 


 
 


1

 

 




 2006
 Dedication

To our beloved father, mother, brothers, sisters, wife, sons and

daughters.
To our beloved homeland, martyrs and injuries.
To our university, doctors and students.
Those who gave us the needed support and encouraged us all the time
to complete this work.

Ahmed Ellouh

A


 

   Subject      

1 Pronouns   .1
5 The Verb  .2
6 Forms of the Verb   .3
8 Helping Verbs  .4
8 Verb To Be  .5
10 Verb To Do  .6
11 Verb To Have  .7
12 Defective Verbs  .8
14 Tenses of The Verb  .9
14 The Present Simple Tense  .10
18 The Past Simple Tense  .11
21 Conjugation of Verbs  .12
27 The Present Simple Tense  .13
31 The Past Simple Tense  .14
34 The Present Perfect Tense  .15
37 The Past Perfect Tense  .16
39 The Future Simple Tense  .17
44  .18
47   .19
48 Conditional Sentences (IF Rules)  IF  .20
53 IF  .21
54 Active and Passive Voice    .22
67 Direct and Indirect Speech  .23
86 Adjectives  .24
91   .25
94 Answers   .26

B


  Pronouns

‫ﻤﻠﻪٍ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔٍ ﻭﻻ ﺤﺎﺠـﺔ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺠ‬‫ ﻭﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﱡﺏ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ‬،‫ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﺀ‬ •
.‫ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻭﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬،‫ﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻩ‬

 •

:‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ‬:Personal Pronouns1

I, You, He, She, It, They, We -:‫ ﻭﻫﻲ‬: Subject Pronouns
me, you, him , her , it , them , us -:‫ ﻭﻫﻲ‬: Object Pronouns

.ٍ‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﻪٍ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﻪ‬  ü

Subject   Object 

 
Singular  Plural  Singular  Plural 
  I ‫ﺃﻨﺎ‬ We ‫ﻨﺤﻥ‬ me ‫ـﻨﻲ‬ us ‫ﻨﺎ‬
  He ‫ﻫﻭ‬ him ‫ـﻪ‬
  She ‫ﻫﻲ‬ They ‫ﻫﻥ‬/‫ﻫﻡ‬ her ‫ـﻬﺎ‬ them ‫ ـﻬﻥ‬/‫ـﻬﻡ‬

  It ‫ ﻫﻲ‬/‫ﻫﻭ‬ it ‫ ـﻬﺎ‬/ ‫ـﻪ‬

  You ‫ﺃﻨﺕ‬ You ‫ﺃﻨﺘﻡ‬ you ‫ـﻙ‬ you ‫ـﻜﻡ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. I am a doctor. .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‬

2. Samy visited me yesterday. .ِ‫ﺯﺍﺭﻨﻲ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬
3. He is my friend. .‫ﻫﻭ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ‬
4. I welcomed him. .‫ﺒﺕﹸ ﺒﻪ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺭﺤ‬
5. We visited our friend. .‫ﺭﻨﺎ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻨﺎ‬‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﺯ‬
6. They welcomed us. .‫ﺒﻭﺍ ﺒﻨﺎ‬‫ﻫﻡ ﺭﺤ‬
7. I invited them. .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺩﻋﻭﺘﻬﻡ‬
8. She met her uncle yesterday. .ِ‫ﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬‫ﻠﹶﺕﹾ ﻋﻤ‬‫ﻗﺎﺒ‬
9. We shall visit you tomorrow. .‫ )ﺴﻨﺯﻭﺭﻜﹸﻡ( ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻙ‬‫ﺴﻨﺯﻭﺭ‬
10. You should help the old man. .‫ل ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻭﺯ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺭ‬

1

-:‫ ﻭﻫﻲ‬Possessive Pronouns 2

Singular   Plural  


      
  my mine our ours
  his his
theirs
  her hers their
  its its
  your yours your yours

    |
.(‫ ﻭﻜﹸﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻴﺨﹸﺹ‬،‫( ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ‬Possessive Adjectives) ‫ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬.1
.(‫ ﻭﻜﹸﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻴﺨﹸﺹ‬،‫ﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ‬‫ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬.2

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. It is my pen. .‫ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬
2. It is mine. .‫ﻨﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺨﹸﺼ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬
3. It is not yours. .(‫ﻙ‬‫ ﻻ ﻴﺨﹸﺼ‬‫ ﻗﻠﻤﻙ )ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ ﻟﻴﺱ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬
4. I found his bag. .‫ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹸ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﹶﻪ‬
5. This bag is his. .‫ﻪ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺘﺨﹸﺼ‬
6. This is our garden. .‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺘﹸﻨﺎ‬
7. This garden is ours. .‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔﹸ ﺘﺨﹸﺼ‬
8. They entered their garden. .‫ﺩﺨﻠﻭﺍ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺘﹶﻬﻡ‬
9. That garden is theirs. .‫ﻬﻡ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔﹸ ﺘﺨﹸﺼ‬
10. Did you bring your car? ‫ﻫل ﺃﺤﻀﺭﺕ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻙ؟‬
11. This car is yours. .‫ﻙ‬‫ﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺨﹸﺼ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
 

  Reflexive or EmphasingPronouns3
‫ﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﻔﻌـﻭل ﻷﻥ‬‫ﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫ ﻴ‬:‫ )ﺃﻱ‬.‫ﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺄﻜﻴﺩ‬‫ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺭ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻨﻔﺱِ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ‬‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻊ ﺃﺜﺭ‬ •
.(‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ‬
.‫( ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ‬selves) (‫ﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﺃﻨﻔﹸﺱ‬‫ ﻟﻠﻤ‬self (‫ﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻨﻔﺱ‬‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ‬ •
:‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﻨﺔﹰ ﺒﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻟﻼﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬‫ﻭﻨﹸﺠﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻀ‬ •

2


Singular Plural

       

I ‫ﺃﻨﺎ‬ myself ‫ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬/ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬ We ‫ﻨﺤﻥ‬ ourselves ‫ ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴِﻨﺎ‬/ ‫ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻨﺎ‬

He ‫ﻫﻭ‬ himself ‫ ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻪ‬/ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬

‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻬﺎ‬/ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻥ‬/ ‫ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ‬
She herself They ‫ﻥ‬‫ ﻫ‬/ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﻫ‬ themselves
(‫ ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴِﻬِﻥ‬/ ‫)ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴِﻬِﻡ‬
‫ ﻫﻲ‬/ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ ﻨﻔــﺴﻬﺎ‬/ ‫ﻨﻔــﺴﻪ‬
It itself
‫ﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗل‬ (‫ ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻬﺎ‬/ ِ‫)ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻪ‬

‫ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻜﻥ‬/ ‫ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻜﻡ‬
You ‫ﺃﻨﺕ‬ yourself ‫ ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻙ‬/ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻙ‬ You ‫ ﺃﻨﺘﹸﻥ‬/ ‫ﺃﻨﺘﹸﻡ‬ yourselves
(‫ ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻜﻥ‬/ ‫)ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻜﻡ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. I blamed myself. .‫ ﻟﹸﻤﺕﹸ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬/ ‫ﺨﺕﹸ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬‫ﻭﺒ‬

2. He blamed himself. .‫ُﻪ‬ ‫ ﻨﻔﺴ‬‫ ﻻﻡ‬/ ‫ﺦﹶ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬‫ﻭﺒ‬
3. You blamed yourself. .‫ﻙ‬‫ ﻟﹸﻤﺕ ﻨﻔﺴ‬/ ‫ﺨﺕ‬‫ﺃﻨﺕ ﻭﺒ‬
4. You blamed yourselves. .‫ﻜﹸﻡ‬‫ ﺍﻨﺘﻡ ﻟﹸﻤﺘﹸﻡ ﺃﻨﻔﹸﺴ‬/ ‫ﻜﹸﻡ‬‫ﺨﹾﺘﹸﻡ ﺃﻨﻔﹸﺴ‬‫ﻭﺒ‬
5. They blamed themselves .‫ﻡ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ ﻻﻤﻭﺍ ﺃﻨﻔﺴ‬/ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺨﻭﺍ ﺃﻨﻔﺴ‬‫ﻭﺒ‬
6. Mr. Ahmed himself visited me. .(‫ﻴﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻪِ )ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻜﻴﺩ‬‫ﺯﺍﺭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
7. The manager himself visited him. .‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻪِ ﻫ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺯﺍﺭﻩ‬

   : DemonstrativeAdjectives4
.‫ﺎ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ‬‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻺﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﺸﻲﺀٍ ﺇﻤ‬ •
.‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ‬ •

 ‫ﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ‬  ‫ﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ‬

      
this ‫ ﻫﺫﻩ‬/ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ these ‫ﻫﺅﻻﺀ‬ that ‫ ﺘﻠﻙ‬/ ‫ ﺫﻟﻙ‬those ‫ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ‬

  |
( this, that, these, those ) ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻱ‬‫ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴ‬DemonstrativePronouns  ü
.(noun) ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ‬
1. This pen is mine. .‫ﻨﻲ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻡ ﻴﺨﺼ‬
2. This is my pen. .(‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ ) ﺒﻴﺩﻱ‬
3. Those are book. .‫ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ ﻜﹸﺘﺏ‬
. ‫ﺎ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻴﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬ü

3


Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. This is my book in my hand. .‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺩﻱ‬

2. That book on the shelf is not mine. .‫ﻨﻲ‬‫ﻑ ﻻ ﻴﺨﺼ‬‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭ‬
3. These pupils in this class are very clever. .‫ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼلِ ﻤﻬﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬
4. Those pupils in that class are not clever. .‫ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺼلِ ﻟﻴﺴﻭﺍ ﻤﻬﺭﺓﹰ‬

Exercise No. 1 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Choose the right answer between brackets:- :‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

1. The window is green. (He – She – It) is not yellow.

2. Usama is standing up. (He – She – It) is not sitting down.
The pencils are in the box. (He – They – We) are not on the table. The plane is in the air.
3.
(She – It – He – They) is flying to Cairo.
4. My name is Ahmed. (I – Me – My) am fifteen years old.
5. (We – Our – Us) are students.
6. (Yours – You – Your) are teachers.
7. (Your – Yours – You) books are new.
8. He is doing his work; I am doing (my – mine – me).
9. He is doing his work; I am doing (my – mine – me) work.
10. The girl is drinking milk. She is drinking (she – it – they – he) from the glass.
11. The children are eating apples. They are eating (them – her – him) in the room.
12. You should do your homework by (yourself – himself – herself).
13. We finished our homework. We finished it by (ourselves – themselves – yourself).
14. I always depend on (himself – myself – herself).
15. The boys helped the old man. They helped him (ourselves – themselves – herself).
16. The doctor told Huda and Nabil to take care of (themselves – herself – yourself).
17. (Those – This – That) girls are playing basketball.
18. (This – These – That) pupils are polite.
19. (This – These – Those) bag is mine.

Patience is a key to relief.



4
‫‪‬‬

‫‪The Verb‬‬

‫ﻤِﻥ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻌل )‪.(Verb‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ (Full verb1‬ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﻴﺴﺎﻓﺭ ‪ travel‬ـ ﻴﺯﻭﺭ ‪ visit‬ـ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﻁﻲ ‪ ،give‬ﻭﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺩ‪‬ﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺤـﺩﺙٍ‬
‫ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫‪1. He always travels to France.‬‬ ‫) ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ (‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪2. He is travelling to France now.‬‬ ‫) ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ(‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Helping ( Auxiliary )Vereb2‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﺩل ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻥٍ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺩلّ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺙٍ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔِ ﺨﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلِ ﺍﻟﺩ‪‬ﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺙٍ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ‪ - write‬ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ‪ ........ buy‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻻﺒ‪‬ﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻌل )‪.(verb‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺼِﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺼِﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل )‪.(Passive‬‬

‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﺠﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﺩﻗﺔٍ ﺘﺎﻤ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔِ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕٍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔٍ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌلٍ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩٍ ﺒﻭﻀﻊِ )‪ (not‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلِ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪1. They are students.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ‪.‬‬

‫‪2. They are not students.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻟﻴﺴﻭﺍ ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌلٍ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩٍ‪ ،‬ﺒﻭﻀﻊِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴـﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ )؟(‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫‪1. He is a doctor.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‪.‬‬

‫?‪2. Is he a doctor‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ؟‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ‪‬ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻻﹰ ﻗﻭﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻴ‪‬ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻌل ﻀﻌﻴﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪5‬‬


Forms of Verb 

 ç

 The Infinitive 1
‫ﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬‫ﺴﻤ‬‫ ﻭﻴ‬to ‫ﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬‫ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﻘﻪ‬to ‫( ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬base) ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬‫ﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴ‬‫ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭ‬
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(base infinitive) ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭِ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻱ‬

(to) play ‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬ (to) sing ‫ﻐﻨﹼﻲ‬‫ﻴ‬ (to) be ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬

The Present 2
‫ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩ‬are ‫ و‬،I ‫ ﻤﻊ‬am :‫ ﻓﻠﻪ ﺸﻜﻼﻥ‬to be ‫ ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻓﻌل‬،to ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬
:‫ﺨﺎﻁﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬

play ‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬ sing ‫ﻐﻨﹼﻲ‬‫ﻴ‬ am (are) ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬

The Present with 3rd person singular 3

.‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬s) ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻜﻭ‬‫( ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬- s) ‫ﺃﻭ ﺸﻜل‬

plays ‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬ sings ‫ﻐﻨﹼﻲ‬‫ﻴ‬ is ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬

The Past 4
‫ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل‬،(Irregular Verbs) ‫ )ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺫﹼﺓ‬.‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬‫( ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬-ed) ‫ﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﻓﻲ‬‫ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭ‬
.(Helping Verbs) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬

played ‫ﻟﻌﺏ‬ sang ‫ﻏﻨﹼﻲ‬ was (were) ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬

The Past Participle 5

،(Irregular Verbs) ‫ )ﻤـﺎ ﻋـﺩﺍ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل ﺍﻟـﺸﹼﺎﺫﹼﺓ‬.‫ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺭﻜﻴﺏ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫( ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬-ed) ‫ﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺴﻤ‬‫ﻭﻴ‬
.(Helping Verbs) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‬

played ‫ﻟﻌﺏ‬ sung ‫ﻏﻨﹼﻲ‬ been ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬

The Present Participle 6

.‫–( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ing) ‫ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬‫( ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬-ing) ‫ﻰ ﺒﺸﻜل‬‫ﺴﻤ‬‫ﻭﻴ‬

playing ‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬ singing ‫ﻐﻨﹼﻲ‬‫ﻴ‬ being ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬

6

1 2 3 4 5 6
Present with 3rd Past Present
Infinitive person singular Participle Participle
Present Past
(base)
(-s form) (-ed form) (-ing form)
(to) play play plays played played playing
(to) sing sing sings sang sung singing
(to) be am (are) is was (were) been being

   |
:‫( ﻟﻪ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻫﻲ‬to be) ‫ﺘﺔ ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬‫ ﻜل ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴ‬.1

to be am is are was were been being

‫ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﺈﻀـﺎﻓﺔ‬،(s) ‫ﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺌﺏ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬‫ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.2
،(present) ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻤ‬:‫ﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻫﻲ‬‫ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﻔﻅ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬.(ing) ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ‬
(base) ‫ﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻷُﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺱِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ‬،(past participle) ‫ ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬،(past) ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬
:(to) ‫( ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬infinitive) ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬

Present ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ Past Past participle

smile ‫ﻴﺒﺘﺴﻡ‬ smiled smiled
bring ‫ﺤﻀِﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬ brought brought
rise ‫ﻴﺭﻓﻊ‬ rose risen

.{‫( ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﺍﺭﺴﻨﺎ ﻫﻭ }ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ‬P.P) (Past Participle) ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬
‫( ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺸﻜلِ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤـﻊ‬Finite Verbs) ‫ﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﹸﺴﻤ‬‫ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‬.3
.‫ﺭ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬‫ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻐﻴ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ‬
‫ﻰ‬‫( ﻓﺘﹸـﺴﻤ‬present participle) ‫( ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬past participle) ‫( ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬infinitive) ‫ﺎ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬.4
.‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺒﺯﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﺭ ﺒﻔﺎﻋلِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴ‬‫ ﻷﻥ‬،(Non-finites or Infinities) ‫ﺒﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎلِ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺭﻜﹼﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌلٍ ﻤﺤـﺩﻭﺩٍ ﺨـﺎﺹ )ﻓﻌـل‬‫ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‬.5
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ( ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻓﻌل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬‫ﻤ‬

1. Dina is playing. .‫ﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ‬ (finite + non-finite)

2. He has gone home. .‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ‬ (finite + non-finite)

 Finite Verb :‫ﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴ‬

Do good and cast it into the sea.

  

7


 Helping Verbs 

Verb To Be Verb To Do Verb To Have Defective Verbs

      


 1- Verb To Be

be , am , is , are , was , were , been , being

Pronoun  Present  Past 

I am ‫ﺃﻜﻭﻥ‬ was ‫ﻔﺭﺩ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤ‬
He , She , It is ‫ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬/ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ was ‫ﻔﺭﺩ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤ‬
We , They , You are ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ‬ were ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ‬

     

  am, is  was
be been
are were

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. I am a teacher. .‫ﺱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤ‬
2. He is a doctor. .‫ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‬
3. Huda is not a nurse. .‫ﻤﺭﻀﺔ‬‫ﺩﻯ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤ‬‫ﻫ‬
4. I was doing my home work. .‫ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﺃﻋﻤل ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ‬
5. I and Ali are neighbors. .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺠﻴﺭﺍﻥ‬
6. Are you a doctor? ‫ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ؟‬
7. Was she angry yesterday? ‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺔﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ؟‬
8. Today, he is better. .‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ‬
9. You are not a teacher. .‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﻟﺴﺕﹶ ﻤ‬
10. They were given a good lesson yesterday. .ِ‫ﺃُﻋﻁﻭﺍ ﺩﺭﺴﺎﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬
 

8

    |
‫ﻤﻠـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔِ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬،‫ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬،‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ‬Verb To Be ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﻻﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.1
.ِ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬‫ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺯ‬
.(n't) not ‫ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬Verb To Be ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻨﻔﻲ‬.2
am , is , are , was , were (n't) not ‫ﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬

Exercise No. 2 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Put (am), ( is) or (are) in the spaces :- :‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬are ‫ ﺃﻭ‬is ‫ ﺃﻭ‬am ‫ﻀﻊ‬
1. The window........ green.
2. I ......... in the classroom.
3. We ........ students.
4. There ........ a pen and two pencils on the table.
5. There ........ two pencils and a pen on the table.

II) Put (was) or (were) in the spaces:- :‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬were ‫ ﺃﻭ‬was ‫ﻀﻊ‬

1. My brother ....... ill yesterday.

2. They ........ students five years ago.
3. Huda and Nabila ........ in the hospital last month.
4. There ........ no planes two hundreds years ago.
5. There ........ a map here last week .

Cowards die often.



9


 2- Verb To Do

do, does did

Pronoun ‫ﻤﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻀ‬ Present ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬ Past ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬

I , We , They , You do did
He , She , It does ‫ﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬

do + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ = ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ do + play = play

does + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ = s + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ does + play = plays
did + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ = ‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬ did + play = played

    •
.‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬.1
.‫( ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬n't) not ‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬.2

do not = don't does not = doesn't did not = didn't

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. I do not like smoking. .‫ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺩﺨﻴﻥ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃُﺤِﺏ‬

2. He does not remember her name. .‫ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺫﻜﹼﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﻬﺎ‬
3. We do not go to school on Friday. .‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻻ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬
4. Do you speak English? ‫ﺔ ؟‬‫ﻫل ﺘﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬
5. Did she go to school yesterday? ‫ﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻫﻲ ﺫﻫﺒ‬
6. Does he live in Gaza? ‫ﻫل ﻴﺴﻜﹸﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ؟‬
I do my home work everyday. .‫ﺃﻋﻤل ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ‬
7.
(‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻪ ﻓﻌل ﺃﺼﻠﻲ )ﻀﻌﻴﻑ‬

Exercise No. 3 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Put (do), (does) or (did) in the spaces:- :‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬did ‫ ﺃﻭ‬does ‫ ﺃﻭ‬do ‫ﻀﻊ‬
1. .………….. he bring money yesterday?
2. She ………….. not speak Arabic.
3. I ………… not care.
4. I and Huda …………. not go to school today.
5. .…………. Samy like smoking?

10


 3- Verb To Have

have, has had

Pronoun ‫ﻤﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻀ‬ Present ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬ Past ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬

I , We , They , You have had
He , She , It has ‫ﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬

.‫ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬not ‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬ ¯

has not = hasn't have not = haven't had not = hadn't

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. I have a new bag. .‫ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ‬‫ﺃﻤﺘﻠِﻙ‬

2. Samy has a larger bag. .‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻴﻤﺘﻠِﻙ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹰ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓﹰ‬
3. The cat has a tail. .‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﹼﺔ ﺘﻤﺘﻠِﻙ ﺫﻴل‬
4. I had a key but I lost it. .‫ ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻜﻨﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﺩﺘﹸﻪ‬‫ﻟﺩﻱ‬
5. We had a useful lesson yesterday. .ِ‫ﻔﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬‫ﺃﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﺩﺭﺴﺎﹰ ﻤ‬
6. Has Huda got any sisters? ‫ﺩﻯ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺨﻭﺍﺕ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻟﺩﻯ ﻫ‬
7. Huda has not got any sisters. .‫ﺩﻯ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺨﻭﺍﺕ‬‫ﻫ‬
8. I have done my work. .‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﹸﻤﺕ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬

Exercise No. 4 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Put (have ) or (has) in the spaces :- :‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬has ‫ ﺃﻭ‬have ‫ﻀﻊ‬

1. I ............... a new watch.

2. You ........... a red pen.
3. Usama ............... a green pencil.
4. We .............. dinner before we go to bed.
5. Ramzy ............... breakfast at home.
6. He ............. two sisters.

Many hands make light work.



11



 4- Defective Verbs




  ç

Present  Past  Present  Past 

shall ‫ ﺴﻭﻑ‬/ ‫ ﺴـ‬should ‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬will ‫ ﺴﻭﻑ‬/ ‫ﺴـ‬ would ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬
can ‫ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬could ‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬must ‫ﻴﻠﺯﻡ‬/‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬
had to (ought to)
may ‫ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬might ‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬ought to ‫ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ‬/ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ‬

   |


(‫ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﻭﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻔﻌـﻭل‬‫ﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻷﻥ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ ﺴ‬.1
.‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺨﺭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻪ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬go – went – gone :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،ٍ‫ﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺙ‬‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺄﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺩ‬
.(had to) ‫ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﺎﺽٍ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬must – ought to ‫ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬.2
.(‫ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ)ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬to ‫ ﺃﻭ‬،‫( ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺭﻩ‬s) ‫ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ‬.3
. We ‫ ﺃﻭ‬I ‫ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ‬‫ ﻤﻊ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤ‬shall ‫ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬.4
.(They, You, He, She, It) :‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ‬‫ ﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ‬will ‫ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬.5

Examples ‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

1. I can carry this heavy bag . .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬
2. The train will move .‫ﺴﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ ﺤﺎﻻﹰ‬
3. I shall come again. .‫ﺴﺄﺤﻀﺭ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬
4. We should help our parents. .‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟِﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬
5. They may meet us in Gaza. .‫ﻘﺎﺒﻠﻭﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ‬‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴ‬‫ﺭ‬
6. Students must get up early. .‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻬﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻼﺏ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﻴﻥ‬
7. Can you carry this bag? ‫ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ؟‬
8. She couldn't understand me yesterday. .ِ‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﻬﻤﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬

He is rich that has few wants.



12


Exercise No. 5 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Choose the correct answer between brackets: -:‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
1. She must (help - helps - helped) her mother.
2. Ali should (gets - get - getting) up early everyday.
3. Students must not (writes - wrote - write) on the walls.
4. My father may (buys - bought - buy) a watch to me.
5. A good student must (studies - studied -study) hard.
6. We had to (helped - help - helps) the old man yesterday.

    |
.‫ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﺔ‬be, have, do ‫ ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬.1
.it, she, he ‫ ﻤﻊ‬has, does, was, is ‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻥ‬.2

Manners make the man.



13


Tenses of The Verb 

‫( ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬـﺫﺍ‬infinitive) ‫ﺍﻟﺦ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬.....go ‫ – ﻴﺫﻫﺏ‬visit ‫ ﻴﺯﻭﺭ‬:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(Full Verb) ٍ‫ﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺙ‬‫ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺩ‬ •
.‫( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺼﻭﻏﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ‬Tense) ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺯ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ‬
-:‫ ﻭﻫﻲ‬،‫ﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺩ‬ •

Present Past  Future 

Simple Continuous Perfect Simple Continuous Perfect Simple

            

 

.‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻘﻁ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬   •

1. The Present Simple Tense 

1) Formation :-  

(s) ‫ـﻀﺎﻑ‬‫ﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ‬‫ ﻤﻊ ﻤ‬،(‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ )ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬‫ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ü
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻭﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ‬،(he , she , it) ‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ‬
Ali - Samia - The teacher - The cat
[

1. Ali drinks tea. drink + s = drinks

2. Huda plays football. play + s = plays
3. He eats a cake. eat + s = eats
4. I play basketball play

:‫( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‬he, she, it) ‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﹰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬   ¯
(es) ‫ﻀﺎﻑ‬‫( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ‬sh, ch, o, x, ss) -:‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.1
-: ‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(s) ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬

wash + es = washes ‫ﻴﻐﺴل‬ watch + es = watches ‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩ‬‫ﻴ‬

wish + es = wishes ‫ﻴﺘﻤﻨﹼﻰ‬ teach + es = teaches ‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻴ‬
finish + es = finishes ‫ﻨﻬﻲ‬‫ﻴ‬ mix + es = mixes ‫ﻴﺨﻠﻁ‬

14
 
go + es = goes ‫ﻴﺫﻫﺏ‬ fix + es = fixes ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺜﹶﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬
do + es = does ‫ﻴﻔﻌل‬ pass + es = passes ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬
cross + es = crosses ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻴ‬ match + es = matches ‫ل‬‫ﻭﺼ‬‫ﻴ‬

‫ـﻀﺎﻑ‬‫ﺤﺫﻑ ﻭﻴ‬‫ﻴ‬ (y) ‫ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬‫( ﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ‬y) ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.2
-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ies)

try ‫ﻴﺤﺎﻭل‬ tries

cry ‫ﻴﺒﻜﻲ‬ cries
study ‫ﺱ‬‫ﻴﺩﺭ‬ studies
fly ‫ﻴﻁﻴﺭ‬ flies

( s ) ‫ـﻀﺎﻑ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼـﻪ ﻴ‬،(‫ ( ﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ )ﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﺔ‬y ) ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.3
-:‫ ( ﻤﺜل‬y ) ‫ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬

play + s = plays ‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬ obey + s = obeys ‫ﻁﻴﻊ‬‫ﻴ‬

buy + s = buys ‫ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ‬ say + s = says ‫ﻴﻘﻭل‬
enjoy + s = enjoys ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬ stay + s = stays ‫ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ‬/ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﹸﺙ‬

( a, e, i , o, u )vowels •

2) Usage: 

:‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺩ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻴ‬ •
-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬(fact) .1

1. The earth moves around the sun. .‫ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬‫ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬

ُ
2. They play football every week. .‫ﻫﻡ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﻜﹸل ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻉ‬

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬(habit) .2

1. Samy goes to school every morning. .‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻜل ﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬
2. Boys go to school at the age of six. .ِ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺴﺔِ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ‬‫ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ‬

 3) Key words

:‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴ‬ •

always ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ‬ never ‫ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‬/ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ‬

often ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ‬ generally ‫ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰ‬
usually ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ‬ frequently ‫ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬/ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺭﺍﹰ‬
sometimes ‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ‬ rarely ‫ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ‬
every…. (... ،‫ﻜل )ﻴﻭﻡ – ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻉ‬ seldom ‫ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﺎ‬

15
 ‫‪‬‬
‫| ‪  ‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩ‪‬ﺍﻟﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ )‪ (every‬ﻓﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔِ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻟﻴﺱ ﺸﺭﻁﺎﹰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﹼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔِ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﺼﻭﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒـﺴﻴﻁ ﺇﻻﹼ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ )‪ (fact‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ )‪ ،(habit‬ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﺼﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻷﺘﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪The earth moves around the sun.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ‬ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ‪) .‬ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻡ‪ ‬ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل )‪ (move‬ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﹼﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ )‪ (to‬ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻌ‪‬ﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻨﺎﺴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﺫﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل‪.‬‬

‫‪ 4) The Present Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:-‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ + don't +‬ﻓﺎﻋل(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ )‪ ، (s‬ﻟﻠﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫)?‪...‬ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋل ‪.(Do +‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ )‪ ،(s‬ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ + doesn't +‬ﻓﺎﻋل (‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻪ )‪ (s‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (es‬ﻟﻠﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫)?‪...‬ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋل ‪.(Does +‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻪ )‪ (s‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (es‬ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬

‫‪ Examples‬‬ ‫‪Negative‬‬ ‫‪ Interrogative‬‬

‫‪I speak English.‬‬ ‫‪I don't speak English.‬‬ ‫?‪Do you speak English‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺘﻜﻠﹼ ُﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ؟‬
‫‪Ali speaks English.‬‬ ‫‪Ali doesn't speak English.‬‬ ‫?‪Does Ali speak English‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ؟‬
‫‪Huda washes the car.‬‬ ‫‪Huda doesn't wash the car.‬‬ ‫?‪Does Huda wash the car‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫ﻫ‪‬ﺩﻯ ﺘﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫ‪‬ﺩﻯ ﻻ ﺘﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﻫ‪‬ﺩﻯ ﺘﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭﺓ؟‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪Samy usually stays at home everyday.‬‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪It often rains in winter.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﺘﹸﻤﻁِ ُﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺘﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪Ahmed always watches TV at night.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴ‪‬ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪Always they watch TV at night.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴ‪‬ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪Ameera never visits us.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺘﺯﻭﺭﻨﺎ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‪.‬‬

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

Exercise No. 6 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Choose the correct verbs in the brackets: -:‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺼ‬
1. He sometimes (take – takes – to take) the bus to school.
2. We generally (spoke – speaks – speak) Arabic.
3. He (watch – watches – is watching) the news on TV every evening.
4. I always (meet – meets – meeting) him on the corner of this street.
5. The sun (give – giving – gives – is giving) us light.
6. He usually (drives – drive – is driving) very fast.

