How do Organisms Reproduce?

Science
CLASS - 10th
 About Your Teacher

● Cleared JEE Mains + advanced

● Mentored 1 Lakh+ Students

● Author of Two Books for Class 10th

Prashant Kirad
 What We’ll Provide!

● Lectures

● Top 25 Questions

● Sample Papers
(NCERT Exercises Included)
 Topics We’ll Cover!
● Variations
● Fission
● Budding, Fragmentation, Regeneration, Spore
formation
● Vegetative propagation
● Sexual Reproduction in flowering plants
● Human Reproduction
● What happens if fertilisation doesn’t occur?
● Reproductive Health
● Sexually Transmitted Disease
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the biological process by which an organism reproduces a new
individuals of the same kind.
Advantages of Reproduction
● Reproduction ensures continuity of a particular species on earth.

● It creates genetic variation which leads to stability of a species.

● It helps in evolution of a species.

Topic : Key Terms
● DNA - a group of molecules that is responsible for carrying and transmitting the hereditary
materials or the genetic instructions from parents to offsprings.

● Chromatin - a genetic material or a macromolecule comprising DNA, RNA, and associated

proteins, which constitute chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

● Chromosomes - a DNA molecule that consists of a part or all of the genetic material of an
organism

● Genes - the fundamental unit of heredity.

● A basic event in reproduction is the creation of a DNA copy.

● DNA copying is accompanied by the creation of an additional cellular apparatus.
Variations
Variations are the differences present between the individuals of the same species
or different species.
All sexually reproducing organisms show variations.

Some variations are Non - useful. Some variations are useful.

Importance of Variations
● Variation help organisms to adapt in the changing environment.
● Variation provides stability to a species and thereby helps in evolution.
Fission
● Unicellular organisms such as protozoans (Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena,
Plasmodium) reproduce by this mode of asexual reproduction.
● In fission, parent body divides into two or more daughter cells and each one
then grows into an adult organism.
Types of Fission
Binary Fission:

● Binary fission involves the division of parent into two small, nearly equal sized
daughter individuals.
● During binary fission nuclear division takes place first, followed by the division
of cytoplasm into two parts producing two daughter organisms.
● Binary fission occurs in unicellular protozoans like Amoeba, Paramecium,
Euglena, etc.
Amoeba Paramecium Euglena
Types of Binary Fission:
Types of Fission
Multiple Fission:

● Multiple fission involves the division of parent into many small daughter
individuals.
● Nucleus divides several times many daughter nuclei, without the division of
cytoplasm. Example: Plasmodium.
● When the conditions become unfavourable, a
tough coat called cyst is formed around the cell.
● On return of favourable conditions, the cyst wall
is broken and many daughter cells are released.
Difference Between Binary and Multiple Fission
Binary Fission Multiple fission
1. One nucleus divides into two nuclei. 1. A single nucleus directly divides into multiple
parts.
2. It occurs under normal conditions. 2. It takes place only in unfavorable conditions
like the formation of internal cysts.

3. The division of cytoplasm forms two 3. The division of cytoplasm directly forms
individuals. multiple individuals.

4. Cytoplasm divides only after one 4. Cytoplasm can divide only after multiple
karyokinesis or nuclear divisions. karyokinesis or nuclear divisions.

5. Example: Amoeba. 5. Example: Plasmodium.

Budding
Formation of a daughter individual from a small projection, the bud, arising on
the parent body is called budding.
For Example: Unicellular (Yeast, Bacteria) multicellular
(Flatworms, Jellyfish, Sea anemone, Hydra)
Fragmentation
Some organisms like Spirogyra upon maturation break into smaller pieces.
These pieces or fragments grow into new individuals.
For Example: Hydra, Spirogyra

Spirogyra breaks into many pieces and each

piece grows into a complete filament. This
process is known as fragmentation.
Regeneration
● A number of animals have power to grow
the lost organs of their body. This ability of
organisms to replace their lost parts by
growth is known as regeneration,
e.g., in starfish, spiders, etc.
● Small fragments or pieces of their bodies
can grow into complete individuals.
For example, in Hydra and Planaria.
Q. Why a complex multiorganism cannot give rise to a complete individual from
their cutted body part ?

Regeneration can be used only in those organism whose body is relatively simple
when compared to organisation of its tissue or cell .

But in complex multicellular organism, cell combine to makeup tissue , tissue to

organ, organ to organ system and finally organs ystem into organism . This is the
reason that complex multiorganisms cannot form by cutted part .
Spore Formation
● Different types of asexual spores are produced in these organisms.
● In many fungi, at the time of spore formation, a swollen structure known as
sporangium develops at the top of fungal hypha.
● These spores are very small, light and variously coloured in different fungi.
● The spores germinate to give rise to new fungus after falling on a suitable
substratum.
Vegetative Propagation
New Organisms can grow with the help of propagules (leaves, roots & stem) but not
with seeds.

Natural Vegetative Propagation

● Grown without any human help.

● New plants grow from leaves, roots & stem of the parent plant.
By Underground Stem
Tubers:
● Swollen and fleshy
● Example - Potato
● Buds (eyes) are present on potato, which grows into new plant.
 By Root
● Plants like sweet potato (Tuberous roots), Dahlia, Tulip have fleshy roots.
● Roots have buds which detach & give rise to new plants.
 By Leaves
● Leaves like Bryophyllum & Kalanchoe produce adventitious buds on the margin
of their leaves.
● The buds fall and develop into plantlets.
 Artificial Vegetative Propagation
● Adopted by human beings.
● It is a Faster Method.
● It is used in gardens and nurseries.
 Cutting Vegetative Propagation
● A propagule is cut from the parent plant & put into the soil, which will form new
plant.
Stem Cutting: Root Cutting:
Example: Rose, Bougainvillea, Example: Raspberry, Blackberry,
Chrysanthemum, Grapes, Sugarcane, Dahlia, Fig, Lilac
Banana, Cactus etc.
Layering
Mound Layering Air Layering
● Branch with leaves is bent to ground ● Branch of the parent plant is covered
& a part of stem is buried in the soil. with moist soil using
● A cut is made in parent plant, which polythene sheet.
grows into new plant. ● New plant is grown
from the covered
area of branch.
Grafting
● Stem of one plant (scion) is cut and attached to the root of another plant(Stock).
● After some time, the attached stem and root combine to form single plant.
● Cambium of both scion and stock should be in contact.
Advantages of Vegetative Propagation
● Quick and cheap method to produce large number of plants.
● Disease free plants can be produced.
● Desired characteristics of plants can be introduced.
● Genetically identical plants can be produced.
● Survival rate of new plants is almost 100%.
Disadvantages of Vegetative Propagation
● Plants lose their vigor with time.
● Natural dispersion of seeds does not take place.
● Vegetative organs like root, stem & leaves cannot be preserved for a long time.
 Tissue Culture
● This tissue is Grown in a suitable nutrient medium.
● They divide rapidly to form a small group of cells or cell us.
● The cell us is transferred to another medium containing hormones for growth and
differentiation.
● The plantlets are then placed in the soil so that they can grow into mature plant.
● This technique is commonly used for ornamental plants. Eg. Banana, egg plant,
rose etc.
 Sexual Reproduction
● Involves two different sexes, Male & Female.
● Each parent produces special sex cells or germ cells (gametes)
● Fusion of male and female gametes forms Zygote.
● Zygote then divides repeatedly to form multicellular organisms (by cell
differentiation).

Significance:
● Promotes diversity of characteristics.
● Creates a new combination of variations, which is necessary for evolution.
 Sexual Reproduction
Sperm
Gamete formation (Gametogenesis)
Pre - fertilisation
Phase { Gamete transfer
Ovum

{
FERTILISATION
Pos-
Formation of zygotE.
fertilisation
Phase Development to zygote into embryc

Growth and Development of m to whale new organ

Sexual Reproduction
Male Parents Female Parents

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis

Male Gamete Female Gamete

(Sperm Cell) (Egg Cell)

Smaller Size Larger Size

Mobile (can move) Non - Mobile

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Parts of a flower:
● A flower has 4 whorls
● Calyx ⟹ Outermost whorl of floral leaves.
● Corolla ⟹ Collection of petals.
● Androecium ⟹ Also called as stamen, or
the Male reproductive organ of the flower.
● Gynoecium ⟹ Also called as pistil, or the
Female reproductive organ of the flower.
Parts of a Flower
Parts of a Flower
 Types of Flowers

Bisexual Flower Unisexual Flower

● Both stamen and pistil are ● Either stamen or pistil is

present in a same flower present.
Events in Sexual Reproduction
Pre-Fertilization
● Involves formation of male & female gametes.
● Pollination
● Double Fertilization
Pollination
Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the
carpel is called Pollination.
Some agents of pollination are Wind, Water, Animals, Insects, etc.
Agents of Pollination

Abiotic Biotic

Wind and Water. Birds, Insects, Reptiles

and Mammals.
 Fertilization
● One pollen tube grows into the stigma and passes
through style and then to ovary.
● Two non-motile male gametes are formed.
● The tip of pollen tube ruptures releasing two male
gametes into the embryo sac.
● The embryo sac consists of an egg apparatus (one
haploid egg cell and two synergids), two polar nuclei
& three antipodal cells.
 Post Fertilization
● Development of Endosperm and Embryo.
● Maturation of ovules into seeds and ovary into fruits
Seed Germination
● Seed is the final product of Sexual Reproduction.
● Seed develops into embryo and embryo develops into seedling under favourable
conditions.
● A seed consists of SEED COAT, COTYLEDON & an EMBRYO AXIS.