Physics I

By: Dr. Engy Ragaei Abdelmaksoud

E-mail: era00@fayoum.edu.eg
Contents
Mechanics Electricity
1. Physics and measurements 1. Overview on the static electricity
2. Motion in one dimension 2. Electric Current, Resistance and
3. Vectors Ohm’s Law
4. Motion in two dimensions 3. Direct current circuits.
5. Laws of motion
6. Energy of a System
7. Conservation of energy
8. Linear momentum and collision
Lecture 6
 Objectives
1. Laws of motion [Chapter 5]
 Forces of Friction
2. Electric Fields [Chapter 23]
 Properties of Electric Charges
 Polarization
 Coulomb’s Law
 The Electric Field
 Electric Field Lines
 Forces of Friction
 When an object is in motion on a surface or
through a viscous medium, there will be a
resistance to the motion.
 This is due to the interactions between the object
and its environment.
 This resistance is called the force of friction.
 Friction depends on
• The nature of the surface of the object and the
surface
• The force with which the two surfaces are
pressed together
 Forces of Friction
There are two types of friction to consider

Types of Friction

Static Friction Kinetic Friction

If the two objects are in contact and one

When objects are stationary, static
object moving relative to one another, then
friction can act between them.
the friction between is called kinetic friction.
 Forces of Friction
 Imagine that you are working in your garden and have filled a trash can with
yard clippings. You then try to drag the trash can across the surface of your
concrete patio.
 If we apply an external horizontal force 𝑭 to the trash can, acting to the right,
the trash can remain stationary when 𝑭 is small.
 The force on the trash can that opposes 𝑭 and keeps it from moving acts toward
the left and is called the force of static friction 𝒇𝒔 .

𝒇𝒔 = 𝑭
• If 𝐅 increases, so does 𝒇𝒔
• If 𝐅 decreases, so does 𝒇𝒔
 Forces of Friction
 If we increase the magnitude of 𝑭, the trash can eventually slips. When the
trash can is on the verge of slipping, 𝒇𝒔 has its maximum value𝒇𝒔,𝒎𝒂𝒙 .
 When 𝑭 exceeds 𝒇𝒔,𝒎𝒂𝒙 , the trash can moves and accelerates to the right.
 We call the friction force for an object in motion the force of kinetic friction 𝒇𝒌 .
 When the trash can is in motion, the force of kinetic friction on the can is less
than 𝒇𝒔,𝒎𝒂𝒙 .

𝑭′ = 𝑭 − 𝒇𝒌

 The net force in the x direction produces an acceleration to the right, according
to Newton’s second law.
 Forces of Friction
 If 𝑭 = 𝒇𝒌 , the acceleration is zero and the trash can moves to the right with
constant speed.
 If the applied force 𝑭 is removed from the moving can, the friction force 𝒇𝒌
acting to the left provides an acceleration of the trash can in the -x direction and
eventually brings it to rest.

No Motion Moving with an Acceleration Constant Speed a = 0

𝑭′ = 𝑭 − 𝒇𝒌 𝑭 = 𝑭 − 𝒇𝒌 = 𝟎
𝑭 = 𝒇𝒔
 Forces of Friction
Experimentally, we find that, to a good approximation, both 𝒇𝒔,𝒎𝒂𝒙 and 𝒇𝒌 are
proportional to the magnitude of the normal force exerted on an object by the
surface.
Static Friction Kinetic Friction
𝒇𝒔 ≤ 𝝁𝒔 𝒏 𝒇𝒌 = 𝝁𝒌 𝒏
𝝁𝒔 : is the coefficient of the static friction 𝝁𝒌 : is the coefficient of the kinetic friction

𝝁: it is dimensionless
it depends on the surfaces in contact
𝒏: is the magnitude of the normal force exerted by one surface on the other
 Forces of Friction

𝒇𝒔 < 𝝁𝒔 𝒏 𝒇𝒔, 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝁𝒔 𝒏 𝒇𝒌 = 𝝁𝒌 𝒏

 Forces of Friction
 For static friction, the equals sign is valid only at impeding motion (‫)حركة وشيكة‬,
the surfaces are on the verge of slipping. 𝒇𝒔, 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝁𝒔 𝒏

 Use the inequality for static friction if the surfaces are not on the verge of
slipping (‫(على وشك االنزالق‬. 𝒇𝒔 < 𝝁𝒔 𝒏

 The direction of the frictional force is opposite the direction of motion and
parallel to the surfaces in contact.

 The coefficient of the kinetic friction is generally less than the coefficient of the
static friction.
𝝁 𝒌 < 𝝁𝒔
 Forces of Friction
Example:
The following is a simple method of measuring
coefficients of friction.
Suppose a block is placed on a rough surface
inclined relative to the horizontal as shown in the
given Figure. The incline angle is increased until the
block starts to move.
Show that you can obtain 𝝁𝒔 by measuring the
critical angle 𝜽𝑪 at which this slipping just occurs.
 Forces of Friction
Solution:

 When the incline angle is increased until the block is on the verge of slipping, the
force of static friction has reached its maximum value (𝒇𝒔, 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝁𝒔 𝒏).
 The angle 𝜽 in this situation is the critical angle 𝜽𝑪
Forces of Friction
Chapter 23
 Properties of Electric Charges
Static electricity
 On a dry day when you walk across a carpeted room wearing socks. Charge is
transferred between the carpet and your socks and between your socks and your
body.
 Electrons were transferred from the carpet to your socks and your body, so they
built up a negative charge.
 When touching the doorknob, the charges suddenly jumped to the metal,
creating the feeling of getting shocked.
 Properties of Electric Charges
Types of Charge
 Electric charge is not created by these processes; it is just transferred from
one object to another.
 The law of conservation of charge
The net charge of a closed system never changes.
 There are two kinds of electric charges, which were given the names positive
and negative by Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790).
 Electrons are identified as having negative charge, and protons are positively
charged.
 Charges of the same sign repel one another and charges with opposite signs
attract one another.
 Properties of Electric Charges
 A neutral atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons, a balance of
positive and negative charge.
 If the number of electrons and protons is not equal, then the atom is called
an ion and has a nonzero net charge.
 If the ion has more electrons than protons, its net charge is negative; if the
ion has fewer electrons than protons, its net charge is positive.
 Properties of Electric Charges
Charging Objects
by

Friction Induction Conduction

• Physical contact • No Physical contact • Physical contact

• Non Conductors • Conductors • Conductors
• eˋs transfers • No eˋs transfers •eˋs transfers
 Properties of Electric Charges
Charging Objects by Friction
 The transfer of electrons from one uncharged object to
another by rubbing the two objects together.
 A glass rod that is positively charged after being rubbed
with silk.
 Electrons are transferred from the glass to the silk.
 An equal amount of positive charges is left on the glass.
 Properties of Electric Charges
Charging Objects by Induction
 When a charged body is brought near an uncharged conductor, the charged
body will attract the opposite charges and repel similar charges present in the
uncharged body.
 As a result of this one side of the neutral body (close to the charged body)
becomes oppositely charged while the other is similarly charged.
 Properties of Electric Charges
Charging Objects by Induction
 Properties of Electric Charges
Charging Objects by Induction
 Properties of Electric Charges
Charging Objects by Conduction
 Charging by conduction involves the contact of a charged object to a neutral
conductor.
 Let's assume we have a negatively charged metal object and an uncharged metal
object.
 We bring the two objects close together. We will see a separation of charge happen
in the neutral object as negative electrons are repelled to the right hand side.
 At this time, they are not touching and no charges have been transferred.
 When the two objects touch, some of the negative charge will transfer over to the
uncharged metal object.
 When the negative object is removed, both of the objects have some of the
negative charge.
 The total charge is shared between the two objects.
 Properties of Electric Charges
Charging Objects by Conduction
Polarization
 Polarization
Polarization is a process similar to induction in conductors takes place in
insulators.
 A rubber rod charged negatively after being rubbed with fur attracts small bits of
paper. So does a glass rod that is positively charged after being rubbed with silk .
 The bits of paper are electrically neutral, but a charged rod polarizes the paper—it
attracts the unlike charge in the paper a bit closer and pushes the like charge in the
paper a bit farther away.
 The attraction between the rod and the unlike charge then becomes a little stronger
than the repulsion between the rod and the like charge, since the electric force gets
weaker as the separation increases and the like charge is farther away.
 Electrons only move within their own atoms.
 Coulomb’s law
 The electric force (sometimes called the electrostatic force) between two
stationary charged particles.
 From experimental observations, we find that the magnitude of the electric
force (sometimes called the Coulomb force) between two point charges is given
by Coulomb’s law.

𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑭𝒆 = 𝒌𝒆
𝒓𝟐

Where
𝒌𝒆 : is a constant called the Coulomb constant
𝟏
𝒌𝒆 = = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵. 𝒎𝟐 𝑪𝟐 (SI Unit)
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎
𝝐𝟎 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑪𝟐 /𝑵𝒎𝟐 is the permittivity of free space
 Coulomb’s law
 Coulomb’s law expressed in vector form for the electric force exerted by a
charge 𝒒𝟏 on a second charge 𝒒𝟐 is
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝒓𝟏𝟐
𝒓
𝒓𝟏𝟐 : is a unit vector directed from 𝒒𝟏 toward 𝒒𝟐 .

 Because the electric force obeys Newton’s third law, the electric force exerted
by 𝒒𝟐 on 𝒒𝟏 is equal in magnitude to the force exerted by 𝒒𝟏 on 𝒒𝟐 and in the
opposite direction; that is,

𝑭𝟏𝟐 = −𝑭𝟐𝟏
 Coulomb’s law
If 𝒒𝟏 and 𝒒𝟐 are of opposite sign, the If 𝒒𝟏 and 𝒒𝟐 have the same sign, the
product 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 is negative and the product 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 is positive and the
electric force on one particle is directed electric force on one particle is directed
toward the other particle. away from the other particle.
A negative product indicates an A positive product indicates a repulsive
attractive force. force.
 Coulomb’s law
 When more than two charges are present, the force between any pair of them
is given by:
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝒓𝟏𝟐
𝒓
Therefore, the resultant force on any one of them equals the vector sum of the
forces exerted by the other individual charges.
For example, if four charges are present, the resultant force exerted by particles
2, 3, and 4 on particle 1 is

𝑭𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐𝟏 + 𝑭𝟑𝟏 + 𝑭𝟒𝟏

 Coulomb’s law
Example:
Consider three point charges located at the corners of a right triangle as shown
in the given Figure , where 𝒒𝟏 = 𝒒𝟑 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝑪, 𝒒𝟐 = −𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝑪, and a = 0.100
m. Find the resultant force exerted on 𝒒𝟑 .
𝑭𝟏𝟑 makes an angle of 45.0˚ with the x axis
 Coulomb’s law
Solution:
 The force 𝑭𝟐𝟑 exerted by 𝒒𝟐 on 𝒒3 is attractive

𝒒 𝒒 𝟐.𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪 𝟓.𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪

𝑭𝟐𝟑 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵. 𝒎𝟐 𝑪 𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟗 𝑵
𝒂 𝟎.𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝟐

 The force 𝑭𝟏𝟑 exerted by 𝒒1 on 𝒒3 is repulsive

−𝟔 𝑪 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟑 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎
𝑭𝟏𝟑 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵. 𝒎𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐 𝑵
𝒓 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎
 Coulomb’s law
Solution:
𝑭𝟏𝟑𝒙 = 𝑭𝟏𝟑 cos 𝟒𝟓. 𝟎° = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟒 𝑵
 The x and y components of the force 𝑭𝟏𝟑 : 𝑭 = 𝑭 sin 𝟒𝟓. 𝟎° = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟒 𝑵
𝟏𝟑𝒚 𝟏𝟑

 The x and y components of the force 𝑭𝟐𝟑 : 𝑭𝟐𝟑𝒙 = −𝟖. 𝟗𝟗 𝑵

𝑭𝟐𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎

 The components of the resultant force acting on 𝒒𝟑 :

𝑭𝟑𝒙 = 𝑭𝟏𝟑𝒙 + 𝑭𝟐𝟑𝒙 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟒 𝑵 + −𝟖. 𝟗𝟗 𝑵 = −𝟏. 𝟎𝟒 𝑵

𝑭𝟑𝒚 = 𝑭𝟏𝟑𝒚 + 𝑭𝟐𝟑𝒚 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟒 𝑵 + 𝟎 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟒 𝑵

 The resultant force acting on q3 in unit-vector form:

The net force on 𝒒𝟑 is upward and toward the left 𝑭𝟑 = −𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝒊 + 𝟕. 𝟗𝟒𝒋
 Coulomb’s law
Example:
Three point charges lie along the x axis as shown in the given Figure. The
positive charge 𝒒𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝑪 is at x = 2.00 m, the positive charge
𝒒𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝑪 is at the origin, and the net force acting on 𝒒𝟑 is zero.
What is the x coordinate of 𝒒𝟑 ?
 Coulomb’s law
Solution:
The net force on charge 𝒒𝟑 when it is in equilibrium:

𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟑 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟑
𝑭𝟑 = 𝑭𝟐𝟑 + 𝑭𝟏𝟑 = −𝒌𝒆 𝟐
𝒊 + 𝒌𝒆 𝟐
𝒊=𝟎
𝒙 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙
𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟑 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟑
𝒌𝒆 𝟐
= 𝒌𝒆 𝟐
𝒙 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙

𝒒𝟐 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙 𝟐 = 𝒒𝟏 𝒙𝟐

𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟔. 𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪 = 𝒙𝟐 𝟏𝟓. 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪

𝟏. 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎

𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝒎
 The Electric Field
 An electric field is said to exist in the region of space
around a charged object, the source charge.
 When another charged object—the test charge—enters
this electric field, an electric force acts on it.
 As an example,
• Consider a small positive test charge 𝒒𝟎 placed near a
second object carrying a much greater positive charge Q.
• We define the electric field due to the source charge at
the location of the test charge to be the electric field
force 𝑬 on the test charge per unit charge.
• It is not the field produced by the test charge itself.
 The Electric Field
• Also note that the existence of an electric field is a property of its source; the
presence of the test charge is not necessary for the field to exist.
• The test charge serves as a detector of the electric field: an electric field exists
at a point if a test charge at that point experiences an electric force.
•The electric field vector 𝑬 at a point of space is defined as the electric force 𝑭𝒆
acting on a positive test charge q0 placed at that point divided by the test
charge:
𝑭𝒆
𝑬=
𝒒𝟎
• We must assume the test charge 𝒒𝟎 is small enough that it does not disturb the
charge distribution responsible for the electric field.
 The Electric Field
The direction of an electric field
 Consider a point charge 𝒒 as a source charge. This charge creates an electric
field at all points in space surrounding it.
 A test charge 𝒒𝟎 is placed at point P, a distance r from the source charge.
 The Electric Field
The direction of an electric field
 According to Coulomb’s law, the force exerted by 𝒒 on the test charge is
𝒒𝒒𝟎
𝑭𝒆 = 𝒌 𝒆 𝟐 𝒓
𝒓
• Where 𝒓 is a unit vector directed from 𝒒 toward 𝒒𝟎
 This force is directed away from the source charge 𝒒. Because the electric field
𝑭𝒆
at P, is defined by 𝑬 = .
𝒒𝟎
 The electric field at P created by 𝒒 is

𝒒
𝑬 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝒓
𝒓
 The Electric Field
The direction of an electric field
 At any point P, the total electric field due to a group of source charges equals
the vector sum of the electric fields of all the charges.
 This superposition principle applied to fields follows directly from the vector
addition of electric forces.
 Therefore, the electric field at point P due to a group of source charges can be
expressed as the vector sum
𝒒𝒊
𝑬 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐
𝒓𝒊
𝒓𝒊
𝒊

Where 𝒓𝒊 is the distance from the ith source charge 𝒒𝒊 to the point P and 𝒓𝒊 is a
unit vector directed from 𝒒𝒊 toward P.
 The Electric Field
Example:
Charges 𝒒𝟏 and 𝒒𝟐 are located on the x axis, at distances a
and b, respectively, from the origin as shown in the given
Figure.
(A) Find the components of the net electric field at the
point P, which is at position (0, y).
(B) Evaluate the electric field at point P in the special case
that 𝒒𝟏 = 𝒒𝟐 and a = b.
 The Electric Field
Solution:
(A) Find the components of the net electric field at the point P,
which is at position (0, y).
 The magnitude of the electric field at P due to charge 𝒒𝟏 :
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟏
𝑬𝟏 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐
𝒓𝟏 𝒂 + 𝒚𝟐
 The magnitude of the electric field at P due to charge 𝒒𝟐 :
𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟐
𝑬𝟐 = 𝒌 𝒆 𝟐 = 𝒌 𝒆 𝟐
𝒓𝟏 𝒃 + 𝒚𝟐
 The electric field vectors for each charge
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟏
𝑬𝟏 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝒊 + 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅ 𝒋
𝒂 +𝒚 𝒂 +𝒚
𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟐
𝑬𝟐 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒊 + 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒋
𝒃 +𝒚 𝒃 +𝒚
 The Electric Field
Solution:
 The components of the net electric field vector:

𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑬𝒙 = 𝑬𝟏𝒙 + 𝑬𝟐𝒙 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅ + 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒂 +𝒚 𝒃 +𝒚

𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑬𝒚 = 𝑬𝟏𝒚 + 𝑬𝟐𝒚 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅ + 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝒂 +𝒚 𝒃 +𝒚
 The Electric Field
Solution:
(B) Evaluate the electric field at point P in the special case
that 𝒒𝟏 = 𝒒𝟐 and a = b.
 Electric Field Lines

Notice that the lines become closer together as they approach the charge,
indicating that the strength of the field increases as we move toward the source
charge.
 Electric Field Lines
The electric field lines for two point charges of equal
magnitude but opposite signs (an electric dipole).

 Because the charges are of equal magnitude, the

number of lines that begin at the positive charge must
equal the number that terminate at the negative
charge.
 Electric Field Lines
 The electric field lines in the vicinity (‫ )بجوار‬of two
equal positive point charges.

 The lines are nearly radial at points close to either

charge, and the same number of lines emerges from each
charge because the charges are equal in magnitude.

 At great distances from the charges, the field is

approximately equal to that of a single point charge of
magnitude 2q.
 Electric Field Lines
 The electric field lines associated with a positive charge
+2q and a negative charge –q.

 The number of lines leaving +2q is twice the number

terminating at -q.

 Only half the lines that leave the positive charge reach the
negative charge. The remaining half terminate on a negative
charge we assume to be at infinity.

 At distances much greater than the charge separation,

the electric field lines are equivalent to those of a
single charge +q.