Lab # 5.

Pressure and Pascal’s Law

Topic: Pascal’s Law of Pressure

Objective: Create an investigation on how pressure changes in a variety of situations.

Applicable Simulation: PhET Interactive Simulations (Under Pressure)

Link:

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/under-pressure/latest/under-pressure_en.html

Investigation Problem:

How does variation in density and atmospheric situations affect resulting pressure?

Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis There is no significant effect on the pressure from the

influence of varying densities and atmospheric situations.

Alternative Hypothesis There is a significant effect on the pressure from the

influence of varying densities and atmospheric situations.

Plan

Independent Variable Atmosphere, Density, & Mass of Object

Dependent Variable Pressure

Controlled Variable Gravity

Procedures

1. Open the link provided for.

2. On the default screen, choose the third simulation option.

3. Control the available tools for desired execution.

a. Ruler- may be used to measure the reached depth of the object from the

surface of the liquid.

b. Grid- used to measure the depth of the diagram with a maximum depth of

3 meters or 10 ft.

c. Atmosphere- may be used to record data with the comparison of presence

of atmosphere to nothing at all.

d. Barometer- instrument to measure pressure whether

in metric (kPa), atmospheres (atm), and English (psi) units.

e. Fluid Density- Choose from the three liquid examples with varying

densities.

f. Gravity- Choose on which terrestrial location the experiment will be

conducted based on preferred gravitational influence.

g. Utilize the objects with definite mass available.