II) Correct the verbs between brackets: -:‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬
1. I usually drink tea after breakfast, but my sister (drink) milk.
2. He always (reach) school late.
3. He never (visit) us.
4. He rarely (answer) my letters.
5. Every Friday, he (go) to the river and (catch) fish.
6. Nagla sometimes, (enjoy) watching television.
7. He always (study) Arabic at school.
8. She usually (get) up early.
9. The moon sometimes (shine) at night.
10. He (to visit) his uncle every week.

 The exception proves the rule.

 













17
 


2.The Past Simple Tense 

1) Formation:-

.‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬ •

1. I watched TV yesterday. .ِ‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕُ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬

2. The wolf ran away. .‫ﺒﺘﻌﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺫﹼﺌﺏ‬
3. Hanan met her friend at school. .ِ‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕْ ﺤﻨﺎﻥ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬

   |
 (irregular)(regular) 1
‫( ﺃﻭ‬ed) ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﻤ‬‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ‬(Regular Verbs)
-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫(ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬d)
help - helped - helped ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ﻴ‬
smile - smiled - smiled ‫ﻴﺒﺘﺴﻡ‬
watch - watched - watched ‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩ‬‫ﻴ‬

    |
‫ﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺩﺭ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﺴﺎﻜﻥٍ ﻗﺒﻠـﻪ ﺤـﺭﻑ‬‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻨﹸﻀﻌ‬ed) ‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬.1
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(‫ﻙ‬‫ﺘﺤﺭ‬‫ﻤ‬
travel + ed = travelled ‫ﺴﺎﻓﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬
stop + ed = stopped ‫ﻴﺘﻭﻗﹼﻑ‬

‫ـﻀﺎﻑ‬‫ﺤﺫﻑ ﻭﻴ‬‫( ﻴ‬y) ‫ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬‫ ( ﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ‬y ) ‫ﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ‬‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ed) ‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬.2
-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(ied)
study + ed = studied ‫ﻴﺩﺭﺱ‬ deny + ed = denied ‫ﻨﻜﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬
carry + ed = carried ‫ﻴﺤﻤل‬ cry + ed = cried ‫ﻴﺒﻜﻲ‬

‫( ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬ed) ‫ﻀﺎﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ‬،ٍ‫( ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻭﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬y) ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬.3
-: ‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(ied) ‫( ﺇﻟﻰ‬y) ‫ل ﺍﻟـ‬‫ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﺤﻭ‬

enjoy + ed = enjoyed ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬

play + ed = played ‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(ed) ‫( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬d) ‫( ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻭﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ‬e) ‫( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬e) ِ‫ﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻤ‬.4

invite + d = invited ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻭ‬ smile + d = smiled ‫ﻴﺒﺘﺴﻡ‬

prove + d = proved ‫ﺜﺒﺕ‬‫ ﻴ‬/‫ﺒﺭﻫﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬ exercise + d = exercised ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻴﺘﻤﺭ‬

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 
‫ﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﹸﻤﻴ‬‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬،‫ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻅﻬﺭِ ﻗﻠﺏ‬:(Irregular Verbs)
.‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺫ‬


2) Usage:- 

-: ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻴ‬ •

.‫ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‬.1
.‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘِﺼﺹ‬.2
-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﺘﻡ‬.3

I met him yesterday. .ِ‫ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺘﹸﻪ‬

-: ‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬.4

When I was on holiday, I swam everyday. .‫ ﺴﺒﺤﺕﹸ ﻜلَ ﻴﻭﻡ‬،ٍ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺎﺯﺓ‬

 3) Key words

.‫ﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴ‬ •

yesterday ‫ﺃﻤﺱ‬ in olden times ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬

once ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ‬ ago ‫ﻤﻨﺫ‬
one day ‫ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ‬ last... ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬/ ‫ﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬
just now ‫ﻗﺒل ﺍﻵﻥ‬ last night ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬
in the past ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬ last month ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬

 4) The Past Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:-

 •
:‫ﻥ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﻜﻭ‬.1

  did not 

:‫ﻥ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺘﻜﻭ‬.2

 Did?

Examples Negative Interrogative

They went to school. They didn't go to school. Did they go to school?
. ِ‫ﻫﻡ ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬ .ِ‫ﻫﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ؟‬
The wolf ran away. The wolf didn't run away. Did the wolf run away?
.‫ ﺍﻟﺫﺌﺏ‬‫ﻓﺭ‬ .‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻔِﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺫﺌﺏ‬ ‫؟‬‫ ﺍﻟﺫﺌﺏ‬‫ﻫل ﻓﺭ‬

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

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. Ahmed travelled to Japan last week. .‫ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬
2. Samy wrote the letter. .‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ‬
3. My father bought a new car last year. .‫ﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬‫ﺃﺒﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
4. Huda studied lesson ten a week ago. .‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬‫ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ‬‫ﺭﺱ‬‫ﺩﻯ ﺩﺭﺴﺕ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﻫ‬
5. We invited them for lunch three days ago. .‫ﺩﻋﻭﻨﺎﻫﻡ ﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡِ ﺍﻟﻐﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻴﺎﻡٍ ﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬

Exercise No. 7 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Correct the verbs in brackets: :‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬

1. Ahmed ……………. (buy) a new bicycle last week.
2. She ……………. (make) a cake yesterday.
3. Two months ago, we …………(have) a holiday.
4. Samy ……………. (to climb) a tree yesterday.
5. I ……………… (finish) my work two hours ago.

 A stitch in time saves nine.

 

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

Conjugation of Verbs 

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬Ordinary or Regular or Weak Verbs 7

‫ـﻀﺎﻑ‬‫( ﻴ‬past participle) (‫( ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬past tense) (‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ )ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ‬
.(‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬‫ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴ‬.d ‫ ﺃﻭ‬ed ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻋﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻨﻁﻘﻪ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤ‬

 Present or infinitive Meaning  Past Past participle

       

prove ‫ﺒﺭﻫﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬ proved proved

help ‫ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬ helped helped
burn ‫ﻴﺤﺭﻕ‬ burnt burnt

   |
.(d) ‫( ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬e) ‫ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬.1
 Present or infinitive Meaning  Past Past participle
       

arrive ‫ﻴﺼل‬ arrived arrived

change ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻐﻴ‬‫ﻴ‬ changed changed
invite ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻭ‬ invited invited

‫ـﻀﺎﻑ‬‫( ﻭﻴ‬i) ‫ﻘﻠﺏ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬‫( ﻴ‬y) ‫ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،ٍ‫( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ‬y) ‫ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬.2
.‫( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬ed)

 Present or infinitive Meaning  Past Past participle

       

cry ‫ﻴﺒﻜﻲ‬ cried cried

marry ‫ﻴﺘﺯﻭﺝ‬ married married
study ‫ﻴﺩﺭﺱ‬ studied studied

‫( ﻴﺒﻘـﻰ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬y) ‫ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬،(‫ﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬‫( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑِ ﻋﻠﹼﺔ )ﻤ‬y) ‫ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬.3
.‫( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬ed) ‫ﻀﺎﻑ‬‫ﻭ ﻴ‬
 Present or infinitive Meaning  Past Past participle
       

enjoy ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬ enjoyed enjoyed

obey ‫ﻁﻴﻊ‬‫ﻴ‬ obeyed obeyed
play ‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬ played played
stay ‫ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ‬/ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﹸﺙ‬ stayed stayed

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
‫ﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺤـﺭﻑٍ ﺴـﺎﻜﻥٍ ﻗﺒﻠـﻪ‬‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻴ‬ed) ‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬.4
.(‫ﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬‫ﻤ‬

 Present or infinitive Meaning  Past Past participle

       

stop ‫ﻴﻘِﻑ‬ stopped stopped

travel ‫ﺴﺎﻓﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬ travelled travelled

 

Present or Past Present or

 Past
 infinitive participle  infinitive  Past
Past

Meaning Meaning
    
participle
   
   
     
act ‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ‬ acted acted describe ‫ﯾﺼﻒ‬ described described
damage ‫ﯾﺘﻠﻒ‬ damaged damaged die ‫ﯾﻤﻮت‬ died died
ask ‫ﯾﺴﺄل‬ asked asked disappear ‫ﯾﺨﺘﻔﻲ‬ disappeared disappeared
believe ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬ believed believed dive ‫ ﯾﻐﻮص‬/ ‫ ﯾﻐﻄﺲ‬dived dived
attack ‫ﯾﮭﺎﺟﻢ‬ attacked attacked dream ‫ﯾﺤﻠﻢ‬ dreamed dreamed
blink ‫ﯾﻐﻤﺰ‬ blinked blinked drop ‫ﯾﺴﻘِﻂ‬ dropped dropped
arrive ‫ﯾﺼﻞ‬ arrived arrived earn ‫ ﯾﻜﺴﺐ ﻗﻮﺗﮫ‬earned earned
belong to ‫ﯾﺨﺺ‬ belonged to belonged to end ‫ﯾﻨﮭﻲ‬ ended ended
boil ‫ﯾﻐﻠﻲ‬ boiled boiled enjoy ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬ enjoyed enjoyed
call ‫ ﯾﻨﺎدي‬/ ‫ﯾﺘﺼﻞ‬ called called erupt (‫ ﯾﺜﻮر)اﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎن‬erupted erupted
borrow ‫ﯾﻘﺘﺮض‬ borrowed borrowed evaporate ‫ﯾﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬ evaporated evaporated
carry ‫ﯾﺤﻤﻞ‬ carried carried exercise ‫ﯾﺘﻤﺮن‬ exercised exercised
change ‫ﯾُﻐﯿُﺮ‬ changed changed explain ‫ﯾﺸﺮح‬ explained explained
chase ‫ﯾﻄﺎرد‬ chased chased explode ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺠﺮ‬ exploded exploded
check ‫ﯾﺮاﺟﻊ‬ checked checked finish ‫ﯾﻨﮭﻲ‬ finished finished
clean ‫ﯾﻨﻈﻒ‬ cleaned cleaned float ‫ﯾﻄﻔﻮ‬ floated floated
close ‫ﯾُﻐﻠِﻖ‬ closed closed fold ‫ ﯾﻄﻮي‬/ ‫ ﯾﺜﻨﻲ‬folded folded
climb ‫ﯾﺘﺴﻠﻖ‬ climbed climbed follow ‫ﯾﺘﺒﻊ‬ followed followed
compare ‫ﯾﻘﺎرن‬ compared compared form ‫ﯾُﻜّﻮن‬ formed formed
collect ‫ﯾﺠﻤﻊ‬ collected collected guess ‫ﯾُﺨﻤﻦ‬ guessed guessed
compute ‫ ﯾﺤﺼﻲ‬/ ‫ﯾﺤﺴﺐ‬ computed computed happen ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ happened happened
condense ‫ﯾﻜﺜﻒ‬ condensed condensed hate ‫ﯾﻜﻮه‬ hated hated
correct ‫ﯾﺼﺤﺢ‬ corrected corrected heat ‫ﯾﺄﻣﻞ‬ heated heated
cook ‫ﯾﻄﺒﺦ‬ cooked cooked hope ‫ﯾﺄﻣﻞ‬ hoped hoped
control ‫ﯾﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ controlled controlled hurry up ‫ﯾُﺴﺮع‬ hurried up hurried up
copy ‫ﯾﻨﺴﺦ‬ copied copied introduce ‫ﯾﻘﺪم‬ introduced introduced
correct ‫ﯾﺼﺤﺢ‬ corrected corrected join ‫ﯾﺮﺑﻂ‬ joined joined
count ‫ﯾﻌﺪ‬ counted counted jump ‫ﯾﻘﻔﺰ‬ jumped jumped
crawl ‫ ﯾﺤﺒﻮ‬/‫ﯾﺰﺣﻒ‬ crawled crawled kick ‫ﯾﺮﻛﻞ‬ kicked kicked
cross ‫ﯾﻌﺒﺮ‬ crossed crossed kill ‫ﯾﻘﺘﻞ‬ killed killed
dance ‫ﯾﺮﻗﺺ‬ danced danced land ‫ﯾﺮﺳﻮ‬ landed landed

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 
Present or Present or
 infinitive Meaning  Past
Past  infinitive Meaning  Past Past participle
     
participle
     
 
   
lift ‫ﯾﺮﻓﻊ‬ lifted lifted remember ‫ﯾﺘﺬﻛﺮ‬ remembered remembered
like ‫ﯾﺤﺐ‬ liked liked replay ‫ﯾﺮد‬ replayed replayed
listen ‫ﯾﻨﺼﺖ‬ listened listened report ‫ﯾﻘﺪم ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮ ﻋﻦ‬ reported reported
live ‫ﯾﻌﯿﺶ‬ lived lived rest ‫ﯾﺮﺗﺎح‬ rested rested
load ‫ﯾﺤﻤﻞ‬ loaded loaded revise ‫ﯾﺮاﺟﻊ‬ revised revised
look after ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻨﻲ ﺑـ‬ looked after looked after sail ‫ﯾُﺒﺤﺮ‬ sailed sailed
look at ‫ﯾﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ‬ looked at looked at scream ‫ﯾﺼﺮخ‬ screamed screamed
look for ‫ﯾﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ‬ looked for looked for shop ‫ﯾﺘﺴﻮّق‬ shopped shopped
look good ً‫ﯾﺒﺪو ﺟﯿﺪا‬ looked good looked good shout ‫ﯾﺼﯿﺢ‬ shouted shouted
‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺮج‬
look up ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
looked up looked up slope ‫ﯾﻨﺰﻟﻖ‬ sloped sloped
love ‫ﯾﺤﺐ‬ loved loved sow ‫ﯾُﺒﺬّر‬ sowed sowed (sown)
marry ‫ﯾﺘﺰوج‬ married married start ‫ﯾﺒﺪأ‬ started started
match ‫ﯾُﻼﺋﻢ‬ matched matched stay ‫ﯾﻤﻜُﺚ‬ stayed stayed
measure ‫ﯾﻘﯿﺲ‬ measured measured stop ‫ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ stopped stopped
mend ‫ﯾﺼﻠّﺢ‬ mended mended support ‫ﯾﺪﻋﻢ‬ supported supported
milk ‫ﯾﺤﻠﺐ‬ milked milked store ‫ﯾُﺨﺰُن‬ stored stored
/‫ﯾﺪﯾﺮ ﺟﮭﺎز‬
miss ‫ﯾﻔﺘﻘﺪ‬ missed missed switch on
‫ﯾﺸﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﻮر‬
switched on switched on
move ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮّك‬ moved moved talk ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺪث‬ talked talked
need ‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج‬ needed needed taste ‫ ﯾﺬوق‬/ ‫ﯾﺘﺬوق‬ tasted tasted
open ‫ﯾﻔﺘﺢ‬ opened opened tie ‫ﯾﺮﺑﻂ‬ tied tied
order ‫ﯾﺄﻣﺮ‬ ordered ordered thank ‫ﯾﺸﻜﺮ‬ thanked thanked
own ‫ﯾﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬ owned owned touch ‫ﯾﻠﻤﺲ‬ touched touched
paint ‫ﯾﺪھﻦ‬ painted painted train ‫ﯾﺪرب‬ trained trained
pass ‫ﯾﻤﺮ‬ passed passed translate ‫ﯾﺘﺮﺟﻢ‬ translated translated
ً‫ﯾﺘﺼﻞ ﺗﻠﯿﻔﻮﻧﯿﺎ‬
phone ‫ﺑـ‬ phoned phoned travel ‫ﯾﺴﺎﻓﺮ‬ travelled travelled
pick ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻒ‬ picked picked try ‫ﯾﺤﺎول‬ tried tried
plant ‫ﯾﺰرع‬ planted planted turn ‫ ﯾﻠﻒ‬/‫ﯾﺪور‬ turned turned
‫ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
play ‫ﯾﻠﻌﺐ‬ played played type ‫اﻵﻟﺔ‬ typed typed
plough ‫ﯾﺤﺮث‬ ploughed ploughed use ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ used used
point to ‫ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ‬ pointed to pointed to visit ‫ﯾﺰور‬ visited visited
post ‫ﯾﺮﺳﻞ‬ posted posted wait ‫ﯾﻨﺘﻈﺮ‬ waited waited
pour ‫ﯾﺼﺐ‬ poured poured want ‫ﯾﺮﯾﺪ‬ wanted wanted
practice ‫ﯾﺘﻤﺮن‬ practiced practiced wash ‫ﯾﻐﺴﻞ‬ washed washed
prefer ‫ﯾُﻔﻀّﻞ‬ preferred preferred watch ‫ﯾﺸﺎھﺪ‬ watched watched
/ ‫ﯾﺪّﻋﻲ‬
pretend ‫ﯾﺘﻈﺎھﺮ‬
pretended pretended water ‫ﯾﺮوي‬ watered watered
pronounce ‫ﯾﻨﻄﻖ‬ pronounced pronounced weigh ‫ﯾﺰن‬ weighed weighed
pull ‫ ﯾﺠﺮ‬/ ‫ﯾﺸﺪ‬ pulled pulled welcome ‫ﯾﺮﺣﺐ ﺑـ‬ welcomed welcomed
push ‫ ﯾﺰق‬/‫ﯾﺪﻓﻊ‬ pushed pushed work ‫ ﯾﺸﺘﻐﻞ‬/ ‫ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬worked worked
rain ‫ﺗﻤﻄﺮ‬ rained rained worry ‫ﯾﻘﻠﻖ‬ worried worried
receive ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻠﻢ‬ received received

23
 
،‫ﻨـﺔ‬‫ﻌﻴ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﻤ‬:The Irregular Verbs  7
.‫ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻅﻬﺭِ ﻗﻠﺏ‬

 

Present
Present or Past Past
or
 infinitive  Past participle  Past participle
Meaning  infinitive Meaning
          

     
 
abide ‫ ﯾﻘﯿﻢ‬/ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﺚ‬ abode abode clothe ‫ﯾﻜﺴﻮ‬ clothed clothed
agree ‫ﯾﻮاﻓﻖ‬ agreed agreed come ‫ ﯾﺤﻀﺮ‬/ ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‬ came come
am ‫أﻛﻮن‬ was been cost ‫ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬/ ‫ﯾﻜﻠّﻒ‬ cost cost
are ‫ ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮا‬/‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ were been creep ‫ﯾﺰﺣﻒ‬ crept crept
arise ‫ﯾﻨﮭﺾ‬ arose arose cut ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻊ‬ cut cut
awake ‫ ﯾﺴﺘﯿﻘﻆ‬/ ‫ﯾﻮﻗﻆ‬ awoke awoken dare ‫ﯾﺠﺮؤ‬ dared (durst) dared (durst)
be ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ was / were been deal ‫ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ dealt dealt
bear ‫ﺗﻠﺪ‬ bore born dig ‫ﯾﺤﻔﺮ‬ dug dug
bear ‫ﯾﺤﻤﻞ إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ‬ bore borne do/does ‫ﯾﻔﻌﻞ‬ did done
beat ‫ﯾﻀﺮب‬ beat beat (en) draw ‫ﯾﺮﺳﻢ‬ drew drawn
become ‫ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ‬/ ‫ﯾﺼﺒﺢ‬ became become dream ‫ﯾﺤﻠﻢ‬ dreamt (ed) dreamt
begin ‫ ﯾﺒﺘﺪئ‬/ ‫ﯾﺒﺪأ‬ began begun drink ‫ﯾﺸﺮب‬ drank drunk
bend ‫ ﯾﺤﻨﻲ‬/ ‫ﯾﺜﻨﻲ‬ bent bent drive ‫ ﯾﺴﻮق‬/ ‫ﯾﻘﻮد‬ drove driven
bet ‫ﯾﺮاھﻦ‬ bet bet dwell ‫ ﯾﺴﻜﻦ‬/ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻦ‬ dwelt dwelt
bet ‫ﯾﺮاھﻦ‬ betted bet eat ‫ﯾﺄﻛﻞ‬ ate eaten
bid ‫ﯾُﻘﺪّم ﻋﻄﺎء‬ bade bidden fall ‫ ﯾﻘﻊ‬/ ‫ﯾﺴﻘﻂ‬ fell fallen
bid ‫ﯾﺄﻣﺮ‬ bid bid feed ‫ ﯾُﻐﺬّي‬/‫ﯾُﻄﻌﻢ‬ fed fed
bind ‫ﯾﺮﺑﻂ‬ bound bound feel ‫ﯾﺸﻌﺮ‬ felt felt
bite ‫ ﯾﻠﺪغ‬/‫ﯾﻌُﺾ‬ bit bitten fight ‫ ﯾﺘﺸﺎﺟﺮ‬/ ‫ﯾﻘﺎﺗﻞ‬ fought fought
bleed ‫ﯾﻨﺰف‬ bled bled find ‫ﯾﺠﺪ‬ found found
blend ‫ ﯾﻤﺰج‬/ ‫ﯾﺨﻠﻂ‬ blent blent fit ‫ﯾﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ fit (fitted) fit (fitted)
blend ‫ ﯾﻤﺰج‬/ ‫ﯾﺨﻠﻂ‬ blended blended flee ‫ﯾﮭﺮب‬ fled fled
blow ‫ ﯾﻨﻔﺦ‬/ ‫ﯾﮭﺐ‬ blew blown fling ‫ ﯾﻘﺬف‬/ ‫ ﯾﻄﯿﺢ‬/ ‫ ﯾﻄﻮي‬flung flung
break ‫ﯾﻜﺴﺮ‬ broke broken fly ‫ﯾﻄﯿﺮ‬ flew flown
breed ‫ﯾﺮﺑﻲ‬ bred bred forbid ‫ﯾﻤﻨﻊ‬ forbade forbidden
bring ‫ﯾﺤﻀﺮ‬ brought brought forecast ‫ﯾﺘﻜﮭﻦ‬/‫ﯾﺘﻨﺒﺄ‬ forecast forecast
bring up ‫ﯾﺮﺑﻲ‬ brought up brought up foretell ‫ﯾﺘﻨﺒﺄ‬ foretold foretold
broadcast ‫ﯾﺬﯾﻊ‬ broadcast broadcast forget ‫ﯾﻨﺴﻰ‬ forgot forgotten
build ‫ﯾﺒﻨﻲ‬ built built forgive ‫ ﯾﻌﻔﻮ ﻋﻦ‬/ ‫ ﯾﺴﺎﻣﺢ‬forgave forgiven
burn ‫ﯾﺤﺮق‬ burnt (burned) burnt forsake ‫ ﯾﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﻋﻦ‬/ ‫ ﯾﮭﺠﺮ‬forsook forsaken
burst ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺠﺮ‬ burst burst freeze ‫ﯾﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬ froze frozen
buy ‫ﯾﺸﺘﺮي‬ bought bought get ‫ﯾﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ got got
can ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬ could ---- give ‫ ﯾﻤﻨﺢ‬/‫ﯾﻌﻄﻲ‬ gave given
cast ‫ ﯾﺮﻣﻲ‬/ ‫ﯾﻘﺬف‬ cast cast go ‫ﯾﺬھﺐ‬ went gone
catch ‫ﯾﻤﺴﻚ‬ caught caught grind ‫ﯾﻄﺤﻦ‬ ground ground
choose ‫ﯾﺨﺘﺎر‬ chose chosen grow ‫ ﯾﺰرع‬/ ‫ ﯾﻜﺒُﺮ‬/ ‫ ﯾﻨﻤﻮ‬grew grown
cling ‫ ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬/ ‫ﯾﻠﺘﺼﻖ‬ clang clung hang ‫ﯾُﻌﻠّﻖ‬ hung hung

24

Present
Present or Past
or  Past
 infinitive  Past  infinitive
participle

Meaning Past participle Meaning
         

 
   
 
hang ‫ﯾﺸﻨﻖ‬ hanged hanged say ‫ﯾﻘﻮل‬ said said
have / has ‫ﯾﻤﻠﻚ‬ had had see ‫ ﯾﻔﮭﻢ‬/ ‫ﯾﺮى‬ saw seen
have to ‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن‬ had to had to seek ‫ﯾﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ‬ sought sought
hear ‫ﯾﺴﻤﻊ‬ heard heard sell ‫ﯾﺒﯿﻊ‬ sold sold
hide ‫ﯾﺨﺒﺊ‬ hid hidden send ‫ﯾﺮﺳﻞ‬ sent sent
hit ‫ﯾﻀﺮب‬ hit hit set out ‫ ﯾﻐﺮب‬/ ‫ﯾﺸﺮع ﻓﻲ‬ set out set out
hold ‫ﯾﻤﺴﻚ‬ held held set aside ً‫ﯾﻀﻊ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ‬ set set
hurt ‫ ﯾﺆﻟﻢ‬/ ‫ﯾﺆذي‬ hurt hurt sew ‫ﯾﺨﯿّﻂ‬ sewed sewn
is ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ was been shake ‫ ﯾﺼﺎﻓﺢ‬/ ‫ﯾﮭﺰ‬ shook shaken
/ ً‫ﯾﻨﺰف دﻣﺎ‬
keep ‫ﯾﺤﻔﻆ‬ kept kept shed ً‫ﯾﺬرف دﻣﻮﻋﺎ‬
shed shed
kneel ‫ﯾﺮﻛﻊ‬ knelt knelt shine ‫ ﯾﺴﻄﻊ‬/ ‫ﯾﻠﻤﻊ‬ shone shone
‫ﯾﻀﻊ ﺣﺪوة‬
knit ً‫ﯾﻌﻘﺪ ﺧﯿﻮﻃﺎ‬ knit (knitted) knit shoe ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﺎن‬
shod shod
‫ﯾﻄﻠﻖ اﻟﺴﮭﻢ أو‬
know ‫ﯾﻌﺮف‬ knew known shoot ‫اﻟﺮﺻﺎص‬
shot shot
lade ‫ﯾُﺤﻤّﻞ‬ laded laden show ‫ ﯾﺒﯿﻦ‬/ ‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ‬ showed shown
lay ‫ ﯾﺒﯿﺾ‬/ ‫ﯾﻀﻊ‬ laid laid shrink ‫ﯾﻨﻜﻤﺶ‬ shrank shrunk
lead ‫ﯾﻘﻮد‬ led led shut ‫ﯾُﻐﻠﻖ‬ shut shut
lean ‫ﯾﺘﻜﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ leant (leaned) leant (leaned) sing ‫ ﯾﻨﺸﺪ‬/‫ﯾﻐﻨﻲ‬ sang sung
leap ‫ﯾﻘﻔﺰ‬ leapt leapt sit ‫ﯾﺠﻠﺲ‬ sat sat
learn ‫ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ learned (learnt) learned (learnt) sink ‫ﯾﻐﻮص‬ sank sunk
leave ‫ﯾﻐﺎدر‬ left left slay ‫ ﯾﺴﻠﺦ‬/ ‫ﯾﺬﺑﺢ‬ slew slain
lend ‫ﯾُﻘﺮض‬ lent lent sleep ‫ﯾﻨﺎم‬ slept slept
let ‫ﯾﺪع‬ let let slide ‫ﯾﻨﺰﻟﻖ‬ slid slid
/ ‫ﯾﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺤﺒﻞ‬
lie ‫ﯾﺮﻗﺪ‬ lay lain sling ‫ﯾﻘﺬف ﺑﻤﻘﻼع‬
slung slung
lie ‫ﯾﻜﺬب‬ lied lied smell ‫ﯾﺸﻢ‬ smelt (ed) smelt (ed)
light ‫ﯾﻀﻲء‬ lit (lighted) lit (lighted) sow ‫ﯾﺒﺬر‬ sowed sown
lose ‫ﯾﻔﻘﺪ‬ lost lost speed ‫ﯾﺰﯾﺪ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ sped sped
/ ً‫ﯾﻨﻔﻖ ﻣﺎﻻ‬
make ‫ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬/ ‫ﯾﺼﻨﻊ‬ made made spend ‫ﯾﻘﻀﻲ وﻗﺘًﺎ‬
spent spent
may ّ‫ ﻟﻌﻞ‬/ ‫رُﺑّﻤﺎ‬ might ---- spill ‫ ﯾﺮﯾﻖ‬/ ‫ﯾﺴﻜﺐ‬ spilt spilled
mean ‫ ﯾﻘﺼﺪ‬/‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ‬ meant meant spin ‫ﯾﻐﺰل‬ span spun
meet ‫ ﯾﻠﺘﻘﻲ‬/ ‫ﯾﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ met met spit ‫ﯾﺒﺼﻖ‬ spat spat
mistake ‫ﯾﺨﻄﺊ‬ mistook mistaken split ‫ﯾﺸﻄﺮ ﺷﻄﺮﯾﻦ‬ split split
mow ‫ ﯾﺨﺰن‬/ ‫ﯾﺠﻤﻊ‬ mowed mown run ‫ﯾﺠﺮي‬ ran run
overcome ‫ﯾﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ overcame overcome rise ‫ ﯾﺮﻓﻊ‬/ ‫ﯾﺸﺮق‬ rose risen
pay ً‫ﯾﺪﻓﻊ ﻧﻘﻮدا‬ paid paid saw ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎر‬ sawed sawn
put ‫ﯾﻀﻊ‬ put put sell ‫ﯾﺒﯿﻊ‬ sold sold
quit ‫ ﯾﮭﺠُﺮ‬/ ‫ﯾﺘﺮك‬ quit quit spoil ‫ﯾﻔﺴﺪ‬/‫ﯾﺘﻠﻒ‬ spoilt spoilt (ed)
read ‫ﯾﻘﺮأ‬ read read spread ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬ spread spread
rid ‫ ﯾﺨﻠّﺺ‬/ ‫ﯾﺰﯾﻞ‬ rid rid spring ‫ﯾﻘﻔﺰ‬ sprang sprung
ride ‫ﯾﺮﻛﺐ‬ rode ridden stand ‫ﯾﻘﻒ‬ stood stood
ring ‫ﯾﺮن‬ rang rung steal ‫ﯾﺴﺮق‬ stole stolen

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 
Present or
 infinitive Meaning  Past
Past

participle
   
 
 
stick ‫ ﯾﻠﺘﺼﻖ‬/ ‫ﯾﻠﺼﻖ‬ stuck stuck
sting ‫ ﯾﻠﺪغ‬/ ‫ﯾﻠﺴﻊ‬ stung stung
stink ‫ﯾﻨﺘﻦ‬ stank stunk
stride ‫ﯾﺨﻄﻮ‬ strode stridden
strike ‫ﯾﻀﺮب‬ struck struck
string ‫ ﯾﺨﺒﻂ‬/ ‫ﯾﺜﺒﺖ‬ strung strung
strive ‫ ﯾﻜﺎﻓﺢ‬/ ‫ﯾﻨﺎﺿﻞ‬ strove striven
swear ‫ ﯾﺤﻠﻒ‬/ ‫ﯾُﻘﺴﻢ‬ swore sworn
sweep ‫ﯾﻜﻨﺲ‬ swept swept
swell ‫ﯾﺘﻮرم‬ swelled swollen
swim ‫ ﯾﻌﻮم‬/ ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺢ‬ swam swum
swing ‫ ﯾﺘﺄرﺟﺢ‬/ ‫ﯾﮭﺘﺰ‬ swang swung
take ‫ﯾﺄﺧﺬ‬ took taken
teach ‫ﯾُﻌﻠّﻢ‬ taught taught
tell ‫ﯾُﺨﺒﺮ‬ told told
think ‫ ﯾﺆﻣﻦ‬/ ‫ﯾﻔﻜﺮ‬ thought thought
throw ‫ﯾﺮﻣﻲ‬ threw thrown
thrust ‫ﯾﻄﻌﻦ‬ thrust thrust
tread ‫ ﯾﺪوس‬/ ‫ﯾﻄﺄ‬ trod trodden
undergo ‫ﯾﻤﺮ ﺑـ‬ underwent undergone
understand ‫ﯾﻔﮭﻢ‬ understood understood
undertake ‫ﯾﻌﮭﺪ ﺑـ‬ undertook undertaken
upset ‫ﯾﻘﻠﺐ‬/‫ﯾﺰﻋﺞ‬/‫ﯾﻘﻠﻖ‬ upset upset
wake ‫ﯾﻮﻗﻆ‬ woke (ed) woken (ed)
wear ‫ﯾﺮﺗﺪي‬ wore worn
weave ‫ﯾﻨﺴﺞ‬ wove woven
wed ‫ ﯾﻌﻘﺪ ﻗﺮان‬/ ‫ﯾﺘﺰوج‬ wedded wedded
weep ‫ﯾﺒﻜﻲ‬ wept wept
win ‫ ﯾﺮﺑﺢ‬/‫ ﯾﻔﻮز‬/ ‫ﯾﻜﺴﺐ‬ won won
wind ‫ﯾﻠﻒ‬ wound wound
wring ‫ﯾﻌﺼﺮ‬ wrung wrung
write ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺐ‬ wrote written




26
 

3.The Present Continuous Tense 

1) Formation:- 

-:‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ •

 
I am
He, She , It is + ‫ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬+ ing
They, You, We are

1. I am watching TV now. .‫ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﺃُﺸﺎﻫﺩ‬

2. Samy is eating an apple. .‫ﻴﺄﻜلُ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺘﻔﺎﺤﺔﹰ‬
3. We are doing our home work. .‫ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻨﺎ‬

2) Usage:

 •

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉِ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻜﻠﱡﻡ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻤ‬.1

I am writing now. .‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺘﹸﺏ‬

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،ِ‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉِ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﺁﺨﺭٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻤ‬.2

While she is making tea, I am reading her new book. .‫ ﺃﻗﺭﺃ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬،‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﻱ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،ِ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻴﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺜِﻪِ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬.3

1. They are building a new school in our street. .‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻴﺒﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺎﺭِﻋِﻨﺎ‬
2. The sun is shining this morning. .‫ﺒﺎﺡ‬‫ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﻁﹶﻊُ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤ‬‫ﺘﹶﺴ‬

 3) Key words

:‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻴ‬ •

now ‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬ still ‫ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل‬

while ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ as ‫ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
at this moment ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺤﻅﺔ‬ Look! !‫ﺃُﻨﹾﻅﹸﺭ‬
at the present ِ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬ Listen! !‫ﻤﻊ‬‫ ﺃﺘﹶﺴ‬/!‫ﻊ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﺴ‬
as long as ‫ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ‬ Smell! !‫ ﻫل ﺘﺸﹸﻡ‬/ !‫ﺃﺘﹶﺸﹸﻡ‬

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‫‪‬‬
‫• ‪   ‬‬
‫ﻗﺩ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭِ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭِ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺩ‪‬ﺙﹶ ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫‪He is going to buy some sugar.‬‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل (‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ )‪ (e‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪، (ing‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪write + ing = writing‬‬ ‫ﻴﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫‪ride + ing = riding‬‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻜﺏ‬

‫‪come + ing = coming‬‬ ‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪give +‬‬ ‫‪ing = giving‬‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﻌﻁﻲ‪ /‬ﻴﻤﻨﺢ‬
‫‪smile + ing = smiling‬‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺘﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪invite +‬‬ ‫‪ing = inviting‬‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻭ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒـ )‪ (ee‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪ ،(ing‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫‪agree + ing = agreeing‬‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻕ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻴ‪‬ﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪ ،(ing‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

‫‪put + ing = putting‬‬ ‫ﻴﻀﻊ‬ ‫‪shut + ing = shutting‬‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﻐﻠﻕ‬

‫‪stop + ing = stopping‬‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻗﻑ‬ ‫‪travel + ing‬‬ ‫‪= travelling‬‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻓﺭ‬
‫‪run + ing = running‬‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪dig + ing‬‬ ‫‪= digging‬‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻔﹸﺭ‬
‫‪sit + ing = sitting‬‬ ‫ﻴﺠﻠِﺱ‬ ‫‪swim + ing‬‬ ‫‪= swimming‬‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺒﺢ‬
‫‪greet + ing = greeting‬‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺤ‪‬ﺏ ‪ /‬ﻴ‪‬ﺤﻴﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‪‬ﻀﺎﻋ‪‬ﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ )‪ (t‬ﻷﻨﹼّﻪ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻕ ﺒﺤﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪enter + ing = entering‬‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﺩﺨل‬ ‫ﻫ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‪‬ﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ )‪ ،(r‬ﻻﻥ‪ ‬ﺘﻀﻌﻴﻔﻪ ﻴ‪‬ﺼﻌ‪‬ﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻁﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒـ )‪ (ie‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ )‪ (y‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪ ،(ing‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫‪.5‬‬

‫‪lie + ing = lying‬‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻗﹸﺩ‪ /‬ﻴﻜﺫﺏ‬ ‫‪die + ing = dying‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻭﺕ‬

‫ﻻ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ )ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﻻ ﻴﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬

‫‪(Verbs of Sense) ‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪see‬‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻯ‬ ‫‪notice‬‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤﻅ‬

‫‪hear‬‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻤﻊ‬ ‫‪taste‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺫﻭ‪‬ﻕ‬
‫‪smell‬‬ ‫ﻴﺸﹸﻡ‬ ‫‪observe‬‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤِﻅ‬
‫‪touch‬‬ ‫ﻴﻠﻤِﺱ‬

‫‪(Verbs of Thinking) ‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪understand‬‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻬﻡ‬ ‫‪mean‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ‪ /‬ﻴﻘﺼﺩ‬

‫‪suppose‬‬ ‫ﻴﻔﺘﺭِﺽ‬ ‫‪believe‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ‬
‫‪feel‬‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻌ‪‬ﺭ‬ ‫‪think‬‬ ‫ﻴﻅﹸﻥ ‪ /‬ﻴ‪‬ﻔﻜﹼﺭ‬
‫‪know‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ‬

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:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(Verbs of Emotion) 

love ‫ﺤﺏ ﺸﺨﺼﺎﹰ‬‫ﻴ‬ wish ‫ﻴﺭﻏﺏ‬

like ‫ﺤﺏ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ‬‫ﻴ‬ desire ‫ﻴﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ‬
hate ‫ ﻴﻜﺭﻩ‬/‫ﻴﻤﻘﹸﺕ‬ want ‫ﺭﻴﺩ‬‫ﻴ‬
dislike ‫ﻴﻜﺭﻩ‬ refuse ‫ﻴﺭﻓﹸﺽ‬
care ‫ﻐﻨﻲ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻴﻬﺘﻡ‬ forgive ‫ ﻴﻌﻔﻭ ﻋﻥ‬/ ‫ﺴﺎﻤﺢ‬‫ﻴ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،( Verbs of Possessing ) 



own ‫ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬ possess ‫ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬

belong ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﻌﺯ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻴﺨﹸﺹ‬


 Verb To Have, Verb To Be  Helping Verbs 



 :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،


appear ‫ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ‬/‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ‬ disobey ‫ﻴﻌﺼﻰ‬

seem ‫ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ‬/‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ‬ suit ‫ﻼﺀﻡ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬‫ﻴ‬
contain ‫ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬/ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬ fit ‫ﻼﺀﻡ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬‫ﻴ‬
obey ‫ﻁﻴﻊ‬‫ﻴ‬ consist of ‫ﻥ ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭ‬
matter ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺸﻜﹼل ﺃﻫﻤﻴ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﻴﻬ‬

The Present Simple ‫ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒـﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ‬‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺴ‬ •
.‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹸﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺼﺎﻍ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺔٍ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺩﺭ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏٍ ﺒﻼﻏﻴ‬

I am understanding; he is hating her. .‫ ﻴﻜﺭﻫﻬﺎ‬‫ ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ﺇﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﺃﻓﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻘﺎل ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻻ ﻴ‬

I understand; he hates her. .‫ ﻴﻜﺭﻫﻬﺎ‬‫ ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ﺇﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﺃﻓﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ُﻴﻘﺎل‬
I am seeing you tomorrow. (Emphasis) (‫ﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺄﻜﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﹸﻔﻴ‬‫ )ﺍﻟﺠ‬.‫ﺴﺄﺭﺍﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﺄﻜﻴﺩِ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬
Are you forgetting your promise? ( Threat) (‫ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻬﺩﻴﺩ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﹸﻔﻴﺩ‬‫ﻫل ﺴﺘﻨﺴﻰ ﻭﻋﺩﻙ؟ )ﺍﻟﺠ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. The train is travelling now. .‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﻐﺎﺩﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘِﻁﺎﺭ‬

2. We are having a test at this moment. .ِ‫ﻨﺄﺨﺫﹸ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩِ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺤﻅﺔ‬
3. Listen! The tractor is working. .‫ﺍﺴﻤﻊ! ﺍﻟﺸﹼّﺎﺤﻨﺔﹸ ﺘﻌﻤل‬
4. Look! The plane is crashing. .‫ﺃُﻨﻅﺭ! ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺤﻁﻡ‬
5. I am drinking tea at this moment. .ِ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩِ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺤﻅﺔ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺃﺸﹾﺭ‬

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4) The Present Continuous Tense Negative and Interrogative:-


.(Verb To Be) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬not) ‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻨﻔﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻴ‬1

am, is, are + not + + ing

‫ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ‬،‫( ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬Verb To Be) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.2
.‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

 Examples Negative Interrogative

She is working now. She is not working now. Is she working now?
1.
.‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻤلُ ﺍﻵﻥ‬ .‫ﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻌﻤلُ ﺍﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻤلُ ﺍﻵﻥ؟‬
They are playing. They are not playing. Are they playing?
2.
.‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ‬ .‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻫﻡ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ؟‬
I am playing. I am not playing. Are you playing?
3.
.‫ﺇﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﺃﻟﻌﺏ‬ .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻟﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ؟‬

Exercise No. 8 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Choose the correct verbs between brackets: :‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺼ‬
1. Listen! They (shout - shouts - shouting - are shouting).
2. (Do you listen - Are you listening - Do listen) to what I (say-says-am saying)?
3. Look! Azza (type - types - typing - is typing) letters.
4. Mother (make - is making - made) coffee now.
5. Now, they (welcome - welcomes - are welcoming) the new pupil.
6. The people (is standing - stand - are standing) at the bus stop at this moment.
7. At the present time, my father (builds - building - is building) a house.
8. I (answer - am answering - is answering) the teacher’s question now.
9. She (do - does - is doing) her homework now. She usually (do-does-is doing) it in the evening.
10. . I (am wearing-not wearing-am not wearing) a coat as it is not raining.

II) Correct the verbs in brackets: :‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬
1. He (wait) for you at this moment.
2. You can’t see Ahmed now, he (have) a bath.
3. He is (drive) his car.
4. Look! it (rain) heavily.
5. Now, we (hear) very well what he say.
6. I (think) that I (know) how to use a calculator now.

 Glory to my God, the Greatest.

 

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
4.The Past Continuous Tense 

1) Formation:
-:‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ü

 

I, He, She , It was +  + ing

They, You, We were +  + ing

1. I was walking in the street. .ِ‫ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ‬

2. Ahmed was reading a story. .‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ‬
3. They were cooking the food. .‫ﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﺩ‬

2) Usage :


 ü

.‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬.1

1. They were making a party yesterday. .‫ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬

ِ ً‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻠﺔﹰ‬
2. They were sitting behind as she was driving her car. .‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺠﻠﺴﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻑِ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻘﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ‬

.‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯ‬،‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ‬drive ‫ ﻭ‬sit ‫ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺜﻴﻥ‬2 ç

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉِ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﺁﺨﺭٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬.2

While she was driving her car, a policeman stopped her.

.‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻘﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻗﻔﻬﺎ ﺸﹸﺭﻁﻲ‬

  ç
.‫ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﹸﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ‬،ً‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺍ‬stop ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬.1
.‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﹸﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ‬،‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ‬drive ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬.2

 3) Key words:

:‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻴ‬ü

while ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ as ‫ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬

still ‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺯل‬ when ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬

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 ‫‪‬‬
‫• ‪ ‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ‪ while‬ﺃﻭ ‪ as‬ﻟﺘﻌﺒ‪‬ﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﺜﻴﻥِ ﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥِ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱِ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺌﻬﻤﺎ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻓﻌلٌ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤـﻥِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬
‫‪While he was reading the newspaper, his wife was watching TV.‬‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃُ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﺤﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﹶﻪ‪ ‬ﺘﹸﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎً ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺘﺕ ‪ when‬ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺯﻤـﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬
‫‪My mother was cooking, when I came.‬‬ ‫ﺃُﻤﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻁﺒ‪‬ﺦﹸ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺤ‪‬ﻀ‪‬ﺭ‪‬ﺕﹸ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻨﹸﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﻤﺘﺼلٍ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓٍ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔٍ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ )ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻴـﻭﻡ ـ ﻜـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﺒﺎﺡ ـ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺀ ـ ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻴل‪ ،(......‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫‪1. I was shopping all afternoon.‬‬ ‫ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﺘﺴﻭ‪‬ﻕ ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪2. They were studying all day.‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺩﻭﺴﻭﻥ ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ as‬ﺃﻭ ‪ while‬ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪While I was walking in the street, I saw my friend.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉِ‪ ،‬ﺭﺃﻴﺕﹸ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪4) The Past Continuous Tense Negative and Interrogative:‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﻨﻔﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ‪ not‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ )‪ (Verb To Be‬ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫‪ + ing‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ‪ were + not +‬ﺃﻭ ‪was‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ )‪ (Verb To Be‬ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻭﻀـﻊ ﻋﻼﻤـﺔ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Examples‬‬ ‫‪Negative‬‬ ‫‪Interrogative‬‬

‫‪I was working.‬‬ ‫‪I was not working.‬‬ ‫?‪Were you working‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻋﻤل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﻜﹸﻥ‪ ‬ﺃﻋﻤل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﻜﻨﺕﹶ ﺘﻌﻤل؟‬
‫‪They were working. They were not working.‬‬ ‫?‪Were they working‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ؟‬

‫‪Examples‬‬ ‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

‫‪1. As I was walking in the street, I saw Samy.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ‪ ،‬ﺭﺃﻴﺕُ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪2. While we were having supper, all lights went out.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹼﺎ ﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺸﹶﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻁﹸﻔﺌِﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺨ ﹶﻠﺕﹾ ﻗِﻁـﺔﹲ ‪The teacher was giving us a lesson, when a cat walked‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﺭﺴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺩ‪ ‬ﹶ‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪into the room.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﹸﺭﻓﺔِ‪.‬‬
‫‪4. He was reading a book, when the bell rang.‬‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺭ‪‬ﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ُ‬
‫‪5. Yesterday, he was watching a good film on TV.‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﺸﹶﺎﻫِﺩ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ِ‬

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Exercise No. 9 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Choose the correct verbs in brackets: :‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺼ‬
1. I (meet - met - was meeting) your brother, while I was studying in London.
2. While you (played - plays - were playing) the piano, I (write - was writing - wrote) a letter.
3. I (find - found - was finding) the ring as I (dig - dug - was digging) in the garden.
When I (arriving - arrive - arrived - was arriving) at the house, he (still sleeping - was still
4.
sleeping - still slept).
5. He (sits - sat - was sitting) in a restaurant, when I (see - saw - was seeing) him.
6. What story (does Samy tell - did Samy tell - was Samy telling) you, when I came into the room.
Last night, somebody (shouted - will shout - was shouting), while I (studying - was studying
7.
- studies).
8. She (lived - was living - living) in England, when war (begin - beginning - began - was beginning).
9. The phone rang while I (get - got - was getting) a bath.
She (was talking - talked - talking) to her neighbor, when the baby (begin - began - was
10.
beginning) to cry.

II) Correct the verbs between brackets: :‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬
1. The telephone (ring) just as I (leave) the house.
2. He (have) his dinner, while I (have) a bath.
3. She (cook) all morning yesterday.
4. As they (to work), a man (to knock) at the door.
5. As we (to play), it (rain).
6. The pupil (sleep), when the teacher (come).
7. What you (do) when I came in?
8. As we (come) here, a policeman (stop) us.
9. The boy (jump) of the bus, while it (move).
10. He (watch) TV, when I (come).



 He beat me and cried out, he got the start of me and complained.

 









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

5. The Present Perfect Tense

1Formation: )
-:‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ü

have ‫ ﺃﻭ‬has + Past Participle (P.P)

(‫)ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬

I, They, We, You have + P.P

He, She, It has + P.P

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. I have finished my homework. .‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺕُ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ‬

2. Nader has written a letter. .‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ‬
3. They have met their teacher. .‫ﺴﻬﻡ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻭﺍ ﻤ‬

2) Usage :

  ü

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﻭﻗﺕٍ ﻗﺭﻴﺏٍ )ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻜﻠﱡﻡ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ‬.1

We have just received this letter. .(‫ )ﻟﻡ ﻴﻤﺽِ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻤِﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﹰ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻗﻴ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ‬.2

Maged has learnt English recently. .(‫ )ﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﻌﻠﹸﻤﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺘﻪِ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﹸّﻤِﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،ِ‫ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﻨﹸﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻡِ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ‬.3
We have already written the letter.
.(‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ )ﻨﹸﻨﻭﻩ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭ‬.‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺭ‬
Or: We have written the letter already.

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،ِ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬.4

‫ ﻤـﻥ‬‫ )ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻡ‬.‫ﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻏﻴ‬

She has changed some words in the contract.
.(‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻪِ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬‫ﺠﺎﻨِﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﺘﺭﺘﹼﺏ‬

3Key words :

:‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‬‫ﺭﺠﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ‬‫ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü

already ‫ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل‬/ ‫ﻓﻌﻼﹰ‬ since ‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ‬‫ﻤ‬ yet ‫ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬

just ‫ُْﻨﺫ ﻭﻗﺕٍ ﻗﻠﻴل‬‫ ﻤ‬/ ‫ﺍﹰ‬‫ﺘﻭ‬ for ‫ﺩﺓ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬ never ‫ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‬/ ‫ﻁﻠﻘﺎﹰ‬‫ﻤ‬
ever (‫ﺅﺍل‬‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ recently ‫ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺎﹰ‬ lately ‫ﻤﺅﺨﹼﺭﺍﹰ‬

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‫‪‬‬
‫• ‪‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻐﺔِ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺒﻕﹸ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻗﺩ( ﺃﻭ)ﻟﻘﺩ(‪.‬‬

‫‪I have finished my work.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺕﹸ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪ just‬ﺃﻭ ‪ already‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﺘﻡ ّﻤﻨﺫﹸ ﻭﻗﺕٍ ﻗﺭﻴﺏٍ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓِ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ just‬ﻗﺒـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ already‬ﻓﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪have, has + already (just) + P.P‬‬ ‫‪have, has + P.P + already‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪) yet‬ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ( ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔِ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬

‫‪He has not received the money yet.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻘﻭﺩ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ )ﺒﻌﺩ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪) ever‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﻟﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪) never‬ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ‪ ever‬ﺒﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ‪ ever‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‪ ‬ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‪ ‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻴﺠﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔـﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫?‪Have you ever travelled by air‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل(‬ ‫ﻫل ﺴﺎﻓﺭﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺠﻭﺍﹰ؟‬
‫‪Yes, I have travelled by air.‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ(‬ ‫ﻨﻌﻡ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺴﺎﻓﺭﺕﹸ ﺠﻭﺍﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪No, I have never travelled by air.‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ(‬ ‫ﻻ ﻟﻡ ﺃُﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ ﺠﻭﺍﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪) recently‬ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺎﹰ( ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ )‪ (P.P‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬
‫‪I have recently written a new book.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹸ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪Recently, I have written a new book.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹸ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻤ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﺩِﺩ ﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .8‬ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪) since‬ﻤ‪‬ﻨﹾﺫﹸ(‬

‫‪since + 1985, yesterday, April, 7 o'clock, last …… etc‬‬
‫‪I haven't seen Ahmed since 1995.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﺭﻯ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤ‪‬ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1995‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩ‪‬ﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .9‬ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪) for‬ﻟِﻤﺩﺓ(‬
‫‪for + 3 weeks, along time, an hour, six years …..etc‬‬

‫‪She has been in London for seventeen years.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ ﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩﺓِ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻋﺎﻤﺎً‪.‬‬

‫‪ .10‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻌل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ since‬ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪I have come here since you left.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺤﻀﺭﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻤ‪‬ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﺃﻥ ﻏﺎﺩﺭﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪4) The Present Perfect Tense Negative and Interrogative:‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ü‬ﻴ‪‬ﻨﻔﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ‪ not‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ )ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ have‬ﺃﻭ‪.(has‬‬

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
‫ ﻭﻭﻀـﻊ‬،‫( ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل‬has ‫ ﺃﻭ‬have ‫ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ‬:‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ )ﺃﻱ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ü
.‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

Examples Negative Interrogative

I have finished work.
1.
.‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
Samia has met Mona.
2.
.‫ﻨﻰ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻤ‬
I have not finished work. Have you finished work?
.‫ﻟﻡ ﺃُﻨﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻫل ﻗﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺕَ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل؟‬
Samia has not met Mona. Has Samia met Mona?
.‫ﻨﻰ‬‫ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﹸﻘﺎﺒل ﻤ‬ ‫ﻨﻰ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻤ‬

Exercise No. 10 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Correct the verbs in the following sentences: :‫ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬
1. I ………………. (not, see) my friend since last month.
2. Hatem ………………. (already, eat) his breakfast.
3. Hassan …………….. (never, be) to Jordan.
4. I and Ali ……………. (finish) the work yet.
5. She ………….. (not, meet ) him since she was in Paris.

It is no use crying over silt milk.



36
 

  6.The Past Perfect Tense 


 1) Formation: 

:‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻜﻭ‬ü

had + past participle (P.P)

 

1. She had bought a paper. .‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺕ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔﹰ‬

2. They had met their friends. .‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻭﺍ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻬﻡ‬

  2) Usage:

،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﻭل ﻴﻭﻀـﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﺯﻤـﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺎﻡ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﺤﺩ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺤﺩﺜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠ‬ü
.‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

After they had eaten their breakfast, they went to school.

