6.life Cycle of Microbes A

Microbial Life cycle /
Reproduction
Dr.B.Reena Rajkumari
Microbial Growth in Bacteria
• Binary fission:
– Prokaryotes reproduce
asexually
– one cell becomes two
• basis for population
growth
– Process:
• parent cell enlarges
• duplicates its chromosome
• forms a central septum
– divides the cell into two
daughter cells
Dr.B.Reena Rajkumari 2
B. subtilis has two alternative life cycles that result in different patterns of cell division.
a | The vegetative life cycle. When conditions are favourable, B. subtilis elongates, replicates its chromosome
(shown in blue) and divides by binary fission. The division apparatus assembles with FtsZ (green) in a ring-like
structure at the midcell, where cell division occurs.
b | When resources are exhausted, B.subtilis can develop a highly resistant and dormant cell –Endospore to
survive the harsh environmental conditions. The two copies of the chromosome adopt a novel configuration
that stretches from one pole of the cell to the other. The division machinery assembles at both poles of the
cell but cell division occurs at only one pole. A portion of one chromosome is trapped by the division septum.
Proteins in the division septum package the chromosome into the smaller cell (known as the fore-spore). The
forespore is then fully engulfed by the larger mother cell. Through the coordinate expression of genes in both
cells, the internalized forespore is prepared for dormancy. Specialized proteins bind to and protect the DNA,
the cell cytoplasm becomes mineralized and a protective protein barrier is assembled on the outer surface of
the cell. When conditions improve, the endospore germinates and B. subtilis re-enters a vegetative life cycle.
Unusual Forms of Reproduction in
Bacteria:
• There are groups of bacteria that use unusual forms or
patterns of cell division to reproduce.
• Some of these bacteria grow to more than twice their
starting cell size and then use multiple divisions to produce
multiple offspring cells.
• Some other bacterial lineages reproduce by budding.
• Still others form internal offspring that develop within the
cytoplasm of a larger "mother cell".
• This phylogenetic tree (a) illustrates
the diversity of organisms that use
the alternative reproductive
strategies shown in (b).
Intracellular offspring are produced
by several low-GC Gram-positive
bacteria such as Metabacterium
polyspora, Epulopiscium spp. and
the segmented filamentous
bacteria (SFB).
• Budding and multiple fission are
found in the Proteobacterial
genera Hyphomonas and
Bdellovibrio, respectively.
• In the case of the Cyanobacteria,
Stanieria produces baeocytes and
Chamaesiphon produces offspring
by budding.
• Actinoplanes produce dispersible
offspring by multiple fission of
filaments within the sporangium.
Baeocyte production in the cyanobacterium Stanieria
• C.stanieria never undergoes binary fission.
• It is a small, spherical cell approximately 1 to 2
µm in diameter.
• This cell is referred to as a baeocyte ("small
cell").
• The baeocyte begins to grows and forms a
vegetative cell up to 30 µm in diameter.
• As it grows, the cellular DNA is replicated over
and over, and the cell produces a thick
extracellular matrix.
• The vegetative cell eventually transitions into a
reproductive phase where it undergoes a rapid
succession of cytoplasmic fissions to produce
dozens or even hundreds of baeocytes.
• The extracellular matrix eventually tears open,
releasing the baeocytes.
• Other members of the Pleurocapsales (an Order
of Cyanobacteria) use unusual patterns of
division in their reproduction
Budding in bacteria
• Budding has been observed in some
members of the
– Planctomycetes,
– Cyanobacteria,
– Firmicutes (a.k.a. the Low G+C
Gram-Positive Bacteria) and
– The Prosthecate Proteobacteria.
• Budding has been extensively studied
in the eukaryotic yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• The molecular mechanisms of bud
formation in bacteria are not known
Intracellular offspring production by some
Epulopiscium fishelsoni
• Epulopiscium fishelsoni is a species of Gram-positive bacteria
• It has symbiotic relationship with surgeonfish.
• These bacteria are known for their large size, ranging from 200–700 μm in
length
• In large Epulopiscium spp. this unique reproductive strategy begins with
asymmetric cell division.
• Instead of placing the FtsZ ring at the center of the cell, as in binary
fission,
• Z rings are placed near both cell poles in Epulopiscium.
• Division forms a large mother cell and two small offspring cells.
• The smaller cells contain DNA and become fully engulfed by the larger
mother cell.
• The internal offspring grow within the cytoplasm of the mother cell.
• Once offspring development is complete the mother cell dies and releases
the offspring. Dr.B.Reena Rajkumari 11
Formation of multiple dormant offspring in Metabacterium polyspora
• The life cycle of M. polyspora. Binary fission occurs infrequently.

