CHAPTER 14: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
14.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
PATHOGENS
-microorganisms that cause disease or
damage to the tissues of the body
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
-important for the protection of the body
1. MAINTENANCE OF FLUID BALANCE
2. LIPID ABSORBTION
3. DEFENSE
14.2 ANATOMY OF THE LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM INCLUDES:
1. LYMPH
-flows through lymph nodes, passing
through the different areas just
described
2. LYMPHATIC VESSELS
-resemble small veins
-compression of lymphatic vessels
causes lymph to move forward through
them
3. LYMPH NODES
-rounded structures, varying from the
size of a small seed to that shelled
almond
-are distributed along the various
lymphatic vessels and most lymph
passes through at least one lymph node
before entering the blood.
4. TONSILS
-form a protective ring of lymphatic
tissue around the openings between the
nasal and oral cavities and the pharynx.
5. SPLEEN
-roughly the size of a clenched fist and is
located in the left, superior corner of
the abdominal cavity
-filters blood instead of lymph.
6. THYMUS
-bilobed gland roughly triangular in
shape
-site for the maturation of a class of
lymphocytes called T cells
THREE FACTORS CAUSE
COMPRESSION OF LYMPHATIC
VESSELS
1. contraction of surrounding skeletal
muscle during activity. 
2. periodic contraction of smooth muscle in
the lymphatic vessel wall
3. pressure changes in the thoracic during
breathing
RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT 
-empties into the right subclavian vein.
THORACIC DUCT
-empties into the left subclavian vein.
LYMPHATIC TISSUE
-characterized by housing many
lymphocytes and other defense cells, such
as macrophages. 
-very fine reticular fibers
 CHAPTER 14: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

THREE GROUPS OF TONSILS LYMPHATIC SINUSES

1. PAIRED PALATINE TONSIL
-located on each side of the posterior
opening of the oral cavity, these are the
ones usually referred to as "the tonsils."
2. PHARYNGEAL TONSIL
-located near the internal opening of the
nasal cavity. When the pharyngeal tonsil is
enlarged, it is commonly called the adenoid
-spaces between the lymphatic tissue that
contain macrophages on a network of
fibers.
GERMINAL CENTERS
rapidly dividing lymphocytes 
LYMPHOCYTES
-part of the adaptive immune response
destroys pathogens. 

3. LINGUAL TONSIL TWO SPECIALIZED TYPE OF

-posterior surface of the tongue. LYMPHATIC TISSUE

TONSILECTOMY 1. WHITE PULP

-removal of palatine tonsil -lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries
within the spleen. 
ADENOIDECTOMY
-removal of pharyngeal tonsil 2. RED PULP
-associated with the veins. 
THREE SUPERFICIAL -consists of a fibrous network, filled with
AGGREGATIONS OF LYMPH NODES macrophages and red blood cells, and
enlarged capillaries that connect to the
1. inguinal nodes in the groin veins.
2. axillary nodes in the axilla (armpit)
3. cervical nodes in the neck SPLENECTOMY
-removal of the spleen, may be necessary if
A dense connective these techniques do not stop the bleeding.
tissue capsule surrounds each lymph node
CORTEX
TRABECULAE -dark staining areas
-extensions of the capsules -numerous lymphocytes
-subdivide a lymph node into
compartments containing lymphatic MEDULLA
tissue and lymphatic sinuses. -light staining
-fewer lymphocytes
LYMPHATIC NODULES
-areas of tissue within lymph nodes and
other organs as well.
 CHAPTER 14: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
14.3 IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY  INNATE IMMUNITY MECHANISMS
-ability to resist damage from pathogens,
such as microorganisms: harmful chemicals,
such as toxins released by microorganisms;
and internal threats, such as cancer cells.
TWO SYSTEMS OF IMMUNITY   The skin and mucous membranes
1. INNATE IMMUNITY
-body recognizes and destroys certain
pathogens, but the response to them is the
same each time the body is exposed.  
2. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
-body recognizes and destroys pathogens,
but the response to them improves each
time the pathogen is encountered.
SUBDIVISIONS OF ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
1. antibody-mediated immunity
which involves B cells
2 cell-mediated immunity
which involves specific T cells
SPECIFICITY
-ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a
particular substance.
MEMORY
-ability of adaptive immunity to
"remember" previous encounters with a
particular substance.
-future responses are faster, stronger, and
longer-lasting.
14.4 INNATE IMMUNITY
 