.ِ‫ ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬،‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻭﺍ ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻓﻁﺎﺭﻫﻡ‬

 3) Key words :



:‫ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‬‫ﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ‬‫ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü

before ‫ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ‬ until ‫ﺤﺘﹼﻰ‬

after ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ‬ by the time ‫ﺤﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
till ‫ﺤﺘﹼﻰ‬ as soon as ‫ﺤﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬

 •
 

.( ‫( )ﻗﺒل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﺒل‬before Before) ‫ ﺃﻱ‬before ‫ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﻗﺒل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬.1

 (past perfect before (past simple) 

 (had + P.P) 

.( ‫( ) ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ‬after After) ‫ ﺃﻱ‬after ‫ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬.2

  (Past simple) after  (Past perfect

  (had + P.P)

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
.‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ‬:‫ﺴﺒﻕ ﺒﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‬.3
‫ﺩ‬

1. After I had done my home work, I played football. .‫ ﻟﻌِﺒﺕُ ﻜﹸﺭﺓﹶ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ‬،‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻗﹸﻤﺕُ ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ‬
2. I had washed my face before I came to school. .ِ‫ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﺁﺘﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬،‫ﻠﹾﺕﹸ ﻭﺠﻬﻲ‬‫ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻏﹶﺴ‬

4) The Past Perfect Tense Negative and Interrogative:

 
.(had) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬not ‫ﻨﻔﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ ﻴ‬ü
ِ‫ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬،‫( ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬had) ‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬ü
.‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬

Examples Negative Interrogative

She had made a cake. She had not made a cake. Had she made a cake?
1.
.‫ﺕ ﻜﻌﻜﺔﹰ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﺩ‬ .‫ﺕ ﻜﻌﻜﺔﹰ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺕ ﻜﻌﻜﺔﹰ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﺩ‬
We had written a letter. We had not written a letter. Had they written a letter?
2.
.‫ﻜﹸﻨﹼﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ‬ .‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻨﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻭﺍ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ؟‬

Exercise No. 11 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Correct the verbs between brackets: :‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬
1. Mazen …….. (drink) much tea before he ……… (finish) his supper.
2. After Nadia …….... (cook) the food, her father …… (come).
3. They ………… (leave) Rafah before I …………. (reach).
4. Samy ……. (go) to school after he ……. (take) his breakfast.
5. She ……….. (thank) him because he (save) her daughter.
6. The police ………… (arrest) the thief who ………… (steal) the bag.

If you want peace, be prepared for war.

 



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 

 7.The Future Simple Tense  



 1) Formation: 

:‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ •

 shall will + (infinitive)


   |
:‫ ﺃﻱ‬We ‫ ﻭ‬I ‫ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ‬shall ‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ )ﺴﻭﻑ‬.1
(I , We shall + Infinitive)

-:‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‬،‫( ﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬will ‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ )ﺴﻭﻑ‬.2

( He, She, It, They, You will + infinitive)

1. I shall meet Mohammed tomorrow. .‫ﺤﻤﺩﺍﹰ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﺴﺄُﻗﺎﺒل ﻤ‬

2. They will visit us next Friday. .‫ﻤﻌﺔِ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬‫ﺴﻴﺯﻭﺭﻭﻨﻨﺎ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠ‬
3. Shadia will come next month. .‫ﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺴﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬

 2) Usage:

  •
.‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬‫ﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺎ ﺴﻴﺤﺩ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺒﺅ ﻋﻤ‬.1

1. They will visit us tomorrow. .‫ﺴﻴﺯﻭﺭﻭﻨﻨﺎ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬

2. Cars will move without petrol in the future. .ِ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬‫ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺘﺭﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺴﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬

.‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒلِ ﺒﺸﻜلٍ ﻋﺎﻡ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﺴﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.2

I shall see you tomorrow. .‫ﺴﺄﺭﺍﻙ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬


 3) Key words:

:‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ‬‫ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠِﺩﺕ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü

tomorrow ‫ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬ in the future ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬

next ..... ...‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩِﻡ‬/‫ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‬tonight ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
next (week, month, year, …) soon ‫ﺤﺎﻻﹰ‬

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 

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. The match will begin soon. .‫ﺒﺎﺭﺍﺓ ﺤﺎﻻﹰ‬‫ﺴﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤ‬

ُ
2. Ramy will travel tomorrow. .‫ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬
3. I shall watch TV tonight. .‫ﺴﺄُﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
4. It will be hot in the future. .‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬‫ﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﺭ‬
5. She will come back next year. .‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺴﺘﻌﻭﺩ‬

4)The Future Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:
 

.(shall ‫ ﺃﻭ‬will) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬not) ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ü

 shall will not +

‫ ﻭﻭﻀـﻊ ﻋﻼﻤـﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬shall ‫ ﺃﻭ‬will ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ü
.‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

 |
.‫ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ‬‫'( ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ll ) ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬shall ‫ ﺃﻭ‬will ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﻴ‬.1
.(‫ )ﺴﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ‬shan't shall not ‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬ Ÿ
.(‫ ) ﺴﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ‬won't will not ‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬ Ÿ
:‫ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬،‫ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺩ‬‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴ‬،‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬‫ﻌﻴﻥٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁٍ ﻤ‬،‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻴ‬.2

am / is / are + going to  

1. He is going to read a new story. (‫ﺔ‬‫) ﻨﻴ‬ .‫ﺴﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ‬

ُ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
2. Shadi is going to weekend in London. (Planning) (‫)ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ .‫ﻁﻠﺔﹶ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷُﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ‬‫ﺴﻴﻘﻀﻲ ﺸﺎﺩﻱ ﻋ‬

Examples Negative Interrogative

I shall go to school. I shan't go to school. Will you go to school?
1.
.ِ‫ﺴﺄﺫﻫﺏُ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬ .ِ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬‫ﻟﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺴﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ؟‬
He will leave school. He won't leave school. Will he leave school?
2.
.‫ﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬‫ﻴﺘﺭ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺴ‬ .‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺘﺭﻙَ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻫﻭ ﺴﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ؟‬
He'll come to school. He won't come to school. Will he come to school?
3.
.ِ‫ﻫﻭ ﺴﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬ .ِ‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺴﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ؟‬

40


Exercise No.12 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Choose the correct verb in the brackets:- :‫ﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺼ‬
1. They (will go - are going - is going) to move to a new house.
2. He (studies - will study - is studying) all morning tomorrow.
3. We (starts- shall start - will start) work next week.
4. Tomorrow, I (swam - swim - shall swim) in the sea.
5. Ali (will built - built - will build) a new house in the future.

II) Correct the verbs between brackets:- :‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬
1. She (clean) the rooms tomorrow.
2. We (see) him next Friday.
3. Ahmed (visit) us in the next Monday.
4. My father (be) forty next May.
5. I (take) the exam next Tuesday.
6. Mazen's father (arrive) to Gaza tomorrow.
7. Nadia (study) at home tomorrow.
8. We (meet) Ali next week.
9. When you (meet) them? I (meet) them at 7:00 o'clock.
10. He (leave) in a few days.



Birds of a feather flock together.

 

41


Exercise No. 13 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

 General Exercises on Tenses

I) Correct the verbs between brackets:- :‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬
1. He usually (visit) us once a month.
2. I (make) few mistakes but she (make) many mistakes.
3. He (live) in England since 1985.
4. We (finish) the project by the end of the year.
5. Many planets ( to move) round the sun.
6. He (travel) to France next week.
7. If you think it over, you (see) I am right.
8. The doctor (examine) him and (give) him some pills.
9. After I (work) for some time, I (hear) a knock at the door.
10. I (wait) her till she comes back.
11. I (wait) her till she came back.
12. Samy (come) tomorrow.
13. My uncle (become) better.
14. She (leave) London before we (reach).
15. I (not see) my friend since his absence.
16. I (see) you yesterday; you (sit) outside a café.
17. The pupils (learn) English grammar now.
18. Yesterday, I (visit) my uncle Khalil.
19. While he (learn) to drive, he (have) many accidents.
20. Before I (come) to school, I (eat) my breakfast.
21. They (buy) some fruits now.
22. A policeman always (direct) traffic there.
23. Rain (fall) heavily tonight.
24. He (travel) in Europe when he (meet) Mary in France.
25. She (see) the accident before she (go) to school.

II) Choose the correct answers between brackets: :‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
1. I (borrow - borrows - borrowed) three books from the library last week.
2. My friend (lived - lives - has lived) in Rafah since 1980.
3. Now, he (watches - watched - is watching) TV.
4. After I (had - had had - have had) some biscuits, I had a drink.
5. While she (was making - makes - made) tea, they (open - opened - are opening) her bag.
6. I have not met Ali (for - ago - since) the last two weeks.
7. Did you (see - saw - seen) Ahmed yesterday?

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
8. Have you (did - do - done) your work?
9. She (didn't finish - hasn't finished - hadn't finished) her new book yet.
10. Generally, I (think - am thinking - thought) the story is not bad.
11. Before I (go - went - had gone) home, they (left - had left - leave).
Last night, I (sleep - am sleeping - slept) for six hours when I (receive - received - was
12.
receiving) a telephone call.
13. We (move - will move - shall move) those stones soon.
14. They (visit - will visit - had visited) the farm tomorrow.
15. Have you (never - ever - ago) visited Jerusalem?
16. I have (never - ever - ago) visited Jerusalem.
17. Samy always (go - goes - went) to school on foot.
18. While I (am walking - was walking - walked) in the street I (see - saw - seen) my friend.
19. Look! He (jumps - was jumping - is jumping).
By the time, he (finishes - had finished - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring - rang -
20.
rung).
As soon as he (had finished – finishes - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring -rang -
21.
rung).
22. She (writes - writing - write) to her parents on Fridays.
23. What (they were doing - they did - were they doing) when the teacher entered?
24. I (lived - have lived - has lived) here since I (was - were - am) a little boy.
25. He (feel - felt - feels) sick after he (eats - ate - had eaten) three cakes.

The exception proves the rule.

 















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 
 

 Tense Formation Examples Negative  Interrogative

:‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ‬ 1) I play football.  don't +  Do + …. ?

.‫ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻟﻌﺏ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ‬‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟـﻀ‬ I, You, We, They :‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‬I, You, We, They :‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
2) He reads a story. I don't play football. Do you play football?
:‫ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﺔﹰ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﺭﺃُ ﻗﺼ‬ .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻟﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ؟‬
The Present Simple I, You, We, They
 doesn't + Does + +…. ?
  s + ‫× ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬
He, She, It :‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‬ He, She, It :‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
:‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴـﺔ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟـﻀ‬
He doesn't read a story. Does he read a story?
He, She, It .‫ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﻘﺭﺃُ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﺔ؟‬
:‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ‬ 1) They watched TV.   didn't + Did +...?
.‫ﻫﻡ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬ .‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
The Past Simple 1) They didn't watch TV. 1) Did they watch TV?
 2) He studied the lesson.
.‫ﻫﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ؟‬
.‫ﺭﺱ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺩ‬
2) He didn't study the lesson. 2) Did he study the lesson?
.‫ﺭﺱ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﺭ‬ ‫؟‬‫ﺭﺱ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﻫل ﺩﺭﺱ‬
:‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ 1) I am writing now. am, is, are + not + ing Am, Is, Are + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+  + ing … ?
.‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺘﹸﺏ‬
am, is, are + ‫ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬+ ing 1) I am not writing now 1) Are you writing now?
The Present 2) He is reading a story.
.‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﺭﺃُ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ‬ .‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻜﺘﹸﺏ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻵﻥ؟‬
Continuous
2) Is he reading a story?

2) He is not reading a story.
3) They are walking.
.ً‫ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﻘﺭﺃُ ﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﺭﺃُ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ؟‬
.‫ﻡ ﻴﻤﺸﻭﻥ‬‫ﻫ‬
3) They are not walking 3) Are they walking?
‫ﻡ ﻴﻤﺸﻭﻥ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻫ‬

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 

.‫ﻫﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻤﺸﻭﻥ‬

 

 Formation Examples Negative  Interrogative

 Tense
:‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ 1) I was running. was, were + not +‫ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬+ ing Was, Were + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬+ ing.. ?
.‫ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﺠﺭﻱ‬
was, were + ‫ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬+ ing 1) I was not running. 1) Were you running?
The Past 2) She was making tea.
Continuous .‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﻜﹸﻥ ﺃﺠﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶَ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ؟‬
.‫ ﺸﺎﻴﺎﹰ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﻌِﺩ‬
  3) We were drinking milk.
2) She was not making tea. 2) Was she making tea?
.‫ ﺸﺎﻴﺎﹰ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﺘﹸﻌِﺩ‬ ‫ ﺸﺎﻴﺎﹰ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﻌِﺩ‬
.‫ﻜﹸﻨﹼﺎ ﻨﺸﺭﺏ ﺤﻠﻴﺒﺎﹰ‬
3) We were not drinking milk. 3) Were they drinking milk?
‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻨﻜﹸﻥ ﻨﺸﺭﺏ ﺤﻠﻴﺒﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺸﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺤﻠﻴﺒﺎﹰ؟‬
:‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ 1) I have done my work.
have ‫ ﺃﻭ‬has +not + P.P Have ‫ ﺃﻭ‬Has + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ P.P …..?
.‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﹸﻤﺕﹸ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬
The Present have‫ ﺃﻭ‬has + P.P 1) I have not done my work. 1) Have you done your work?
  Perfect 2) He has written the letter.
.‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﻗﹸﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻗﹸﻤﺕﹶ ﺒﻌﻤﻠِﻙ؟‬
.‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﹶﺘﹶﺏ‬
 2) He has not written the letter. 2) Has he written the letter?
3) They have played basketball.
.‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺘﹸﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻜﹶﺘﹶﺏ‬
 .‫ﻠﺔ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻟﻌِﺒﻭﺍ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
3) They have not played basketball. 3) Have they played basketball?
.‫ﻠﺔ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﺍ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻠﺔ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻟﻌِﺒﻭﺍ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

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:‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ 1) I had met Ali.
had + not + P.P Had + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ P.P …..?
had + P.P .‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻴ‬
1) I had not met Ali. 1) Had you met Ali?
The Past 2) She had cooked the food.
.‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺎﹰ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹶ ﻋﻠﻴ‬
 Perfect .‫ﺨﺕﹾ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻁﹶﺒ‬
2) She had not cooked the food. 2) Had she cooked the food?
 3) You had done the work.
.‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻁﺒﺨﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﺕﹾ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ؟‬ ‫ ﹶ‬‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻁﹶﺒ‬
.‫ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
3) You had not done the work. 3) Had you done the work?
.‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻫل ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل؟‬
 

 Formation Examples Negative  Interrogative

 Tense
:‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬1) I shall visit you tomorrow. shall ‫ ﺃﻭ‬will + not + ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ Shall ‫ ﺃﻭ‬Will + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫… ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬.?
.‫ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﺴﺄﺯﻭﺭﻙ‬
The Future shall ‫ ﺃﻭ‬will +‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ 1) I shan't visit you tomorrow. 1) Will you visit me tomorrow?
Simple 2) He will arrive next Friday.
we ‫ ﻭ‬I :‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ‬ shall .‫ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻟﻥ ﺃﺯﻭﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺴﺘﺯﻭﻨﻲ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ؟‬
 .‫ﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬‫ﺴﻴﺼل ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠ‬
:‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ‬ will 2) He won't arrive next Friday. 2) Will he arrive next Friday?
He, She, It, They, You .‫ﻟﻥ ﻴﺼل ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺴﻴﺼل ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ؟‬

 

Nobody listens until you say something wrong.

. 



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 

 

 
 
 

  Key words of the Tenses 

  Tense The Present The Present The Past The Present The Past The Future
The Past Simple
Simple Continuous Continuous Perfect Perfect Simple

always ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ‬ yesterday ‫ﺃﻤــﺱ‬ now ‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬ while ‫ ﺒﻴﻨـﻤﺎ‬already ‫ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل‬/ ‫ﻓﻌﻼﹰ‬ after ‫ﺒـﻌﺩ‬ tomorrow ‫ﻏـﺩﺍﹰ‬

often ً ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ once ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ‬ at the present when ‫ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬ 

just ‫ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻗﻠﻴل‬/ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﹰ‬ before ‫ﻗـﺒل‬ soon ‫ﺤـﺎﻻﹰ‬

Key Words

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﻀﺭ‬
usually ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ‬ one day at this moment ever as soon as in the future
as ‫ ﻁـﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ﺒﻴـﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫِﻩِ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ‬ (‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤـﺭﺓ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل‬ ‫ﺤـﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬‫ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬
sometimes ‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨـﺎﹰ‬ just now ‫ﻗـﺒل ﺍﻵﻥ‬ Look! !‫ ﺃُﻨﻅﹸﺭ‬still never ‫ﻁﻠﻘﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻤ‬/ ‫ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‬ until ‫ﺤـﺘﹼﻰ‬ tonight ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴـﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل‬/‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺯل‬ till ‫ﺤـﺘﹼﻰ‬
generally ‫ﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ﻋ‬ ago ‫ﻨـﺫﹸ‬‫ﻤ‬ Listen! !‫ﺍﺴﻤﻊ‬ yet ‫ ﺒﻌـﺩ‬/ ‫ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬by the time next … ... ‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺤﻴـﻨﻤﺎ‬
every….. ….‫ ﻜﹸـل‬in olden times Smell! !‫ﺃﺘﺸﹸﻡ‬ since ‫ﻨـﺫﹸ‬‫ﻤ‬ (next month, year,
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬

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 
frequently in the past ‫ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬ while ‫ﺒﻴـﻨﻤﺎ‬ recently ‫ﺤﺩﻴـﺜﺎﹰ‬ day…)
‫ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬/ ‫ﻤِـﺭﺍﺭﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﻨﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻟـﺴ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺎﻟﻲ‬
(.. ،‫ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
never last …. ....‫ ﺴﺎﺒﻕﹸ‬as ‫ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ lately ‫ﺅﺨﹼـﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‬/‫( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ‬last month, year, day….)
still ‫ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل‬
rarely ‫ﻨـﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ‬ as long as ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ‬ for ‫ـﺩﺓ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬

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 

 Conditional Sentences (If Rules) (Conditionals)

 

.‫ ﺇﻥ‬،‫ ﻟﻭ‬،‫( ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ‬if) ü

.‫( ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ‬if)‫ ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ü
.‫ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻔﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ‬‫ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﻟﺘﻌ‬if) ‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ü
.‫ﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﻓﻌل ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻡ ﺴﻨﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü
:‫ﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü

1-The Zero Conditional 

 1) Form:


if + Present Simple Present Simple
‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﻤ‬


 2) Usage:
 100 ‫ﺍﺌﻤﺔ‬‫ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺩ‬ü

‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫( ﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬if) ‫ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬،ِ‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺠ‬, ) ‫( ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬if) ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒـ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ u
.‫ﻓﻼ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

1. If water freezes, it turns into ice. (‫ )ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬.‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻠﺞ‬‫ ﻴﺘﺤﻭ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
2. If we put sugar in water, it dissolves. (‫ )ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬.‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺫﻭﺏ‬،‫ﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
3. If we heat iron, it expands. (‫ )ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬.‫ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻨﹸﺴﺨﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬

2.The First Conditional 

 1) Form:


if + Present Simple Future Simple
‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﻤ‬
shall / will + ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬
.will ‫ ﺃﻭ‬shall ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬can ‫ ﺃﻭ‬may ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ×

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 

 2) Usage:
.(Probable) (‫ﺤﺘﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺩﻭﺙ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ﺔ ﻟﻸﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜـﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘـﻕ )ﺃﻱ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü
 50

Examples ‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

1. If you eat too much, you'll be sick. .‫ ﻓﺴﺘﻤﺭﺽ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﺘﺄﻜﹸل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬

2. If he works hard, he will succeed. .‫ ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒِﺠﺩ‬
3. If he works hard, he can succeed. .‫ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬
4. If he works hard, he may succeed. .‫ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬
5. You'll fall if you are not careful. .‫ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺤﺫﺭ‬،‫ﺴﺘﻘﻊ‬
6. If he does not work hard, he will not succeed. .‫ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬

3.The Second Conditional 

 1) Form:

 
if + Past Simple should / would + ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬‫ﻤ‬

.would ‫ ﺃﻭ‬should ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬could ‫ ﺃﻭ‬might ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ×

 2) Usage:
-:‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﹸﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ ü

Improbable
 10
If he won the prize, he would buy a new car.
.(‫ ﺴﻴﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ‬‫ﺢ ﺃﻨﹸﻪ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ﺤﺘﻤل ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫) ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬.‫ ﻓﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ‬‫ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺴﺏ‬/ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬

 
If they had some money, they would stay at a hotel.
1.
.(‫ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﺜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨﺩﻕ‬،‫ )ﺃﻱ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬.ِ‫ ﻟﻤﻜﺜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺩﻕ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻘﻭﺩ‬
If I were rich, I wouldn't drive an old car. .‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻗﹸﺩﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔﹰ‬،‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻏﻨﻴ‬
2.
.(‫ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬:‫ )ﺃﻱ‬.‫ﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﻥ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ ( ﻟﻨﹸﺒﻴ‬I ) ‫( ﻤﻊ‬was) ‫( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬were) ‫ ﺃﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ‬ ♦

3. If I were you, I would (I'd) tell the police. .‫ ﻷﺨﺒﺭﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺸﱡﺭﻁﺔ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ‬
.‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ )ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ( ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬،(I, He, She, It) ‫( ﻤﻊ‬was) ‫( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬were) ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ u

50
 

Examples ‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

1. If he studied hard, he would (could) succeed. .(‫ ﻟﻨﺠﺢ ) ﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﺩ‬
2. If I met a lion, I would climb a tree. .‫ ﻓﺴﺄﺘﺴﻠﹼﻕﹸ ﺸﺠﺭﺓﹰ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﺃﺴﺩﺍﹰ‬
3. If I were you, I'd take the money. .‫ ﻷﺨﺫﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻭﺩ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕ ُﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ‬
4. If I were a car, I would be Mercedes. .‫ ﻟﺭﻏﺒﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉِ ﻤﺭﺴﻴﺩﺱ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ‬
5. If you found a snake in your room, you should run away. .‫ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻬﺭﺏ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹶ ﺜﻌﺒﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓﺘِﻙ‬

3.The Third Conditional 

 1) Form:

 
if + Past Perfect should have / would have + P.P
‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺘﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬‫ﻤ‬

.would have ‫ ﺃﻭ‬should have ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤِﻥ‬could have ‫ ﺃﻭ‬might have ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ü

 2) Usage:

‫ﺙ ﺃﻭ‬‫( ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤـﺩ‬Impossible) ‫ﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉ‬‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹸﺠ‬ ×
0 .‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

If he had informed the police, he wouldn't have

1. .َ‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻗﹸﺘِل‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺸﱡﺭﻁﺔ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺨﹶﺒ‬
been killed.
If he had studied hard, he would (could) have ‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ ) ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗـﺩ‬،ٍ‫ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﺭﺱ‬
2.
succeeded. .( ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬

If I had listened to his advice, I wouldn't have lost ‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗـﺩ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﻌﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺘﻪ‬
3.
the money. .(‫ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺩﻡ‬‫) ﺘﹸﻌﺒ‬.‫ﻓﻘﺩﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻭﺩ‬
4. If my parents hadn't married, I wouldn't have been born. .‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻟِﺩﺕﹸ‬،‫ﺠﺎ‬‫ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺯﻭ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻱ‬
5. If he had made a mistake, he would have apologized. .‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺫﺭ‬،ً‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻤِلَ ﺨﻁﺄ‬

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
 u
 
 
If

‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺒﺩﻭﺀﺓﹰ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬‫ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،( if ) ‫ﺫﻓﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁ‬‫ﺔﹰ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺸﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻴ‬ ü
‫ﺅﺍل( )ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴﺔ )ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫( ﻭﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬Should - Had - Were) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬
.‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ ﻭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،(‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬
.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬should) ‫ ( ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬if ) ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ‬‫( ﻴ‬1

If he studies hard, he will succeed.

1. (‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل‬ .‫ ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠﺩ‬
= Should he studies hard, he will succeed.
If he succeeded, he would join the university.
2. (‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ‬ .‫ ﻓﺴﻴﻠﺘﺤﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻨﺠﺢ‬
= Should he succeeded, he would join the university.

.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬were) ‫ ( ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬if ) ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ‬‫( ﻴ‬2

If I were a bird, I would fly.

1. .‫ ﻟﻁِﺭﺕﹸ‬،‫ﺼﻔﻭﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻋ‬
= Were I a bird, I would fly.
If he bought that car, it would cost him much. .‫ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻟﻜﻠﹼﻔﺘﻪ‬،‫ﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴ‬
2.
= Were he to buy that car, it would cost him much. .if ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤِﻥ‬were…. to ‫ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ‬ 

.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻤِﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬Had) ‫ ( ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬if ) ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ‬‫( ﻴ‬3
.‫ ﺒﻤﻔﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬had ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ü
.‫ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬had ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ü

If I had enough money, I would buy a new house.

1. (‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ‬ .‫ ﻻﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕ ﻤﻨﺯﻻﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ‬،‫ ﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﺃﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬
= Had I enough money, I would buy a new house.
If he studied hard, he would have succeeded.
2. (‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ‬ .‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩ‬
= Had he studied hard, he would have succeeded.
If they had obeyed me, they would have won the prize.
3. (‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ .‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺒﺤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻁﺎﻋﻭﻨﻲ‬
= Had they obeyed me, they would have won the prize.

.unless ‫ﺔ ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫( ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬4

unless = if…..not

.‫ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﺴﻠﺒﻲ‬‫ﻌﺒ‬‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻴ‬ ü

.‫ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁ ﻭﻓﻌل ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁ‬‫( ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤ‬unless) ‫ﻭﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ü

If he does not succeed, he will not join the university.

1. .‫ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻠﺘﺤﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬،‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬
= Unless he succeeds, he will not join the university.
If he did not work hard, he would not succeed.
2. .‫ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬
= Unless he worked hard, he would not succeed.
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
If he had not paid money, he would not have received
the goods.
3. .‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ‬
= Unless he had paid money, he would not have
received the goods.
If he did not take this medicine, he would not be better.
4. .‫ﻥ‬‫ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺴ‬،‫ﻭﺍﺀ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩ‬
= Unless he took this medicine, he would not be better.

Exercise No. 14 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Choose the correct answer: :‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

1. If she (had – has – have) time, she will visit us.
2. What (will – would – do) you do if you (has – had – have) a lot of money?
3. If he (came – come-comes), I (should – shall – would) forgive him.
4. (Was – Were – Am) I a car, I (will – would – shall) be Ford.
5. If she (stayed – stays – had stayed) at home, she would have received the telegram.

II) Correct the verbs between brackets: :‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬
1. If she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends.
2. Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop).
3. If you (to eat) too much, you will be sick.
4. Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him.
5. If he played well, he (win) the match.



Books and friends should be few but good.

