Notes by

by:
HAMZA AHMED GHEGA (BS CYBER SECURITY)
(BS

BASIC ELECTRONICS
Dr. Sheharyar Khan
17-09
17 09-2018
2018

1.
Q1 What is an atom?
The
he smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist.
exist Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral
or ionized atoms. Atoms are extremely small; typical sizes are around 100 picometers.
picometers

Q2
2. Bohr s model of “Si””?
Bohr’s

Q3
3. What is an atomic number
number?
The atomic number or proton number of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.
It is identical to the charge number of the nucleus. The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element.
element

Q4
Q4. What is valence shell and its importance?
The valence shel
shell is the outermost shel
shell of an atom in its uncombined state, which contains the electrons
electron most likely
to account for the nature of any reactions involving the atom and of the bonding
bondin g interactions it has with other atoms
atoms.
Notes by:
HAMZA AHMED GHEGA (BS CYBER SECURITY)

Q5. Concept of ionization?

Definition: Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by
gaining or losing electrons to form ions.

Cause: Ionization, occurs whenever sufficiently energetic charged particles or radiant energy travel through
gases, liquids, or solids. Charged particles, such as alpha particles and electrons from radioactive
materials, cause extensive ionization along their paths.

Q6. Concept of CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS and SEMI-CONDUCTORS?

Definition: The elements which The elements which do The elements whose conductivity lies

allow the flow of not allow any flow of between insulators and conductors.

electric current electric charge.

through it by the

application of voltage.

Electric Good conductor. Bad conductor. At 0K works , it works as an insulator

Conductivity: while by applying thermal agitation

or by adding impurity becomes good

conductor.

Examples: Copper, Mercury, Wood, Rubber, Glass, Germanium, Silicon, Cotton, Wool,

Silver, Al, Water, Ebonite, Mica, Marble, Sand, Paper, Ivory, Moist air.

Acids, Human Body, Sulphur, Dry air.

Metallic Salt,

Charcoal.
Notes by:
HAMZA AHMED GHEGA (BS CYBER SECURITY)

Q7. Bond Gap between insulators, conductors & semi-conductors?

Q8. Bonds between SILICON atoms?