Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2017-2018
PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
Name:
Class XII C
Roll no.
d
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that _______________________ studying in
class XII- C of ____________________________ has
satisfactorily completed his physics investigatory project
under the guidance of _____________________ (physics
teacher) during the year 2017-2018.
……………………………………… …………………………………………
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Experiment
I. Theory
II. Apparatus required
III. Procedure
IV. Observation
V. Conclusion
VI. Precautions
3. Reference
THERMISTOR
HISTORY
THEORY
where
, change in resistance
, change in temperature
, first-order temperature coefficient of resistance
Thermistors can be classified into two types,
depending on the classification of .
If is positive, the resistance increases with
increasing temperature, and the device is called a
positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor,
or posistor.
If is negative, the resistance decreases with
increasing temperature, and the device is called
a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor.
First off, they are much much cheaper than all the above! A
bare 5% thermistor is only 10 cents in bulk.
They are also much easier to waterproof since its just a
resistor.
They work at any voltage (digital sensors require 3 or 5V
logic).
Compared to a thermocouple, they don't require an
amplifier to read the minute voltages - you can use any
microcontroller to read a thermistor.
They can also be incredibly accurate for the price. For
example, the 10K 1% thermistor in the shop is good for
measuring with ±0.25°C accuracy! (Assuming you have an
accurate enough analog converter)
They are difficult to break or damage - they are much
simpler and more reliable
APPLICATIONS
PTC Thermistor
NTC Thermistor
CONDUCTION MODEL
NTC
PTC
Working
NTC Thermistor
In NTC thermistor, when the temperature increases,
resistance decreases. Conversely, when temperature
decreases, resistance increases. Thus this type of
thermistor is used when we want to increase the
current in the circuit as the temperature is increased.
example: fire alarm.
PTC Themistor
In PTC thermistor when the temperature increases
above some threshold value, resistance increases
drastically.
This type of thermistor is required when we want to
stop the flow current when temperature is high.
Example: Automatic cutoff system in electric
geysers.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. A breadboard
2. A thermistor(NTC)
3. Two resistors
4. A transistor
5. An LED
6. Few connecting wires
PROCEDURE
1.
OBSERVATION
and its other leg is connected to Vcc(positive/hi
gh voltage). The emitter of the transistor
and one end of the base resistor are grounded
(negative/low voltage).
When the surface of the
thermistor is exposed to
heat, the LED starts glowing. The LED turns OFF
the moment the
temperature of the thermistor falls
below the threshold value.
The circuit is designed such that the resistance
of the thermistor is inversely proportional to the
base voltage. d
OBSERVATION
As a result the transistor
turns on and an output current flows from its co
llector to the emitter, making the LED glow.
CONCLUSION
PRECAUTIONS
REFERENCE
1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor
2. Google images
3. https://in.answers.yahoo.com/
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENT