Lecture #10

Displacement methods
WAYS TO SOLVE A SOLID MECHANICS PROBLEM
Displacements
Stresses are
are set as
set as
unknowns
Compatibility unknowns
equations Constitutive
equations
Strains are
derived Strains are
Constitutive derived
equations Equilibrium
equations
Stresses are
derived Compatibility
Equilibrium
equations
equations
Equilibrium Compatibility
equations are equations are
solved solved
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METHODS TO SOLVE INDETERMINATE PROBLEM

Stiffness methods Flexibility method

(e.g. force method)

Displacements
Stresses are set
are set as
as unknowns
unknowns

Equilibrium Compatibility
equations are equations are
solved solved
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DISPLACEMENT (STIFFNESS) METHODS

Universal method, used

Displacement method in
in matrix form for complex
general formulation
structures

Method used mostly for

Slope deflection method
multispan beams and
(1915)
simple frames
Iterative method, best for
Moment distribution
hand calculation, thus
method (1930)
rarely used nowadays
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METHODS TO SOLVE INDETERMINATE PROBLEM
Small degree
of statical
indeterminacy Force method

Displacement methods

Displacement method
in matrix formulation

Large degree Numerical methods

of statical
indeterminacy
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FLOWCHART OF DISPLACEMENT METHOD
Classification
Free DOFs are removed
of the problem
(constrained)

Basic system In loaded state, external load is

applied. In unit states, unit
displacements are applied.
Loaded and
unit states Reaction forces in introduced
constraints are determined for
Canonical each state
equations
Actual displacements of
introduced constraints are
Total stress state determined
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KINEMATICAL DETERMINACY.
BASIC SYSTEM OF DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Degree of kinematical indeterminacy is the number of

unconstrained degrees of freedom (displacements)
which are enough to determine the deformed state of
the structure.

Single requirement for basic system exists:

- basic system should be kinematically determinate.

Basic system should be chosen in such a way to

simplify calculations as much as possible. For
example, for symmetrical problem it is essential to
choose a symmetrical basic system.
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SYSTEM OF CANONICAL EQUATIONS
OF DISPLACEMENT METHOD
The number of equations in the system is equal to the
degree of kinematical indeterminacy
The canonical equation states that the reaction at
introduced constrain is zero.

General view of the system is:

RiF   rij  Z j  0
j
RiF, rij– reaction forces in loaded and unity states;
Zj – unknown displacement;
i, j – indexes varying from 1 to the degree of
kinematical indeterminacy.
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SYSTEM OF CANONICAL EQUATIONS
OF DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Partial case for a singly kinematically indeterminate

problem:
R1F  r11  Z1  0

Partial case for a twice kinematically indeterminate

problem:
 R1 F  r11  Z1  r12  Z 2  0

 R2 F  r21  Z1  r22  Z 2  0

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DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENTS OF CANONICAL
EQUATIONS SYSTEM OF DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Determination of coefficients:
• using simple compatibility calculations for simple
structures;
• using tables for beams;
• using force method for complex cases.

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DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENTS OF CANONICAL
EQUATIONS SYSTEM OF DISPLACEMENT METHOD

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DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENTS OF CANONICAL
EQUATIONS SYSTEM OF DISPLACEMENT METHOD

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TOTAL STRESS STATE

The total stress state is found as a sum of loaded

state and unit states multiplied by corresponding
displacements:

Fk  F k
(F )
 F k
(1)
 Zi
i

i – index varying from 1 to the degree of statical

indeterminacy;
k – index of the force factor F;
F could represent any force factor (normal force,
bending moment, constraint reaction etc.).
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THREE BASIC EQUATIONS
How are they implemented in displacement method

Equilibrium Canonical equations of

equations displacement method

Through Young’s moduli

Constitutive
used in composition of
equations
compatibility equations

Compatibility Compatibility equations for each

equations member in loaded and unit states
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SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD

The real stress state

is represented by a sum of

fixed end state

and deflected zero-load

state
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SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD

2 EI  3 
M AB    2   A   B    y A  yB    M AB
F

L  L 
6 EI  2 
Q AB  2    A   B    y A  yB    QAB
F

L  L 
2 EI  3 
M BA     A  2   B    y A  yB    M BA
F

L  L 
6 EI  2 
QBA   2    A   B    y A  yB    QBA
F

L  L 
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SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD

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SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD

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WHERE TO FIND MORE INFORMATION?

For slope-deflection method, I recommend

Kassimali. Structural Analysis. 3rd ed. 2005
Chapter 16
or
Megson. Structural and Stress Analysis. 2005
Chapter 16.9

and Chapter 16.10 for moment distribution method

… Internet is boundless …
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TOPIC OF THE NEXT LECTURE

Matrix method

All materials of our course are available

at department website k102.khai.edu
1. Go to the page “Библиотека”
2. Press “Structural Mechanics (lecturer Vakulenko S.V.)”
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