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GENCO-II
TRAINING CENTER TPS GUDDU
BY
KHALID AYAZ SOOMRO
INSTRUCTOR (INTERN ENGINEERS)
TPS, GUDDU
FIRE AND
SAFETY
FIRE
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion,
releasing heat, light, and various reaction products i.e. toxic gases and smoke.
PRINCIPLE OF FIRE
Fires start when a flammable or a combustible material, in combination with a sufficient
quantity of an oxidizer such as oxygen gas, is exposed to a source of heat or ambient
temperature above the flash point for the fuel/oxidizer mix, and is able to sustain a rate of rapid
oxidation that produces a chain reaction. This is commonly called the fire tetrahedron (three-
dimensional case).
Fire cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the right proportions
•Oxygen
•Fuel
•Heat
When fire take place, below mentioned three objects
can be observed easily.
• Hot Gases (emission)
• Light
• Heat
The emission gases have different properties regarding
fuel. The visibility of flame light depends on the particles which
have not been burned completely. Hence, they become
visible.
FUEL
Fuels are any materials that store potential energy in forms that can be practicably released and
used for work or as heat energy.
OR
Those materials that are storing energy in the form of chemical energy that could be released
through combustion.
Types of Fuels
•Solid --Wood, Coal, Lignite, Peat etc. Types of Fire and
•Liquid -- Petroleum, Diesel, Fuel Oils, Alcohols etc.
•Gaseous – Natural Gas, Coal Gas, Hydrogen etc. extinguishing
Fuel Source Class of Fire Type of Extinguisher (Extinguishing Agent)
Ordinary combustibles
A Water; chemical foam
(e.g. trash, wood, paper, cloth)
Flammable liquids
B Carbon dioxide (CO2); dry chemical; film forming foam
(e.g. oils, grease, tar, gasoline, paints, thinners)
Electricity
C CO2; dry chemical
(e.g. live electrical equipment)
Combustible metals Dry powder (suitable for the specific combustible
D
(e.g. magnesium, titanium) metal involved)
Combustible gases
E A.B.C powder
(e.g. Natural Gas, Butane)
Combustible Cooking
F or K Wet chemical (Potassium acetate based)
(e.g. cooking oils; animal fats, vegetable fats)
Portable and semi portable fire extinguishers.
B Liquids Grease
• Has NO pressure gauge--capacity
B Liquids Grease
verified by weight
• 3-8 ft. maximum effective range
• Extinguishes by smothering burning
materials
• Effectiveness decreases as
C Electrical Equipment
C Electrical Equipment
effective range
• Extinguishes by
smothering burning
materials.
Fire Extinguisher Summary
EXTINGUISHER TYPE WORKS BY EFFECTIVE AGAINST
PRESSURIZED
COOLING
WATER
CARBON DIOXIDE
SMOTHERING
MULTIPURPOSE DRY
SMOTHERING
CHEMICAL
Fire Emergency Response
R Rescue
A Alarm
C Contain
E Extinguish
Fighting the Fire
Pull the pin
P
Aim low at
A the base of flames
The non-portable fire extinguishing systems are often used at large power plants.
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
•To store carefully hydrogen, natural gas lines etc.
•To observe the increase in bearing temperature of I.D and F.D fans.
•Always observe the oil leakage where steam and oil lines in vicinity.
•Cotton rags should be kept in safe place.
•Whenever oil is used in plant or workshop the excessive quantity should be returned back to
store.
•Where smoking is not allowed, make sure that the rule is followed.
•Always make close watch over electric supply cables and wires.
DIFFERENT SAFETY SIGNS
SAFETY & HEALTH GOALS
The following goals have been established for
XYZ Company:
(1) Provide workers with a safe work environment.
(2) Conduct routine/regular workplace inspections.
(3) Provide Personal Protective Equipment.
(4) Develop and implement safe work procedures and
rules.
(5) Provide on-going safety training
(6) Enforce safety rules and appropriate discipline.
(7) Provide on-going property conservation practices.
EMPLOYEE ORIENTATION
The following topics will be covered in the Safety
Orientation Session:
Company History
Safety Program/Policy & Work rules
Responsibilities
Safety Education/Training
Safety Audit/Inspections
Accident Reporting/Investigation Requirements
First Aid & Bloodborne Pathogens
Personal Protective Equipment
Tool & Equipment Use
Material Handling
Lockout-Tagout
Machine Guarding
MVR Requirements
Hazard Communication
Emergency Action
Return-to-work & Light Duty Assignments
All new hires will be provided an opportunity to ask any question that
pertains to their job duties and employment at XYZ Company
SAFETY RULES
All safety rules must be obeyed. Failure to do so will result in strict
disciplinary action.
All injuries must be reported as soon as possible.
No horseplay, alcohol, or drugs allowed on premises.
No alcohol usage allowed during lunch break.
PPE must be worn as prescribed by management.
All tools/equipment must be maintained in good
condition.
Only appropriate tools shall be used for specific jobs.
All guards must be kept in place.
No spliced electrical cords/wiring allowed.
Only authorized personnel can operate forklift
vehicles.
Smoking allowed only in lunchroom.
Seat belt use required of all drivers/passengers.
SAFETY COMMITTEE
General functions of the Safety Committee can include:
(1) Identifying workplace hazards
(2) Enforcement of Safety Rules
(3) Measuring safety performance
(4) Reducing frequency/severity of injuries
(5) Creating safety policies
(6) Developing and monitoring safety programs
Specific tasks of the Safety Committee can include:
(1) Conducting self-inspections of the workplace
(2) Review employee reports of hazards
(3) Assist in safety training
(4) Creating safety incentive programs
(5) Publish/distribute safety newsletter
(6) Inspect PPE
(7) Post safety posters/slogans on bulletin board
(8) Identify Light Duty Jobs
SAFETY GEARS
Safety gears are used as prime substance to ensure safety to worker. Thus, before working on
electrical system this should be checked and ensure according to rules and regulation of
department.
Kinds of safety gears
•Safety Helmet
It protect worker from head and eye injury, further it protects from heat stroke and dust. Thus, this
should be wear during work hrs. Safety equipment
•Ear Muffs
This protect human ear from excessive noise a work place which can damage hearing efficiency.
Normal noise level is 85~90db. Thus if the noise exceed from above the ear muffs should be used.
•Safety shoes.
At industrial area the safety shoes are used to restrain hazards at wet, oils places or any
place where foot injury is one of most prime cause. These shoes can be used at
chemical plant, However they are called long rubber shoes. They also insulate human
body from electrical shock
•Protective Cloth
Use appropriate protective cloth during decanting of furnace oil, acid tankers and batteries
•Respirator mask
This should be wear, where industrial exhaust i.e. stacks or where any other dangerous gases
contacting human body. If respirators are not used that this will bring deceases like i.e. chest
infection and allergies during respiration.
•Safety glasses
The wearing of safety glasses by all shop employees and work on sand blasting etc. Strict
adherence to this policy can significantly reduce the risk of eye injuries
Safety gloves
Through this apparatus worker can be safe during work on acid, handing furnace oil, steam
and hot valves or electrical contacts
Safety belts
This safes the worker from fall down from height. Thus during work on electrical pole or any place
alike that, safety belt must be used.
Safety programs
The below are prime objects to conduct safety programs.
•To point out unsafe practice, so that employees and
appliances are prevented from accident.
•To empower the administrative to follow ensure the
regulation of safety code.
•To abide the SOP for safety code.
•To prepare a comprehensive accident reports this
contains causes of accident and prevention, so that
other may follow to restrain such accidents.
•Work plan may be made in accordance with safety
rules.
•To conduct safety seminars in-between other power
plants, so that awareness to new technology may be
discussed and this will bring knowledge for safe
operations.
INTRODUCTION TO
POWER
PLANTS
Basic concept of modern power plants
A power station (also referred to as a generating station, power plant, powerhouse or generating
plant) is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power.
Each power station contains one or more generators, a rotating machine that converts
mechanical power into electrical power by creating relative motion between a magnetic field
and a conductor
Conventional Non-Conventional
Power Plant Power Plant
Thermal Power Plant Nuclear Power Plant Geo Thermal Power Plant
Solar Power Plant Wind Power Plant
Tidal Power Plant Bio-mass Power Plant
Steam Power Plant
Combined Cycle Power Plant
Gas Turbine Power Plant
Diesel Power Plant
A boiler or steam generator is a device used to create steam by applying heat energy to
water. Thus, when heat is applied it produces steam and pressure in close vessel.
Types of Boiler
DRUM INTERNALS
•Baffle plates
It converts feed water into small particles and when it passes through feed water it separate rust &
unsolvable gases which may remove through boiler vent.
•Steam Separator
It removes heavy pollution from steam. Chemical dozing is also used to remove pollutions.
•Steam purifier
This eliminates remaining pollution and moisture and purify the steam. Further passes the steam
from drum to super heaters.
•Cyclone
The function of cyclone is to eliminate silica and hardness.
•Discharge lines
Discharge lines are used to discharge steam from boiler drum
•C.B.D (Continuous blow down)
To control silica value in drum normally 5~7 T/h and 18 T/h in PBD48t/h
•E.B.D (Emergency blow down)
To meet the emergency for controlling silica value in drum
BOILER FURNACE
The furnace is the place where burning process with a mixture of fuel and air takes place. This
provides space during burning. This also prevents the heat loss during fire because this is a sealed
compartment. Furnace disburses heat to up riser tubes which converts water into steam. This also
prevents to enter cold air into furnace.
The furnace design should be like that which prevent heat losses.
•Burners
Burner is a device, which helps to ignite fuel with the help of air. This device is used for proper
firing. Burner is a prime source to set right the fuel and air mixture, pressure and firing location.
Burner is also called boiler operating parameter due to its importance for calculating boiler
efficiency
•Properties of Burner.
•With the help of burner fuel burns completely.
•Easy to operate
•Maintain fire arc’s direction, so that at heat utilized within furnace.
•It make proper mixture of air and fuel
Super Heaters
It is boiler auxiliary designed to superheat the saturated steam to a specified temperature. It may
reach upto 540 0C.
•Function of Super Heater
•It increases the temp. of saturated steam.
•It is used to dry the steam
•It provides an outlet to superheated steam towards the steam turbine.
Super heater is consisting of a bundle of tubes therein saturated steam passes. This wet steam gets
more heat to convert as super heated steam. Super heaters are installed in all three zones of
boiler.
•Radiant Super heater
•Platen Super heater
•Convective Super heater
The temperature of superheated steam is around 400 to 595 0C. Usually it is around 540 0C. The
allowable difference is around ±5 to 10 0C
•Advantage of super heated steam
•Improve turbine efficiency
•No harm can occurred to turbine blade due to wet steam
•No rust will occur to turbine blade
•Blades does not bend
•Steam temperature control in boiler
•De-super heater
•Atompration
•F.W injection
•Gas recirculation fan
•Fuel increased / decreased
•Air flow control
•Tilting of burner position
•Soot blowing
•Shot blasting
Re-heaters
Re-heater can also be termed as super heater. They can also be called as intermediate super
heaters. These are installed in flue gas duct. The get heat through flue gases and rises wet steam
temperature. There is no temperature different in re-heater or super heater. However due no
decrease in steam pressure it is called re-heater. The pressure decreases due to line resistance
•Economizer
Economizer is an accessory of boiler that recovers the waste heat from the flue gas blown out of
the boiler. Thus it actually "economizes" the operational cost or in other words, improves the
efficiency of fuel utilization in the boiler
Economizer is installed in flue gas duct. The economizer tubes get heat from flue gases to raise the
temperature of feed water. This device is also reducing the temperature of flue gases.
Economizers dramatically reduce boiler fuel consumption by efficiently removing waste heat from
the flue gas and returning the heat to the feed water system
•Fuction of economizer
•It increase the temperature of feed water
•Receives heat from flue gases
•Lower the temperature of flue gases
•Reduces the size of boiler
•Increase the efficiency of boiler upto 1% in terms of fuel consumption
•It is water heat recovery device.