Results
No Mass

Gasoline/ No Mass/ Atmosphere Off Gasoline/ No Mass/ Atmosphere On

Water/ No Mass/ Atmosphere Off Water/ No Mass/ Atmosphere On

Honey/ No Mass/ Atmosphere Off Honey/ No Mass/ Atmosphere Off

500kg Mass
Gasoline/ 500kg/ Atmosphere Off Gasoline/ 500kg/ Atmosphere On

Water/ 500kg/ Atmosphere Off Water/ 500kg/ Atmosphere On

Honey/ 500kg/ Atmosphere Off Honey/ 500kg/ Atmosphere On

1000kg Mass

Gasoline/ 500kg/ Atmosphere Off Gasoline/ 500kg/ Atmosphere On

Water/ 500kg/ Atmosphere Off Water/ 500kg/ Atmosphere On

Honey/ 500kg/ Atmosphere Off Honey/ 500kg/ Atmosphere On

Comparison

*All with 1000kg Mass

Gasoline

Mass Fluid Gravity Atmosphere Pressure Pressure Pressure

Density 1m 2m 3m

0 700kg/m3 9.8m/s2 On 103.726 kPa 110.619 kPa 117.512 kPa

0 700kg/m3 9.8m/s2 Off 1.993 kPa 8.886 kPa 15.780 kPa

500kg 700kg/m3 9.8m/s2 On 104.553 kPa 111.447 kPa 118.340 kPa

500kg 700kg/m3 9.8m/s2 Off 2.806 kPa 9.699 kPa 16.592 kPa

1000kg 700kg/m3 9.8m/s2 On 105.374 kPa 112.267 kPa 119.161 kPa

1000kg 700kg/m3 9.8m/s2 Off 3.644 kPa 10.537 kPa 17.431 kPa
Table 1

Water

Mass Fluid Gravity Atmosphere Pressure Pressure Pressure

Density at 1m at 2m at 3m

0 1000kg/m3 9.8m/s2 On 104.171 kPa 113.982 kPa 123.794 kPa

0 1000kg/m3 9.8m/s2 Off 2.847 kPa 12.695 kPa 22.542 kPa

500kg 1000kg/m3 9.8m/s2 On 105.407 kPa 115.255 kPa 125.102 kPa

500kg 1000kg/m3 9.8m/s2 Off 3.648 kPa 13.495 kPa 23.342 kPa

1000kg 1000kg/m3 9.8m/s2 On 106.447 kPa 116.294 kPa 126.141 kPa

1000kg 1000kg/m3 9.8m/s2 Off 4.716 kPa 14.563 kPa 24.411 kPa
Table 2
Honey

Mass Fluid Gravity Atmosphere Pressure Pressure Pressure

Density at 1m at 2m at 3m

0 1420kg/m3 9.8m/s2 On 105.776 kPa 119.760 kPa 133.743 kPa

0 1420kg/m3 9.8m/s2 Off 4.043 kPa 18.027 kPa 32.010 kPa

500kg 1420kg/m3 9.8m/s2 On 106.707 kPa 120.690 kPa 134.674 kPa

500kg 1420kg/m3 9.8m/s2 Off 4.975 kPa 18.958 kPa 32.942 kPa

1000kg 1420kg/m3 9.8m/s2 On 107.639 kPa 121.622 kPa 135.605 kPa

1000kg 1420kg/m3 9.8m/s2 Off 5.907 kPa 19.891 kPa 33.874 kPa
Table 3

Comparison

*All with 1000kg Mass

Material-Atmosphere Fluid Density Pressure Identical on both

(atm) sides? Y/N

Gasoline- atm none 700kg/m3 9.248 kPa Y

Gasoline- atm present 700kg/m3 110.978 kPa Y

Water- atm none 1000kg/m3 9.329 kPa Y

Water- atm present 1000kg/m3 111.060 kPa Y

Honey- atm none 1420kg/m3 10.593 kPa Y

Honey- atm present 1420kg/m3 112.324 kPa Y

Table 4
Discussion

Pressure changes in a variety of situations namely, based on the experiment,

variation of mass, influence of atmospheric pressure, fluid density, depth, and the constant

gravity based on Earth which we used as the controlled variable.

Results show that there is a significant difference between the pressures of

gasoline, water, and honey mostly brought by their difference in density. Observing the

data in Table 4, there is a salient effect on the pressure due to the presence of the

atmosphere and the density of the liquid used for the experiment. Gasoline with a fluid

density of 700kg/m3 garnered 9.248 kPa of pressure without the presence of atmosphere

and 110.987 kPa pressure with its influence; While water having a fluid density of

1000kg/m3 had 9.329 kPa and 111.060 kPa pressure, with and without the presence of

atmosphere respectively; and Honey with a fluid density of 1420kg/m3 have resulted to

a pressure of 10.593 kPa and 112.324 kPa with atmosphere and without atmosphere

respectively.

Through this analysis, we can conclude that the atmosphere has a specific value

for pressure, which references inform us to be 101.325 kPa. The absence of the

atmosphere in an experiment leaves us to depend on the depth of the liquid containers

to have our resulting pressures. Atmospheric pressure is defined as the force per unit

exerted against a surface by the weight of the air above that surface, and in our case, the

surface of liquids. The pressure at a depth in a fluid of constant density is equal to the

pressure of the atmosphere plus the pressure due to the weight of the fluid, or

P = p0+ρhg,

Where p is the pressure at a particular depth, p0 is the pressure of the

atmosphere, ρ is the density of the fluid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the

depth. The equation leads us to Hydrostatic pressure, referring to the pressure exerted

by a fluid (gas or liquid) at any point in space within that fluid, assuming that the fluid
is incompressible and at rest. Pressure within a liquid depends only on the density of

the liquid, pressure of the atmosphere, the acceleration due to gravity, and the depth

within the liquid. The pressure exerted by such a static liquid increases linearly with

increasing depth.

Another observation with the data collected in Tables 1 to 3, the objects with

definite masses either sink and create displacement causing the water to rise

proportional to the area of displacement due to the masses. The increase in mass also

influences the increase in pressure within the liquids, taking note that denser liquids

result in greater pressure and less dense means lesser pressure.

The law of Pascal states that when there is an increase in pressure at any point in

a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the container.
Conclusion

We therefore conclude that pressure is affected by density, mainly fluid densities

where it may repel the mass above to cause greater pressure being denser or support

and displace to cause pressure proportional to the activity made; and atmospheric

situations, being the presence of the atmosphere ensures already a 101.325 kPa amount

of pressure just from the surface and its absence making all the other values considered

without the use of the atmospheric pressure above.

Application

Hydraulic Brakes

Prepared By: BSEE_1A_Galileo

Danyle Kate Caysido (active)

Leonald Reivy Del Rosario (active)

Norman Jay Garcia (active)

Janelle Dumlao (active)

Aron Mel De Leon (active)

Aeron Dave Castro (active)