Reproduction:

The production of new organism from the existing organism of the same species is
called reproduction.Reproduction is essential for the survival of species on this earth. The
process of reproduction ensure continuity of life on earth. Reproduction give rise to more
organism with the same basic characteristics as their parents.

Types of Reproduction
1. Asexual Reproduction-
The production of new organism from a single parent without the involvement of sex cells (or
gametes) is called asexual reproduction.
2. Sexual Reproduction
The process of production of new organism from two parents by making use of sex cells.

Methods of Asexual Reproduction

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It takes place by 6 methods.

1. Fission
2. Budding
3. Spore formation
4. Regeneration
 5. Fragmentation
6. Vegetative Propagation
(1) Fission
In the process of fission a unicellular organism split to
form two or more new organism. It is of two types.

 Binary fission:
In Binary Fission , the parent organism
splits to form two new organisms for example-
Amoeba, Paramecium Leishmania, Bacteria etc
are reproduce by binary fission.When the amoeba
cell has reached its maximum size of growth, then
first the nucleus of amoeba lengthen and divide
into two parts after that cytoplasm of parent
amoeba divides to form two smaller daughter
amoeboe .

Multiple Fission
In multiple fission the parent organism splits to form many new organisms at same time. For
example: Plasmodium.

Some organisms during unfavorable

condition a cyst or protective wall is
formed around the cell of plasmodium.
Inside the cyst the nucleus of cell splits
several time to form many daughter
nuclei and then cytoplasm collect
around each daughter nuclei and thin
membrane are form so many new
daughter cells are form with in a cyst. When a favorable conditions arrive the cyst breaks open
and daughter cells are released each forming a new organism.

(2) Budding
In budding a small part of a body of parent organism grows out as a bud which then detaches
and become a new organism.
For Example: Hydra, yeast reproduce by budding.

In Hydra a small out growth (bud) is formed on the sites of its body by the repeated mitotic
division of its cell. This bud then grows gradually by developing mouth and tentacles and then
tiny new hydra detaches itself from parent organism and lives as a separate organism.

(3) Spore Formation:

Spores are the microscopic asexual reproductive
bodies which are covered by a hard protective coat.
This coat enables them to survivie under unfavourable
conditions like lack of food, lack of water and extreme
temperatures. They can flow in air and when
conditions are favourable (food and water is available
and temperature is suitable), then the spores grow to
produce new plants/ fungi.
Fungi like Rhizopus ( bread mould) ,mucor, bacteria,
non-flowering plants(ferns and mosses) produce
thosands of microscopic spore in the sporangia/ spore
case when this sporangia/sporecase burst, then the
spores spread into air. When these air borne spores
land on food or soil, under favorable condition they
germinate and produce new organism.
How will an organism benefited if it reproduce through spores?
The reproduction by spores take place in plants. Spores are covered by hard protective coat
which enables them to survive under unfavorable conditions, like lack of food, lack of water and
extreme temperature but when the conditions are favorable the spores can grow to produce
new plants. Thus, the reproduction by spores benefits the plant because by surviving under
adverse conditions, the spores make these plants live forever..

(4) Regeneration:
The process of getting back off full organism from its body part is called regeneration. For
example simple animals like Hydra and Planaria show regeneration.
Planaria (Flatworm) is found in freshwater ponds. If the body of planaria somehow gets cut into
number of pieces then each body piece can regenerate into complete planaria.

it occurs by the process of growth and development. The cells of cut body part divide rapidly to
make ball of cells. The cells present in ball of cells move to their proper places and form various
organs and body parts of an organisms.
Why multicellular complex organism cannot show power of regeneration?
In multicellular complex organism, specialized cells makes up tissue, tissue makes up organ,
organ makes up organ system and finally organ system makes up organism. They have a high
degree of organization in their body so they cannot reproduce their body through regeneration.

(5) Fragmentation:
The breaking up of body of simple multicellular organism into two or more fragments or
maturing, each of which subsequently grows to form a new complete organism is known as
fragmentation.
Spirogyra is a green filamentous algae. Spirogyra breaks into two or more fragments on
maturing and each fragments then grows into new spirogyra.