1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
-prevent pathogens and chemicals from
entering the body in two ways:
form barriers that prevent their entry
 tears, saliva, urine, and other
secretions wash these substances
from body surfaces.
2. CHEMICAL MEDIATORS
-molecules responsible for many aspects of
innate immunity. Some chemicals on the
surface of cells destroy pathogens or
prevent their entry into the cells.
3. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
-the cells derived from them are the most
important cellular components of immunity.
-produced in red bone marrow and
lymphatic tissue and released into the
blood.
4. INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
-injury involves many of the chemicals and
cells previously discussed.
PROSTAGLANDINS & LEUKOTRIENES
-promote inflammation by causing
vasodilation and increasing vascular
permeability.
IMPORTANT CHEMICALS ATTRACT
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
1. COMPLEMENT
2. LEUKOTRIENES
3.KININS
4. HISTAMINE
CHEMOTAXIS
 CHAPTER 14: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

-movement of white blood cell toward -accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils,

chemicals and other cells at a site of infection.

RED BONE MARROW MACROPHAGES

-produces and releases large numbers of -monocytes that leave the blood, enter
neutrophils, which promote phagocytocis. tissues, and enlarge about fivefold.

PYROGENS (fever producing) -can ingest more and larger items than can
-chemicals released by microorganisms, neutrophils.
neutrophils, and other cells, stimulate fever
production. CELLS OF INFLAMMATION

COMPLEMENT BASOPHILS
-a group of more than 20 proteins found in -derived from red bone marrow, are motile
blood plasma. white blood cells that can leave the blood
and enter infected tissues.
-complement proteins circulate in the blood
in an inactive form. MAST CELLS
INTERFERONS -derived from red bone marrow,
-proteins that protect the body against viral are nonmotile cells in connective tissue,
infections. especially near capillaries.

EOSINOPHILS
PHAGOCYTOCIC CELLS
-participate in inflammation associated with
PHAGOCYTOSIS allergies and asthma.
-ingestion and destruction of particles by
cells called phagocytes NEUTRAL KILLER
-type of lymphocyte produced in red bone
PHAGOCYTES marrow, and they account for up to 15% of
-particles can be microorganisms or their lymphocytes.
parts, foreign substances, or dead cells from
the body. -NK cells recognize classes of cells, such as
tumor cells or virus- infected cells, in
NEUTROPHILS general, rather than specific tumor cells or
-are small phagocytic white blood cells.  cells infected by a specific virus.

-are usually the first white blood cells to LOCAL INFLAMMATION

enter infected tissues from the blood in -inflammatory response confined to a
large numbers. specific area of the body.

SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION
-inflammatory response that is generally
distributed throughout the body.
PUS 14.5 ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
 CHAPTER 14: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

TWO CHARACTERISTICS OF -are produced by plasma cells

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
PLASMA CELLS
1. SPECIFICITY -derived from the B cells.
-ability to recognize to a particular
substance CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
-involves the actions of a second type of
2. MEMORY lymphocyte, called T cells.
-ability to respond with increasing
effectiveness to successive exposures to the T CELLS
antigen. -second type of lymphocyte

ANTIGEN CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

-substances stimulate adaptive immune -destruction of infected cells
responses -produce the effects of cell-mediated
immunity
TWO GROUPS OF ANTIGEN
HELPER T CELLS
1. FOREIGN ANTIGEN
-promote or inhibit the activities of both
-introduced from outside the body
antibody-mediated immunity and cell-
mediated immunity.
2. SELF ANTIGEN
-molecules produced by body cells to
HEMAPOIETIC STEM CELL
identify them as "self" or part of the body.
-red bone marrow are capable of giving rise
to all the blood cells  
-provide important information about the
health of the cell. Some self-antigens are
> T cells are processed from pre-T cells in
used by defense cells to determine if a cell
the thymus.
is mutated or infected.
> B cells are processed from pre-B cells in
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
the red bone marrow
-results when self- antigens stimulate
unwanted destruction of normal tissue.
>B cells and T cells circulate to other
lymphatic tissues, such as lymph nodes.
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
-involves a group of lymphocytes called B
CLONES
cells and proteins called antibodies, which
-small groups of identical B cells or T cells
are found in the plasma.

B CELLS
-group of lymphocytes

ANTIBODIES PRIMARY CELLS

-proteins
 CHAPTER 14: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

INNATE IMMUNITY 1. MHC CLASS 1 molecule

1. NEUTROPHILS 2. MHC CLASS 2 molecule
2. EOSINOPHILS
3. BASOPHILS COSTIMULATION
4. MAST CELLS -occurs through other chemical signaling
5. MONOCYTES such as interleukins secreted by
6. MACROPHAGES
macrophages and CD4 glycoproteins of the
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
helper T cell
7. ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY 
(B-CELLS) CYTOKINES
8. CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (T-CELLS)
-protein or peptides secreted by one cell as
ACTIVATION AND MULTIPLICATION a regulator of neighboring cells
OF CELLS
INTERLEUKIN-1
The specialized B-cell or T-cell clones can -a cytokine released by macrophages that
respond to antigens and produce an
can stimulate helper T cells
adaptive immune response.
STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODIES
ANTIGEN RECEPTORS
-lymphocytes have cell membrane proteins VARIABLE REGION
called antigen receptors -end of each arm antibody

LARGE MOLECULES -part of antibody that combines with the

antigen
1. INTERNAL ANTIGEN
-substances produced in a cell that are CONSTANT REGION
then processed for display to a
-the rest of the antibody; has several
lymphocyte
functions

2. EXTERNAL ANTIGEN GAMMA GLOBULINS

-foreign antigen that are phagocytized
-sometimes known as the antibodies
by macrophages or other phagocytic
cells. -found mostly in the gamma globulin part of
plasma
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
(MHC) molecules IMMUNOGLOBULINS

-are glycoproteins that have binding sites -globulin proteins involved in immunity.
for antigens

TWO CLASSES OF MHC MOLECULE

CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES & THEIR
FUNCTIONS
 CHAPTER 14: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
1. IgG
-activates complement and increases
phagocytosis
-cross placenta and provide immune
protection to the fetus and newborn
-responsible for Rh reactions, such as
hemolytic disease of a newborn
2. IgA
-secreted into saliva, tears, and mucous;
protect body surfaces
-found in colostrum and milk to provide
immune protection to the newborn
3. IgM
-acts as an antigen binding receptor
-responsible for transfusion reactions in
the ABO blood system
-first antibody produced in response to
antigen
4. IgE
-binds to mast cells and basophils
-stimulates inflammatory response
5. IgD
-antigen binding receptor on B cells
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
-responsible for the immediate cell-
mediated response
MEMORY T CELLS
-provide a secondary response and long-
lasting immunity in the same fashion as
memory B cells
14.6 ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
FOUR WAYS TO ACQUIRE ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
1. ACTIVE NATURAL
2. ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL
3. PASSIVE NATURAL
4. PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
results when an individual is exposed to an
antigen (either naturally or artificially) and
the response of the individual's own
immune system is the cause of the
immunity. 
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
occurs when another person or an animal
develops immunity and the immunity is
transferred to a non-immune individual.
> Natural and artificial refer to the method
of exposure or antibody transfer. 
> Natural implies that contact with the
antigen or transfer of antibodies occurs as
part of everyday living and is not deliberate.
> Artificial implies that deliberate
introduction of an antigen or antibody into
the body has occurred.
ACTIVE NATURAL IMMUNITY
-results from natural exposure to an
antigen, such as a disease-causing
microorganism, that stimulates the immune
system to respond against the antigen.
ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
-antigen is deliberately introduced into an
individual to stimulate the immune system.
This process is called vaccination
• VACCINE
-usually administered by injection.
 CHAPTER 14: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

PASSIVE NATURAL IMMUNITY

-results when antibodies are transferred
from a mother to her child across the
placenta before birth

PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY

-involves the collecting of antibodies from
one source and introducing them to an
infected individual, usually through
injection.
 
14.7 IMMUNOTHERAPHY

IMMUNOTHERAPHY
-treats disease by altering immune
system function or by directly attacking
harmful cells.