diagram is drawn positive on the compressive side of the member.

25
 Example 14
Draw the moment diagram for the tapered frame shown. Assume the support at 𝐴𝐴 is a roller and
𝐵𝐵 is a pin.
Moment Diagram.
Solution
In accordance with our positive
Support Reactions. sign convention, and using the
The support reactions are shown discussed technique, the
on the free-body diagram of the
moment diagrams for the frame
entire frame. Using these results,
the frame is then sectioned into
members are shown.
two members, and the internal
reactions at the joint ends of the
members are determined. Note that
the external 25𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 load is shown
only on the free-body diagram of
the joint at 𝐶𝐶.

26
 Example 15
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the frame shown. Assume 𝐴𝐴 is a pin, 𝐶𝐶 is a
roller, and 𝐵𝐵 is a fixed joint. Neglect the thickness of the members.

Solution
Notice that the distributed
lad acts over a length of
3 2 = 4.243𝑚𝑚. The reactions
on the entire frame are
calculated and shown on its
free-body diagram. From this
diagram the free-body
diagrams of each member
are drawn. The distributed
loading on 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 has
components along 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 and
perpendicular to its axis of
(3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐45𝑜𝑜 = (3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
)𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠45𝑜𝑜 = 2.121𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚 as
shown.

27
 Example 16
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the frame shown.
Assume 𝐴𝐴 is a pin, and 𝐵𝐵 is a fixed joint.

Solution And
Support Reactions. (96𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚) /5𝑚𝑚 = 19.2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
The free-body diagram of are shown on member 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴.
the entire frame is shown. The associated shear and
Here the distributed load, moment diagrams are drawn
which represents wind for each member are shown.
loading, has been replaced
by its resultant, and the
reactions have been
computed. The frame is then
sectioned at joint 𝐵𝐵 and the
internal loadings at 𝐵𝐵 are
determined. As a check,
equilibrium is satisfied at
joint 𝐵𝐵, which is also shown.
Shear and Moment
Diagrams.
The components of the
distributed load,
(72𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚)/5𝑚𝑚 = 14.4𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚 28
 Moment Diagrams Constructed by the Method of Superposition
If principle of superposition is used, each of the loads on the beam can be treated
separately and the moment diagram can then be constructed in a series of parts rather
than a single and sometimes complicated shape.
Most loadings on beams in structural analysis will be a combination of the loading shown.

29
30
31
 Example 17
Draw the moment diagrams for the beam using the method of superposition. Consider the beam to be
cantilevered from the support at 𝐵𝐵.

32
 Example 18
Draw the moment diagrams for the beam shown using the method of
superposition. Consider the beam to be cantilevered from the pin at 𝐴𝐴.

33
Q&A

34