NAME: Janine T.

Alintana PROGRAM: BSN-1C DATE: OCTOBER 19, 2022

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 3: CELLS AND TISSUES
1. Two examples of chemotherapeutic drug (drugs used to treat cancer) and their cellular actions are listed below.
Explain why each drug could be fatal to a cell.
Vincristine (Oncovin): damages the mitotic spindle
Doxorubicin (Adriamycin): binds to DNA and blocks mRNA synthesis

* Vincristine inhibits the appropriate formation of the microtubules that push the centrioles towards to opposite
poles of the cell by destroying the mitotic spindle. Failing to do so might result in the cell's inability to complete its
mitotic division process, killing it.

*Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) effectively inhibits protein synthesis by binding to DNA and blocking mRNA synthesis.
When this procedure is interrupted, the cell is unable to replace enzymes and other proteins required for cellular
survival.

2. Hydrocortisone is an anti-inflammatory drug that stabilizes lysosomal membranes. Explain how this effect
reduces cell damage and inflammation.

Prevents the formation of microtubules, which are used to push centrioles to opposite poles of the cell, preventing
mitosis from completing and killing the cell. It also does this by blocking infection-fighting white blood cells
(polymorphonuclear leukocytes) from transiting to the area of swelling in your body.

3. John has severely injured his knee during football practice. He is told that he has torn knee cartilage and to expect
that the recovery and repair will take a long time. Why will it take a long time?

Cartilage, like bone, is surrounded by a fibrous membrane that resembles the perichondrium. This layer is
ineffective at cartilage regeneration. As a result, its recovery from injury is slow. The lack of active blood flow is the
primary reason that any cartilage injury requires so much time to heal.

4. Three patients in an intensive care unit are examined by the resident doctor. One patient has brain damage from a
stroke, another had a heart attack that severely damaged his heart muscle, and the third has a severely damaged liver
(gland) from a crushing injury in a car accident. All three patients have stabilized and will survive, but only one will
have full functional recovery through regeneration. Which one and why?

Since the liver is a gland, the patient will have a full functional recovery. Glandular epithelium is a type of epithelial
tissue wherein if it is given enough nutrients, epithelial cells regenerate quickly.

5. Hyperplasia, also known as "hypergenesis," is an increase in the amount of cells within a given tissue caused by
cellular proliferation. Because hyperplasia refers to an increased amount of cells, the cell looks normal in size but
can lead to organ or tissue enlargement. Such proliferation happens in response to a specific stimulus and is
regulated by cell mechanisms. Hyperplasia can be a pathological response to abnormal levels of growth factors or
hormones in some cases, resulting in a variety of disorders. Furthermore, because the cells are rapidly dividing, the
risk of cancer increases due to unregulated cellular proliferation in the absence of physiological stimuli.

The uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body is known as neoplasia, and the abnormal growth is
known as a neoplasm, or tumor. It can be both benign and malignant. Benign neoplasms do not spread quickly, do
not invade, and do not spread to surrounding body tissues all over the body. On the contrary, malignant neoplasms
proliferate rapidly, invade surrounding tissues, and spread to other parts of the body.

6. Think carefully about the chemistry of the plasma membrane, and then answer this question: Why is a minor
damage to a membrane usually not a problem?
The plasma membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer. It is composed of phospholipids and cholesterol, which serve
as a cell barrier. Minor damage to the membrane is usually not a problem because it is protected by another layer.

7. Lisa, an elderly lady is over weight and has sedentary lifestyle. She has recently developed puffy ankles. What is
this condition called and how do you think this has developed?

Lisa appears to have a condition known as edema. It is a condition in which excess fluid trapped in your body's
tissues causes swelling. Edema can affect any part of your body, but it is most noticeable in your hands, arms, feet,
ankles, and legs. This condition could have developed as a result of a sedentary lifestyle, which can cause swelling
in the feet and ankles. The lymphatic system is in charge of removing excess fluid from our bodies, but inactivity
makes the lymphatic system's work more difficult, and this added stress causes excess fluid to remain in the feet and
ankles. Despite normal lymphoscintigraphy, severe obesity may affect her legs and ankles, which are one of the
targets of the condition's edema. We suspected that abnormal lymphatic and/or venous drainage in severely obese
people might impair limb movement and physical function. A poor diet, particularly one high in sodium, can cause
mild edema. When combined with other conditions, a poor diet can worsen edema, and a lifestyle that includes a lot
of sitting and lying down with little to no exercise puts you at higher risk of getting this condition.

NAME: Janine T. Alintana PROGRAM: BSN-1C DATE: OCTOBER 19, 2022

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 4: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
1. A nurse tells a doctor that a patient is a cyanotic. What is cyanosis? What does its presence indicate?