The temperature of water which is going to enter in economizer should be higher than freezing point
of water because it will start condensing the flue gases this situation can also be termed as swat of
economizer tubes. The flue gases with a content of sulpher become condense and form sulphuric
acid which is harmful for economizer tubes. Thus, the minimum temperature of feed water in
economizer is set upto 60 0C
•Boiler Water Circulation Types:
•Natural or thermal circulation
•No pump or any device used
•Control or forced circulation
•(FCP) Forced circulation pump is used for circulation
•Once through circulation
•Boiler drum is not present in the circuit (no storage capacity)
•Combined circulation
•It is combination of forced and natural circulation
•Gas Recirculation Fan
Gas recirculation (GRC) is a highly effective technique used for lowering Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
emissions from burners. In industrial boilers by reticulating used flue gases back into the system. This
process lowers the peak combustion temperature and drops the percentage of oxygen in the
combustion air/flue gas mixture, delaying the formation of NOx caused by high flame temperatures
This fan is installed in the 2nd zone of boiler, however sent the flue gases to 1st zone from this cold
reheat steam converts into hot reheat steam and further increased the temperature upto 540 0C.
This steam is used in IP turbine. The GRC fan is only used whenever reheat temperature did not arise.
•Air pre-heater
Heating combustion air can raise boiler efficiency about 1% for every 40F in temperature increase.
The most common way to preheat the air is with a heat exchanger on the flue exhaust.
Air pre-heater is installed into flue gases duct. The heating element get heat from flue gases and
passes it to the air going into furnace, so that temperature of combustion air increased. This helps
for proper fuel burning.
•Advantages of air pre-heating
•Improved combustion and efficiency use of fuel
•Stabilized fuel ignition which improves low load combustion
•Increased steam generation capacity
•Better utilization of low grade, high ash fuel
•Minimized size of boiler
•Higher thermal efficiency as most of the heat from combustion products in recovered. If flue
gases temp. is decreased upto 100 0F, the efficiency will increase by 25% (particularly in the boilers
where gas, oil or coal is used as fuel)
•Greater load flexibility
•Greater pre-heat, lower the SO3 in the flue gas and therefore the stack outlet temperature can
be lowered resulting in greater heat utilization.
•Air preheating ensures complete burning of fuel resulting in less slugging and cleaner flue gas and
this reduces boiler outage for cleaning
• Calorifier / steam air heater
This is also called steam air heater. When the machine is operating of fewer load, this device is
used to increase the temperature of flue gases to ensure not getting dew point in air pre heater
and as well in stack.
It is a tubular heat exchanger in which low temperature steam flows in the tubes while air flows in
the shell side in cross current flow.
Normally the temperature of heating steam is about 120~130 0C. This steam is the worked off steam
from the steam turbine. SAH or calorifier is introduced at downstream of F.D Fan.
•Function of calorifier
•It works as heat exchanger, worked off steam from the turbine bleed and transfer it heat to
combustion air, so it helps in better combustion.
•It prevents air pre heaters from reaching the stage of dew point.
•Indirectly, it regulates the temperature of flue gases flowing towards the chimney.
•Soot blower
Flue gas contains numerous compounds. When combustion occurs some of these compounds will
collect and build up on surfaces within the furnace. The buildup will start to affect the overall
performance of the boiler by obstructing the heat transfer. To address this problem, soot blowers
are installed inside the furnace.
To generate steam several boiler use fuel as coal, gas, oil etc. When firing occurs due to higher
viscosity value of fuel comparison to air some un-burnt particles remains and further deposit on the
boiler tubes is called soot.
The soot restrains heat transfer and to tackle this soot blowers are installed, so that flue gases
transfer maximum heat to superheater, economizer and re-heaters etc. Further to improve the
heat transfer either steam or feed water tubes.
•Boiler Safety Valves
The boiler drums are manufactured on a specific pressure. Thus, in case the pressure exceed
beyond the capability of boiler drum can explode and due to explosion, chaotic situation can
occur in shape of fatal accident to human or machinery. Thus, to prevent from this state boiler
safety valves are installed which operates on specific pressure. So whenever pressure exceed from
limit these valve get operated automatically.
•Regulation for safety valve
•On every small boiler one safety valve with minimum size of ½ should be installed. Further if the
surface area is exceeding from 500 ft2 then at least two safety valves should be installed.
•1st valve should operate at 6% of boiler drum maximum pressure and thereafter 2nd valve should
operate on 3% after working pressure of 1st safety valve. Safety valves should be installed without
any extension pipe on the boiler drum.
Usually on modern boilers three safety valves are installed. Two valves on boiler drum and one valve
on life steam line are commonly installed. Both boiler drum valve does not operate on same
pressure.
