Distance Operarions

1,PUTT
when fault occurs in the Z2,the carrier will be send to the Z1,then it operats instantineous
this operation is called Carrier Aided Trip

2,Switch on to fault
SOTF condition when line is energized with fault already present on it
one voltage zero,current high,trip TNC switch we will get SOTF

3,Power Swing Block

Power swing block always occured 3 phase,example industry to connected to line,we are used used more induction motors used in industry
At the time motor will take high current,then Z may be come outer reach zone value
so our relay may trip for this, avoid purpose power swing block

4,Auto Reclosute
Auto reclosure is therefore,suitable in improving the continuity of service. The usual procedure was to reclose CB three times between 15 to 120 seconds.if the breaker trips after
the third reclosure,it opens and remains open.the attended thereby knows that the fault is permanent and sends electricians to locate and correct the fault.

5.VT fuse failure

when fuse failure in circuit at the time voltage will be zero relay triped

6.Broken Conductor
Any conductor cut in substation, open the circuit then indication only came relay

7.Zone Protection
customer reqirement zones are given,some times 4 zones or 5 zones last zone maximum revers zone.
.In line perticular zone fault will occured that fault will be trip relay given time seconds
example zone 1 ,2,3&4 timeing 0sec,300ms,750ms, back up protection zone 4 is 1sec