Program: B Pharma,SOP,Semester3, SecondYear

BP303T:Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Unit No.3
Reproduction of Viruses
Lecture No.4
Priyanka Keshri
Assistant Professor; SOP
Outlines
Prerequisite of topic.

Objective.

Viral reproduction

Sexual reproduction in fungi

Exercise

Learning Outcomes

References
 Prerequisite of topic.

For reading this topic you must know about the virus
 Objective
To carry out the further study
 Viral reproduction

• Viruses can reproduce only when they enter cells and utilize the
cellular machinery of their hosts.

• Viruses’ code their genes on a single type of nucleic acid, either DNA
or RNA, but viruses lack ribosomes and the enzymes necessary for
protein synthesis.

• Viruses are able to reproduce because their genes are translated into
proteins by the cell’s genetic machinery. These proteins lead to the
production of more viruses.
•
Viral multiplication proceeds as following manner.
• Adsorption
• Penetration
• Uncoating
• Synthesis
• Assembly and Release
Adsorption/attachment
• Virus encounters susceptible host cells
• Adsorbs specifically to receptor sites on the cell membrane
• Because of the exact fit required, viruses have a limited host range.
Penetration
• Flexible cell membrane of the host is penetrated by the whole virus
or its nucleic acid
• Endocytosis: entire virus engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a
vacuole or vesicle
• The viral envelope can also directly fuse with the host cell membrane
Uncoating
• Enzymes in the vacuole dissolve the envelope and capsid
• The virus is now uncoated

Synthesis
• Free viral nucleic acid exerts control over the host’s synthetic and
metabolic machinery
• DNA viruses- enter host cell’s nucleus where they are replicated and
assembled
• DNA enters the nucleus and is transcribed into RNA
• The RNA becomes a message for synthesizing viral proteins
(translation)
• New DNA is synthesized using host nucleotides
• RNA viruses- replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm
Assembly:-
• Mature virus particles are constructed from the growing pool of parts

Release:-
• Nonenveloped and complex viruses are released when the cell lyses or
ruptures
• Enveloped viruses are liberated by budding or exocytosis
• Anywhere from 3,000 to 100,000 virions may be released, depending on
the virus
• Entire length of cycle- anywhere from 8 to 36 hours.
 Sexual reproduction in fungi:
•Sexual reproduction is carried out by diffusion of compatable nuclei from
two parent at a definite state in the life cycle of fungi.

•The process of sexual reproduction involves three phases:

• Plasmogamy: fusion of protoplasm
• Karyogamy: fusion of nucleus
• Meiosis: reductional nuclear division
Various methods by which compatible nuclei are brought together in
plasmogamy.
Some are:
•Gametic contact
•Gametangial copulation
•Spermatization
1. Gametic copulation:
•Fusion of two gametes, one or both of them are motile
• Isogamous
• Anisogamous
• Oogamous

2. Gamete-contact
•Male and female gametangia comes into contact but do not fuse.
•A fertilization tube formed from where male gametangium enters the
female gametangium and male gamate passes through this tube

3. Gametangial copulation;
•Two gametangia or their protoplast fuse and give rise to zygospore.
4. Somatic copulation:
•Also known as somatogamy.
•This sexual fusion of undifferentiated vegetative cell results in dikaryotic
hyphae, so the process is also called dikarotization.
Sexual spores of fungi:-
As a result of sexual reproduction sexual sores are produced. Sexual spores
are fewer in number than asexual spores.
Types of sexual spores

i)Ascospore:- It is usually single called produced in a sac called ascus (plural

;asci)and usually there are 4-8 ascospore in an ascus but the number may
vary from species to species. The ascospore are usually arranged in a linear
order. In some case ascospores are long , narrow and arranged in parallel
order.
ii. Basidiospore:
•It is a reproductive spore produced by basidiomycetes.
•This single celled spores are born in a club shaped structure called
basidium
•These basidiospore aerves as main air dispersal unit for the fungi.

iii. Zygospore:
•Zygospores are thick walled spores formed when two sexually compatible
hyphae or gametangia of certain fungi fuse together.
•In suitable condition, zygospore germinates to produce a single vertical
hyphae which forms a aporangium and releases its spores
iv. Oospore:
•These are formed within a special female structure called Oogonium.
•Fertilization of egg by male gamete in female sex organ give rise to
oospoes.
•There are one or more oospores in each oogonium.
 Exercise
Name those spore which is burst in favorable condition.
.
 Learning Outcomes
To know about the Virus replication .
 Reference

A textbook of Pharmaceutical Microbiology by Chandra Shekhar

R.Nirain Page no 97-100.

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