•Boiler Surface
•Water surface
Waer surface include the following parts of boiler
•Economizer 100%
•Boiler drum partially
•Down comers 100%
•Generation tubes partially
•Boiler heating surface
Heating surface is the surface area of boiler tubes exposed to the hot gases of combustion in the
furnace space ir order to transfer heat to the working fluid (FW) to generate steam. Heating
surface include super heaters, re-heaters, de-super heater and furnace.
•Thereare three tyoes of heating surfaces in a boiler
•Radiant heating surface
•Radiant convective heating surface
•Convective heating surface
•Heat transfer surface
All the compnents of boiler, except down comers, includign furnace, super heater, re-heaters, de-
super heaters are heat transfer surfaces
•Advtanges of long flue gases path
•Heat stays in the flue gases path for maximum possible time.
•Different compenets placed in the flue gases path absorb heat from the flue gases.
•Ratio of heat absorbed by different compenents placed in the foue gases path
•Water wall 48%
•Super heater 15%
•Air preheater 10%
•Economizer 07%
•Re-heater 08%
•Chimney 12%
Boiler protections
•HP Drum level low
•HP Drum Level High
•Fuel Pressure Low
•Fuel Pressure High
•Furnace pressure low
•Furnace pressure high
•Both f.D fans tripped
•Both I.D fans tripped
•All feed pumps tripped
•Loss of flame
•Control supply failed
Faraday's iron ring apparatus. Change in the magnetic flux of the left coil
induces a current in the right coil.
Entropy of Rankine Cycle
Where heat is added in water boiler to convert heat into work
Entropy of Braytone Cycle
2- DC power supplt for control and protection system ON (thrugh Rectifire) and batteries on
stand by position
7- Lube oil circuit are in operation and lube oil Temp >35c and turning Gear On
SIEMENS GAS TURBINE USED SILO COMBUSTION CHAMBERS EACH CC HAS EIGHT BURNNERS
GAS TURBINE SUPPORTING SYSTEMS / BOPs
1- A C Auxilary power system
2- DC power system
3- Starting Device (Motor / Diesel Engine) OR SFC Circuit (for
Generator Run As a Motor)as a starting device
4- Lube oil System
5- Cooling Water system(open/close cycle)
6- Filtter Cleaning system
7- Compresser Washing system
8- Fuel Oil system
9-Fuel Gas system
2.HRSG
It is also called waste heat boiler (or) waste heat recovery steam generator
The temperature of exhaust flue gases from gas turbine is 540 0C. This has HHV
higher heating value and thereafore these gases are used in HRSG instead of
ruined in atomopsheric air.
The HRSG generated superheated steam with temp. 500~540 0C and this
steam is used to operate steam turbine.
•Oil System
There is three kind of oil systems are used in thermal power plants. This system is used to lubricate
the bearing and has low pressure. Another oil system is used for sealing of generator which has
medium pressure and the third one is control oil which is usually high pressure.
•Protection of Steam Turbine
•Vacuum loss •Condenser
•Lube oil pressure low The prime function of condenser is to condense the
•Turbine bearing vibration high steam which has been coming from LP turbine. The
•Turbine over speed tubes contain raw water and when steam hits the
•Axial displacement surface of tubes steam got condensed.
•Minimum level of hot well The condensation is collected in hot well, thus it can
•Maximum level of hot well be called main condensate water.
•Relative expansion differential expansion When steam is contacted with tube surface for
•Wet steam protection condensation it is called surface condenser and
•Lube oil temperature these types of condensers are used in major power
plants.
There is another kind of condenser i.e. jet type
condenser.
In jet type condenser the condensate water is
directly sprayed on the steam, so that the water can
take the heat from steam and resultantly steam get
condensed.
•Function of Condenser
A turbine condenser accomplished two jobs. It
condenses steam coming from LP turbine and it
transfer the het contained in steam to circulating
water.
Cleaning of condenser •Steam Jet Air Ejector
•Back washing It prime function is to eliminate non
•CW reverse flow partially condensable gases from condenser. This has
•Brushes been made on different stages. One
•Plugs separate line of air has been taken to
•Rubber balls ejector where pressurized steam applied.
•Hard deposit removed by chemical treatment This steam expels through nozzle where
•Jet washing velocity is decreased and pressure is
decreased. This steam takes away non
•Deaerator condensable gases from condenser.
