Delhi Public School

Kolar Road Bhopal

Subject –Biology
Class -X
CHAPTER : 8
HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE
Q 1. What is Reproduction?
Ans 1. It is a process of producing new individual of the same
species by existing organisms of that species
Significance of reproduction :
▪ It allows the continuity of species.
▪ It increases the population of species.
▪ It maintains the diversity.
▪ It brings about favorable variations from one generation
to another and plays an important role in evolution.
Importance of DNA copying in variation :
▪ DNA carries the genetic information which is passed to
the next generation during reproduction.
▪ During reproduction, if it is asexual reproduction, the
exact copy is passed to the new generation that is
similar to the parent.
▪ If it is sexual reproduction, during DNA copying crossing
our takes place which leads to variation and evolution.
▪ Variation is beneficial to the species because it enables
the species to survive even in unfavourable conditions.
EXAMPLE : If there the population of bacteria living in
temperate region and if the water temperature of that
 area would increase due to the global warming then
most of the bacteria would die. But few variant resistant
to heat can survive and grow further. Therefore
variation is important.
Types of Reproduction :

REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL SEXUAL

The process of
The process of reproducing new
reproducing new organisms by
organisms from a single involving two
parent. individuals.
Involvement of gametes Fusion of male and
(germ/sex cells) is female gamete takes
absent. place.
Binary fission:

BINARY FISSION IN AMOEBA

BINARY FISSION IN LEISHMANIA

▪ It is a type of fission in which single parent splits to form

two individual daughter cells.
▪ First the nucleus divides then the cytoplasm. Example:
amoeba, paramecium and Leishmania.
Multiple
fission:

Multiple fission in Plasmodium

▪ It is a type of fission in which the cell divides into many
daughter cells simultaneously by multiple fission.
▪ During unfavourable conditions these organisms form a
protective layer called cyst.
▪ The nucleus divides repeatedly producing
many nuclei that changes into daughter cells.
▪ Then conditions are favorable the cyst breaks and all the
daughter cells are liberated out.
▪ example Plasmodium.

Fragmentation :
 Fragmentation in Spirogyra
▪ It is a type of asexual reproduction in which individual
body breaks up into two or more parts and each part
will develop into complete organism
▪ It takes place in organisms where body organization is
not seen. Examples : Spirogyra and Flat worm.

Regeneration:

Regeneration in Planaria
 ▪ Some organisms have ability to grow into complete
organisms from different parts of the body.
▪ These organisms show body differentiation.
▪ It is carried out by specialized cells which divide and
make large number of cells. Example : Planaria

Budding:

Budding in Hydra

Budding in Yeast
▪ It is a type of asexual reproduction in which bud
develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division
at one specific size.
 ▪ These buds develop into tiny individuals and when fully
matured detach from parent body and the new
individuals will develop. Example: Yeast , Hydra.

Spore Formation:

▪ In some multicellular organisms thread like structure

called Hyphae have round structure at the top which are
called Sporangia (single : sporangium)
▪ Each sporangium has spores which are liberated from
sporangium when it ruptures.
▪ Each spore develops into new individual. Example:
Rhizopus, Mucor, Penicillium.

Vegetative Propagation:
▪ It is a method of asexual reproduction in higher plants
where vegetative part of plant such as stem, root and
leaf are developed into new plants.
▪ Example : Bryophyllum, Stem-Potato, Root-carrot
 Q 2. Write four advantages of vegetative propagation:
▪ There are many plants in which roots, stems and leaves
develop into new plants under appropriate conditions.
▪ Plants raised by vegetative propagation can bear flowers
and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds.
▪ All the plants produced are genetically similar enough to
the parent plant to have all its characteristics.
▪ Seedless fruits can be produced by this.