 

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 

If
  Time
 
    Form  Examples
 Usage
 
Probability
 percentage
The Zero
Conditional if + Present Simple Present Simple any time
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺤﻘ ﺎﺋﻖ‬ If water freezes, it turns into ice.
 If  %100 ‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﻣُﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ .ً‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ داﺋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ أي وﻗﺖ‬ .(‫ ﻓﺈﻧّﮫ ﯾﺘﺤﻮّل إﻟﻰ ﺛﻠﺞٍ )ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ‬،‫ﻟﻮ ﯾﺘﺠﻤّﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

1) If you clean my bike, I'll give
The First
you a dollar.
Conditional ٍ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ ﺷ ﻲء‬ future .ً‫ ﻓﺴﺄُﻋﻄﯿﻚ دوﻻرا‬،‫ﻟﻮ ﺗُﻨﻈﻒ دراﺟﺘﻲ‬
if + Present Simple Future Simple
If %50 ‫ﻣُﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﺤُﺪوث‬
.(‫)ﻣﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ 2) Should he studies hard, he will
‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﻣُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ succeed.
 (will, shall + ‫)ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ .‫ ﻓﺴﯿﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻮ ﯾﺪرس ﺑﺠﺪ‬
1) If he won the prize, he would
The Second buy a car.
conditional if + Past Simple should, would + ‫ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ future .ً‫ ﻓﺴﯿﺸﺘﺮي ﺳﯿﺎرة‬،‫إذا ﻛﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲ ٍء‬
If %10 ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﻣُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬ .‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣُﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﻮﻗُﻮع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ 2) If I were a bird, I would fly.
.‫ ﻓﺴﺄﻃﯿﺮ‬،ً‫ﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻋُﺼﻔُﻮرا‬
 3) Were I a bird, I would fly.
.‫ ﻓﺴﺄﻃﯿﺮ‬،ً‫ﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻋُﺼﻔﻮرا‬
1) If he had studied hard, he
would have succeeded.
The Third if + Past Perfect should (would) have + P.P ٍ‫* ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲء‬ .‫ ﻟﻜﺎن ﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ درس ﺑِﺠﺪ‬
Conditional past
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬ ‫ﻣُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺗﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬ .‫ﻣُﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﻮع‬
If %0 ‫* ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺪم‬
‫أو اﻷﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬
2) If I had listened to his advice,
3) I would not have lost my
money.
 .‫ﺣﺪث‬
‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻗﺪ‬،ِ‫ﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﻤﻌﺖُ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﯿﺤﺘﮫ‬
 ‫ﻓﻘﺪتُ ﻧُﻘﻮدي‬

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

 Active Voice and Passive Voice

.‫( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل‬subject) ‫ﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬‫( ﺘﹸﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ‬Active Voice) ‫ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬.1

 ç


     

1. Ahmed rides a bicycle. .‫ﻴﺭﻜﺏ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺠﺔﹰ‬

2. Huda plays games. .‫ﺩﻯ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﻫ‬

.‫( ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬Object) ‫ﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ‬‫( ﺘﹸﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ‬Passive Voice) ‫ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬. .2

  ç

   Verb To Be   by  

‫ل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬‫ ﻨﹸﺤﻭ‬،‫ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻨﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ‬،‫ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬،‫ﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬‫* ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
.‫ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬

1. A bicycle is ridden by Ahmed. .‫ﺭﺍﺠﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ‬‫ﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﺘﹸﺭ‬

2. Games are played by Huda. .‫ﺩﻯ‬‫ﺘﹸﻠﻌﺏ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻫ‬

  ç

 Active & Passive Voice

    

 (Statement)  (Order)  (Question)

55
‫‪‬‬

‫‪ 1. Statement‬‬

‫‪ :Passive Active ‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل )ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ (‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻨﻀﻊ ) ‪ ( Verb To Be‬ﻤ‪‬ﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ) ‪.( Verb To Be‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ ،by‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴ‪‬ﺸﻁﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻀﻤﻴﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴ‪‬ﻀﻴﻑ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺩ‪‬ﺍﻓﻊ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﹼﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻭﺀ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻷﻫﻤﻴ‪‬ﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪Verb To Be  ‬‬ ‫‪by‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫| ‪   ‬‬
‫‪ 1‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺯﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ‪‬ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ‪ ‬ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪) .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﹸﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺔﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ‪ by‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻨﹸﺠﻤـل‬
‫ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩ‪‬ﺙ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ ‪ active‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪-:passive‬‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪he‬‬ ‫‪she‬‬ ‫‪it‬‬ ‫‪we‬‬ ‫‪they‬‬ ‫‪you‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪me‬‬ ‫‪him‬‬ ‫‪her‬‬ ‫‪it‬‬ ‫‪us‬‬ ‫‪them‬‬ ‫‪you  ‬‬

‫‪To Be‬‬ ‫‪ç‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ Tenses‬‬ ‫‪Verb To Be‬‬

‫‪Present Simple‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫‪am, is, are‬‬
‫‪Past Simple‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫‪was, were‬‬
‫‪Present Continuous‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫‪am being, is being, are being‬‬
‫‪Past Continuous‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫‪was being, were being‬‬
‫‪Present Perfect‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪has been, have been‬‬
‫‪Past Perfect‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪had been‬‬
‫‪Future Simple‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫‪shall be, will be‬‬

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
 ç


be am, is, are was, were been being

‫ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻌل ﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﺯﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻤـﻥ‬
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬ .‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫ـﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ـ‬‫ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼــﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬
will, would, shall, should can, .‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ .‫ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‬
could, must, had to, ought to

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

Shadi studies English. English is studied by Shadi.
1.
.‫ﺔ‬‫ﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺸﺎﺩﻱ ﻴ‬ .‫ﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺸﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺘﹸﺩ‬
She bought many books. Many books were bought by her.
2.
.ِ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺘﹸﺏ‬ .‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺘﹸﺏِ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺸﹸﺭﻱ‬
They visited the farm. The farm was visited by them.
3.
.‫ﻫﻡ ﺯﺍﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ‬ .‫ ﺯﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﻡ‬
Samia is studying the map. The map is being studied by Samia.
4.
.‫ﺱ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬
 ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺘﹸﺩ‬ .‫ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺘﹸﺩ‬
5. She is cooking dinner. .‫ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻁﺒﺦﹸ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ‬Dinner is being cooked by her. .‫ﻁﺒﺦﹸ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬
She was arranging them. They were being arranged by her.
6.
.‫ﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﺭﺘﹼﺒﻬﻡ‬ .‫ﺭﺘﹼﺒﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴ‬
They were watching television. Television was being watched by them.
7.
.‫ﺸﹶﺎﻫﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴ‬ .‫ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺸﹶﺎﻫ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ‬
Huda is writing the letters. The letters are being written by Huda.
8.
.‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬‫ﻫﺩﻯ ﺘﻜﺘﺏُ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ .‫ﺩﻯ‬‫ﺴﺎﺌل ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻫ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﺘﹸﻜﺘﺏ‬
9. They congratulated us. .‫ ﻫﻨﹼــﺎﺅﻨﺎ‬We were congratulated by them. .‫ﻨـﱢﺌِﻨﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﻫ‬
He has mended a chair. A chair has been mended by him.
10.
.‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻜﹸﺭﺴﻴ‬‫ﻠﹼﺢ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺼ‬ .‫ﺎﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ‬‫ ﻜﹸﺭﺴﻴ‬‫ﻠﱢﺢ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺼ‬
They have built the road. The road has been built by them.
11.
.‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺒﻨﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕ‬ .‫ﻨِﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺒ‬
12. He drives a car. .‫ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﻘﻭﺩ‬‫ ﻫﻭ ﻴ‬A car is driven by him. .ِ‫ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ‬‫ﺘﹸﻘﺎﹸﺩ‬
13. We met them. .‫ ﻨﺤﻥ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻨﺎﻫﻡ‬They were met by us. .‫ﻗﹸﺒِﻠﻭﺍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻨﺎ‬
She had prepared everything. Everything had been prepared.
14.
.‫ﺕ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﺩ‬ .‫ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃُﻋِﺩ‬
It was making much noise. Much noise was being made by it.
15.
.‫ ﻀﺠﺔﹰ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﺩِﺭ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﺼ‬ .‫ﺍﺌِﻬﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ ﻀﺠﺔﹰ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺠ‬‫ﺩَﺭ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﺼ‬
16. I have remembered it. .‫ﺘﹶﻪ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﹶﺫﹶﻜﹼـﺭ‬ It has been remembered by me. .‫ﻩ‬‫ ﻟﻲ ﺘﺫﻜﹸﺭ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬
The government will build a bridge. A bridge will be built. .‫ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺠﺴﺭ‬
17. .‫ﺴﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺠﺴﺭﺍﹰ‬
.(‫ﺫﻓﺕ‬‫ ﻗﺩ ﺤ‬the government ‫ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬)

57

   |
:‫ﺼﺒﺢ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭلِ ﻴ‬‫ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﻓﺈﻥ‬Defective Verb) ‫ﻤﻠﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻓﻌل ﻨﺎﻗﺹ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺠ‬.1

The Defective Verb + be + P.P

be

 ×


will – would – shall – should – can – could – may – might – must - ought to (had to).

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

He may bring them. They may be brought by him.
1.
.‫ﻡ‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﺤﻀِﺭ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺩ ﻴ‬ .ِ‫ﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘِﻪ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻫﻡ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤ‬
They will cross the lake. The lake will be crossed by them.
2.
.‫ﺤﻴﺭﺓﹶ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺒ‬‫ﻫﻡ ﺴﻴﻌﺒﺭﻭﻥ‬ .‫ﺒﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬِﻡ‬‫ﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﻋ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒ‬
She can not carry it. It can not be carried by her.
3.
.‫ﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ .‫ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺤﻤلَ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘِﻬﺎ‬

-:‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺭﻜﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺠ‬.2

 have to / has to / (am, is, are + going to) +

-: ‫( ﺘﹸﺼﺒﺢ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬Passive) ‫ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬

 have to / has to / (am, is, are + going to) + be + 

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

Everyone has to follow the orders. The orders have to be followed. .‫ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ‬‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ‬
1. .‫ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻓﺭﺩٍ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﹼﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ‬The ‫( ﻷ‬have) ‫ل ﺇﻟـﻰ‬‫( ﺘﺤﻭ‬has) ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬
.‫ ﺠﻤﻊ‬orders
They are going to carry out the new The new project is going to be carried out.
2. project. .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﹸﻩ‬
.‫ﺴﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫِ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ (‫ﻔﺭﺩ‬‫ ﻤ‬project ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ‬‫ ﻷﻥ‬is ‫ ﺘﺤﻭﻟﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬are 
I am going to prepare the new lessons. The new lessons are going to be prepared.
3.
.‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬‫ﺭﻭﺱ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺴﺄُﺤﻀ‬ .‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ‬‫ﺭﻭﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩ‬

.(Passive) ‫ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬Verb To Be ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺠ‬.4

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

He does not make the mistake. The mistake is not made by him.
1.
.‫ﻘﹸﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻁﺄ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ‬
I did not write the lesson. The lesson was not written by me.
2.
.‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺏ ﺍﻟﺩ‬
 ‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﻜﹾﺘﹸ‬ .‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪُ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻲ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩ‬

58

They have not met Ali. Ali has not been met by them.
3.
.‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ﻘﺎﺒﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻴ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬ .‫ﺎﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﻘﺎﺒل ﻋﻠﻴ‬‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬
She won't write the letter. The letter won't be written by her.
4.
.‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔﹶ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺏَ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ .‫ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔﹶ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ ﺘﹸﻜﹾﺘﹶﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬

‫( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤلُ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨـﻲ‬Passive) ‫( ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻴﻤﺘﻠِﻙ ﻜﻔﻌلٍ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ‬Verb to Have) ‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬.5
-:‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬

  possess  own  belong to + P.P 

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

1. I have a car. .‫ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ ﺃﻤﺘﻠِﻙ‬A car is had by me. XX ‫ﺨﻁﺄ‬
A car is owned by me.
Or: A car is possessed by me.
.(‫ﻤﺘﻠﻜﺔﹰ ﻟﻲ )ﻤﻥ ﻗِﺒﻠﻲ‬‫ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻤ‬
Or: A car belongs to me.
2. I had a car. .‫ ﺍﻤﺘﻠﻜﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ‬A car was owned by me.
Or: A car was possessed by me.
Or: A car was belonged to me.
.‫ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺍﻤﺘﹸﻠِﻜﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻗِﺒﻠﻲ‬

‫ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻑ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟـﺙ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴ‬‫( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬Adverb of Manner) ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻅﺭﻑ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬.6
.‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﻤ‬

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

The teacher punished the lazy boy severely. The lazy boy was severely punished by the teacher.
1.
.ٍ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻭل ﺒﻘﺴﻭﺓ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ‬‫ﺱ ﻋﺎﻗﹶﺏ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ .‫ﺱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻭل ﺒﻘﺴﻭﺓٍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻭﻗِﺏ‬‫ﻋ‬
Mother cooks the food excellently. The food is excellently cooked by mother.
2.
.ٍ‫ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓٍ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ‬‫ﻲ ﺘﻁﺒﺦﹸ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ‬‫ﺃُﻤ‬ .‫ﻲ‬‫ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓٍ ﺠﻴﺩﺓٍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺃُﻤ‬‫ﻁﺒﺦﹸ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ‬‫ﻴ‬
He speaks English well. English is well spoken by him.
3.
.‫ﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬ .‫ﺔ ﺘﹸﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬

‫ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌلِ ﻋﻨﺩ‬‫ ﻴﻅل‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬Preposition) ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠِﺩ‬.7
.‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

They are looking for the map. The map is being looked for by them.
1.
.ِ‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻴﺒﺤﺜﻭﻥَ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬ .‫ﺙﹸ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔﹶ ﻴ‬
She looks after her children. Her children are looked after by her.
2.
.‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﺭﻋﻰ ﺃﻭﻻﺩﻫﺎ‬ .‫ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺭﻋ‬‫ﺃﻭﻻﺩﻫﺎ ﻴ‬
I looked at the picture carefully. The picture was carefully looked at by me.
3.
.(ٍ‫ﻭﺭﺓِ ﺒﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔٍ )ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬‫ﻨﻅﺭﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ .‫ﻭﺭﺓ ﻨﹸﻅِﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔٍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬

59
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓٍ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌلِ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻔﻌﻭلٍ ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺴـﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻀـﻤﻴﺭ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫‪ .8‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻌﻭلٍ ﺒﻪ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭ‪‬‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓٍ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌلِ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﻟﻤ‪‬ﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺤ‪‬ﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻟﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ‬ ‫§‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ ‪ to‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ }ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫§‬
‫)ﺍﻟﹸﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ( ﻨﻀﻊ ‪ to‬ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻭل )ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ({‪.‬‬

‫‪They gave me a present.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻡ ﺃﻋﻁﻭﻨﻲ ﻫﺩﻴ‪‬ﺔﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )‪(1‬‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ )‪(2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺍﻷﻭل( ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫§‬

‫‪ Active Voice‬‬ ‫‪ Passive Voice‬‬

‫‪They gave me a present.‬‬ ‫‪A present was given to me by them.‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻁﻭﻨﻲ ﻫﺩﻴ‪‬ﺔﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺩﻴ‪‬ﺔﹰ ﺃُﻋﻁِﻴﺕ ﻟﻲ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪Or: I was given a present by them.‬‬
‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃُﻋﻁﻴﺕ ﻫﺩﻴ‪‬ﺔﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪He taught them many lessons.‬‬ ‫‪They were taught many lessons by him.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﹼﻤ‪‬ﻬ‪‬ﻡ ﺩ‪‬ﺭﻭﺴﺎﹰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋ‪‬ﻠﱢﻤﻭﺍ ﺩ‪‬ﺭﻭﺴﺎﹰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘِﻪِ‪.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪Or: Many lessons were taught to them by him.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪‬ﺭﻭﺴﺎﹰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ ﻋ‪‬ﻠﱢﻤ‪‬ﺕﹾ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻻ ﻴﺠـﻭﺯ‬

‫‪ .9‬ﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺒﺄﻱ ﺤﺎلٍ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺼﻭﻍﹶ ﺠﻤﻠﺔﹰ ﻤﻔﻌﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻭﻤﺴﺒﻭﻕٍ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ٍ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻨﺼﻭﻍ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪:‬‬

‫‪Samy went to school.‬‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ‬

‫‪ .10‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل )ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ‪ ،(to +‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻴﻅل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬـﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴـﺄﺘﻲ‬
‫)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ‪ (to +‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻔﻌﻭﻟِﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬

‫‪tell‬‬ ‫‪ advise‬ﻴ‪‬ﺨﺒﺭ‬ ‫‪ send‬ﻴﻨﺼﺢ‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴِل‬

‫‪ask‬‬ ‫‪ expect‬ﻴﺴﺄل‬ ‫‪ offer‬ﻴﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﺽ‬

‫‪ Active Voice‬‬ ‫‪ Passive Voice‬‬

‫‪He advised me to give up smoking.‬‬ ‫‪I was advised to give up smoking.‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻨﺼﺤﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‪ ‬ﺃُﻗﻠِﻊ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺩﺨﻴﻥِ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻨﹸﺼِﺤﺕﹸ ﺒﺄﻥ‪ ‬ﺃُﻗﻠِﻊ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺩﺨﻴﻥِ‪.‬‬

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
-:‫ﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻴ‬ §

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

I never expected the police to arrest the thief. I never expected the thief to be arrested.
.ِ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ‬‫ ﺘﹸﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺽ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺒﺄﻥ‬ .ِ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬‫ ﺃُﻟﻘِﻲ‬‫ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺒﺄﻥ‬

‫ﻤﻠـﺔ ﻤﺠﻬـﻭل‬‫ ﻓﺎﻋـل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻀﻴﻑ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻨـﻰ )ﺃﻱ‬‫ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻴ‬،‫ﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ‬.11
-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬، (Passive) ‫ﻤﻠﺔِ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬‫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻓﻪ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ‬،(‫ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬

people ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ‬somebody ‫ ﻤﺎ‬‫ ﺸﺨﺹ‬nobody ‫ﻻ ﺃﺤﺩ‬

someone ‫ ﻤﺎ‬‫ ﺃﺤﺩ‬the police ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ‬the government ‫ﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤ‬

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

The police arrested the thief. The thief was arrested.
1. .‫ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺃﻭﻗﻔﺕ )ﺃﻟﻘﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ( ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ‬ .(‫ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ ﺃُﻭﻗِﻑ )ﺃُﻟﻘِﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
.‫ﺫِﻓﺕ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺔ ﻀﻤﻨﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻗﺩ ﺤ‬The police ‫ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
Someone stole her jewels yesterday. Her jewels were stolen yesterday.
.ِ‫ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺭﻕﹶ ﺠﻭﺍﻫﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬‫ﺃﺤﺩ‬ .ِ‫ﺭِﻗﺕ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬‫ﺠﻭﺍﻫﺭﻫﺎ ﺴ‬
2.
‫ﺫﻓﺕ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺔ ﻀﻤﻨﺎﹰ ﻭﻻ ﺘﹸـﻀﻴﻑ‬‫ ﻗﺩ ﺤ‬Someone ‫ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ 
.‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ‬
Nobody has attacked him yet. He has not attacked yet.
3. .(‫ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ )ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﻬﺎﺠﻤﻪ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬ .(‫ﻡَ ﺒﻌﺩ )ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﻬﺎﺠ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬
.‫ﺫِﻓﺕ‬‫ ﻗﺩ ﺤ‬Nobody ‫ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬

-:‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.12

People say ‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ‬ Scientists know ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﻠﻤﻭﻥ‬ One newspaper reports ‫ﺤﻑ ﺘﻨﺸﺭ‬‫ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

Doctors believe ‫ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ‬ People think ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ‬The police allege ‫ﻋﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺩ‬

-:‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

People say…. ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ‬It is said.... .... ‫ﻘﺎل ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬
People said …. ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻟﻭﺍ‬It was said …. .... ‫ﻗﻴل ﺒﺄﻥ‬
Doctors believe.... ‫ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ‬It is believed …. .... ‫ﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬
People knew.… ‫ ﻋﺭِﻓﻭﺍ‬/ ‫ً ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻋﻠِﻤﻭﺍ‬It was known …. .... ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎ‬
ً ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬
The police allege…. ‫ﻋﻲ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺩ‬It is alleged…. .... ‫ﻋﻲ‬‫ﺃُﺩ‬

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

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

People say that he is mad. It is said that he is mad.
1. .‫ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻥ‬‫ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ‬ Or: He is said to be mad.
.‫ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻥ‬‫ﻘﺎل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ َ‫ﻗِﻴل‬
People say that peace will prevail soon. It is said that peace will prevail soon.
2. .‫ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ ﺴﻴﻌ‬‫ﻼﻡ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ‬Or: The peace is said to be prevailed soon.
.‫ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ ﺴﻴﻌ‬‫ﻼﻡ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻘﺎل ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬
The police allege that the thief escaped. It is alleged that the thief escaped.
3. .‫ ﻫﺭﺏ‬‫ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ‬‫ﻋﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺩ‬Or: The thief is said to be escaped.
.‫ ﻫﺭﺏ‬‫ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ‬‫ﻋﻰ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ﺇﻨﻪ‬
People think that the Earth is not exactly round. It is thought that the Earth is not exactly round.
4. .‫ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﺭﺓﹰ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ‬Or: The Earth is thought to be not exactly round.
.‫ﺴﺘﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ ﻏﻴﺭ‬‫ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬‫ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﻌﺘﻘﺩ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬

‫( ﻴﻌﻭﺩ‬Reflexive Pronoun) ‫ﻨﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻤ‬،(َ‫ل‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻉ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ )ﻴ‬Let ‫ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻊ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬.13
-:‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

Don't let people hear you. Don't let yourself (or: yourselves) be heard.
1.
.‫ﻭﻙ‬‫ﻻ ﺘﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﺴﻤﻌ‬ .‫ﻻ ﺘﺩﻉ ﻨﻔﺴﻙ )ﺼﻭﺘﻙ( ﻤﺴﻤﻭﻋﺔﹰ‬
He let people cheat him. He let himself be cheated.
2.
.‫ﻫﻭ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻐﺸﻭﻩ‬ .‫ﻫﻭ ﺠﻌل ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺘﹸﻐﺵ‬

 Smile . . . tomorrow may be worse.

 . 

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

2.Order

.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺇﺫ ﻴﻐﻠﹸﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬ §
-:‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ ﺠ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻤﺭﻴ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ‬ §

 Let + object + be + P.P

 be

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

Open the window. Let the window be opened.
1.
.‫ﺍﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻓـﺫﺓﹶ‬ .‫ﺍﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻓﺫﺓﹶ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔﹰ‬
Keep this medicine away from heat. Let this medicine be kept away from heat.
2.
.‫ﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺎﹰ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﻉ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬
Clean the room. Let the room be cleaned.
3.
.‫ﻨﻅِّﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﹸﺭﻓـﺔﹶ‬ .‫ﺍﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻐﹸﺭﻓﺔﹶ ﻨﻅﻴﻔﺔﹰ‬
Give me your book. .‫ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻙ‬ Let your book be given to me.
.‫ﻌﻁﻰ ﻟﻲ‬‫ﻉ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻙ ﻴ‬‫ﺩ‬
4.
Or: Let me be given your book.
.‫ﻋﻨﻲ ﺃُﻋﻁﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻙ‬‫ﺩ‬

If you think education is expensive -- try ignorance.

.

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 

3. Question 


 ç


 Question

begins with a question word begins with a helping verb

(Yes, NO question) (Wh- question)
  

 (Yes, NO question) ç
.(‫ ﻭﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟‬،‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ ٍﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ﺅﺍل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬‫ ﻴ‬.1
.‫( ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ‬Passive ) ‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬.2
‫ ﻭﺍﻥ‬،‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل‬‫ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔِ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﺘﹸﻭﻀﻊ‬.3
.ِ‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

 (Wh- question) ç

 
‫( ﻤﻊ ﺇﺘﹼﺒـﺎﻉ‬‫ﻥ‬‫( )ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤ‬By whom) ‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋل ( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬‫ﻥ‬‫( ) ﻤ‬Who) ‫ﺅﺍل ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴ‬.1
(By whom Who) .‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
‫ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋـل( ﻤـﻊ ﺇﺘﹼﺒـﺎﻉ‬‫ـﻥ‬‫( )ﻤ‬Who) ‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻭل( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬‫ﻥ‬‫( )ﻤ‬Whom) ‫ﺅﺍل ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴ‬.2
(Who Whom) .‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

 Active Voice  Passive Voice

Did she help him? 1. She helped him.
‫؟‬‫ ﻫل ﻫﻲ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ‬2. He was helped by her.
1. 3. Was he helped by her?
‫ﻭﻋِﺩ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ؟‬‫ﻫل ﺴ‬
Can anyone answer this question? 1. Anyone can answer this question.
‫ﺅﺍل؟‬‫ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﻫل ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ‬2. This question can be answered.
2. 3. Can this question be answered?
‫ﺅﺍل؟‬‫ﻫل ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥِ ﺤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
Does she break the plates? 1. She breaks the plates.
‫ﺭ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﻕ؟‬‫ ﻫل ﻫﻲ ﺘﹸﻜﹶﺴ‬2. The plates are broken by her.
3. 3. Are the plates broken by her?
‫ﺭ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ؟‬‫ﻫل ﺘﹸﻜﺴ‬
Were they playing football? 1. They were playing football.
‫ ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ؟‬2. Football was being played by them.
4. 3. Was football being played them by?
‫ﻫل ﻟﹸﻌِﺒﺕ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ؟‬

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Have they painted the walls? 1. They have painted the walls.
‫ﺩﺭﺍﻥ؟‬‫ ﻫل ﻫﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻫﻨﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠ‬2. The walls have been painted by them.
5. 3. Have the walls been painted by them?
‫ﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ؟‬‫ﻫِﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻫل ﻗﺩ ﺩ‬
Why are you making a fuss? 1. You are making a fuss.
‫ﺔﹰ؟‬‫ﻠﹶﺒ‬‫ ﺠ‬‫ﺩﺜﹸﻭﻥ‬‫ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﹸﺤ‬2. A fuss is being made by you.
6. 3. Why is a fuss being made by you?
‫ﺔﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻜﻡ؟‬‫ﻠﹶﺒ‬‫ﺙﹸ ﺠ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﹸﺤ‬
Will Ali write the lesson? 1. Ali will write the lesson.
‫ﺭﺱ؟‬‫ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻲ‬‫ ﻫل ﺴﻴﻜﺘﹸﺏ‬2. The lesson will be written by Ali.
7. 3. Will the lesson be written by Ali?
‫ﺭﺱ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺎً ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ؟‬‫ﻫل ﺍﻟﺩ‬
Where did she hide it? 1. She hid it.
‫؟‬‫ـﺄﺘﻪ‬‫ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺨﺒ‬2. It was hidden by her.
8. 3. Where was it hidden by her?
‫ﺊ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺘﻬﺎ؟‬‫ﺃﻴﻥ ﺨﹸﺒ‬
Who killed the cat? 1. The cat was killed.
‫ ﻤﻥ ﻗﹶﺘﹶلَ ﺍﻟﻘِﻁﹼﺔ؟‬2. Was the cat killed?
9. 3. By whom was the cat killed?
‫ ﻗﹸﺘِﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻘِﻁﹼﺔ؟‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤ‬
Who will carry out the project? 1. The project will be carried out.
‫ﻨﻔﹼﺫﹸ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ؟‬‫ ﺴﻴ‬‫ ﻤﻥ‬2. Will the project be carried out?
10. 3. By whom will the project be carried out?
‫ﻨﻔﺫﹸ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ؟‬‫ ﺴﻴ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤ‬
Whom did you meet? 1. I met someone.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺕ؟‬
َ ‫ﻥ‬‫ ﺒﻤ‬2. Someone was met by me.
11. 3. Was someone met by me?
4. Who was met by you?
‫ ﻗﹸﻭﺒِلَ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻙ؟‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻤ‬

All great discoveries are made by mistake.

. 