This has been installed over the speed tank. Its prime function is to remove non-solvable
gases from condensate water. This has been energized by using bleeding steam. A pipeline
with small holes have been installed wherefrom feed pump fall in shape of drops. The baffle
plates are inside under the pipe on which waterfalls. Therefore, non solvable gases get
eliminated and water emerges into bottom of feed tank
•H.P Heaters
The feed water passes into tubes and take heat
from bleeding steam. In this process bleeding steam
got condensed and heated water goes toward
feed water. The main aspect of H.P heater is to
improve turbine efficiency and to supply hot water
to boiler drum. This saves fuel consumption.
•Condensate Cycle
It is also called heat exchanger. Condenser is the device where steam gets condensed and
collected into hot well. Each unit has three condensate pumps and two pumps in operation while
the 3rd one remains on standby position. 1st their discharge goes to steam jet air ejector then vent
condenser. Thereafter a small line goes for condenser recirculation. The remaining condensate
water travels through main regulator and goes to LP heater No. 1 and 2 and subsequently attained
heat. Then this condensate water goes through gland condenser and thereafter passes through LP
heater No. 3, 4, 5. After passing from all above heater the temperature of condensate water rises
from 50 0C to 140 0C and at final this condensate water goes through non return valve and enters
into a header where two lines have been coupled to deaerator for entering into feed tank
•Feed Water Cycle
When feed water passes through deaerator then non condensable gases separates at that stage
and at that time temperature of feed water is 160 0C. Feed water enters into feed pump through its
suction filter.
Each unit has 03 feed pumps. Two remain in operation while the 3rd one is on standby position.
Suction pressure: 6kg/cm2 and discharge pressure 160 kg/cm2
According to load on machine usually two pumps in operation. The discharge of both pumps enters
into a common header and wherefrom the feed water passes through HP heater No. 1, 2 and
economizer. At this stage feed water gain temperature 240 0C.
These HP heaters can be bypassed and resultantly economizer directly enters into boiler drum.
Feed water can also be re-circulated through discharge recirculation line.
•Main steam cycle
The steam get out through super heater no. 4 and enters into HP turbine at that time its pressure is
130 kg/cm2 and temperature is 540 0C and after exiting from HP turbine it becomes 370 0C with 32
kg/cm2. This steam is sent in re-heaters where its temperature raised upto 520 0C however its
pressure remain unchanged
Thereafter at final the steam enters in LP turbine and performs work and at the end condense in
condenser. Further for starting stopping and emergency controls HP and LP bypass station has been
installed.
HP by pass station by HP turbine whiles the LP by pass station by pass the LP turbine. Moreover, after
bypassing the steam directly enters in condenser.
The turbine consumes 30~40 heat energy and 5 % in leakage while the remaining heat energy
collected in condenser.
Advantage of extractions
•It increase thermal efficiency in feed water
•It reduce the size of turbine and condenser
Generator
The operating principle of electromagnetic generators was
discovered in the years of 1831–1832 by Michael Faraday. The
principle, later called Faraday's law, is that an electromotive force
is generated in an electrical conductor which encircles a varying
magnetic flux.
He also built the first electromagnetic generator, called the
Faraday disk, a type of homopolar generator, using a copper disc
rotating between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. It produced a
small DC voltage.
The Faraday disk was the first
electric generator. The horseshoe-
shaped magnet created a
magnetic field through the disk .
When the disk was turned, this
induced an electric current
radially outward from the center
toward the rim. The current flowed
out through the sliding spring
contact m, through the external
circuit, and back into the center
of the disk through the axle.
•Generator
Generator is the device which coverts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
•Alternator
Due to generator of voltage in AC it is called alternator
•Turbo Generator
As the generator has been rotated through turbine that why it is called turbo generator
•Synchronous Generator
When generator is coupled with system and it operate according to other generators then this is
called synchronous generator
•Synchronous Condenser
When generator gain power from system to improve power factor it act like a synchronous motor
then this is called synchronous condenser.
•Parts of Generator
Rotor & Stator
Casing & Bearing
Exciter
•Basic working principal of generator
The rotating part is called rotor and stationary
part is called stator. Generator rotor field
winding is energized through DC supply which
is called excitation this produce magnetism to
rotor thus it generates magnetic flux. When
generator rotor starts rotating it cut then stator
winding reacts by cutting the flux.
