LECTURE 3 FM

PROBLEMS 1-2
1. Calculate the specific weight, density and
specific gravity of 1 liter of petrol which
weighs 7 N.
2. Calculate the density, specific weight, and
weight of 1 liter of liquid of specific gravity
0.7.
PROBLEM 3
Consider the pressure and force acting on the
dam retaining a reservoir of water. Suppose the
dam is 500-m wide and the water is 80.0-m
deep at the dam. (a) What is the
average pressure on the dam due to the water
at 40.0 m depth? (b) Calculate the force
exerted against the dam.
PROBLEMS 4-6
4. What is the mass of air that fills a rectangular room
that measures 7 m x 12 m x 4 m if the density of air is
1.29 kg/m3?
5. What is the weight of a large spherical balloon filled
with air ( = 1.29 kg/m3) that has a radius of 10 m if the
mass of the balloon’s skin is 0.35 kg.
6. 30L of water ( = 1000kg/m3) is mixed with 50L of
ethyl alcohol ( = 789kg/m3). What is the density of the
mixture?
VISCOSITY DIFFERENCE
VISCOSITY
Viscosity - resistance of a fluid to flow or deform when
subjected to a force
Dynamic viscosity – resistance to movement of one layer of
a fluid to another; unit is Pascal-second (Pa s); 1centipoise
(cP) = 1millipascal-second(mPa-s)
Kinematic viscosity – measure of a fluid’s internal
resistance to flow under gravitational forces; ratio of fluid
dynamic viscosity to its density; unit is m2/s; 1 centistoke
(cS) = 1 millimeter squared per second (mm2/s)
VISCOSITY
“Any two different fluids can have the
same dynamic velocity but will never have
the same kinematic viscosity because of the
density difference.”
PROPERTIES

DYNAMIC VISCOSITY

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

Also known as

Absolute Viscosity

Diffusivity of momentum

Represents

Viscous force of the fluid

(measure of force)

Inertia as well as viscous

force (measure of velocity)

Symbol

mu, μ

Ratio of

Shear stress to shear strain

Dynamic viscosity to density

Used

When viscous force is

dominant

When inertia and viscous

force is dominant

Density

Independent

Dependent

Unit

Ns/m2

m2/s
FLUID PRESSURE
Fluid particles flow in all directions and
provide pressure in all directions.
Because of their mobility, these
molecules are constantly colliding. As a
result, of the collision, pressure is
applied in all directions.
FLUID PRESSURE
The pressure at a place within a fluid caused by the fluid’s
weight is known as fluid pressure
Hydrostatic pressure or static fluid pressure is the pressure
exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at any point due to the force
of gravity. It is independent of the liquid’s volume, mass, total
surface area and container form.
expressed in Pascals (Pa) or Newton per meter squared
(N/m2)
sometimes measured in atmospheres (atm); 1 atm = 1.013 x
105 Pa
FLUID PRESSURE
Difference in pressure: p2 - p1 = hg
GAUGE PRESSURE is the difference between the
static pressure at a certain depth in a fluid and the
pressure at the surface of the fluid
Pressure at any depth does not depend on the shape of
the container, only the pressure at some reference level
(like the surface) and the vertical distance below that
level
WHAT WILL INCREASE GAS PRESSURE?
When temperature increases, the gas pressure
increases. The higher the temperature, the higher is
the kinetic energy, the more molecules collide, the
more pressure is generated in the gas.
When the number of molecules in the gas increases,
there is an increase in gas pressure
When the volume decreases, the gas pressure
increases.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON FLUID PROPERTIES
Increase in temperature – decrease density of any fluid

If the fluid is confined in a container of fixed volume,

the effect of temperature change will depend on the
compressibility of the fluid. If gas, it will respond as
predicted by IDEAL GAS LAWS – A 5% increase in
absolute temperature will result in 5% increase in
absolute pressure
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON FLUID PROPERTIES
Increase in temperature – decrease density of any fluid

If the fluid is liquid in a closed container, an increase

in temperature will have a tremendously greater and
potentially catastrophic effect. As temperature
increases, it tries to expand, but expansion is
prevented by the walls of the container hence will
result to tremendous increase in pressure for a
relatively minor temperature change.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON FLUID PROPERTIES
Increase in temperature – decrease density of any fluid

The change in specific volume for a given change in

temperature is not is not the same at various
beginning temperatures. Resultant pressure changes
will vary. A useful thumb of rule for water is that
pressure in a water-solid system will increase about
100 psi for every 1 F increase in temperature.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT FLUID PRESSURE
FLUID’S DEPTH – The pressure that the fluid exerts
grows as the depth does as well.
FLUID’S DENSITY – Denser fluids like water impose
higher pressure.
EXERCISES
1. Find the pressure on a scuba diver when she is 12 meters below
the surface of the ocean. Assume standard atmospheric conditions.

2. What is the pressure experienced at a point on the bottom of a

swimming pool 9 meters in depth? The density of water is 1.00 x
103 kg/m3.
3. The interior of a submarine located at a depth of 45 meters is
maintained at normal atmospheric conditions. Find the total force
exerted on a 20 cm by 20 cm square window. Use the density of
sea water given above.
EXERCISES
4. How many atmosphere is a depth of 100 meters of ocean water?
5. If the weight density of pure water is 62 pounds/ft3. Find the weight
of water in a swimming pool whose dimensions are 20 ft by 10 ft x 6 ft.
6. An airplane in level flight whose mass is 20,000 kg has a wing area
of 60m2. What is the pressure difference between the upper and lower
surfaces of its wing. Express your answer in atmospheres.
BUOYANCY
BUOYANCY
buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid
Archimedes’ Principle: s submerged object will experience
a buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid

Buoyant Force – upward force exerted on an object by the

fluid it is submerged in
The volume of the water displaced is equal to the volume
of the object submerged regarded of its shape
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A beach ball with a volume of 5,000 cm3 is pushed
underwater. What is the magnitude of the buoyant
force pushing upwards? (density of water =
1000kg/m3