UNIT 2

1. VOCABULARY
1.1 MONEY
2. PRONUNCIATION
2.1 /ʌ/ /ɒ/ /əʊ/
3. PHRASAL VERBS
4. USEFUL GRAMMAR
4.1 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
4.2 PAST SIMPLE
4.2.1. PRONUNCIATION OF THE ENDING “ED”
4.3 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
4.4 STRONG ADJECTIVES
5. EXERCISES

__________________________________________

1. VOCABULARY
1.1 MONEY

1. /weist/ ______________________________waste

2. /spend ______________________________spend

3. /seiv/ ________________________________save

4. /pei/_________________________________ pay

5./ə´fɔ:d/ _______________________________afford/permitirse (el lujo)

6./kɒst /________________________________cost

7./paʊnd/ ______________________________ pound

8. /ɜ:n/ ________________________________ earn

9. /əʊ/ ________________________________ owe

10. /in´herit/ ____________________________ inherit

11. /in´vest/_____________________________ invest

12./tʃɑ:dʒ/______________________________ charge

13./´bɒrəʊ/ _____________________________ borrow

14./lend/ _______________________________ lend

15. /kæʃ mə´ʃ i:n/ ________________________ cash machine

16./´kredit kɑ:d/__________________________ credit card

17./nəʊt/ _______________________________ note

18./kɔɪn/________________________________ coin

19./bæŋk ə´kaʊnt/ ________________________ bank account

20. /´mɔ:gi:dʒ/ ___________________________ mortgage

21./´bɑ:gən/ _____________________________ bargain/ganga

22./tæks/________________________________ tax

23./reiz/_________________________________ raise/conseguir fondos

24./ləʊn/ ________________________________ loan

25./bil/ __________________________________ bill

26./´intrəst reits/ _________________________ interest rates/tipos de

interés

27./seiviŋ/ _______________________________ saving

28./det/ _________________________________ debt/deuda

29./´dɒlə/ _______________________________ dollar

30./´juərəʊ/_______________________________ euro

2. PRONUNCIATION
2.1 /ʌ/ - up

/ɒ/ - clock

/əʊ/ - phone
 3. PHRASAL VERBS

Take out – sacar (dinero etc)

For example - I took out € 200 from a cash machine yesterday morning.

Pay back – devolver dinero

For example - Can I pay you back the money you lent me next week?

Live off – Depender económicamente de (alguien)

For example – Most students live off their parents while they are at
university.

Live on – vivir con (un salario, con una cantidad de dinero etc), poder
seguir viviendo con…

For example – The natives live on (stay alive by eating) a diet of fruit and
occasionally meat.

It´s difficult for me and my wife to live on only one salary.

4. USEFUL GRAMMAR

4.1 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (REPAIR, READ)

Positive Negative Interrogative

 I have/´ve repaired the car
 You have/´ve repaired the car
 He has/´s repaired the car
 She has/´s repaired the car
 We have/´ve repaired the car
 You have/´ve repaired the car
 They have/´ve repaired the car
 I have not/haven´t repaired the car
 You have not /haven´t repaired the car
 He has not/hasn´t repaired the car
 She has not/hasn´t repaired the car
 We have not/haven´t repaired the car
 You have not/haven´t repaired the car
 They have not/haven´t repaired the car
 Have I repaired the car?
 Have you repaired the car?
 Has he repaired the car?
 Has she repaired the car?
 Have we repaired the car?
 Have you repaired the car?
 Have they repaired the car?

 I have/´ve read this book
 You have/´ve read this book
 He has/´s read this book
 She has/´s read this book
 We have/´ve read this book
 You have/´ve read this book
 They have/´ve read this book
 I have not/haven´t read this book
 You have not/haven´t read this book
 He has not/ hasn´t read this book
 She has not/hasn´t read this book
 We have not/haven´t read this book
 You have not/haven´t read this book
 They have not/haven´t read this book
 Have I read this book?
 Have you read this book?
 Has he read this book?
 Has she read this book?
 Have we read this book?
 Have you read this book?
 Have they read this book?
  The Present Perfect describes past experiences when we don´t say
exactly when they happened. It is similar to the “pretérito perfecto
compuesto” in Spanish:

Have you been to Russia? Once.

 When we use the Present Perfect there is a connection with the

present:

Have you washed your hair? (= Is it clean now?)

Oh dear, I´ve forgotten her name. (= I can´t remember it now)

 Don´t use the Present Perfect for happenings or actions which are
not connected with the present (for example, historical events):
The Chinese invented printing (not “have invented”)

 We can use “the Present Perfect Simple”

➣ to give new information or to announce a recent happening. For

example:

I´ve lost my key. Can you help me look for it?

Do you know about Jim? He´s gone to London.

Ow! I´ve burnt myself.

Too late! Our train has just left!

➣with “just”(= a short time ago):

“Would you like something to eat?” “No, thanks. I´ve just had lunch.

Hello, have you just arrived?

➣with “ever” or “never”. Remember to put ever/never before the main

verb.

Have you ever missed your flight?

They´ve never been to Rome.

➣with “already” to say that something has happened sooner than
expected. Already also goes before the main verb.

I´ve already finished the exercises.

➣ with “Yet” to show that the speaker is expecting something to happen.

Use yet only in questions and negative sentences. Yet comes at the end of a
question or a negative sentence.

Have they arrived yet?

We haven´t seen them yet.

➣ after a superlative :

What a boring film! It´s the most boring film I´ve ever seen.

Is it a long book? Yes, it´s the longest book I´ve ever read.

➣ with today and phrases with this, e.g. this morning/this evening/this
week/this term/this year for a period up to the present.

Ron hasn´t studied very much this term.

But sometimes today, etc. can mean a past period. Compare:

I haven´t seen Rachel today. (It´s still daytime.)

I didn´t see Rachel at work today. (The working day is over.)

Has the post come this morning? (It´s still morning.)

Did the post come this morning? (It´s later in the day)

➣ with ever and never. We use ever in questions. In Have you ever been
to London? The word ever means “in your whole life up to the present
time”. Never means “not ever”

➣ with for and since.

Those people have been at the hotel since Friday.

Vicky has only had that camera for three days.

Here something began in the past and has lasted up to the present time.

We use for + a period of time, e.g. for two weeks, or since + a point of
time, e.g. since 1990.

Don´t use the Present Simple with for/since. NOT They know each other
for a long time.

We use the Present Perfect Simple + for or since with non –action verbs
(e.g. like, have, know, etc) to talk about something which started in the
past and is still true now.

They´ve known each other for ten years. (= they met ten years ago and
they still know each other today)

My parents have had this car for about ten years.

The time expression “since” can be followed by a specific time or by a

subject + verb in the Past Simple:

I haven’t been to London since last year.

I haven´t been to London since I moved to Rome.

➣ when we are interested in the result of the action, not in the action
itself. The important thing is that something has been finished.

Mike has repaired the car.

We use present perfect simple for a complete action. We are thinking of

the finished repair and the result of the repair - that the car is all right
now.

➣ to say how much we have done, how many things we have done, or
how many times we have done something:

Ann has written ten letters today.

How many pages of that book have you read?

Jim has played tennis three times this week.

  We have to use “the Present Perfect Simple”

➣ with “This is the first time….. It´s the first time…. etc.

Is this the first time you´ve been in hospital?

Tom has lost his passport again. It´s the second time he has lost it.

➣ with verbs that talk about short actions: start, find, lose, break, buy,
stop, etc.

 Study the difference between “gone to” and “been to”:

Ann is on holiday. She has gone to Italy. (= She is there now or she is on
her way there.)

Tom is back in England now. He has been to Italy. (= he was there but
now he has come back.)

➣ with always, so far.

➣ to talk about the last time that something happened:

I haven´t eaten meat for two years. (= I last ate meat two years ago.)

 We can use “the Present Perfect Simple” and Present Perfect

Continuous with: lately, recently, since, for , how long

4.2 PAST SIMPLE (play, buy)

Positive Negative Interrogative

 I played the guitar
 You played the guitar
 He played the guitar
 She played the guitar
 We played the guitar
 You played the guitar
 They played the guitar
 I did not/didn´t play the guitar
 You did not/didn´t play the guitar
 He did not/didn´t play the guitar
 She did not/didn´t play the guitar
 We did not/didn´t play the guitar
 You did not/didn´t play the guitar
 They did not/didn´t play the guitar
 Did I play the guitar?
 Did you play the guitar?
 Did he play the guitar?
 Did she play the guitar?
 Did we play the guitar?
 Did you play the guitar?
 Did they play the guitar?
 I bought a computer
 You bought a computer
 He bought a computer
 She bought a computer
 We bought a computer
 You bought a computer
 They bought a computer
 I did not/didn´t a buy a computer
 You did not/didn´t buy a computer
 He did not/didn´t buy a computer
 She did not/didn´t buy a computer
 We did not/didn´t buy a computer
 You did not/didn´t buy a computer
 They did not/didn´t buy a computer
 Did I buy a computer?
 Did you buy a computer?
 Did he buy a computer?
 Did she buy a computer?
 Did we buy a computer?
 Did you buy a computer?
 Did they buy a computer?

 The Past Simple tells us only about the past.

 We use the Past Simple

➣ for finished actions when the time is mentioned or understood. For

example:

I received your email this morning.

What time did you wake up this morning?

They got married last year.

Do not use the Present perfect when you are talking about a finished time
in the past (for example: yesterday, two years ago, last week, in 1990, when
I was a child, etc.)

➣ to ask or say when something happened or What time…?:

When did it start raining? It started raining an hour ago. (not When has it
started raining?)

What time did Andy go out? (not what time has Andy gone out?)

 We can use the Past Simple with for to talk about something that
continued for a period of time, and ended in the past:

I lived in Rome for two years. Then I went to work in Japan.

4.2.1 PRONUNCIATION OF THE ENDING “ED”

 Be careful with the pronunciation of the ending of regular Past

Simple and Past Participles.
➣ Use /id/ for verbs ending in the sounds /t,d/

Hated /heit- id/

Waited /weit - id/

Needed/ni:d - id/

Decided /di´said – id/

➣ Use /t/ for verbs ending in the sounds /p,k,f,s,ks,θ, ʃ, tʃ/

Hoped /həʊp - t/

Pumped /pᴧmp - t/

Smoked /sməʊk - t/

Booked / bʊk - t/

Laughed /la:f - t/

Coughed /kɒf - t/

Missed /mis - t/

Placed /pleis - t/

Boxed /bɒks - t/

Mixed /miks – t

Bathed/bɑ:θ - t /

Washed / wɒʃ - t/

Wished /wiʃ - t/

Watched /wɒtʃ - t/

Researched /ri´sɜ:tʃ - t/

➣ Use /d/ for all other verbs ending in the sounds /l,m,n,g,v,b,z,dʒ,ŋ,
including verbs that end in a vowel sound/
Called /kɔ:l - d/

Smiled/smail - d/

Climbed /klaim - d/

Named /neim - d/

Canned /kæn - d/

Fined /fain - d/

Begged /beg - d/

Hugged /hᴧg - d/

Saved /seiv - d/

Moved/mu:v - d/

Grabbed /græb - d/

Robbed /rɒb - d/

Used /ju:z - d/

Advised /әd´vaiz - d/

Changed /tʃeindʒ - d /

Charge /tʃɑ:dʒ - d /

Longed /lɒŋ - d/

Belonged /bi´lɒŋ - d/

Married /´mæri - d/

Played /plei - d/
 4.3 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (PLAY,CUT )
Positive Negative Interrogative

 I have/I´ve been playing music.
 You have/You´ve been playing music
 He has/ He´s been playing music
 She has/She´s been playing music
 We have/We´ve been playing music
 You have/You´ve been playing music
 They have/They´ve been playing music
 I have not/ I haven´t been playing music  Have I been playing music?
 You have not/haven’t been playing  Have you been playing music?
music  Has he been playing music?
 He has not/ He hasn´t been playing  Has she been playing music?
music  Have we been playing music?
 She has not/She hasn´t been playing  Have you been playing music?
music
 Have they been playing music?
 We have not/We haven´t been playing
music
 You have not/You haven´t been playing
music
 They have not/They haven´t been
playing music

 I have/I´ve been cutting onions
 You have/you´ve been cutting onions
 He has/He´s been cutting onions
 She has/She´s been cutting onions
 We have/We´ve been cutting onions
 You have/You´ve been cutting onions
 They have/They´ve been cutting onions
 I have not/I haven´t been cutting onions  Have I been cutting onions?
 You have not/You haven´t been cutting  Have you been cutting onions?
onions  Has he been cutting onions?
 He has not/He hasn´t been cutting  Has she been cutting onions?
onions  Have we been cutting onions?
 She has not/She hasn´t been cutting  Have you been cutting onions?
onions
 Have they been cutting onions?
 We have not/We haven´t been cutting
onions
 You have not/You haven´t been cutting
onions
 They have not/They haven´t been
cutting onions

 We use The Present Perfect Continuous with for and since with
action verbs (e.g. learn, work, go, etc) to talk about actions which
started in the past and are still true now.
 Don´t use The Present Continuous with for/since, NOT I am working
here for two years.
 We are interested in the action. It does not matter whether
something has been finished or not

She has been painting the ceiling.

 We can also use The Present Perfect Continuous for actions that
are done many times (repeated actions) in a period of time from the
past until now:
I´ve been playing tennis since I was a small child.

 “Work” , “live” and “teach” are often used in either present perfect
simple or present perfect continuous, with no difference in
meaning.

I´ve lived here since 1980. OR I´ve been living here since 1980.

Sarah has worked for the company for three years now. OR Sarah has
been working for the company for three years now.

I have taught here for eight years. OR I have been teaching for eight
years.

 We normally use the continuous form when we say “how long”.

She has been playing music all day.

I´ve been ironing shirts since ten o´clock.

How long have you been learning to drive?

 We use the Present Perfect Continuous to emphasize the activity

itself, which may or may not be completed:

We´ve been painting the flat. That why it smells.

 We often use the Present Perfect Continuous with verbs that talk
about longer activities: learn, rain, try, play, work, read, wait, etc.
 We often use the Present Perfect Continuous with: all day, all
morning, etc.

4.4 STRONG ADJECTIVES

Some adjectives have a strong meaning, for example:

I´ve had a fantastic time! = (very good)

With strong adjectives you can use absolutely/´æbsəlu:tli /,really/´ri:əli /,

completely/ kəm´pli: tli/or totally / ´təʊtəli /,but NOT very /´veri/. We
often give strong adjectives extra stress.
Normal adjectives – Strong adjectives

Hot /hɒt/– boiling / ´bɔɪliŋ/

Angry /´æŋgri/ – furious/´fjuəriəs/

Small / ´sm ɔːl/ – tiny/ ´taini /

Frightened / ´fraitnd / – terrified /´terifaid/

Nice /nais/ – delicious / di´liʃəs/

Hungry/´hʌŋgri/ – starving / ´sta:viŋ /

Big /big/ – enormous / i´nɔ: məs/

Cold / kəʊld/ – freezing/´fri:ziŋ/

Dirty /´dɜːti/ – filthy /´filθi/

Happy / ´hæpi/ – delighted /di´laitid /

Funny / ´fʌni / – hilarious /hi´leəriəs/

Sure / ʃuə/ – positive /´pɒzətiv/

Surprised / sə´praizd/ – amazed /ə´meizd /

Tired /´taiəd / – exhausted /ig`zɔ:stid/

5. EXERCISES

TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES:

1. Estoy muerta de hambre. No he comido desde hace ocho horas.

2. ¿Cuánto tiempo llevas aprendiendo chino? Llevo aprendiendo este

idioma desde hace mucho tiempo.
3. Llevan saliendo juntos desde que eran niños.

4. Acabo de comprar un ordenador.

5. El camarero nos cobró siete euros por dos tazas de café.

6. Mi cuñada heredó quinientos mil euros de su padre hace cinco

años.

7. Yo aprobé mi examen de conducir el año pasado.

8. Llevo limpiando la casa toda la mañana.

9. ¿Está seguro tu hermano de que el examen es hoy? Sí,

absolutamente seguro.

10. ¿Tienes miedo de los insectos? Sí, me dan mucho miedo.

11. Nunca he pedido prestado ningún dinero al banco.

12. A ella no le gusta prestar dinero a nadie.

13. Tuve que pagar en metálico porque no tenía la tarjeta de crédito.

14. Tengo mi ordenador desde febrero.

15. Paul no heredó nada de sus abuelos.

16. ¿Cuánto dinero pediste prestado a tu sobrino ayer?

17. Ellos quieren comprar un piso, pero todavía no han ahorrado

suficiente dinero.

18. ¿Cuándo compraron tus padres su coche? Lo compraron hace tres

meses.

19. ¿Alguna vez has gastado mucho dinero en ropa?

20. No puedo permitirme el lujo de comprar esa casa.

21. Llevo buscando un piso nuevo desde hace mucho tiempo.

22. No malgastes tu dinero en cosas estúpidas.

23. ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que tiene tu hijo su bicicleta? Tiene la

bicicleta hace aproximadamente dos semanas.
24. Lleva nevando desde que me levanté esta mañana.

25. El ganó un importante premio ayer por la tarde.

IN THIS EXERCISE YOU HAVE TO DECIDE WHETHER THESE SENTENCES

ARE RIGHT OR WRONG.CORRECT THOSE WHICH ARE WRONG:

1. I have this laptop since about three years ago.

2. Jack´s kitchen was very filthy. It took us three hours to clean it.

3. Jim does athletics all his life.

4. Yesterday, a Liverpool player has suffered a serious injury.

5. We have booked our holiday online two months ago.

6. Did kate´s sister pay you back yet?

7. Your eyes are red. Have you been crying? No, I´ve been cutting onions.

8. I borrowed a lot of money to the bank

9. A note is a piece of paper money.

10. How long have you lived abroad?

11. It´s the first time I ate snails.

12. I don´t smoke since September.

13. He has started his new job already.

14. He has been to Portsmouth (He is in Portsmouth or on his way there

now)

15. Is it a beautiful painting? Yes, it´s the most beautiful painting I ever
seen.