This product Electromagnetic flux. The EMF
excites the electrons for movement and a flow
of electrons starts. So, it is called terminal
voltage or generator voltage. This excitation
plays main role for generating voltage in
generator i.e. 11kV, 15.75kV or 20~30kV.
•Synchronization
When do different electrical systems are coupled together it is called synchronization or to
connect the generator with system.
There are three main aspects during synchronization
•Generator and system voltage should be same.
•Generator and system frequency should be same.
•Generator and system phase angle should be equal.
Thus, if above three conditions are equal then generator should be synchronized with system
•Advantages of A.C Generator •Generator protection system
•Field winding on rotor Being the ultimate device for generating
•Less insulation electricity it value can be rated as most liable.
•Weight of rotor less Thus to prevent from internal and external fault
•Easy to retain centrifugal force protection system is installed
•Size of rotor is smaller
•High voltage on rotor
Generator faults can be categorized as follows:
•Generator differential protection * Lube oil problem 2 Natural over current relay
and you are the 1st one in the * Phase to ground fault
system.. no need of
Negative phase sequence (or)
synchronization *
Un-balanced current in generator
•Over excitation * Rotor earth fault
Power Transformer
This is stationary device even though no part of this device is rotating. This operates on the law of
mutual induction. According to faraday’s law if current is supplied in one coil the due to mutual
induction the supply will automatically enters into second coil. Transformer work on this law and
transform the current from high to low voltage or low to high voltage.
The coil in which the current is supplied called Primary coil and the receiving coil is called
Secondary coil . The transformer can be step up or step down. Transformers are used to reduce
of improve the generator voltage which is further supplied to system.
•Parts of Transformer
•Isolator
This can be termed as off load switch
•Breaker
This is an on load switching device. This can be opened or closed while sharing load.
•Lightening arrestor
A lightening arrester is a device to protect electrical equipment from over-voltage transients
caused by external (lightning) or internal (switching) events. Also called a surge protection device
(SPD) or transient voltage surge suppressor (TVSS),
D.C Supply
As we all know that AC supply can’t be stored. Thus the back systems in power houses are used built
on DC supply system. It is a stand by source of electricity available at every movement in shape of
storage batteries in order to protect our main system to damage.
•Importance of DC supply
All the control and protection system is based on DC supply. Usually the AC supply is converted to
DC through rectifier. Further battery bank is also used which is charge through rectifier. This DC
produced by battery bank is used in emergency when AC is not available. Moreover, during
charging the chemical energy converts into electrical energy.
•Different parts of DC supply
•Rectifier
•Battery charger
•Battery cell 24VDC or 220VDC
•Kinds of batteries
There are so many kinds of batteries; however below mentioned are the one who have been
chosen on their type of material and electrode.
•Lead acid batteries
•Nickel cadmium alkaline batteries
Nickel iron alkaline batteries
•Use of battery if power station
•Control of electrical equipment
•Open / close of breakers
•Position indicators
•Emergency lights
•Field flashing
•Control and protection system
•Emergency pumps
Note: The charge battery has 11% water and 89% sulphuric acid and when it discharged it
become 15% sulphric acid and 15% water.
Cooling tower
The prime function of cooling tower is to cold the hot water through its structural design and fans
therein 75% hot water get cold by evaporation whereas 25% hot water get cold through air.
All cooling towers operate on the principle of removing heat from water by evaporating
•Structure
There a fan on the top of each cell of cooling tower and below the fan (fiber) water tubes are
placed which convert the water into small particles. The titling edges are lay down on the side wall
of each cell which prevent the water from fall outside the basin. The fan through the air outside the
tower fan assembly and from this action the process of evaporation or removing heat from water
occurs.
The water in the basin of each cell is called pit (hot basin) and thereafter connected to cold basin
(C.W pump suction). This cold basin water is re-circulated through C.W Pumps. During this process
3% loss occurs which has been compensated / makeup through tube wells.
•Temperature measurement in cooling tower
To calculate the temperature of atmosphere and water two kinds of meters are used i.e. Dry bulb
and Wet bulb
The atmospheric temperature has been monitored through dry bulb whereas water temperature is
measured through wet bulb.
Thank You for Your
Time and
Attention !!!!
REGARDS: