V. Demenko.

Mechanics of Materials 1

LECTURE 5

Bending. Construction of Internal Force Factors Diagrams

A bar subjected to bending is called a beam.
Let us consider a case of bending when the plane of bending load
coincides one of the principal planes of inertia of the cross section.
This type of bending is sometimes called simple bending. It is usual to
distinguish pure bending and transverse bending.
Pure bending is a type of loading under which only bending moment M
occurs at cross section of a rod.
In the case of transverse bending a shearing force Qz occurs at a section of
a rod as well as a bending moment.

1. Types of beam supports

There are three main kinds of beam supports:
1. Movable hinged (pinned) support;
2. Immobile hinged support;
3. Rigidly fixed (built-in) support.
The force factors that appear in supports are called support reactions.
The two first kinds of supports permit free turning of the beam, and
therefore, no support moments appear in them. Only a rigidly fixed support,
which does not permit the beam to rotate, can create a reactive support moment.
A movable hinged support permits free
axial displacement of the beam on rollers
that’s why only one support reaction appears
Fig.1
in it. This reaction is directed perpendicular
to the support plane.

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2 V. Demenko. Mechanics of Materials

In an immobile hinged support, the

reaction is directed at an angle  to the
horizontal axis; this reaction can be resolved
Fig.2
into two component reactions along the
horizontal and vertical axes (see Fig.2):
A rigidly fixed support gives three reactions: , , .
As a rule, the beam is in equilibrium, and
therefore, three equilibrium equations will hold
true:
, , . (1)

Fig.3 Equations (1) are used for the determining

of the support reactions.

2. The Sign Convension

Fig.4

If an external force lying to the left of the section is directed upwards, the
shearing force at the section is considered to be positive ; otherwise
negative .
The forces tend to produce clockwise rotation (Fig.4): , the forces
tend to produce counter-clockwise rotation: .

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 V. Demenko. Mechanics of Materials 3

Fig.5
The rule of signs for determining the bending moment can be formulated
as follows: a moment is considered to be positive if it acts so that the beam
becomes convex downwards, and vice verse.

3. Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Cantilevers

Let us determine the internal force factors in an arbitrary section. To do
this, the beam is cut through in section and the unknown internal force factors

Qz and My are applied in that section.

The equilibrium equations for the cut-off portion of the beam are as
follows:
, . (2)
In all cases the shearing force for a straight rod is equal to the sum of the
projections on the plane of a section of all external forces lying to one side of the
section (left or right).
The bending moment at a section may be regarded as the sum of the
moments, about the transverse axis in the section, of all forces lying to one side
of this section.
In the construction of bending moment and shearing force diagrams in the
case of a beam fixed at one end it is possible not to find the reactions in rigidly
fixed support. Beams of this kind are commonly called cantilevers.
We will lay off the values of the bending moments from tensioned fibers
of a bent beam.

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4 V. Demenko. Mechanics of Materials

Example 1.

G: M, l.
N.D: , .
Equations of internal force factors are:
, .

Example 2.
G: F, l.
N.D: , ,
,

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 V. Demenko. Mechanics of Materials 5

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6 V. Demenko. Mechanics of Materials

Example 3.

G: q, l, where q is uniformly distributed load.

N.D: , .
The resultant of the uniformly distributed load q is equal to the area of the
diagram q(x) and its resultant passes through the center of gravity of this
diagram.
The shearing force diagram is represented by a straight line. As may be

seen from expression (3) the shearing force Qz in portion I-I increases from 0 to
: .
. (3)
The maximum value of the shearing force occurs at the built-in support.
The sum of the moments of external forces lying to one side of the section
is

, (4)

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 V. Demenko. Mechanics of Materials 7

where qx is the uniformly distributed load q in the length x. Its resultant passes
through the midpoint of the segment x. Consequently, the arm of the force is x/2,

and the moment of this force is equal to .

The bending moment diagram is represented by the parabola. The

maximum value of the bending moment occurs at the built-in support.

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8 V. Demenko. Mechanics of Materials

Example 4.
G: qm, l.
N.D: , ,
Let’s consider the part of
distributed load with the maximum
magnitude q(x):

Example 5.
G: qm, l.
R.D: , –?
As may be seen from this
figure we supplemented two loads.
One load is directed downwards and
the other is directed upward. Thus,
we have the static zero.

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 V. Demenko. Mechanics of Materials 9

VOCABULARY 5
movable __________ подвижный immobile __________ неподвижный
hinge __________ шарнир permit __________ pазpешать
roller __________ катковая опора uniform __________ pавномеpный
vice versa __________ наоборот fiber __________ волокно
cantilever __________ консоль increase __________ увеличивать
decrease __________ уменьшать arm __________ плечо, рычаг
built-in __________ вделанный supplement __________ дополнять
convex __________ выпуклый

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10 V. Demenko. Mechanics of Materials

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