• Instead, multiple endospores are formed by division at both cell poles, followed by
fission of engulfed forespores.
Formation of multiple dormant offspring in Metabacterium polyspora.
Parts a–g show fluorescence micrographs of M. polyspora cells that have been stained with FM 1-43, which is
specific for the cell membranes and spore coats. a | Cells divide at both poles. b | Forespores are engulfed by
the mother cell. c | Forespores are capable of binary fission (the arrow indicates a newly formed division
septum that is bisecting a forespore). d | Forespores continue to divide and grow. e | Forespores mature into
endospores. f | A large M. polyspora with seven forespores. g | A cell emerging from its spore coat has divided
at both poles and begun to sporulate. h | Nomarski differential interference contrast micrograph of M.
polyspora undergoing binary fission, which is a rare event
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus life cycle
• Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a predatory bacterium
• It attaches specifically to certain other bacteria in order to invade
them.
• Once it has entered its prey, it begins to consume the host cell from
the inside.
• Bdellovibrio swims at high speed while locating areas of high prey
concentration by use of its chemosensory system.
• Once it has collided with a prey cell, Bdellovibrio stays reversibly
attached to it while verifying its suitability for invasion.
• The invasive mechanism is likely to involve one of several pilus
systems that produce long retractable fibers that allow Bdellovibrio
to pull itself into close proximity with its prey.
• By using a lytic cocktail that is capable of degrading lipids, proteins
and carbohydrate molecules.
Bdellovibrio infects other gram-negative species such as E. coli, utilizing the nutrients in the
host cell.
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus life cycle
• Bdellovibrio then generates an opening in the cell wall of the prey.
• Via a pulling motion the predator navigates itself in the "periplasmic space"
between the outer and inner membrane of the prey cell.
• Bdellovibrio can remain encysted at this stage, while the entry pore has been
sealed and the prey cell remains viable
• Bdellovibrio immediately enters its growth phase in which it depends on the prey’s
amino acids.
• The amino acids and other nutrients are made available to the invader by the
degradation of biopolymers in the cytoplasm of the prey cell and are subsequently
transported into the Bdellovibrio cell.
• In this way the cytoplasm of the prey is entirely consumed and the Bdellovibrio cell
elongates.
• Wild-type cells only grow within the periplasm of a prey bacterium, forming a
multinucleoid filamentous cell.
• When the host's resources are exhausted, the filament undergoes multiple fission.
The offspring produce flagella and emerge from the 'spent' host to search for
other prey
Bdellovibrio are predatory bacteria that invade the periplasm of other Gram-negative bacteria where they undergo a complex
developmental cycle that culminates in killing of the prey cell. Their intracellular niche allows Bdellovibrio to feed without
competition and their lytic action can rapidly reduce bacterial populations, including pathogens, making these predatory bacteria
interesting potential candidates for therapeutic applications. With the complete genome sequence for one Bdellovibrio strain now
available, researchers now have an opportunity to evaluate the therapeutic potential of these predatory bacteria.
Myxobacteria have an unusual and complex life cycle
YEAST / FUNGI
Growth / Reproduction in Fungi
Asexual reproduction via vegetative spores via mycelial fragmentation is common in many
fungal species and permits faster dispersal than sexual reproduction. Asexual spores may
form a population from the origin, and thus resulting in new colonizing Modes of asexual
reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
• Fragmentation – A part of the vegetative hyphae
separated and develops into new mycelia
• Fission – The somatic cell splitting to produce two
cells
• Budding – A small bud is produced from the
parent cell, then the daughter cell will separate to
form new cell
• Spore formation – spores are of different colour ,
shape , arrangement ,size and formation.
The budding species have entirely new cell walls around their daughter cells, while the
fission species have some of the parent cell wall remaining in the daughter cells.
Budding
Fission
Budding of Yeast
Fragmentation of Hyphae
Sexual reproduction
• Involves fusion of two nuclei
• The spore is called sexual spore
• The fusing cells are called gametes
Three phases of sexual reproduction
• Plasmogamy – fusion of two protoplast/ gametes/hyphae
• Karyogamy – fusion of two nuclei of fusing gametes to form
diploid zygotic nucleus
• Meisosis – formation of haploid spores
PROTOZOANS AND HELMINTHS
Protozoans
• The vegetative form is called a trophozoite.
• Asexual reproduction is by
– Fission,
– Budding, or
– Schizogomy (multiple fission events followed by separation of the
resulting multinucleated cell into multiple daughter cells).
• Sexual reproduction is by conjugation.
• During ciliate conjugation, two haploid nuclei fuse to produce a zygote.
• Some protozoa can produce a cyst, which provides protection during
adverse environmental conditions.
• Protozoa have complex cells with a pellicle (protective outer covering), a
cytostome (mouthlike opening), and an anal pore.
Protozoan conjugation
Naegleria fowleri life cycle
• Naegleria fowleri is a thermophile and free-living amoeba (single-celled
microbe),
• Commonly found around the world in warm fresh water (like lakes, rivers, and
hot springs) and soil.
• Naegleria fowleri has 3 stages in its life cycle:
1. Amoeboid trophozoite ,
2. Flagellates, and
3. Cysts.
• The only infective stage of the amoeba is the amoeboid trophozoite.

• Trophozoite are 10-35 µm long with a granular appearance and a single
nucleus.
• The trophozoite replicate by binary division .
• Trophozoite infect humans or animals by penetrating the nasal tissue and
migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves causing primary amoebic
meningoencephalitis (PAM).
Multiplication and Life Cycle. Naegleria fowleri is a free-living inhabitant of fresh water
and soil. The amoeboid trophozoite form reproduces by binary fission and also gives rise
to the encysted and flagellated forms, which do not reproduce. Naegleria fowleri is
thermophilic, preferring warm water and reproducing successfully at temperatures up to
46°C. In temperate climates, the amoebas over winter as cysts in bottom sediments of
lakes, swimming pools and rivers.
Trematodes-Schistosoma
A genus of trematodes,
Schistosoma, commonly
known as blood-flukes, are
parasitic flatworms
responsible for a highly
significant group of
infections in humans
termed schistosomiasis.
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosomiasis is caused by digenetic blood trematodes. The three main species infecting humans are
Schistosoma haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni.
Eggs are eliminated with faeces or urine
• Under optimal conditions the eggs hatch and release miracidia
• which swim and penetrate specific snail intermediate hosts
• The stages in the snail include 2 generations of sporocysts and the
production of cercariae
• Upon release from the snail, the infective cercariae swim, penetrate
the skin of the human host and shed their forked tail, becoming
schistosomulae
• The schistosomulae migrate through several tissues and stages to
their residence in the veins
• Adult male and female worms in humans reside in the blood
vessels in various locations and form eggs
• Human contact with water can cause infection by schistosomes.
• Various animals, such as dogs, cats, rodents, pigs, hourse and goats,
serve as reservoirs for S. japonicum, and dogs for S. mekongi.
Trematode Eggs (a) Clonorchis sinensis (27-35 um by 12-20 um) (b) Paragonimus westermani (80-
118 um by 48-60 um) (c) Fasciolopsis buski (130-140 um by 80-85 um) (d) Schistosoma japonicum
(7-100 um by 50-65 um) (e) Schistosoma mansoni (114-175 um by 45-68um) (f) Schistosoma
haematobium (112-170 um by 40-70 um)
Paragonimus westermani – lung fluke
• Miracidia hatch from eggs in water, enter snail
• Miracidium develops into redia in snail
• Redia reproduces asexually to produce more redia
• Redia produce several cercaria
• Cercaria bore out of snail, enter crayfish
• Cercaria encyst to produce metacercaria, taken in by
ingestion when host eats crayfish
• Metacercaria bores out of intestine and travels to lungs,
develops into adult.
• Eggs are released into sputum, swallowed and excreted in
feces
Paragonimus westermani is the major species of lung fluke to infects humans, causing
paragonimiasis. The species sometimes is called the Japanese Lung fluke or Oriental Lung
fluke. Dr.B.Reena Rajkumari 54
Filariae
• They are nematodes that live as adults in various human tissues.
• They do not lay eggs, but constantly produce enormous numbers of larvae
(microfilariae) in humans.
• These are found in the skin or blood.
• Human-to-human transmission occurs via insects: the parasites are thus
"arthropod-borne".
• Animal reservoirs play no role of significance in most places, except in subperiodic
Brugia malayi.
• Filariasis only exist in warm climates because of the high temperature necessary
for the development of the worm in the vector.
• There are several species of filariae, but 6 are commonly pathogenic:
• Wuchereria bancrofti
• Brugia malayi
• Brugia timori
• Loa loa
• Onchocerca volvulus
• Mansonella streptocercaDr.B.Reena Rajkumari 55
Parasite Rhythm Reservoir Main vector
W. bancrofti Periodic Humans Culex, Anopheles
W. bancrofti Subperiodic Humans Aedes
B. malayi Periodic Humans Anopheles
Humans, monkeys,
B. malayi Subperiodic Mansonia
cats
B. timori Periodic Humans Anopheles
Transmission
• An infected insect deposits the larval stage parasites (microfilariae)
• on the skin next to the bite, they enter the body and migrate to the
lymphatic vessels to mature into adults where they live and breed for
many years.
• The disease is frequently caught during childhood, and can go undetected
for years, although there may be localized swelling, fever and effects on
the immune system.
• As the number of worms present in the human body increases over time,
the worst effects of chronic disease are felt during adulthood, when the
dilated lymphatic vessels cause swelling of the limbs and genitals,
particularly in men.
• Over 25 million men are affected with genital disease and over 15 million
people with lymphoedema.
• It causes significant pain and leads to decreased productivity,
discrimination, social isolation, and emotional and psychological
problems.
Rudolf Leuckart (1822-1898), zoologist and helminthologist in Leipzig,
Germany, discovered Onchocerca volvulus
• Onchocerciasis, otherwise known as “River Blindness,” is a filarial infection
• caused by the nematode Onchocerca volvulus
• It can lead to visual morbidity via multiple mechanisms including chorioretinitis, uveitis,
and sclerosing keratitis.
• It is transmitted by the bite of an infected blackfly (genus Simulium).
• Because the insect that spreads the disease breeds and lives near fast-flowing rivers and
streams.
• It is manifest systemically but is best known for its cutaneous and ocular pathologies
Epidemiology
• More than 99 percent of all cases of onchocerciasis and onchocerciasis-related blindness are found in the WHO
African Region.
• Isolated areas of the disease also exist in Yemen and in six countries in Central and South America
• WHO estimated that in 2008 about 26 million people were infected with onchocerciasis, of whom 265,000
were blind and 746,000 were visually impaired.
• People who live in rural areas near fast-flowing rivers and streams where there are Simulium blackflies are
most at risk of acquiring onchocerciasis.
Onchocerca volvulus
• Onchocerca volvulus is a nematode that causes onchocerciasis or "river
blindness" mostly in Africa.
• Long-term corneal inflammation, or keratitis, leads to thickening of the corneal
stroma which ultimately leads to blindness.
• The life cycle of O. volvulus begins when a parasitised female black fly of the
genus Simulium takes a blood meal.
• The microfilariae form of the parasite found in the dermis of the host is
ingested by the black fly.
• Here the microfilariae then penetrates the gut and migrates to thoracic flight
muscles of the black fly, entering its first larval phase (J1).
• After maturing into J2, the second larval phase, it migrates to the proboscis
where it can be found in the saliva.
• Saliva containing stage three (J3S) O. volvulus larvae passes into the blood of
the host.
• From here the larvae migrate to the subcutaneous tissue where they form
nodules and then mature into adult worms over a period of six to twelve
months.
• After maturation, the smaller adult males migrate from nodules
to subcutaneous tissue where they mate with the larger adult
females, which then produce between 1,000 and 3,000
microfilariae per day.
• The normal adult worm lifespan is up to fifteen years.
• The eggs mature internally to form stage one microfilariae,
which are released from the female's body one at a time and
remain in the subcutaneous tissue.
• These stage one microfilariae are taken up by black flies upon a
blood meal, in which they mature over the course of one to
three weeks to stage three larvae, thereby completing the life
cycle .
• The normal microfilariae lifespan is 1–2 years; however, their
presence in the bloodstream causes little or no immune
response until death or degradation of the microfilariae or
adult worms.
VIRUS
HIV Virus life cycle / replication
HIV Virus replication
HIV Virus replication

6.life Cycle of Microbes A

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6.life Cycle of Microbes A

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Microbial Life cycle /

• The life cycle of M. polyspora. Binary fission occurs infrequently.

• The only infective stage of the amoeba is the amoeboid trophozoite.

W. bancrofti Periodic Humans Culex, Anopheles

W. bancrofti Subperiodic Humans Aedes

B. malayi Periodic Humans Anopheles

B. timori Periodic Humans Anopheles

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