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EXAM: MIDTERM GROUP REPORT SUBMISSION INVIGILATOR: _-------------------------------

COLLEGE OF: BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL SCIENCES

STUDENT’S NAME: ________________ __________________ STUDENT ID: _______________

COURSE TITLE: NEGOTIATION & CONFLICT RESOLUTION COURSE CODE: HUR 382
SECTION: 1 DATE 10-3-2022
SUBMISSION BEFORE 23:59
TIME: 48HR MAX MARKS: 100

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Midterm exam

Report brief

Round Table Negotiation Portfolio

Introduction:

Each negotiation process is composed of a minimum of 2 opponents, each one of them has a goal of
a set of goals to achieve through negotiation, each one has its resources and powers. Moreover,
each negotiation process goes through more than one session of negotiations, which is called
Rounds, sometimes months or years separate between the different rounds, where many changes
might happen that might affect the process of negotiation in each round.

In groups of 4 students, select any conflict between countries, which took several rounds of
negotiation that happened over a long period of time, and prepare a detailed portfolio of the
negotiation process, including the first round of negotiation.

Example: (India-Pakistan, China-India, Brexit- EU, Egypt-Sudan)

Prior Email approval on the negotiation case by the instructor must be obtained

Parts of the report Description No. of Weight

words
Introduction What is the case? About what 100 20%
Historical background on the case What is the origin of the conflict
opponents
Goals of each party, using grip What they want to achieve 100 20%
analysis 20%
What is The Conflict What is each party’s position? before 100 20%
negotiation
Powers What is the power of each party? 50 10%
First Round one Place, participants, what happened? 200 30%
What pressures were used?
and results

Good luck

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Water Conflict Between Egypt and Ethiopia: A Defining Moment for Both Countries

Introduction : 

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, formerly known as the Millennium Dam, is a dam on the Blue Nile
in Ethiopia that has been under construction since 2011. The dam is located in the Ethiopian Benishangul-
Gumuz region, 15 km (9 miles) east of the Ethiopia-Sudan border.

The primary purpose of the construction of the dam is to generate electricity to compensate for the
acute shortage of energy in Ethiopia and export electricity to neighboring countries. The dam is
expected to be the largest hydroelectric power plant in Africa and the seventh-largest globally, with a
planned capacity of 6.45 GW.

Filling the reservoir began in July 2020. It is expected that the pool will take 5 to 15 years to complete,
depending on the hydrological conditions during the filling period and the agreements between Egypt,
Ethiopia, and Sudan.

Goals 

of each party, using grip analysis

Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan established an international panel of experts to review and evaluate the dam
study reports. The committee comprises ten members, six experts from 3 countries, and four
international experts in water resources, hydrological modeling, dam engineering, socio-economic, and
environmental The team held its fourth meeting in Addis Ababa in November 2012. They reviewed
documents on the dam's ecological impact and visited it. They submitted their initial report to the
respective governments at the end of May 2013. Although the complete information has not been made
public, it will not be until it is reviewed by both the governments of Egypt and Ethiopia and details of
their release are included. The Ethiopian government said that according to the report, the design of the
dam is based on international standards and principles "without naming those standards and principles.
It also said that the dam "provides a high benefit to all three countries and will not cause significant
harm to each of the riparian countries." According to the Egyptian government, The report
"recommends changing and modifying the dimensions and size of the dam."

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What is The Conflict  

Egypt objected to the dam's construction, which is more than 2,500 km away from it, due to fears that
the dam would reduce the amount of its share of the Nile water. They needed the water for irrigation,
and in May 2011, they announced that Ethiopia would share the dam's design with Egypt, and thus Egypt
would study the dam's impact on the downstream.

There is intense regional debate about the potential impacts of the dam. The government of Egypt,
which depends heavily on the waters of the Nile, demanded that Ethiopia stop building the dam as a
prerequisite for starting negotiations. It also sought regional support for its positions. Some political
leaders discussed ways to sabotage the dam, and that was during the era of President Mohamed Morsi.
Egypt planned a diplomatic initiative to undermine the dam's support in the region and other countries
that support the project, such as China and Italy. However, other countries in the Nile Basin Initiative,
including Sudan, expressed their support for the dam, and Sudan accused Egypt of inflaming the
situation.

Ethiopia denies that the dam will hurt downstream water flow and maintains that the dam will increase
water flow into Egypt by reducing evaporation in Lake Nasser. Ethiopia accused Egypt of being irrational
in its concerns, and on October 5, 2019, Egypt announced that talks with Sudan and Ethiopia over the
Renaissance Dam had reached a dead end. In November 2019, US Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin
attempted to facilitate negotiations between the three countries.

Powers

Diplomatic and legal options

The continued stumbling of a solution regarding the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, which Egypt and
Sudan insist on poses a real danger to the lives of millions of citizens of the two countries, may make the
two countries think about using different cards. However, according to many observers, the diplomatic
and legal option remains the closest.

 Article 36 of the UN Security Council Charter authorizes the Council to intervene in any stage of the
conflict between states and issue decisions binding on all parties. According to Article 38 of its charter,
the Council can also impose international mediation or issue an arbitral decision to avoid any conflict or
war that may erupt between the conflicting countries. According to experts in international law, Egypt
and Sudan can rely on these two articles to put pressure on Ethiopia.

This was also confirmed by Dr. Abbas Sharaki, Professor of Water Resources at Cairo University, who
said in an interview with Masrawy, "Egypt's options, away from using the military machine, are
represented in the Security Council, and the issuance of binding resolutions to resume negotiations
under an international umbrella that possesses tools of pressure on all parties.".

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Military option

The sharp tone that President Sisi spoke on the sidelines of his visit to the Suez Canal last week and his
warning that violating Egypt's right to the Nile waters would lead to instability in the entire region
leaves the door open to all possibilities, including the option of force as well, mainly since Sisi used the
phrase "No." Nobody is far from our power."

Although the Egyptian president reiterated that he does not threaten anyone with his statements and
that Egypt adheres to the option of negotiation, some saw in these statements the drumming of war
against Ethiopia and a threat to the military option.

First Round one                                                                              

First-round... June 2014

The meeting of President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi with the Prime Minister of Ethiopia, Hailemariam Desalegn,
on the sidelines of the African Union Summit on June 25, 2014, held in the capital of Equatorial Guinea,
Malabo, gave a strong impetus to the resumption of negotiations again.

The Ministers of Irrigation in Egypt and Ethiopia agreed to implement the directives of the two
presidents and start negotiations on the Renaissance Dam, in the presence of Sudan, where the three
countries formed a committee of international experts from 12 experts to exchange studies from each
country on the dam and to select consulting offices.

The first meeting of the tripartite committee on the dam was held "Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan," to discuss
the formulation of terms of reference for the National Technical Committee and its procedural rules and
to agree on the periodicity of holding meetings and the need for a mechanism for exchanging data,
information, and documents between the members of the committee and agreeing on general criteria
for evaluating and selecting international consulting companies. Technical studies.

Conclusion:

On June 16, 2020, Egypt submitted a request to the United Nations Security Council on the Grand
Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, calling on the Council to intervene to emphasize the importance of the
three countries, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan, continuing to negotiate in good faith in implementation of
their obligations by the rules of international law. On June 27, 2020, Ethiopia confirmed that it would
start filling the Renaissance Dam within two weeks, during which it will complete construction work.

On July 15, 2020, the Ethiopian Minister of Irrigation announced the start of filling the Renaissance Dam,
despite the failure to reach an agreement between the three countries, Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia,
stressing that the recent satellite images of the Renaissance Dam were correct. After that, the Sudanese

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Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources announced a decrease in the level of the Blue Nile River by 90
million cubic meters, which confirms the closure of the gates of the Renaissance Dam.

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