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

Exercise No. 15 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

General Exercises on Active Voice and Passive Voice

 

Change Into Passive Voice: :‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬‫ﺤﻭ‬

1. Kamel wrote many letters. .‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‬

ٍ ٍ‫ ﻜﺎﻤل ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﻜﹶﺘﹶﺏ‬
2. They may have to cancel the meeting. .‫ﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬‫ﻭﻥ ﻷﻥ ﻴﻠﻐﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﺎ ﻴﻀﻁﺭ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻫﻡ ﺭ‬
3. He was carrying two big bags . .‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺤﻤل ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬
4. I shall help him. .‫ﻩ‬‫ﺴـﺄُﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬
5. She ate an apple. .‫ﺔﹰ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﻜﹶﻠﹶﺕﹾ ﺘﹸﻔﹶﺎﺤ‬
6. Passing cars have crushed it. .‫ﺓ‬‫ﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺩﻫﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
7. The man is carrying a heavy box. .‫ﻨﺩﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺜﻘﻴﻼﹰ‬‫ل ﺼ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻴﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺭ‬
8. Someone taught him French and gave him a dictionary. .‫ﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻁﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﻤﻭﺴﺎﹰ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﹼﻤ‬‫ﺸﺨﺹ‬
9. She was washing clothes. .‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺱ‬
10. You can keep these papers. .‫ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ )ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ( ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬
11. They could not open the door. .‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﺘﺤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬
12. She has written twenty letters to her friends. .‫ﺕﹾ ﻋﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﹶﺘﹶﺒ‬
13. He is looking for his bag. .ِ‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘِﻪ‬
He gave them many useful lessons. .‫ﺭﻭﺴﺎﹰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓﹰ‬‫ﻡ ﺩ‬‫ﺃﻋﻁﺎﻫ‬
14. a) Begin with: They……..
b) Begin with: Many useful lessons…….
I showed him my new book. .‫ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬‫ﺃﺭﻴﺘﹸﻪ‬
15. a) Begin with: He………
b) Begin with: My new book…….
He offered us a big house in Gaza. .‫ﺓ‬‫ﻡ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻤﻨﺯﻻﹰ ﻀﺨﻤﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯ‬‫ﻗﺩ‬
16. a) Begin with: We…….
b) Begin with: A big house in Gaza………..
17. People say that there is no water on the moon. .ِ‫ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬
18. I am having a car. .‫ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺍﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬
19. Don't open the door. .‫ﻻ ﺘﹸﻐﻠﻕﹶ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬
20. Give this book to Emad. .‫ ﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩ‬‫ﺃﻋﻁِ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬
21. I don't want any buildings here. .‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺒﺎﻥٍ ﻫ‬‫ﻻ ﺃﺭﻴﺩ‬
22. You must leave everything as it is. .‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ‬
23. They have not cleaned the room. .‫ﺠﺭﺓ‬‫ﻨﻅِﻔﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺤ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬

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24. I have looked up this word. .ِ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺸﻔﺕﹸ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻤﻭﺱ‬
25. People say that she is innocent. .‫ ﻴﻘﹸﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﺔﹰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ‬
26. People said that she is innocent. .‫ ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﺔﹰ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ‬
27. Bring all necessary things. .‫ﺔ‬‫ﺭﻭﺭﻴ‬‫ﻀِﺭ ﻜلَ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫ﺃﺤ‬
28. Where have you left my car? ‫ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﺕﹶ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻲ؟‬
29. Do people speak English all over the world? ‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ؟‬‫ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬‫ﻫل ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ‬

30. Will they allow us five minutes break? ‫ﻫل ﺴﻴﺴﻤﺤﻭﻥ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺒﺨﻤﺴﺔِ ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺤﺔِ؟‬
31. Did you buy any spare parts? ‫ ﻗﻁﻊ ٍ ﻟﻠﻐﻴﺎﺭِ؟‬‫ﻫل ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕﹶ ﺃﻱ‬
32. Who asked both boys to leave? ‫ﻟﹶﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻐﺎﺩﺭﺍ؟‬‫ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬
33. Who showed him the way? ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕِ )ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔِ(؟‬‫ ﺃﺭﺸﺩﻩ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬
34. Who has cooked the food? ‫ﺦ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ؟‬
‫ ﹶ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻁﹶﺒ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬
35. Who told this story? ‫ﺔ؟‬‫ ﺃﺨﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬
36. When did they find the ring? ‫ﻤﺘﻰ ﻭﺠﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺘﻡ؟‬
37. Is Ali writing the letter now? ‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ؟‬‫ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﻫل ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
38. Has anybody answered your question? ‫ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺅﺍﻟﻙ؟‬‫ﻫل ﺃﺠﺎﺏ ﺃﺤﺩ‬
39. Do they gain much money? ‫ﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻴﺭﺒﺤ‬
40. Why did not they tell me the truth? ‫ﻭﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔِ؟‬‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺒﺭ‬

For a "TRUE" problem, there is no solution.

.

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 

 Direct and Indirect Speech

Reported Speech

‫ﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼﻡ‬‫ ﻭﻴ‬،‫ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻘل ﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﺎﹰ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ‬-:() Direct Speech ç
.(‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬
‫ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼﻡ‬‫ﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻴ‬‫ ﻭﻫ‬،‫ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻘل ﻓﺤﻭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﻼﻡ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺁﺨﺭ‬-:() Indirect Speech ç
.‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬
-:‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻼﻡٍ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻼﻡ ٍﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭٍ ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬ 7

 Sentences 

       

   
(Statement) (Question) (Command) (Request) (Exclamation)

begin with begin with

a question word a helping verb
   
 (Yes / No - questions)

 
 What, Where, Who :‫ ﻤﺜل‬ Are, Do, Have, Will :‫ﻤﺜل‬

 1. Statement

indirect(direct)  7
 :‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ( ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‬:‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ )ﺃﻱ‬1

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

say ‫ ﻴﻘﹸﻭل‬say - declare ‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ﺼﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻌﻠِﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬

says ‫ ﻴﻘﹸﻭل‬says - declares ‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ﺼﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻌﻠِﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬
say to ‫ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ‬tell - declare ‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ﺼﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬/‫ﺨﺒِـﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬
says to ‫ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ‬tells - declares ‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ﺼﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﺨـﺒِﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬
said ‫ ﻗﺎل‬said - declared ‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ ﺼﺭ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬
said to ‫ ﻗﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ‬told - declared ‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ ﺼﺭ‬/‫ﺃﺨﺒـﺭ‬
shall say ‫ ﺴﻴﻘﻭل‬shall say - shall declare ‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ﺼﺭ‬‫ ﺴﻴ‬/‫ﺨﺒﺭ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬

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‫‪ .2‬ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺼﻴﺹ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ( ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )‪ (that‬ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺃﻥ‪ (‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺘﹸﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭٍ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ )ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﺄﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟـﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ )ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻴﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ـﺭ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ Direct Speech‬‬ ‫‪ Indirect Speech‬‬

‫‪Present Simple‬‬ ‫‪ Past Simple‬ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

‫‪Past Simple‬‬ ‫‪ Past Perfect‬ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ‬
‫‪Present Perfect‬‬ ‫‪ Past Perfect‬ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ‬
‫‪Present Continuous‬‬ ‫‪ Past Continuous‬ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬
‫‪Past Continuous‬‬ ‫‪ Past Perfect Continuous‬ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺸﻜل )ﺼﻴﻐﺔ( ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻫﻲ‪. had + been +  + ing :‬‬ ‫×‬

‫‪ Direct Speech‬‬ ‫‪ Indirect Speech‬‬

‫‪shall‬‬ ‫‪ should‬ﺴﻭﻑ‪ /‬ﺴـ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬

‫‪will‬‬ ‫‪ would‬ﺴﻭﻑ ‪ /‬ﺴـ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬
‫‪can‬‬ ‫‪ could‬ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬
‫‪may‬‬ ‫‪ might‬ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ‪ /‬ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‪ /‬ﺭ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫‪must‬‬ ‫)‪ had to (must‬ﻴﺠﺏ ‪ /‬ﻴ‪‬ﻠﺯِﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ‬
‫‪ought to‬‬ ‫‪ to ought‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ‬

‫‪should +‬‬ ‫‪ should have + P.P‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺴـ‬

‫‪would +‬‬ ‫‪ would have + P.P‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺴـ‬

‫‪could +‬‬ ‫‪ could have + P.P‬ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ‬

‫‪might +‬‬ ‫‪ might have + P.P‬ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬

‫‪ .6‬ﻫ‪‬ﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ )ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ( ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻼﻡٍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ ﺨـﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗـﻭﺍﺱ )ﻓﻌـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘـﻭل ﻤ‪‬ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒـﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤ‪‬ـﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ‪-:‬‬

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

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

this ‫ ﻫﺫﻩ‬/ ‫ ﻫﺫﺍ‬that ‫ ﺘﻠﻙ‬/ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬

these ‫ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ‬those ‫ﺃﻭﻟﺌـﻙ‬
here ‫ ﻫﻨـﺎ‬there ‫ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬
thus ‫ ﻫﻜـﺫﺍ‬so ‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ‬/ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
now ‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬then / at once ‫ ﻓﻭﺭﺍﹰ‬/‫ ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ‬/ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ‬
that day ‫ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬
today ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬
the same day ‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬
that night ‫ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
tonight ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
the same night ‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
yesterday ‫ ﺃﻤﺱ‬the day before / the previous day ‫ﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
the day before yesterday ‫ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻷﻤﺱ‬two days before ‫ﻗﺒل ﻴﻭﻤﻴﻥ‬
yesterday afternoon ‫ ﻤﺴﺎﺀ ﺃﻤﺱ‬the previous afternoon ‫ﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
tomorrow ‫ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬the following day / the next day ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‬
tomorrow morning ‫ ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻐﺩ‬the following morning ‫ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‬
the day after tomorrow ٍ‫ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻏﺩ‬in two days' time ‫ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻭﻥ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﻥ‬/ ٍ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﻏﺩ‬
the previous …..
last .... ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬/ ‫ﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ...‫ﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬
the .....before
the previous night
last night ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
the night before
ago ‫ ﻤﻨـﺫ‬before / previous ‫ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل‬
a year before ‫ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺴﻨﺔ‬
a year ago ‫ﻤﻨـﺫ ﺴﻨﺔ‬
the previous year ‫ﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬
come here ‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻫ‬go there ‫ﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﺍﺫﻫﺏ ﻫ‬
bring this ‫ ﺍﺤﻀﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ‬take that ‫ﺨﹸـﺫ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
He said, "yes ". ."‫ "ﻨﻌﻡ‬:‫ ﻗﺎل‬He agreed. .‫ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬
He said," No". ." ‫ " ﻻ‬:‫ ﻗﺎل‬He refused. / He disagreed. .‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬/ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺭﻓﺽ‬
He said, "Good morning". ."‫ "ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ He wished …. good morning. .‫ﻫﻭ ﺘﻤﻨﻰ ﺼﺒﺎﺤﺎﹰ ﻁﻴﺒﺎﹰ‬
He said, "thank you". ." ‫ " ﺃﺸﻜﺭﻙ‬:‫ ﻗﺎل‬He thanked me. .‫ﻫﻭ ﺸﻜﺭﻨﻲ‬

.‫ﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ‬‫ﻤﻥ )ﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻤ‬‫ﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯ‬‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‬  ×
 
 
 
 

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

Examples ‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

He said to me, "I shall see you tomorrow". He told me that he would see me the next day.
1.
."‫ "ﺴﺄﺭﺍﻙ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬ .‫ ﺴﻴﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬
They say, "We shall play basketball tomorrow". They say that they will play basketball tomorrow.
2. ."‫ﻠﺔ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ "ﺴﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴ‬:‫ﻫﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ‬ .‫ﻠﺔ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻫﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﺍ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺴﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
.(‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻼ ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‬‫ﻨﺎ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻤ‬‫ﻫ‬ •
She says, "I am very happy today". She says that she is very happy today.
3. ."‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬:‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﻭل‬ .‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓﹲ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬
.‫ﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬‫( ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻼ ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‬says) ‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ •
We say, "We are playing football now". We say that we are playing football now.
4. ."‫ "ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻵﻥ‬:‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻘﻭل‬ .‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
.‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬‫( ﻤ‬says) ‫ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻷﻥ‬‫ﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‬‫ﻫ‬ •
We told Ali that we were playing football at once.
We said to Ali, "We are playing football now".
5. .‫ﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹼﺎ ﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ‬‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴ‬
."‫ "ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻵﻥ‬:ٍ‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻗﹸﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬
.‫( ﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬said to)‫ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻷﻥ‬‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬
He said to me, "I went to Rafah with my He told me that he had gone to Rafah with
6. father yesterday". his father the day before.
."‫ "ﺫﻫﺒﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻓﺢ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬ .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻓﺢ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺒﻴﻪِ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬
Maged says to his sister, "I remember my Maged tells his sister that he remembers his
7. father's advice to me". father's advice to him.
."‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺘﺫﻜﹼﺭ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﺒﻲ ﻟﻲ‬:ِ‫ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻷﺨﺘِﻪ‬ .‫ ﻟﻪ‬‫ ﻴﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﺒﺎﻩ‬‫ﺨﺒِﺭ ﺃُﺨﺘﻪ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻴ‬
I said to the boy, "You have neglected your
I told the boy that he had neglected his duties.
8. duties".
.ِ‫لَ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘِﻪ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻫ‬‫ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﻟﹶﺩ‬‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻭ‬
."‫ﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘِﻙ‬
‫ "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻫﻤﻠ ﹶ‬:ِ‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻠﻭﻟﹶﺩ‬
He said," I must go now". He said that he had to go at once.
9.
."‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ "ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﹾﻫ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ ﻓﻭﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺫﹾﻫ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﻴ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬
He said, "I must not go there". He said that he had not to go there.
10.
."‫ﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ " ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻻﹼ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﻫ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ ﻫ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺫﹾﻫ‬‫ﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﻴ‬‫ ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

   |
.‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔِ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡِ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭلِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻓﻀﻌ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.1

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

The boy said that he had written his lessons
"I wrote my lessons yesterday", the boy said.
1. the day before.
.‫"ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹸ ﺩﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ" ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ‬
.‫ﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺩﺭﻭﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ‬
"You have written a good letter", said my father. My father said that I had written a good letter.
2.
.‫"ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹶ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺓﹰ" ﻗﺎل ﺃﺒﻲ‬ .‫ﺃﺒﻲ ﻗﺎل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹸ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺓﹰ‬

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
‫ـﺭ‬‫( ﻓﺤﻴﻨﺌﺫٍ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‬shall say ‫ ﺃﻭ‬says to ‫ ﺃﻭ‬say to ‫ ﺃﻭ‬says ‫ ﺃﻭ‬say) :‫ﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ ﻤِﺜل‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻤ‬.2
.‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻨﹼﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ‬‫ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

He says, "I feel hungry". He says that he feels hungry.
1.
."‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭﻉ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭل‬ .ِ‫ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭﻉ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬
I shall say to him, "There is no room for you I shall say to him that there is no room for
2. in the house". him in the house.
."ِ‫ ﻏﹸﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ‬‫ "ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﹶﻙ‬:‫ﺴﺄﻗﻭل ﻟﹶﻪ‬ .ِ‫ ﻏﹸﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ‬‫ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﹶﻪ‬‫ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﺴﺄﻗﻭل ﻟﹶﻪ‬
Ahmed says to Ali, "I shall buy a new car Ahmed tells Ali that he will buy a new car
3. tomorrow". tomorrow.
."‫ "ﺴﺄﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬:ٍ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬ .‫ ﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓً ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﺨﺒﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬

-:‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ) ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﻤﺜل‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.3

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

He said," The earth is round". He said that the earth is round.
1.
"‫ "ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﺒﺄﻥ‬
Our teacher said to us, "The earth moves Our teacher told us that the earth moves round
2. round the sun". the sun.
."ِ‫ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ‬‫ "ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬:‫ﺩﺭﺴﻨﺎ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻨﺎ ﻤ‬ .ِ‫ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ‬‫ﺩﺭﺴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻤ‬

.‫ﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻴ‬.4

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

I said," I want to speak to you, Ali". I told Ali that I wanted to speak to him.
."‫ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻙ ﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ‬‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺭﻴﺩ‬:‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ‬ .ِ‫ﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﺃﺭﺩﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻴ‬

ٍ‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﺩﻤﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠـﺔٍ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ‬،‫ﻤل‬‫ﺔٍ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺇﺨﺒﺎﺭﻴ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠ‬.5
‫( ﻭﻨـﻀﻊ‬... ‫ ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ )ﻭﺃﻥ‬that ‫( ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟـﺸﹼﻭﻟﺔ ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ‬Comma) (‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﺸﻭﻟﺔ )ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬‫ﻔﹾﺼِل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺠ‬‫ﻭﻴ‬
.‫ﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫( ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺠ‬and added that) ‫ …( ﺃﻭ‬and that …)

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

She said to him, "I cannot pay. I lost my bag. She told him that she could not pay, that she
I hung it to this chair. Now, I do not find it". had lost her bag, that she had hung it to that
chair and then she did not find it.
1. ‫ ﺃﻨﺎ‬.‫ﺕﹸ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﻲ‬‫ ﺃﻨﺎ ﻓﹶﻘﹶﺩ‬.‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﻓﻊ‬:‫ ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻗـﺩ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬،‫ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺘﻪ‬
.‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺠﺩ‬،‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬.‫ ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﹼﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺭﺴﻲ‬،‫ ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻠﹼﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺭﺴﻲ‬،‫ﻓﻘﺩﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﻬﺎ‬

.‫ﺒﻌﺩﺌﺫٍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺠﺩﻫﺎ‬
I prepared my passport yesterday", Mary said. Mary said that she had prepared her passport
"Tomorrow I shall travel abroad ". the day before and that (and added that) the
2. ‫ "ﻏﺩﺍﹰ ﺴﺄُﺴﺎﻓﺭ‬.‫ﺯﺕﹸ ﺠﻭﺍﺯ ﺴﻔﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ" ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺠﻬ‬next day she would travel abroad.
ِ‫ﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ﺯﺕ ﺠﻭﺍﺯ ﺴﻔﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺠﻬ‬
."‫ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝِ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬
.ِ‫ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺴﺘﹸﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝِ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬

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
Khalil said to Ahmed, "You have come very Khalil told Ahmed that he had come very late
late. I was about to leave when I saw you". and that he had been about to leave when he
3. ‫ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺸﻙِ ﺃﻥ‬.‫ "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺘﻴﺕﹶ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﺨﻠﻴل ﻷﺤﻤﺩ‬ had seen him.
‫ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺘﺄﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻤ‬‫ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﺨﻠﻴل ﺃﺨﺒﺭ‬
."‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﺘﻙ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭﺝ‬
.‫ﺝ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺁﻩ‬‫ﻭﺸﻙِ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺭ‬

.ِ‫ﻤﻠﺘِﻪ‬‫( ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜل ﻓﺎﻋل ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺠ‬and) ‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﺭﺘﺒﻁﺎﻥ ﺒـ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻋل‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺠ‬.6

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

Samy said, "I found this book". "It is my Samy said that he had found that book and Ahmed
book", said Ahmed. said that it was his book.
.‫ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ" ﻗﺎل ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬‫ "ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬."‫ "ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹸ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬:‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﻭﻗﺎل ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬

Always has been * always will be



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

Exercise No. 16 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Put the following sentences into indirect speech (Reported Speech):-

:‫ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻶﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﺼﻴﻐﺔٍ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﺃُﻨﻘﹸل ﺍﻟﺠ‬

''I'll bring you some tea when you have finished'', he ‫"ﺴﺄُﺤﻀِﺭ ﻟﻜﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻨـﻭﺍ ﻗـﺩ‬
1.
said to them. .‫ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻴﺘﻡ" ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﻡ‬
2. I said to her, ''I have something to show you''. ."‫ ﻟﻙ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ "ﻤﻌﻲ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻷُﺭﻴ‬:‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
3. She said to him, ''I lost my keys yesterday''. ."ِ‫ "ﻓﻘﺩﺕﹸ ﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺤﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬
4. He says, ''Adel has written me a long letter''. ."‫ "ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﺩل ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔﹰ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭل‬
5. She said, ''It is foggy today as it was yesterday''. ."ِ‫ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬‫ "ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭِ ﻀﺒﺎﺏ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬

Hassan says, ''When I get up, I find a cup of milk ‫ ﻜﻭﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻥ‬‫ ﺃﺠﺩ‬،‫ "ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻘﻅ‬:‫ﺤﺴﻥ ﻴﻘﻭل‬
6.
beside my bed". ."‫ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﺴﺭﻴﺭﻱ‬
She said to him, ''I stayed with my brother in our house
7. ."‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤﻜﺜﺕﹸ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﻲ ﺒﻤﻨﺯﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬
this morning''.
8. He said to us, ''The sun shines every morning". ."‫ "ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ ﺘﹸﺸﺭﻕ ﻜلّ ﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻨﺎ‬
9. He said," I must go again next week". ."‫ "ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷُﺴﺒﻭﻉِ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

10. He said, "I hope to go there''. ."‫ﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺁﻤل ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﻫ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬
11. He says, "I am busy today"." I have bought a new book". ."ً‫ "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕﹸ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍ‬."‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤﺸﻐﻭلٌ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬:‫ﻴﻘﻭل‬

12. She said, "Iron is heavier than gold". ." ‫ "ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺜﻘل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﹼﻫﺏ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬

He said to them, "Good morning. I have brought all ‫ﺕ ﻜﹸـل‬

‫ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺤـﻀﺭ ﹸ‬.‫ﻜﻡ‬‫ "ﻁﺎﺏ ﺼﺒﺎﺤ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﻡ‬
13.
papers. I hope to reach an agreement". ."ٍ‫ ﺃﻨﺎ ﺁﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻨﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬.‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬
14. She said to him," I want to come with you to see with myself'". ."‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃُﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﻌﻙ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃﺭﻯ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬

15. The man said, "Spring is the best season of the year". ."‫ﻨﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻊ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﺼﻭلِ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ "ﺍﻟﺭ‬:‫ل‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﺭ‬

She said to him," No. I cannot sign this contract unless ‫ ﻻ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃُﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‬.‫ "ﻻ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬
16.
you pay 300.000 dollars for me now". ."‫ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻵﻥ‬300.000 ‫ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻲ‬
17. She said to him, "My bag was full of money". ."ِ‫ " ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﻲ ﻤﻤﻠﻭﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﱡﻘﻭﺩ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬

She said to me, "I shall help you. I can lend you some ‫ ﺒﻌـﺽ‬‫ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃُﻋِﺭﻙ‬.‫ﻙ‬‫ "ﺴﺄُﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬
18.
books. I have many useful books on this subject". ."‫ﻔﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻱ ﻜﹸﺘﺒﺎﹰ ﻤ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺘﺏ‬
19. He said to me, "I have phoned you twice''. ."‫ "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺘﱟﺼﻠﺕﹸ ﺒﻙ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬
He says, "We are living in a house near to my school. ‫ "ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻌﻴﺵ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻨـﺯلٍ ﻗﺭﻴـﺏٍ ﻤـﻥ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭل‬
I needn't to take the bus. I can reach my school in
20. 5 minutes". ‫ ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬.‫ ﻻ ﺃﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻷُﺘﻭﺒﻴﺱ‬.‫ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺘﻲ‬
." ‫ ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ‬5 ‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﺼل ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ‬

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2.Questions 

begin with begin with

a question word a helping verb
   
 What, Where, Who :‫ ﻤﺜل‬ (Yes / No - questions)
 
   Are, Do, Have, Will :‫ﻤﺜل‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

He said to me, "Where did you go yesterday?". (Direct) ."‫ "ﺃﻴﻥ ﺫﻫﺒﺕﹶ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ؟‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬
1.
He asked me where I had gone the day before. (Indirect) .ِ‫ﻫﻭ ﺴﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺫﻫﺒﺕﹸ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬
Salem said, "Are you staying long, Nabil?''. (Direct) ."‫ "ﻫل ﺴﺘﻤﻜﺙ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ﻴﺎ ﻨﺒﻴل؟‬:‫ﺴﺎﻟﻡ ﻗﺎل‬
2.
Salem asked Nabil if he was staying long. (Indirect) .‫ﺴﺎﻟﻡ ﺴﺄل ﻨﺒﻴل ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﺙ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ‬

Indirect Direct ç

.‫ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.1

-:‫ل ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻜﺎﻷﺘﻲ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬‫ ﻴ‬.2

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

ask ‫ﻴﺴﺄل‬
enquire ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ‬
saysay to ‫ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ‬/ ‫ﻴﻘﻭل‬
want to know ‫ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ‬
question ‫ ﻴﺴﺘﺠﻭﺏ‬/ ‫ﻴﺴـﺄل‬
asks ‫ﻴﺴـﺄل‬
sayssays to ‫ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ‬/ ‫ ﻴﻘﻭل‬enquires ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ‬
wants to know ‫ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ‬
asked ‫ﺴﺄل‬
said / said to ‫ ﻗﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ‬/ ‫ ﻗﺎل‬enquired (inquired) ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﻋﻥ‬
wanted to know ‫ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ‬
shall say ‫ﺴﻴﺴـﺄل‬
shall say ‫ﺴﻴﻘﻭل‬
shall enquire ‫ﺴﻴﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ‬
.(‫ ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ )ﻋﻼﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺼﻴﺹ‬.3

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‫‪ .4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻔﻌلٍ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩٍ )‪(Defective Verbs - Verb to Have - Verb to Do - Verb to Be‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪ if‬ﺃﻭ ‪ whether‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ (...‬ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓِ ٍ‬
‫ﺭﺒﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺓِ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡٍ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬
‫‪When - Why - Who - Which - Whom - Whose - What - Where - How - How many - How much … etc‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﹸﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ )ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻨﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل )ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ )ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻨﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭٍ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ )ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ﻭﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺨﺎﻁﺏ )ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )?( ﻷﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔﹰ ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﻨﻘﻁﺔﹰ )‪.(.) (Full stop‬‬
‫‪ .9‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎل ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ )ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﺃﻭ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻘﺒل‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ )ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺘﹸﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Direct Speech‬‬ ‫‪ Indirect Speech‬‬

‫‪Ameera said, "Did you watch the film Ameera asked Azza if she had watched the‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪yesterday, Azza?".‬‬ ‫‪film the day before.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﺄﻟﺕ ﻋﺯ‪‬ﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎﺒﻕ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‪" :‬ﻫل ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕِ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ ﻴﺎ ﻋﺯ‪‬ﺓ؟"‪.‬‬
‫‪She says to Ali, "Are you happy today?".‬‬ ‫‪She asks Ali if he is happy today.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻌﻠﻲٍ‪ ":‬ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ؟"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺄل ﻋﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤﺩ‪‬ﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻷﻥ‪ ‬ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫"?‪I said to Mazen, "Have you met the teacher‬‬ ‫‪I asked Mazen if he had met the teacher.‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻤﺎﺯﻥ‪" :‬ﻫل ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕَ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩﺭ‪‬ﺱ؟"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺴﺄﻟﺕﹸ ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩﺭ‪‬ﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪She said, " Have they departed?".‬‬ ‫‪She wanted to know whether they had departed.‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‪" :‬ﻫل ﻫﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺤﻠﻭﺍ؟"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺤﻠﻭﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪I said to the boys "Were you busy I asked the boys if they had been busy the‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪yesterday?".‬‬ ‫‪day before.‬‬
‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻸﻭﻻﺩ‪" :‬ﻫل ﻜﹸﻨﺘﹸﻡ ﻤﺸﻐﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ؟"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺴﺄﻟﺕﹸ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﻋﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻤﺸﻐﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ‪.‬‬
‫‪Beesan said to me, "Can you solve the Beesan wanted to know if I could solve the‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬ ‫‪problem?".‬‬ ‫‪problem.‬‬
‫ﺒﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﺭﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻌﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤ ّل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ‪" :‬ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹶﺤِلﱢ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺸﻜﻠﺔ؟"‪.‬‬
‫‪Nora said to her friend, ''Could you solve Nora asked her friend if she could have solved‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬ ‫"?‪the question‬‬ ‫‪the question.‬‬
‫ﻨﻭﺭﻩ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ‪" :‬ﻫل ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻌﺕﹶ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤلّ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل؟"‬ ‫ﻨﻭﺭﻩ ﺴﺄﻟﺕ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺤﻠﹼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل‪.‬‬
‫‪He said to his father, "Will you buy a car He asked his father if he would buy a car the‬‬
‫‪8.‬‬ ‫"?‪tomorrow‬‬ ‫‪next day.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻭﺍﻟﺩﻩِ ‪" :‬ﻫل ﺴﺘﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ؟"‬ ‫ﺴﺄل ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻩ‪ ‬ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭ ِﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪I said to Ali, "Don't you believe this story?" I asked Ali if he didn't believe that story.‬‬
‫‪9.‬‬
‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻌﻠﻲٍ‪" :‬ﺃﻻ ﺘﹸﺼﺩﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼ‪‬ﺔ؟"‬ ‫ﺴﺄﻟﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴ‪‬ﺼﺩﻕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺼ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪"What are you doing now?'' said John.‬‬ ‫‪John asked what I was doing at once.‬‬
‫‪10.‬‬
‫"ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﻥ؟"‪ :‬ﻗﺎل ﺠﻭﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺠﻭﻥ ﺴﺄل ﻋﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺃﻓﻌل ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ‪.‬‬

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I said to him, "When will you travel to I wanted to know when he would travel to
11. London?" London.
"‫ "ﻤﺘﻰ ﺴﺘﹸﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ؟‬:‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ‬‫ﺃﺭﺩﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﻰ ﺴﻴ‬
"Who has finished his work?" said the man. The man asked who had finished his work.
12.
.‫ل‬‫ﺠ‬‫ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ؟" ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﻥ‬‫"ﻤ‬ .‫ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺴﺄل ﺍﻟﺭ‬
He said to Adel, "Where do you learn English?" He asked Adel where he learnt English.
13. "‫ﺔ؟‬‫ "ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻌﺎﺩل‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺴﺄل ﻋﺎﺩل ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬

   |
‫ل‬‫ ﻭﻨﺤـﻭ‬،told ‫ ﺃﻭ‬said ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ ﻭﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺠ‬،asked ‫ﺅﺍل‬‫ ﻓﻨﻀﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺴ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻭﺠ‬.1
.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻭﻨﺤﻭ‬،‫ﺅﺍل‬‫ﺅﺍل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

He said to me, "It is too late. Where are you He told me that it was too late and asked
going now?" where I was going then.
"‫ ﺍﻵﻥ؟‬‫ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﺕ ﺫﺍﻫﺏ‬.‫ﺘﺄﺨﺭﺓﹲ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ "ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤ‬:‫ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬.‫ﺘﺄﺨﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﺴﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻜﹸﻨﺕ ﺫﺍﻫﺒﺎﹰ ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤ‬

.and asked ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺴﺅﺍﻟﻴﻥ ﻓﻨﺭﺒﻁﻬﻤﺎ ﺒـ‬.2

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

"Do you want to go to the sea?" "How will you go Ramy asked if I wanted to go to the sea
there?" said Ramy. and asked how I should go there.
.‫ ﻗﺎل ﺭﺍﻤﻲ‬: "‫ﻨﺎﻙ؟‬‫ " ﻜﻴﻑ ﺴﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻫ‬،"‫ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺭِ "ﻫل ﺘﹸﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭِ؟‬‫ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ‬‫ﺴﺄل ﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺃُﺭﻴﺩ‬
.‫ﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ ﻫ‬‫ﻭﺴﺄل ﻜﻴﻑ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺴﺄﺫﻫﺏ‬

   |
:‫ﻎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺼِﻴ‬.1

 Direct   Indirect

What about..? ‫؟‬...‫ ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻥ‬suggest ‫ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ‬

Why don't you ..? ‫؟‬.....‫ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ‬advise ‫ﻴﻨﺼﺢ‬
Could I have... ? ‫؟‬.....‫ ﻫل ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬ask ‫ﻴﻁﻠﹸﺏ‬
offered ‫ﺽ‬‫ـﺭ‬‫ﻋ‬
Would you like….? ‫؟‬....‫ﻫل ﺘﺭﻏﺏ‬
offered to + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ......‫ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﺽ‬‫ـﺭ‬‫ﻋ‬

‫؟( ﻫـﺫﻩ‬...‫ ) ﻫل ﺴـ‬Will you...? / (‫؟‬.... ‫ )ﻫل ﺴـ‬Would you…? / (‫؟‬....‫ )ﻫل ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻌﺕ‬Could you ...? .2
.‫ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‬‫ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﹸﻌﺒ‬
ٍ‫ل ﻜـﺴﺅﺍلٍ ﻋـﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﻭ‬،asked …. to ‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫؟( ﺘﺤﻭ‬....‫ ﻫل ﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬، ‫؟‬......‫ )ﻫل ﺘﹸﻤﺎﻨﻊ‬Would you mind….? .3
.(if ) ‫ﻭﺘﻅل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺔ ﺒـ‬

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

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

"What about flying?" he said. He suggested flying.
1. ."‫ "ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻴﺭﺍﻥ ؟‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻴﺭﺍﻥ‬
."‫ "ﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﹼﻴﺭﺍﻥ؟‬:‫ﺃﻭ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬
"Why don't you ask him?" she said to me". She advised me to ask him.
2.
."‫؟‬‫ "ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺄﻟﹶﻪ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ‬ .‫ ﺃﺴـﺄﻟﹶﻪ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﻨﺼﺤﺘﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬
"Could I have a cup of tea?" she said to me. She asked me for a cup of tea.
3.
."‫ "ﻫل ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺸﺎﻱ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ‬ .‫ﻫﻲ ﻁﻠﺒﺕ ﻤﻨﹼﻲ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺸﺎﻱ‬
"Could you sign the book, please?" he said. He asked me to sign the book.
4.
"‫ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ؟‬،‫ "ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ ﻤﻨﹼﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃُﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬‫ﻁﻠﺏ‬
"Would you mind opening the door?" he He asked me to open the door.
said. .‫ﺴـﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺃُﻤﺎﻨﻊ ﺒﻔﺘﺢِ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬
5. ."‫ "ﻫل ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﻔﺘﺢِ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ؟‬:‫ ﻗﺎل‬Or: He asked me if I would mind opening the
door.
.‫ﺴـﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺍﺭﻏﺏ ﺒﻔﺘﺢِ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬
''Would you like a drink?" he said. He offered me a drink.
6.
."‫ "ﻫل ﺘﺭﻏﺏ ﺒﻤﺸﺭﻭﺏٍ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ ﻟﻲ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﺽ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻋ‬
''Shall I wait you, I shall wait for you if you He offered to wait for me.
7. like?" he said. .‫ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﻅِﺭﻨﻲ‬‫ﺽ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻋ‬
‫ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬:"‫ﻙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹶ ﺘﺭﻏﺏ؟‬‫ ﺴﺄﻨﺘﻅﺭ‬،‫ﻙ‬‫"ﻫل ﺃﻨﺘﻅﺭ‬

It is the end that counts

 

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Exercise No. 17 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

Change Into Indirect Speech:- :‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬

Soha said, "What do you want to do on

1. ."‫ﻤﻌﺔ ﻴﺎ ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ؟‬‫ "ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﺭﻏﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻪِ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠ‬:‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﺴ‬
Friday, Nadia?".
Mona said, "How are you going to travel to
2. ."‫ "ﻜﻴﻑ ﺴﺘﹸﺴﺎﻓﺭﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ ﻴﺎ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ؟‬:‫ﻨﻰ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬‫ﻤ‬
France, Samia?".
3. I said to my friend, "When did you arrive?". ."‫ "ﻤﺘﻰ ﻭﺼﻠﺕﹶ؟‬:‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ‬
Mr. Hesham said, "Where was the voice
4. ."‫ﻭﺕ؟‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ "ﻤِﻥ ﺃﻴﻥ‬:‫ﻴﺩ ﻫِﺸﹶﺎﻡ ﻗﺎل‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬
coming from?".
5. I said, "Did I make anything wrong?". ."‫ "ﻫل ﺃﻨﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹸ ﺃﻱ ﺨﻁﺄ؟‬:‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ‬
6. "Would you mind waiting?" he said. ."‫ "ﻫل ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

He said to her, "How did you come here?" ‫ "ﻜﻴﻑ ﺤﻀﺭﺕِ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ؟" "ﻫل ﺤﻀﺭﺕِ ﺇﻟﻰ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ‬
7.
"Did you come here on foot?". ."‫ﻨﺎ ﻤﺸﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﺍﻡِ؟‬‫ﻫ‬
8. She said, "Why do you blame me?". ."‫ "ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﹸﻭﺒﺨﻨﻲ )ﺘﻠﻭﻤﻨﻲ(؟‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬
9. Mohammed said, "Is the flat cheap?". ."‫ "ﻫل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻘﹼﺔ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‬
10. "Could you wait a moment?" he said. ."‫ "ﻫل ﺘﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬
"Would you like a lift?" Tariq said, "Which ٍ‫ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬‫ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻱ‬:‫ ﻗﹸﻠـﺕﹸ‬."‫ "ﻫل ﺘﺭﻏﺏ ﺒﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﺔٍ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻁﺎﺭﻕ‬
11.
way are you going?" I said. ."‫ﺴﺘﺫﻫﺏ؟‬
She said to me, "Can you do it before
12. ."‫ "ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺒل ﻴﻭﻡ ﻏﺩٍ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ‬
tomorrow?"
13. Her husband said, "What is a suitable dress?". ."‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺴﺘﺎﻥٍ ﺠﻤﻴل؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﺯﻭﺠﻬﺎ‬
"Why are you looking through the keyhole?"
14. ."‫ﻔﺘﺎﺡ؟‬‫ "ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺜﹸﻘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤ‬:‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻪ‬
said to him.
"Where were you last night, Mr. Hazem?"
15. ."‫ "ﺃﻴﻥ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻴﺎ ﺴﻴﺩ ﺤﺎﺯﻡ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬
he said.
She said, "Need we go to the shops in order to ‫ "ﻫل ﻨﺤﻥ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺕِ ﻟﻨﺭﻯ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬
16.
see suitable dresses and unsuitable prices?". ."‫ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ؟‬‫ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬
"How long are you staying in Gaza, Khalil?"
17. ."‫ "ﻜﻡ ﺴﺘﻤﻜﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻴﺎ ﺨﻠﻴل؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﺤﺴﺎﻥ‬
Hassan said.
18. He says, "Is the weather good today?". ."‫ "ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ؟‬:‫ﻴﻘﻭل‬
19. He said, "Is the weather good today?". ."‫ "ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬
He said to me, "Did you answer this
."‫ "ﻫل ﺃﺠﺒﺕﹶ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻤﺭﻴﻥ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬
exercise?".
20. I replied, "Yes". ." ‫ "ﻨﻌﻡ‬:‫ﺃﺠﺒﺕﹸ‬
Or: I replied, "No". ."‫ "ﻻ‬:‫ ﺃﺠﺒﺕﹸ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬

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‫‪ 3. Command (Order) ‬‬

‫‪4. Request‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪  .1‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬

‫‪The teacher said to us, "Clean the floor".‬‬ ‫)‪(Direct‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩﺭﺱ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻨﺎ‪" :‬ﻨﻅﹼﻔﹸﻭﺍ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪."‬‬
‫‪The teacher ordered us to clean the floor.‬‬ ‫)‪(Indirect‬‬ ‫ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺭ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩﺭ‪‬ﺱ ﺒﺄﻥ‪ ‬ﻨﻨﻅﹼﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬

‫‪My father said to me, "Don't be late".‬‬ ‫)‪(Direct‬‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻲ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‪" :‬ﻻ ﺘﺘﺄﺨﹼﺭ"‪.‬‬
‫‪My father advised me not to be late.‬‬ ‫)‪(Indirect‬‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻲ ﻨﺼﺤﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻻ ﺃﺘﺄﺨﹼﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬

‫‪1. "Give me your pen, please, Omar "said Mazen.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل ﻤﺎﺯﻥ‪" :‬ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﻗﻠﻤﻙ ﻴﺎ ﻋ‪‬ﻤﺭ"‪.‬‬
‫‪2. Mazen asked Omar to give him his pen.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻋ‪‬ﻤﺭ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﻁﻴﻪ‪ ‬ﻗﻠﻤﻪ‪.‬‬

‫| ‪   ‬ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻜﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل )ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل(‪.‬‬

‫‪  ç‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻨﹸﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ( ‪ said to‬ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ordered‬ﺃﻭ ‪) command‬ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺭ‪ ،(‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺴِﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺭ‪‬ﺘﺒﺔﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻤـﺎﹰ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺴِﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺭ‪‬ﺘﺒﺔﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻤﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ‪ said to‬ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪) prayed‬ﻴﺘﻭﺴ‪‬ل( ﺃﻭ ‪) begged‬ﻴﺭﺠ‪‬ﻭ(‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺴِﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺭ‪‬ﺘﺒـﺔﹰ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺴِﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺭ‪‬ﺘﺒﺔﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ Please‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ‪ said to‬ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ asked‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ،told‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭٍ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺘﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ( ‪ said to‬ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪) advised ... to‬ﻨﹶﺼﺢ‪ ،(‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔﹰ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺸﻲﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫـ( ‪ said to‬ﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ advised ... not to ...‬ﻭ ‪ ordered ... not to‬ﻭ ‪ ،begged ... not to‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﻓﻌل ﺸﻲﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل )ﺃﻤﺭ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺸﻲﺀ( ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺼﻴﺹ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ( ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ )ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ‪ (to +‬ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ )ﺃﻥ(‬
‫ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎﹼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ )ﻨﻬﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺸﻲﺀ( ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺒﺩل ‪ Don't‬ﺒـ )ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ‪ (not to +‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ) ﺃﻥ ﻻ‪.(....‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ( )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺨﺎﻁﺏ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﺩﻭل )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ(‪.‬‬

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

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

He said to the manager, "Let me have an other He begged the manager to give him an other
1. chance to improve my honesty and ability". chance to prove his honesty and ability.
."‫ "ﺩﻋﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﹶل ﻓﹸﺭﺼﺔﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃُﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﺘﻲ ﻭﻗﹸﺩﺭﺘﻲ‬:‫ﺩﻴﺭ‬‫ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻠﻤ‬.‫ ﻭﻗﹸﺩﺭﺘﻪ‬‫ﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﺘﻪ‬‫ﻨﹶلْ ﻓﹸﺭﺼﺔﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ﺩﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺎ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺭ‬
The manager said to him, "Give her an other The manager ordered him to give her an
2. dress". other dress.
."‫ "ﺃﻋﻁِﻬﺎ ﺜﻭﺒﺎﹰ ﺃﺨﺭ‬:‫ﺩﻴﺭ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ﻌﻁِﻬﺎ ﺜﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﺃﺨﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺃﻤ‬
Ali said to his friend, "Give me your bicycle Ali asked his friend to give him his bicycle
3. for half an hour". for half an hour.
."‫ﺩﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬‫ ﻟﻤ‬‫ﺍﺠﺘﻙ‬‫ "ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ‬:ِ‫ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﻋﻠﻲ‬ .‫ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬‫ﺍﺠﺘﻪ‬‫ ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻌﻁﻴﻪ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ‬‫ﺴﺄل ﻋﻠﻲ‬
The pupil said to the teacher, "Please, explain The pupil begged the teacher to explain that
4. this point again". point again.
."‫ﺓﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ ﺍﺸﺭﺡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺭ‬،‫ "ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ‬:‫ﺱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻤﻴﺫ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻠﻤ‬ .‫ ﻴﺸﺭﺡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﺱ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺎ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻤﻴﺫ ﺭ‬
The teacher said to the boys, "Write your The teacher advised the boys to write their
5. names clearly". names clearly.
."ٍ‫ "ﺃُﻜﺘﺒﻭﺍ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺌَﻜﹸﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬:‫ﺱ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻸﻭﻻﺩ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ .ٍ‫ ﻴﻜﺘﺒﻭﺍ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬‫ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺱ ﻨﹶﺼ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬
She said to her husband, "Don’t trouble She advised her husband not to trouble
6. troubles till troubles trouble you". troubles till troubles trouble him.
."‫ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺜﻴﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ‬،‫ "ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﺜﻴﺭٍ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﻬﺎ‬ .‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ‬‫ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺜﻴﺭﻩ‬،‫ﺴﺘﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ‬‫ﻬﺎ ﺃﻻ ﻴ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻨﺼﺤﺕ ﺯ‬
The mother said to the child," Don't be afraid. The mother told the child not to be afraid.
7.
."‫ "ﻻ ﺘﹶﺨﻑﹾ‬:ِ‫ﺍﻷُﻡ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻠﻁﻔل‬ .‫ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﺌﻔﺎﹰ‬‫ﺍﻷُﻡ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻁِﻔِل ﺒﺄﻥ‬

   |

،that ‫ ﺃﻱ ﻴـﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ‬،‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺔ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،(‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻤﺭﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ )ﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹶ ﺠ‬.1
.asked ‫ ﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ‬‫ ﺃﻱ‬،‫ﺅﺍل‬‫ل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬‫ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻴ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴ‬‫ل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺔ( ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺭ )ﺍﻟﺠ‬

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

The doctor said to me, "Stay in bed and take The doctor advised me to stay in bed and
this medicine. I shall visit you tomorrow". take that medicine and said that he would
1. ‫ ﺃﻨـﺎ‬.‫ﻭﺍﺀ‬‫ "ﺍﺒﻕﹶ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺵِ ﻭﺨﹸﺫ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟـﺩ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺒﻴﺏ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬
visit me the next day.
."‫ﻭﺍﺀ ﺴﺄﺯﻭﺭﻙ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ ﺃﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺵِ ﻭﺃﺨﹸﺫﹸ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﺍﻟـﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺒﻴﺏ ﻨﺼﺤﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬
.‫ ﺴﻴﺯﻭﺭﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﻭﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬
The poor man said to me, "Please, give me The poor man begged me to give him some
some food to eat, will you help me cross the food to eat and asked if I should help him to
road?" cross the road.
2.
‫ ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌـﺎﻡ‬،‫ "ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ‬:‫ل ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺠ‬ ‫ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌـﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺄﻜﹼـل‬‫ ﻷُﻋﻁﻴﻪ‬‫ﺴل ﺃﻟﻲ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭ ﺘﻭ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬
"‫ ﺃﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕ؟‬‫ ﻫل ﺘﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬،‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻜﹸل‬ .‫ ﻟﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕ‬‫ﻭﺴﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺴﺄُﺴﺎﻋﺩﻩ‬

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 
.(‫ )ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ‬suggest ‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫( )ﺩﻋﻨﺎ( ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﻌﺒِّﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻗﺘِﺭﺍﺡٍ ﻭﺘﹰﺤﻭ‬Let us) Let's .2

 suggested thatshould

 Or:suggested  gerund + .....

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

"Let's go to the cinema", Mary said. Mary suggested that they (we) should go to
."‫ﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬‫ﻭﻨﺎ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ "ﺩﻋ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ the cinema.
1. .‫ﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬‫ ﻴﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ )ﻨﺫﻫﺏ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﺕ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ‬
Or: Mary suggested going to the cinema.
.‫ﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬‫ﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﹼﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
He said, "Let's not say anything about this He suggested not saying anything about that
subject". subject.
."‫ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬‫ﻭﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﹶﻘﹸل ﺃﻱ‬‫ "ﺩﻋ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬‫ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﻗﻭل ﺃﻱ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺍﻗﹾﺘﹶﺭ‬
2. Or: He suggested saying nothing about that
subject.
.‫ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬‫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﻭل ﺃﻱ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺍﻗﹾﺘﹶﺭ‬

  3

.asked ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬said ‫ل‬‫ﺃ( ﻨﹸﺤﻭ‬

.Please ‫ﺏ( ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

"Please, take a seat", he said to me. He asked me to take a seat.
."‫ ﺍﺠﻠﺱ‬،‫ "ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬ .‫ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤِﻨﹼﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﺱ‬

A chip of the old block.

 

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

Exercise No. 18 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Change Into Indirect Speech:- :‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬

1. He said to his friend, "Lend me your camera". ."‫ "ﺃﻋﺭﻨﻲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﺘﻙ‬:ِ‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ‬
The officer said to the soldier, "Bring me
2. ."‫ "ﺃﺤﻀﺭ ﻟﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹶ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬:‫ﻨﺩﻱ‬‫ﺎﺒﻁ ﻟﻠﺠ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﻀ‬
the bag of maps".
Heba said to Latefa, "Give me your English
3. ."‫ﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺘﻙ‬‫ "ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬:‫ﻫِﺒﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟِﻠﻁﻴﻔﺔ‬
book".
4. The father said to his son, "Don't go alone". ."‫ "ﻻ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻭﺤﺩِﻙ‬:ِ‫ﺍﻷﺏ ﻗﺎل ﻻﺒﻨﻪ‬
5. She said, "Forgive me". ."‫ ﺴﺎﻤﺤﻨﻲ‬/ ‫ "ﺍﺼﻔﺢ ﻋﻨﹼﻲ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬
6. "Go on, Nagi, hit him", she said. ." ‫ ﺍﻀﺭﺒﻪ‬،‫ "ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻴﺎ ﻨﺎﺠﻲ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬
"Please, don't smoke", said the lady to the
7. .‫ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻠﺱ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺒﻬﺎ‬‫ﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺭﺠ‬‫ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‬:"‫ ﻻ ﺘﹸﺩﺨﹼﻥ‬،‫"ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ‬
man sitting beside her.
"Wait for me at the bridge, Can you bring ‫ ﻫـل ﺘـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ‬.‫ـﺴﺭ‬‫ "ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺭﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺠ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ‬
8. this bag with you?" said my friend.
."‫ﺘﹸﺤﻀﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻙ؟‬

Nader said to me, "Go and tell my father ‫ "ﺍﺫﻫﺏ ﻭﻗﹸل ﻷﺒـﻲ ﺒـﺄﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﻻ ﺃﺴـﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ‬:‫ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬
9.
that I cannot come home tonight". ."‫ﺃﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯلِ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
He said to her, "Don't waste our money in
10. ."‫ﻌِﻲ ﺃﻤﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﺒﻬﺫﻩِ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻘﺎﺀ‬‫ "ﻻ ﺘﹸﻀﻴ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ‬
this foolish way".

Every cloud has a silver lining

 .

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 5. Exclamation 

 

‫ﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻨﻔـﺱ‬‫ﻁﺒ‬‫ ﻭﻴ‬،‫ﻫﺸﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺤﺔ‬‫ﺢ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﻭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺠ‬ ç
.‫ﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺠ‬
‫ﺏ ﻓـﻲ‬‫ ﻭﻨﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﺠ‬how , what :‫ ﻤﺜل‬، ç
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﺏ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻤ‬‫ ﻭﻨﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﺠ‬ ،(!) ‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

Ugh! ‫ﻋﺏ‬‫ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﺸﻤﺌﺯﺍﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭ‬Alas! !‫ ﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻰ‬Oh! !‫ ﺃﻭﻩ‬Hurrah! !‫ﻤﺭﺤﻰ‬

  ç
.ٍ‫ﺒﻁ‬‫ ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓِ ﺭ‬that ‫ ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬.1
-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫لُ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬‫ﺏ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﹶﺘﺩ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﱠﻌ‬.2

1. say, cry, exclaim with joy …. .... ٍ‫ﺏ ﺒِﻔﺭﺡ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬
2. say, cry, exclaim with anger …. .... ٍ‫ﺏ ﺒِﻐﻀﺏ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬
3. say, cry, exclaim with sorrow …. .... ٍ‫ﺏ ﺒﺄﺴﻑ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬
4. say, cry, exclaim with admiration …. .... ٍ‫ﺏ ﺒﺈﻋﺠﺎﺏ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬
5. say, cry, exclaim with sadness…. .... ٍ‫ﺯﻥ‬‫ﺏ ﺒِﺤ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬
6. say, cry, exclaim with regret ….. .... ٍ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺏ ﺒِﻨﹶﺩ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬
7. say, cry, exclaim with horror ….. .... ٍ‫ﺏ ﺒِﻔﺯﻉ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬
8. say, cry, exclaim with pleasure …. .... ٍ‫ﻭﺭ‬‫ﺏ ﺒِﺴﺭ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬

.(‫ﺨﺎﻁﺏ‬‫ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋلِ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ )ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺭ ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫ ﻏﻴ‬.3

ٍ‫ﺘﻌﻠﹼﻘﺔ ﺒﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻤ‬‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭٍ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﹶﻜﹸﻥ‬‫ﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻼﻡٍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫( ﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺠ‬Tense) ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺭ ﺍﻟﺯ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻐﻴ‬.4
.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻭﺘﺘﻐﻴ‬،(‫ﺭ )ﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ‬‫ﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓٍ ﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔٍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

 Direct Speech  Indirect Speech

He said, "Alas! My shop is completely He said with sorrow that his shop was
1. damaged". completely damaged.
."‫ﺭ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ﺩﻤ‬‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻰ! ﻤﺤل ﺘِﺠﺎﺭﺘﻲ ﻤ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ﺭﺍﹰ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ﺩﻤ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬‫ ﻤﺤل ﺘِﺠﺎﺭﺘﻪ‬‫ﺯﻥٍ( ﺇﻥ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺒﺄﺴﻰ )ﺒﺤ‬
He said," Hurrah! I've won the first prize". He cried with joy that he had won the first
2. ."‫ﻰ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﻓﹸﺯﺕﹸ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻷُﻭﻟﻰ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ "ﻤ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ prize.
.‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ ﺍﻷُﻭﻟﻰ‬‫ﺼﺎﺡ ﺒﻔﺭﺡٍ ﻗﺎﺌﻼﹰ ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬

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He said, "How foolish I have been!". He said with regret that he had been foolish.
3.
."‫ "ﻜﻡ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻏﺒﻴﺎﹰ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺒﻴﺎﹰ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺒﻨﺩﻡٍ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬
Fadi said, "What a great idea". Fadi said with admiration that the idea was
4. ."ٍ‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓٍ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔ‬:‫ ﻗﺎل ﻓﺎﺩﻱ‬very great.
.‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﺒﺈﻋﺠﺎﺏٍ ﺒﺄﻥ‬
5. He said, "Thank you". ."‫ "ﺸﹸﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻙ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ He thanked me. .‫ﻨﻲ‬‫ﺸﹶﻜﹶﺭ‬
6. He said, "Congratulation". ."‫ "ﺘﻬﺎﻨﻲ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ He congratulated me. .‫ﻨﹼــﺄﻨﻲ‬‫ﻫ‬
7. He said, "Liar". ."‫ "ﻜﺫﺍﺏ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ He called me a liar. .‫ﺎﻨِﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺫﹼﺍﺏ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺩ‬

 The absent party is not faulty.

 



Exercise No. 19 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Change the following sentences into indirect ( Reported) speech:-

-:‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﻭل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺤ‬
She said, "What a fool! You have spoilt
1. ."ٍ‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﻕٍ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻓﺴﺩﺕﹶ ﻜلّ ﺸﻲﺀ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﹶﻪ‬
everything."
2. He said, "Happy Christmas." ."‫ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ‬‫ "ﻋﻴﺩ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬
The poor man said, "Alas! I have lost my
3. ."‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻑِ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻀﻌﺕﹸ ﻁِﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ‬:‫ل ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭ ﻗﺎل‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬
only child."
She said, "Hurry! My daughter has
4. ."‫ "ﻤﺭﺤى! ﻟﻘﺩ ﻨﺠﺤﺕ ﺍﺒﻨﺘﻲ‬:‫ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬
succeeded."
She said, "Oh! What a nice dress. Thanks
5. ."‫ ﺃﺸﻜﹸﺭﻙ ﻴﺎ ﺃﺒﻰ‬.ٍ‫ ﻤﻥ ﻓﹸﺴﺘﺎﻥٍ ﺠﻤﻴل‬‫ "ﺃﻭﻩ! ﻴﺎ ﻟﹶﻪ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬
daddy."
6. "What a lovely girl!", he said. ."!‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻨﺕٍ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬
She said, "Oh! It's a snake. Don't get near it
7. ."‫ ﻴﺎ ﺃﻁﻔﺎل‬‫ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺘﺭﺒﻭﺍ ﻤِﻨﻪ‬.‫ﻪ ﺜﹸﻌﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ "ﺃﻭﻩ! ﺇﻨﹼ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬
children".
Khalil said, What a surprise! I have not seen
8. ."‫ ﻜﹸﻨﹼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﺭﻴﺱ‬‫ﻨﺫ ﺃﻥ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﺠﺄﺓ! ﻟﻡ ﺃﺭﻙ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﺨﻠﻴل‬
you since we were in Paris ".
He said, "Oh! My son has returned to me
9. ."‫ﻌﺎﻓﻰ‬‫ﻠﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻤ‬‫ ﺴ‬‫ "ﻭﺃﻓﺭﺤﺘﺎﻩ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﺒﻨﻲ ﺇﻟﻲ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬
safe and sound ".
10. He said," Alas! I shan't recover my money". ."‫ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﻱ‬‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻑ! ﻟﻥ ﺃﺴﺘﺭﺩ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬




 Do as you would be done.
 

