Asexual Reproduction

Compare the different methods of

reproduction. Ask any 2 relevant
questions .
 Group1 and 2: Research and find out
about the different modes of reproduction
in amoeba, leishmania and plasmodium.
 Group3 and 4: Research and find out
about fragmentation, regeneration.
 Group5 and 6: Research and find out
about budding in yeast and hydra.
Reflect and answer:
1. DO ORGANISMS CREATE EXACT
COPIES OF THEMSELVES? Justify
your answer with suitable examples.
2. What is the importance of DNA
copying in reproduction?
3. Why is variation beneficial to the
species but not necessarily for the
individual?
Compare and contrast the ways in which
yeast grows in the first case, and how
mould grows in the second.
Binary fission
Binary fission
 Before binary fission of a prokaryote, DNA is tightly
wound.
 During the second step, the DNA is unraveled and it
gets replicated.
 As the cell elongates in preparation for division, the
DNA molecules are pulled to different sides of the
cell.
 An indentation appears in the cell membrane, as the
cell wall and membrane start to pinch off and create
two new cells.
 Finally, the cells become completely separated from
one another as a new bacterial cell wall forms.
Binary fission in Leishmania.
 Plasmodium, the malarial parasite divides
by multiple fission. What is the main
reason behind the organism reproducing
specifically by this process?
 It reproduces both inside a mosquito and
also in human being. It chooses multiple
fission, so that, it can divide itself into
many cells at the same time inside the
cyst during unfavourable conditions in the
host.
Reflect and answer:
 How does binary fission differ from
multiple fission?
binary fission multiple fission
Number of 2 Many
daughter cells
Cyst Absent Present
Condition Favourable Unfavourable
Nuclear division 1 multiple
Cytokinesis Follows nuclear Cytoplasm groups
division around the nuclei
and a membrane
forms around it
Size Daughter cells smaller
are larger
Reflect and answer:
 How does binary fission differ in
amoeba and leishmania?
binary fission in binary fission in
amoeba leishmania
Plane Any Longitudinal
Flagellum Absent Duplicates first followed
by division of nucleus and
cytoplasm
Budding in yeast
Budding in yeast
 At the commencement of budding a small portion of
the cell wall, usually near the end, softens.
 The nucleus of the mother, cell, divides mitotically.
 One of the two daughter nuclei migrates into the
enlarging bud.
 The bud grows until it attains the size of the mother
cell.
 The daughter cell then becomes separated from the
mother cell and the process may be repeated
indefinitely.
Budding in yeast
 The cytoplasmic connection is closed by the laying
down of wall material.
 Eventually the bud separates from the parent cell
leaving a bud scar.
 Quite often the daughter cell also starts producing
bud before being detached from the mother cell and
the process may be repeated giving rise to chains or
groups of yeast cells.
Budding
Budding
 Begins by developing a small bud (outgrowth) on the
side of the parent organism.
 The bud may develop from any part of the organism,
but in most cases, there are special areas on the
parent organisms that promotes bud development.
 Then the bud breaks off as a completely new
organism.
 Organisms such as yeast (unicellular organism),
hydra (multicellular organism, sponges and some
worms (flatworm) reproduce in this way. The two new
organisms will have identical DNA.
Regeneration-Hydra
Fragmentation-Spirogyra
Reflect and answer:
 What is fragmentation in organism?
Name a multicellular organism which
reproduces by this method.
 What is regeneration in organism?
Describe regeneration in Planaria
with the help of a suitable diagram.
 Fragmentation
1. Fragmentation occurs in
multi-cellular organisms with
simple body organization –
cellular level
2. In fragmentation, an
organism breaks into pieces
and each piece develops into
new individual.
3. No specialised cells are
involved in fragmentation.
Example: Spirogyra
Regeneration
1. Regeneration occurs in fully
differentiated multi-cellular
organisms with complex body
organization.
2. In regeneration organisms if
breaks into pieces, each piece
may or may not develop into
new individual.
3. In regeneration, specialised
cells proliferate and form a
mass of cells. The cells from
the mass differentiate to form
different cells types and tissues.
Example: Regeneration of blood
cells
 Can multi-cellular organisms simply divide
cell-by-cell? Give reasons for your answer.
 How will an organism be benefited if it
reproduces through spores?
 Can you think of reasons why more complex
organisms cannot give rise to new individuals
through regeneration?
 How are the modes for reproduction different
in unicellular and multicellular organisms?
 How does reproduction help in providing
stability to populations of species?
Asexual reproduction
Budding in yeast Spore formation
Favourable condition Helps to tide over unfavourable
condition
One or a few buds form Large number
Doesn’t need specialized structures Spores develop in the sporangium
Buds mature while still attached to Spores germinate after separating
the parents from the parents
 Spore formation
 The parent plant produces hundreds of tiny
spores.
 The spores are the microscopic, tough
and resistant bodies which are round in
shape and can grow into a new plant
under suitable conditions.
 Numerous spores are produced within
sacs called sporangia.
Spore formation
 The sporangia are knob like structures
which are present at the top of the
thread like structures called hyphae.
 When these sporangia bursts, the
spores are scattered by rain, wind or
insects and under suitable conditions
develop into a new Rhizopus, when
they fall on a suitable substance like
bread.
 Why is vegetative propagation practised
for growing some types of plants?
 What is reproduction? What are its
two types? Which one of the two
confers new characteristics on the
offsprings and how?
 Explain vegetative propagation with
the help of two examples. List two
advantages of vegetative
propagation.
 Asexual reproduction
 The advantages :
 population can increase rapidly
 can exploit a suitable habitat quickly
 The disadvantages include:
 does not lead to variation in a population
 the species may only be suited to one
habitat
 disease may affect all the individuals in a
population
 Advantages of Vegetative
propagation
1. Helps in preservation of characters of the
plants through successive generation.
2. Seedless plants can be grown.
3. Through cutting and grafting flowers and
fruits can be grown in a shorter time.
4. It is cheaper, easier and more rapid method
of plant propagation.
5. Plants that have lost their ability to grow
seeds can be grown.
Vegetative Reproduction

The growth of
a new plant
from a stem,
leaf, or root
(something
other than a
seed).
Types of Vegetative Propagation
that are induced

 cuttings
 layering
 grafting
 Cuttings

A piece of a stem, leaf, or

root which is capable of
growing into a new plant.
 Cuttings
Cuttings are possible because certain types
of plants are able to sprout special types of
roots at the cut end of their stems.
Adventitious roots
Examples of Plants That Can be Propagated
by Leaf Cuttings: African violet (Saintpaulia
ionantha), Begonia sp
Examples of plants that can be propagated from
root cuttings include raspberry, blackberry, rose,
trumpet vine, phlox, crabapple, fig, lilac, and
sumac.
 Layering
A branch is exposed to the soil,
allowed to form roots, and then
separated from the parent plant.
Vineyards use this method to
quickly reproduce a desirable
variety of grapes.
Layering
Layering
 Grafting
The process of transplanting
living tissue from one plant to
another.
Used to propagate
seedless plants:
grapes,
navel oranges
Grafting
Types of Vegetative Propagation
that are natural
 underground stolons (mints)
 rhizomes (cattails)
 corms (gladiolus)
 bulbs (onion)
 tubers (potatoes)
 runners (strawberries)
Identify
Underground Stolons
Rhizomes- ginger, turmeric
Corm- colocasia
Bulbs
Runners
Roots- example- guava,
dahlia, poplars, sweet potato
Sexual reproduction
 Advantages of sexual reproduction:
 introduces variation into a population
 the species can adapt to new
environments
 a disease is less likely to affect all the
individuals in a population
 Disadvantages :
 Spends resources in forming gametes
 not possible for an isolated individual