Cyanosis occurs when there's not enough oxygen in your blood, or you have poor blood circulation, causing the
blood and skin to turn blue in Caucasians. It is common in people with heart problems and severe breathing
disorders, and it is frequently found in mucous membranes and nail beds. Its presence indicates a lack of oxygen.

2. Jane's new born baby's scalp is covered with brownish crust that is full of scales and dandruff. What is the likely
cause?
Cradle cap is most likely caused by the mother's hormones. Before birth, these hormones cross the placenta.
Hormones cause the skin's oil glands to become overactive. They then produce more oil than usual. In addition, the
skin's insulation ability is reduced due to a lack of adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer.

3. A 40 year old beachboy is complaining to you that his suntan made him popular when he was young - but now his
face is all wrinkled, and he has several darkly pigmented moles that are growing rapidly and are as big as large
coins. He shows you the moles, and immediately, you think ABCD. What does that mean, and why should he be
concerned?

His long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight is a risk factor for skin cancer development. Furthermore,
moles or pigmented spots with (A) asymmetry, (B) border irregularity, (C) color variation, (D) a diameter greater
than 6 mm, and (E) evolution (changing over time, including elevation above surrounding tissue) are all indicators
of a possible malignant melanoma. He must seek medical attention right away. If it is a malignant melanoma, the
hope of survival after detection is about 50%, but early detection increases the chances of survival.

4. Fred's new cycling shorts have got special silicone grip strips on the inside of the material to hold the shorts in the
place. After a day on the saddle notices that he has got more than just a tan line. Two bright red circle appeared on
his thighs a few hours after he changed out of his gear. Explain what type of skin condition Fred might be
experiencing.

Fred may be suffering from polymorphous light eruption or erythema, a skin condition. It is a
sun-induced rash in people who have developed sensitivity to sunlight. The rash is typically
characterized by tiny, inflamed bumps or slightly raised patches of skin.

5. Mr. Rossi, a fisherman in his late sixties, comes to clinic because he has small ulcers on both fore arms as well as
on his face and ears. Although he had them several years, he has not had any other problems. What is the likely
diagnosis and what is likely cause?

Mr. Rossi may be suffering from squamous cell carcinoma because he is a farmer and is more
exposed to the sun. It is caused by DNA damage, which causes abnormal changes (mutations) in
the squamous cells in the skin's outermost layer. It is not usually life-threatening, but it can be
aggressive. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, if left untreated, can grow large and spread to
other parts of your body, causing serious complications. The majority of SCCs appear in people
over the age of 50, and men are more likely to develop this type of skin condition.

6. Mr. Grayson is receiving a drug treatment transdermal (through the skin). Explain why drugs
delivered by this route are fat-soluble rather than water-soluble

When a treatment is transdermal, it is absorbed through the skin and does not require metabolization by any major
organs. This treatment is also fat soluble because it must pass through adipose (fat) tissue. Because of the presence
of keratinocytes, the skin layers are composed of lipophilic and phospholipid bilayers, which is why drugs delivered
transdermally are fat soluble. Drugs must be capable of passing through lipophilic, hydrophilic, and phospholipid
layers in order to enter the systemic circulation.

7. Which type of injection would allow a drug to be absorbed more rapidly intradermal or subcutaneously (a
shallow injection just deep to the epidermis)? Why?

Because the skin is more vascular than the subcutaneous space, the intradermal route may allow for faster absorption
into the bloodstream.
8. Think about the types and characteristics of cell junctions. How this help to explain why sunburned skin often
peels in sheets?

When skin peels as a result of sunburn, the deeper layers of the stratum corneum, which still have desmosomal
connections, detach. Desmosomes hold the cells together within the layers.

9. A burn victim exhibits a red and swollen arm with blistering; a hand that has been charred black, exposing bone;
and a check that appears blanched. How serious is each burn, and is this patient critical? Explain.

On his arm, the burn victim received a second-degree burn that affected both the outer and underlying layers of skin.
They cause inflammation, pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. His hand was burned to the third degree,
destroying the epidermis and dermis. Third-degree burns can also cause damage to the bones, muscles, and tendons
beneath the skin. The burn area appears to be white or charred. He also received a second-degree burn on his cheek
as a result of the pressure applied, but this heals in several weeks without grafting and scarring is usually minimal.
Second-degree burns are typically minor, but they can be dangerous if they affect large areas of the body. His third-
degree burns require medical attention. The extent, severity, and location of the burn will all influence treatment. He
should seek immediate medical attention because these burns and their complications can be fatal if not treated.