Chapters:

1. Reproduction in Organisms
2. Reproduction in Flowering plant
3. Reproduction Human being
4. Reproductive health
5. Heredity and inheritance
6. Molecular biology
7. Evolution
8. Health and disease
9. Food production
10. Evolution
11. Biotechnology –I
12. Biotechnology-II
13. Organism and population
14. Ecosystem
15. Biodiversity
16. Environmental issues
REPRODUCTION IN
ORGANISMS

PREPARED BY
DR. SANDHYA GODSHE

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 Reproduction:
(1) Reproduction is defined as a biological
process in which every living organism give
rise to new organisms similar to themselves.
(2) Basic features of reproduction:
 (i) Replication of DNA
 (ii) Cell division (only mitotic, or both
mitotic and meiotic)
 (iii) Formation of reproductive bodies or
units.
 ASEXUAL SEXUAL
1. It is always uniparental. 1. It is generally biparental.
2. It invariably results in increase in 2. It may not result in increase in the number
the number of individuals. of individuals.
3. Gametes are not formed. 3. It always involves the formation and fusion
4. There is no fertilization. of gametes.
5. It involves only mitotic cell 4. Fertilization generally occurs.
divisions. 5. It involves meiotic divisions during gamete
6. Daughter individuals are formation and mitotic divisions during
genetically identical to the parent. development of zygote into an offspring.
7. It occurs in only lower 6. Daughter individuals genetically differ from
invertebrates and lower chordates. the parents.
8. It contributes little to evolution. 7. It occurs nearly in all animals.
9. It often causes rapid increase in 8. It contributes to evolution by introducing
number. variation in offspring.
9. It causes slower increase in number.
MODES OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
● Fission- (a) binary (b) multiple
● Budding
● Spore formation
● Regeneration
● fragmentation
● Vegetative propagation
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BINARY FISSION
●Binary fission is the division of the parent into
two small, nearly equalized daughter individuals.
During binary fission nuclear divisions or
karyokinesis, always followed by division of
cytoplasm or cytokinesis. Examples – Protozoans
(Amoeba, Euglena etc.)
(a) Simple binary fission
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 Transverse binary fission
• If the plane of cytoplasmic division coincides
with the transverse axis of the individual, the
fission is termed transverse binary division.
Example – Paramecium and Planaria.
 Longitudinal binary fission
• If the plane of cytoplasmic division coincides
with the longitudinal axis of the individual.
• Example Euglena and vorticella.
MULTIPLE FISSION
Multiple fission : Multiple fission is the division of the parent into many
small daughter individuals simultaneously. Examples –Plasmodium,
Amoeba and Monocystis, Foraminifera.
(a) Encystation : In response to unfavourable living condition, an Amoeba
withdraws its pseudopodia and secretes a three-layered hard covering or
cyst around itself. This phenomenon is termed as encystation.
(b) Sporulation : During favourable condition, the encysted Amoeba
divides by multiple fission and produces many minute amoebae or
pseudopodiospores; the cyst wall burst out, and the spores are liberated
in the surrounding medium to grow up into many amoebae. This
phenomenon is known as sporulation.
(c) Schizogony : It is a type of multiple fission present in plasmodium.
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Schizogonies are of two type. Liver schizogony and RBC schizogony
BUDDING
●Formation of a daughter individual from a small
projection, the bud, arising on the parent body
is called budding.
●In budding new individual form by mitosis.
Examples –coelenterates (Hydra), annelids
(Chaetopterus) and tunicates (Salpa).

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• Exogenous or External budding : Initially, a small
outgrowth of the parent's body develops into a
miniature individual. It then separates from the
mother to lead a free life. This type of budding is
recognised as exogenous budding. Example –
Hydra.
• Endogenous budding
through gemmules
Example- Sponges
SPORE FORMATION
It consist of
1)Fine,thread like projections called hypae
2)Thin stem
3)Knob like structures called sporongia(contain hundred of
minute spores)
Ex. Fungi
●

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 Fragmentation
• It is the breaking up of an animal's body into
two or more pieces, each of which grows into
a new individual. Examples flatworm
VEGETATIVE PROPAGULES
Vegetative propagation is an asexual method of plant reproduction that occurs in its leaves,
roots and stem. This can occur through fragmentation and regeneration of specific
vegetative parts of plants
•Stem
Runners grow horizontally above the ground. The buds are formed at the nodes of the runners.
•Roots
New plants emerge out of swollen, modified roots known as tubers. Buds are formed at the base
of the stem.
•Leaves
Leaves of a few plants get detached from the parent plant and develop into a new plant.
•Bulbs
Bulbs have an underground stem to which the leaves are attached. These leaves are capable of
storing food. The centre of the bulb contains an apical bud that produces leaves and flowers.
Shoots are developed from the lateral buds.
● Runner- oxalis
● Sucker- mint
● Tuber- potato
● Offset- water hyacinth, pistia
● Bulb- onion, garlic
● Rhizome- ginger
● Bulbil- agave
● Leaf buds- Bryophyllum
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *