THERMODYNAMICS

1
 COURSE OUTLINE

1. Basic Principles, Concepts and Definitions

2. Conservation of Energy
3. The Ideal Gas
4. Processes of Ideal Gas
5. Gas Cycles
6. Internal Combustion Engines
7. Gas Compressors
8. Brayton Cycle
BASIC PRINCIPLES,
CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
Thermodynamics is that branch of the
physical sciences that treats of various
phenomena of energy and the related properties
of matter, especially of the laws of transformation
of heat into other forms of energy and vice versa.
 Systems of Units

Newton’s law states that “the acceleration of a particular body is

directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it and
inversely proportional to its mass”.

Where k is a proportionality constant

 Systems of Units

Systems of units where k is unity but not dimensionless:

CGS system : 1 dyne force accelerates 1 g mass at 1 cm/s2
MKS system : 1 Newton force accelerates 1 kg mass at 1
m/s2
FPS system : 1 lb force accelerates 1 slug mass at 1 ft/s2
 Systems of Units

Systems of units where k is not unity:

If the same word is used for both mass and force in a given
system, k is neither unity or dimensionless.
1 lb force accelerates a 1 lb mass at 32.174 ft/s2
1 g force accelerates a 1 g mass at 980.66 cm/s2
1 kg force accelerates a 1 kg mass at 9.8066 m/s2
 Systems of Units

Relation between kilogram force (kgf) and Newton

(N)

Therefore,

1 kgf = 9.8066 N
 Systems of Units

Relation between pound mass(lbm) and slug

Therefore,

1 slug = 32.174 lbm

 Systems of Units

1 kgf = 9.8066 N

1 slug = 32.174 lbm

 Acceleration
A unit of force is one that produces unit acceleration in a body of
unit mass

1 poundal = (1 lbm) (1 ft/s2) 1 pound = (1 slug) (1 ft/s2)

Where: F = force in poundals Where: F = force in pounds

m/k = mass in pounds m/k = mass in slugs
a = acceleration in ft/s2 a = acceleration in ft/s2
 Mass and Weight
The mass of a body is the absolute quantity of matter in it.
The weight of a body means the force of gravity Fg on the body.

where: g = acceleration produced by force Fg

a = acceleration produced by another force F

At or near the surface of the earth, k and g are numerically equal, so

are m and Fg
 Mass and Weight
EXAMPLE:

What is the weight of a 66-kgm man at standard condition?

Solution:
m = 66 kgm g = 9.8066 m/s2
 Mass and Weight
EXAMPLE:

Five masses in a region where the acceleration due to gravity is 30.5 ft/s 2 are as follows: m1 is 500 g
of mass; m2 weighs 800 gf ; m3 weighs 15 poundals ; m4 weighs 3 lbf ; m5 is 0.10 slug of mass. What
is the total mass expressed (a) in grams, (b) in pounds, and (c) in slugs?

Solution:
Given:
g = (30.5 ft/s2)(12 in/ft)(2.54 cm/in) = 929.64 cm/s 2
m1 = 500 g m4 = 3 lbf
m2 = 800 gf m5 = 0.10 slug
m3 = 15 poundals
Required:
Total Mass
 Mass and Weight
Solution:
Given:
g = (30.5 ft/s2)(12 in/ft)(2.54 cm/in) = 929.64 cm/s2
m1 = 500 g m4 = 3 lbf
m2 = 800 gf m5 = 0.10 slug
m3 = 15 poundals
Required:
Total Mass

Total Mass = m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5
Solution:

Total Mass = m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5
Solution:

Total Mass = m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5

(a) Total Mass = 500 + 843.91 + 223.03 + 1435.17 + 1459.09

Total Mass = 4461.2 gm

(b) Total Mass = 4461.2 gm = 9.84 lbm

(c) Total Mass = 9.84 lbm = 0.306 slug

Specific Volume, Density, and Specific Weight

The density of any

substance is its mass (not
The specific weight γ of any
weight) per unit volume
substance is the force of gravity
on unit volume

The specific volume v is

the volume of a unit mass.
Specific Volume, Density, and Specific Weight

Since the specific weight is to the local acceleration of gravity as

the density is to the standard acceleration, γ/g = /k ,

or

At or near the surface of the earth, k and g are numerically equal,

so are and .
Specific Volume, Density, and Specific Weight

EXAMPLE:

What is the specific weight of water at standard

condition?

Solution:
g = 9.8066 m/s2 = 1000 kgm/m3
 Pressure

The standard reference atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg or

29.92 in. Hg at 32°F, or 14.7 psia, or 1 atm, or 101.325 kPa.

MEASURING PRESSURE
1. By using manometers
2. By using pressure gages
3. By using barometers
 Pressure
MEASURING PRESSURE
1. By using manometers
(a) Absolute pressure is greater than
atmospheric pressure

P = P0 + Pg
Where: P = absolute pressure
Po = atmospheric pressure
Pg = gage pressure, the pressure due to the
liquid column hg
 Pressure

MEASURING PRESSURE
1. By using manometers
(b) Absolute pressure is less than
atmospheric pressure

P = P0 – Pg

The gage reading is called vacuum pressure

or the vacuum.
Pressure
 Pressure
MEASURING PRESSURE
2. By using pressure gages
A pressure gage is a device GAGE PRESSURE
for measuring gage pressure P = Po + P g
 Pressure
EXAMPLE:

A 30-m vertical column of fluid (density 1878 kg/m3) is located where g = 9.65 mps2.
Find the pressure at the base of the column.

Solution:
hg = 30 m = 1878 kgm/m3 g = 9.65 m/s2

Pg = 543680 N/m2 or 543.68 kPag

 Pressure
MEASURING PRESSURE
3. By using barometers ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
A barometer is used to
measure atmospheric pressure. Po = ho

Where: ho is the height of column

of liquid supported by
atmospheric pressure.
 Pressure
EXAMPLE:

A vertical column of water will be supported to what height by standard atmospheric

pressure.

Solution:
At standard condition
w = 62.4 lb/ft Po = 14.7 psia
3

ho = 33.9 ft
 Pressure

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE If the liquid used in the barometer is

mercury, the atmospheric pressure becomes
P= h
Po = Hgho = (SG)Hg(w)(ho)

Where: h = ho ± hg is the height Where:

of column of liquid supported by SG = specific gravity of mercury =
absolute pressure. 13.6
ho = column of mercury in inches
 Pressure

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The specific gravity (SG) γ
of a substance is the ratio of SG =
the specific weight of the γ𝑤
substance to that of water.
 Pressure
EXAMPLE:

A pressure gage registers 40 psig in a region where the barometer is 14.5 psia.
Find the absolute pressure in psi, and in kPa.

Solution:
Pg = 40 psi Po = 14.5 psi

P = Pg + Po = 40 psi + 14.5 psi = 54.5 psi

P = 14.5 psi = 375.66 kPa
 Temperature
Absolute temperature is the temperature
measured from absolute zero.
Relation between degrees
Fahrenheit and degrees Absolute zero temperature is the temperature
Celsius at which all molecular motion ceases.

Absolute temperature will be denoted by T,

thus

T = t +460 , degrees Rankine (°R)

T = t + 273 , Kelvin (K)
 Temperature

Degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and degrees Celsius (°C) indicate temperature reading (t).

Fahrenheit degrees (F°) and Celsius degrees (C°) indicate temperature change or
difference (∆t).

180 F° = 100 C°

1 F° = C°

1 C° = F°