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

Exercise No. 20 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

General Exercise on Direct and Indirect Speech

 

*) Change into Indirect Speech:- -:ٍ‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻼﻡٍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﺤ‬

She said to him, "I didn't find anything here.
Where did she hide the bag? Go and make ‫ﺄﺘﻬـﺎ ؟ ﺍﺫﻫـﺏ‬‫ ﺃﻴـﻥ ﺨﺒ‬.‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻫ‬‫ "ﻟﻡ ﺃﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬
1. her think we've found it. She will come and .‫ ﺘﺘﺄﻜﺩ‬‫ ﺴﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ‬.‫ﻭﺍﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬
try to make sure. What a surprise! I've
!‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﺘﻬﺎ! ﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﺠﺄﺓ‬
found it!".
She said to me, "What a foolish deed you ‫! ﺍﺫﻫﺏ‬‫" ﻴﺎ ُﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻨﻴﻊٍ ﺃﺤﻤﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻌﻠﺘﻪ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ‬
have done! Go by your own means to the ‫ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻫﻡ ﺒﻜل ﺸـﻲ ٍﺀ ﻜﻤـﺎ‬.‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ‬‫ﺒﻭﺴﺎﺌﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼ‬
2. police. Tell them everything as it has
happened. Do not tell any lies. It is better to ‫ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺃﻨﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬.‫ ﺃﻜﺎﺫﻴﺏ‬‫ ﻻ ﺘﻘﹸل ﻟﻬﻡ ﺃﻱ‬.‫ﺤﺩﺙ‬
go to the police than to be arrested". ."‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ‬‫ﻘﺒﺽ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬

Cut your coat according to your cloth.

 
 

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‫‪‬‬

‫‪Adjectives ‬‬

‫‪  .1‬ﻫﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‪ ‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻜﺭﺍﹰ‪ ..... ،‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻗﺩ ﻴ‪‬ﻭﺼ‪‬ﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺄﻜﺜﺭِ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩ‪‬ﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‪ ‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻤﻌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻤ‪‬ـﺫﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ﺅﻨﺜـﺎﹰ )ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﻫـﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺼـﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻔـﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ )ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﻻ ﺘﹸﺠﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺫﹶﻜﹼﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻨﹼﺙ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬

‫‪1. He is clever.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺫﻜﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪2. She is clever.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺫﻜﻴ‪‬ﺔٌ‪.‬‬
‫‪3. They are clever.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻡ ﺃﺫﻜﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ç‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪a clever boy‬‬ ‫‪ an old woman‬ﻭﻟﺩ‪ ‬ﺫﻜﻲ‪ / ‬ﻤﺎﻫﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺓﹲ ﻋﺠﻭﺯ‪‬‬

‫‪a red book‬‬ ‫‪ a new house‬ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺃﺤﻤﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺕﹲ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ‪‬‬
‫‪-‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ ،Verb to Be‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬

‫‪1. Fadi is polite.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﻤﺅﺩﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪2. She is tall.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻁـﻭﻴﻠﺔﹲ‪.‬‬
‫‪3. I am happy.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺴـﻌﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫| ‪   ‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ‪ the‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻭﺘﹸﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬

‫‪poor‬‬ ‫ﻓـﻘﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪the poor‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﹸـﻘﺭﺍﺀ‬

‫‪rich‬‬ ‫ﻏـﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪the rich‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻏـﻨﻴﺎﺀ‬
‫‪brave‬‬ ‫ﺸﹸﺠﺎﻉ‬ ‫‪the brave‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﱡـﺠﻌﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫?… ‪What sort‬‬ ‫? …‪ Which‬ﻤﺎ ﻨﻭﻉ‪...‬؟‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‪ ...‬؟‬

‫?…‪How many‬‬ ‫?… ‪ How much‬ﻜﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ‪...‬؟‬ ‫ﻜﻡ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ‪ ...‬؟‬

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
Numerous people buy these micros because they are such reliable machines.
.‫ﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬‫ﺭﺍﺕ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤِﺜﺎل ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻜﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ‬‫ﻜﺒ‬‫ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺃُﻨﺎﺱ‬

  ×
.(How many...?) ‫ﺅﺍل‬‫( ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬numerous) ‫ﻔﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺼ‬.1
.(Which…?) ‫ﺅﺍل‬‫( ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬these) ‫ﻔﺔ‬‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺼ‬.2
.(What sort…?) ‫ﺅﺍل‬‫( ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬reliable) ‫ﻔﺔ‬‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺼ‬.3

Comparison of adjectives


‫ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ‬،‫ﻔﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺘﻭﻓﹼﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ 7
-:‫ﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ )ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ( ﻫﻲ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ‬

،‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼِﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤـﻊ ﻏﻴـﺭﻩ‬(Positive Degree) .1

-:‫ﻤﺜل‬
1. He is a tall man. .ٌ‫لٌ ﻁﻭﻴل‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﺭﺠ‬
2. She is an old woman. .‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺓﹲ ﻋﺠﻭﺯ‬
3. I saw a tall tree near a big shop. .ٍ‫ ﻤﺤلٍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬‫ﺭﺃﻴﺕﹸ ﺸﺠﺭﺓﹰ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔﹰ ﻗﹸﺭﺏ‬

‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬(Comparative Degree) .2

.‫ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ‬
‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ (Superlative Degree )  .3
.‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬

  7



 





   

‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬

ٍ‫ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻜﺜﺭِ ﻤـﻥ ﺼـﻭﺕِ ﺤـﺭﻑ‬‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭِ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻊٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩٍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻔﻅ )ﺃﻱ‬ .1
-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(ٍ‫ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬
expensive ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﻲ‬dangerous ‫ ﺨﻁﻴﺭ‬wonderful ‫ﺭﺍﺌﻊ‬
beautiful ‫ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ‬/‫ ﺠﻤﻴل‬important ‫ﻬِﻡ‬‫ ﻤ‬valuable ‫ ﺫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬/ ‫ ﺜﻤﻴﻥ‬/ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﻗﹶﻴ‬

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
،(‫ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻭﺕِ ﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩٍ ﻓﻘـﻁ‬‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻊٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩٍ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻔﻅ )ﺃﻱ‬ .2
-:‫ﻤﺜل‬

short ‫ﻗﺼﻴﺭ‬ fat ‫ﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ cold ‫ﺒـﺎﺭﺩ‬

big ‫ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬/‫ﻀﺨﻡ‬ old ‫ﻥ‬‫ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴ‬/ ‫ﻗﺩﻴﻡ‬ tall ‫ﻁﻭﻴل‬
quick ‫ﺴﺭﻴﻊ‬ hot ‫ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ‬/ ‫ﺤـﺎﺭ‬ thin ‫ﻨـﺤﻴﻑ‬

    ç
.‫ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬than ‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬‫ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼ‬more ‫ﺃ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬

  more + + than

 

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻔﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻭﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ ü

1. Nadia is more beautiful than Samira. .‫ ﺠﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻤﻴﺭﺓ‬‫ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬

2. The lion is more dangerous than the dog. .‫ ﺨﻁﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺏ‬‫ﺍﻷﺴﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬

.‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻭﻴﻠﺔ‬‫ )ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ( ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼ‬the most ‫ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬‫ﺏ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ )ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬

 the most + 

 

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻔﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻷُﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻭﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ ü

1. Water is the most important thing in our life .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ‬
2. Beesan is the most beautiful girl in the class. .‫ﺒﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺠﻤل ﺒﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬

 

1. Arabic is more difficult than English. .‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‬
2. Ibrahim is wearing the most expensive jacket. .‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻴﺭﺘﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻜﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻏﻼﺀ‬
3. Ahmed is more intelligent and more careful than Ibrahim. .‫ ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺤﺫﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺫﻜﺎﺀ‬
4. The earth quake is more dangerous than the volcano. .‫ﺭﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓﹰ )ﺃﺨﻁﺭ( ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒ‬

   ç
 

.‫ﻔﺔ‬‫ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺼ‬than ‫ ﺜﻡ ﻨﹸﻀﻴﻑ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬،‫ﻔﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ‬‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬er) ‫ﺃ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ )ﺸﻴﺌﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻤﻴﻥ ( ﻨﻀﻴﻑ‬

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

 er than
 er

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻔﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻭﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ ü

1. Fadi is older than Ahmed. .‫ ﺴِﻨﹼﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬‫ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬

2. Tagreed is taller than her brother. .‫ﺘﻐﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻁﻭلُ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﺘﻬﺎ‬

.‫ﻔﺔ‬‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬est) ‫ﻔﺔ ﻭﻨﹸﻀﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ‬‫ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼ‬the ‫ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ( ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ‬‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ )ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬‫ﺏ( ﻟﻠﻤ‬

the + est

1. Sameer is the tallest pupil in the class. .ِ‫ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﺃﻁﻭلُ ﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬
2. Huda is the cleverest girl in the class. .ِ‫ﻫﺩﻯ ﺃﺫﻜﻰ ﺒﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬



1. He is the tallest of them all. .‫ﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻁﻭل ﻤﻨﻬ‬

2. The lion is the strongest in the world. .‫ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻗﻭﺓﹰ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻯ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺩ‬
3. This book is the cheapest one. .‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﺨﺹ‬

    |
(er) ‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬:‫ﺘﺤﺭﻙٍ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ )ﺃﻱ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻤ‬،‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ‬‫ﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻀﻌ‬‫ﻗﺩ ﻴ‬ .1
-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(‫ﻔﺔ‬‫( ﻟﻠﺼ‬est) ‫ﺃﻭ‬

      

fat ‫ ﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬/ ‫ﺒﺩﻴﻥ‬ fatter than the fatter
big ‫ﻀﺨﻡ‬ bigger than the bigger
hot ‫ﺴﺎﺨﻥ‬ hotter than the hotter
thin ‫ ﻨﺤﻴﻑ‬/ ‫ﺭﻓﻴﻊ‬ thinner than the thinner

‫ ﺃﻱ‬،‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨـﻴﻥ ﻓﻘـﻁ‬‫( ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤ‬er) ‫( ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬r) ‫( ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ‬e) ‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬ .2
‫ ﺃﻱ‬،‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﺜﻨـﻴﻥ‬‫( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤ‬est) ‫( ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬st) ‫ ﻭﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ‬،( + r + than)
-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(the + + st)

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
      
large (‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ )ﻭﺍﺴﻊ‬ larger than the largest
nice ‫ﻟﻁﻴﻑ‬ nicer than the nicest
simple ‫ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ simpler than the simplest
fine ‫ﺠﻤﻴل‬ finer than the finest

(er) ‫( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬i) ‫ﻘﻠﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫( ﻴ‬y) ‫ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫( ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ‬y)‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ .3
-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻔﺔ‬‫( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬est) ‫ﺃﻭ‬

      

easy ‫ﺴﻬل‬ easier than the easiest
happy ‫ﺴﻌﻴﺩ‬ happier than the happiest
Funny ‫ﻀﺤِﻙ‬‫ﻤ‬ funnier than the funniest
heavy ‫ﺜـﻘﻴل‬ heavier than the heaviest
noisy ‫ﺯﻋِﺞ‬‫ﻤ‬ noisier than the noisiest
pretty ‫ﺠﻤﻴل‬ prettier than the prettiest

‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ )ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ( ﻋﻥ ﻜﹸـل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋـﺩ‬‫ﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺫﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻫ‬ ç
-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺫِﻜﺭ ﺸﹸﺫﻭﺫﺍﹰ ﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺎﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬

      

good ‫ ﺠﻴﺩ‬/ ‫ﺤﺴﻥ‬ better than the best
bad ‫ ﺴﻴﺊ‬/ ‫ﺭﺩﻱﺀ‬ worse than the worst
ill ‫ﻤﺭﻴﺽ‬ worse than the worst
far ‫ﺒﻌﻴﺩ‬ further than the furthest
little ‫ﻗﻠﻴل‬ less than the least
less ‫ﺃﻗل‬ lesser than the least
many ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ‬ more than the most
much ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ more than the most
old ‫ﻋﺠﻭﺯ‬ older than the eldest

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. Nabil is better than Usama. .‫ ﻤﻥ ﺃُﺴﺎﻤﺔ‬‫ﺒﻨﻴل ﺃﺤﺴﻥ‬

2. Ramzy is the best pupil in the class. .‫ﺭﻤﺯﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬

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

 

     

more ++ than  the most +

  Huda is more beautiful than Nadia. Samira is the most beautiful in the class.
.‫ ﺠﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬‫ﺩﻯ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﻫ‬ .ِ‫ ﺠﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬‫ﺴﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ‬

 er (r)than   the ++ est (st)

1) Ahmed is taller than Ali. 1) Ahmed is the tallest of them all.
  .‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ‬ .‫ﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ‬‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻷﻁﻭل ﻤﻨﻬ‬
2) This question is simpler than that. 2) This question the simplest of them all.
.‫ﺅﺍل ﺃﺴﻬل ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ .‫ﺅﺍل ﺍﻷﺴﻬل ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

    |
-:‫ﻔﺔ‬‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺒﻴ‬‫ﻔﺔ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬.1

  as ++ as

1. She is as tall as me. .‫ﻫﻲ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﺜﻠﻲ‬

2. Mosab is as clever as Abed Allah. .‫ ﻤﺜل ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬‫ﺼﻌﺏ ﺫﻜﻲ ﻤﺜﻠﻪ‬‫ﻤ‬

-:‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬،‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼ‬.2

 not ( as / so) + + as

1. Mosab is not as clever as Abed Allah. .‫ﺼﻌﺏ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺫﻜﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺜل ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬‫ﻤ‬
2. She is not so tall as me. .‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔﹰ ﻤِﺜﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺼـﻔﺔ‬‫ﻜﺔ( ﻴ‬‫ﺘﺤﺭ‬‫ﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻔﻅﻴﻴﻥ )ﺃﻱ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼ‬.3
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ‬

        

‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ‬ polite ‫ﻤﺅﺩﺏ‬ politer than the politest
‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ‬ polite ‫ﻤﺅﺩﺏ‬ more politer the most politer

،‫ ﻟﻸﻤﺎﻜﻥ‬in ‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ( ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰً ﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ‬‫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺤﺴﻥ )ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻔﻀﻴل ﺍﻟﻘﹸﺼﻭﻯ( )ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﺒﻌﺩ‬.4
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﻟﻸﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻸﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬of ‫ﻭﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ‬

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1. Samia is the most beautiful girl in the class. .ِ‫ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒِﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺍﻷﺠﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬
2. Khalil is the cleverest of them all. .‫ﺨﻠﻴل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺫﻜﻰ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ‬
3. He is the tallest man in our house. .‫ل ﺍﻷﻁﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺘﻨﺎ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬

‫( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ‬est) ‫( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻭ‬er) ‫ﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ‬‫( ﻴ‬ow) ‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒـ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺼ‬.5
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬

      

narrow ‫ﻕ‬‫ﻀﻴ‬ narrower than the narrowest

If an experiment works, something has gone wrong.

 . 

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Exercise No. 21 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Correct the words between brackets: :‫ﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬

1. Hany is the (old) student in our classroom.

2. A train is (fast) than a car.
3. Huda is the (thin) girl in the class.
4. Football is the (popular) game in Gaza.
5. Ali is the (good) football player in our school.
6. Old men need (little) sleep than children.
7. This is the (difficult) lesson in the book.
8. Magda is the (clever) girl in the class.
9. My table is (high) than yours.
10. August is the (hot) month in the year.

II) Choose the right word:- :‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬‫ﺃﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

1. Ali is as (old – older – oldest) as his friend.

2. This is the (easy – easier – easiest) exercise.
3. Oxygen is the (useful – more useful – most useful) gas.
4. I have bought the (good – better – best) television.
5. This is the (interesting – more interesting – most interesting) book I have read.

 Conciliation is the matter of the law.

  

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

Answers

Exercise No. 1 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. It 5. We 9. my 13. ourselves 17. Those

2. He 6. You 10. it 14. myself 18. These
3. They / It 7. Your 11. them 15. themselves 19. This
4. I 8. mine 12. yourself 16. themselves

Exercise No. 2 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I 1. is 2. am 3. are 4. is 5. are
II 1. was 2. were 3. were 4. were 5. was

Exercise No. 3 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. Did 2. does 3. do 4. do 5. Does

Exercise No. 4 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. have 2. have 3. has 4. have 5. hhas 6. has

Exercise No. 5 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. help 2. get 3. write 4. buy 5. study 6. help

Exercise No. 6 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I 1. takes 2. speak 3. watches 4. meet 5. gives 6. drives

1. drinks 2. reaches 3. visits 4. answers 5. goes / catches

II
6. enjoys 7. studies 8. gets 9. shines 10. visits

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

Exercise No. 7 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. bought 2. made 3. had 4. climbed 5. finished

Exercise No. 8 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. are shouting 6. are standing

Are you listening /
2. 7. is building
I am saying
3. is typing 8. am answering
4. is making 9. is doing / does
5. are welcoming 10. am not wearing

II 1. is waiting 2. is having 3. driving 4. is raining 5. hear 6. think / know

Exercise No. 9 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. met 6. was Samy telling

2. were playing / wrote 7. was shouting / was studying
I 3. found / was digging 8. was living / began
4. arrived / was still sleeping 9. was getting
5. was sitting / saw 10. was talking / began

1. rang / was leaving 6. was sleeping / came

2. had (was having) / was having 7. were you doing
II 3. was cooking 8. were coming / stopped
4. were working / knocked 9. jumped / was moving
5. were playing / rained 10. was watching / came

Exercise No. 10 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. have not seen 2. has already eaten 3. has never been 4. have not finished
5. has not met

Exercise No. 11 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. had drunk / finished 4. went / had taken

2. had cooked / came 5. thanked / had saved
3. had left / reached 6. arrested / had stolen

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

Exercise No. 12 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I 1. are going 2. will study 3. shall start 4. shall swim 5. will build

1. will clean 6. will arrive

2. shall see 7. will study
II 3. will visit 8. shall meet
4. will be 9. will you meet / shall meet
5. shall take (am going to take) 10. will leave (is going to leave)

Exercise No. 13 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. visits 14. had left / reached

2. make / makes 15. haven't seen
3. has lived 16. saw / sat
4. shall finish 17. are learning
5. move 18. visited
6. will travel 19. was learning / had
I
7. will see 20. came / had eaten
8. examined / gave 21. are buying
9. had worked / heard 22. directs
10. shall wait 23. will fall
11. waited 24. was travelling / met
12. will come
25. had seen / went
13. became

1. borrowed 14. will visit

2. has lived 15. ever
3. is watching 16. never
4. had had 17. goes
5. was making / opened 18. was walking / saw
6. since 19. is jumping
II 7. see 20. rang / had finished
8. done 21. had finished / rang
9. hasn't finished 22. writes
10. think 23. were they doing
11. went / had left 24. have lived / was
12. slept / received
25. felt / had eaten
13. shall move

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

Exercise No. 14 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. has 1. had won / bought

2. would / had 2. obeyed / would not stop
I 3. comes / shall II 3. eat
4. Were / would 4. told
5. had stayed 5. would win

Exercise No. 15 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. Many letters were written by Kamel.

2. The meeting may have to be canceled by them.
3. Two big bags were being carried by him.
4. He will be helped by me.
5. An apple was eaten by her.
6. It has been crushed by passing cars.
7. A heavy box is being carried by the man.
He was taught French and was given a dictionary.
8.
Or: French was taught to him and a dictionary was given to him.
9. Clothes were being washed by her.
10. These papers can be kept by you.
11. The door couldn't be opened by them.
12. Twenty letters have been written to her.
13. His bag is being looked for by him.
a) They were given many useful lessons by him
14.
b) Many useful lessons were given to them by him.
a) He was shown my new book by me.
15.
b) My new book was shown to him by me.
a)We were offered a big house in Gaza by him.
16.
b) A big house in Gaza was offered to us by him.
17. It is said that there is no water on the moon.
A car is being possessed by me.
18. Or: A car is being owned by me.
Or: A car is being belonged to me.
19. Don't let the door be opened.
20. Let this book be given to Emad.
21. Any building are not wanted here.
22. Everything must be left as it is by me.
23. The room has not been cleaned by them.
24. This word has been looked up by me.
25. It is said that she is innocent.
26. It was said that she is innocent.
27. Let all necessary things be brought.
28. Where has my car been left?

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29. Is English spoken all over the world?
Shall we be allowed five minutes break?
30.
Or: Will five minutes break be allowed to us by them?
31. Were any spare parts bought by you?
32. By whom were both boys asked to leave?
By whom was he shown the way?
33.
Or: By whom was the way shown to him?
34. By whom has the food been cooked?
35. By whom was this story told?
36. When was the ring found?
37. Is the letter being written by Ali now?
38. Has your question been answered?
39. Is much money gained by them?
Why was not I told the truth by them?
40.
Or: Why was not the truth told to me by them?

Exercise No. 16 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. He told them that he would bring them some tea when they had finished.
2. I her that I had something to show her.
3. She told him that she had lost her keys the day before (the previous day).
4. He says that Adel has written him a long letter.
5. She said that it had not been foggy that day as it had been the day before.
6. Hassan says that when he gets up, he finds a cup of milk beside his bed.
7. She told him that she had stayed with her brother in their house that morning.
8. He told us that the sun shines every morning.
9. He said (that) he would have to go again next week.
10. He hoped to go there.
11. He says that he is busy today and that he has bought a new book.
12. She said that iron is heavier than gold.
He greeted them that morning and told them that he had brought all papers and that he hoped
13.
to reach an agreement.
14. She told him that she wanted to go with him to see by herself.
15. The man said that Spring is the best season of the year.
She did not agree telling him that she couldn’t sign that contract unless he paid 300,000
16.
dollars for her at once.
17. She told him that her bag had been full of money.
She told me that she would help me, that she could lend me some books and that she had
18.
many useful books on that subject.
19. He told me that he had phoned me twice.
He says that they are living in a house near to his school, that he needs not to take the bus
20.
and that he can reach his school in 5 minutes.

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Exercise No. 17 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. Soha asked Nadia what she wanted to do on Friday.

2. Mona asked Samia how she was going to travel to France.
3. I asked my friend when he had arrived.
4. Mr. Hesham asked where the voice had been coming from.
5. I asked whether I had made anything wrong.
6. He asked me to wait. Or: He asked me if I would mind waiting.
7. He asked her how she had gone there and inquired (‫ )ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ‬if she gone there on foot.
8. She asked why I blamed her.
9. Mohammed asked if the flat was cheap.
10. He asked me to wait a moment.
11. Tariq offered me a lift and I asked which way he was going.
12. She asked me if I could do it before the next day.
13. Her husband asked what a suitable dress is.
14. I asked him why he was looking through the keyhole.
15. He asked Mr. Hazem where he had been the previous night.
She asked whether they needed to go to the shops in order to see suitable dresses and
16.
unsuitable prices.
17. Hassan asked Khalil how long he was staying in Gaza.
18. He asks if the weather is good today.
19. He asked if the weather was good that day.
He asked me if I had answered that exercise.
20.
I replied that I had answered it. Or: I replied that I had not answered it.

Exercise No. 18 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. He asked his friend to lend him his camera.

2. The officer ordered the soldier to bring him the bag of the maps.
3. Heba asked Latefa to give her her English book.
4. The father advised his son not to go alone.
5. She asked for forgiveness. (‫ﻤﺎﺡ‬‫)ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
6. She urged (‫ )ﺤﺜﹼﺕ‬Nagi to hit the other boy.
7. The lady asked the man sitting beside her not to smoke.
8. My friend asked me to wait for him at the bridge and asked if I could bring that bag with me.
9. Nader told me to go and tell his father that he could not go home that night.
10. He advised her not to waste their money in that foolish way.

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Exercise No. 19 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. He said with anger that he was a fool and that he had spoilt everything.
2. He wished me a happy Christmas.
3. The poor cried with sorrow that he had lost his only child.
4. She cried with joy that her daughter had succeeded.
5. She said with joy that it is a nice dress and thanked her daddy.
6. He said with admiration that she is a lovely girl.
7. She exclaimed with disgust (‫ )ﺍﺸﻤﺌﺯﺍﺯ‬that it was a snake and told the children not to get near it.
8. Khalil said with joy that he hadn’t seen me sine we had been in Paris.
9. He said with pleasure that his son had returned to him safe and sound.
10. He said with sorrow that he wouldn’t recover (‫ ) ﻴﺴﺘﺭﺩ‬his money.

Exercise No. 20 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

General Exercise on Direct and In direct Speech

She told him that she hadn’t found anything there. She asked where she had hidden the bag.
1. She ordered him to go and make her think they had found it. She told him that she would
come and try to make sure. Then she cried with joy that she had found it.
She said with anger that I had done a foolish deed. She ordered me to go by my own means
2. to the police. She asked me to tell them everything as it had happened. She advised me not
to tell any lies. She told me that it was better to go to the police than to be arrested.

Exercise No. 21 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. oldest or eldest 6. less

2. faster 7. most difficult
I 3. thinner 8. cleverest
4. most popular 9. higher
5. best 10. hottest

II 1. old 2. easiest 3. most useful 4. best 5. most interesting

After black clouds* clear weather.

  

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
 
 


2
 

 




 2006
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬـــــﺭﺱ‬

Page No.
Subject      
‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬
1 Sentence, Phrase and Clause ‫ﻤـﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﻤـﻠﺔ ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬ .1
The difference between Sentence, Phrase and
1 ‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺸﺒﻪِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ .2
Clause
2 Kinds of Sentences ‫ﻤـل‬‫ﺃﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ .3
3 The Statement ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬ .4
3 Kinds of Statement ‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ‬‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ .5
3 The Simple Sentence ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬ .6
4 The Compound Sentence ‫ﺭﻜﹼﺒﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬ .7
5 Kinds of Compound Sentence ‫ﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ .8
5 1. Coordinating Copulative ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺘﺯﺍﻭﺠﻴ‬‫ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬.1 .9
10 2. Negative Coordinating Copulative ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻪ ﻤﻨﻔﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺘﺯﺍﻭﺠﻴ‬‫ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬.2 .10
11 3. Coordinating Adversative ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺘﻀﺎﺩﻴ‬‫ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬.3 .11
12 4.Coordinating Alternative ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬.4 .12
14 5. Coordinating Illative (‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴ‬‫ﺭﻜﹼﺒﺔ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ﺔ )ﺠ‬‫ﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴ‬‫ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬.5 .13
19 The Complex Sentence ‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.14
20 Kinds of Complex Sentence ‫ﻌﻘﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﺃﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.15
How to change a complex sentence Into
a simple sentence
21 ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ‬‫ ﻜﻴﻔﻴ‬.16
Or: How to change from Clause Into Phrase

22 1. Noun Clauses andNoun Phrases ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴ‬.1 .17
2. Adjectival (Relative) Clauses &Adjectival ‫ﻤل‬‫ﺔ( ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﹼﻨﺴﺒﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬.2
28 (Relative) Phrases .18
(‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬
28 Kinds of Relative Clauses ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﻴ‬‫ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬.19
31 Relative Pronouns (‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﻴ‬‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻟﺔ )ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل( )ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻀ‬ .20
How to change Adjectival Clause into ‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‬‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬
41 Adjectival Phrase .21
(How to change from Complex to Phrase) ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬
How to change from Simple Sentence into
Complex Sentence ‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓٍ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻴﻑ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻤ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ‬‫ل ﻤﻥ ﺠ‬‫ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬
44 .22
Or: How to change from Phrase into Clause ‫ل ﺸﺒﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬

3. Adverbial Clause and Adverbial Phrases

46 ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.3 .23

46 Kinds of Adverbial Clauses ‫ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴﺔ‬.24

48 1. Adverbial Clauses of Place (‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﹼﻤﺒﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬.1 .25
How to change from Adverbial Clause to ٍ‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪِ ﺠ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴ‬
48 Adverbial Phrase .26
ٍ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‬
How to change from Adverbial Clause of ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴ‬
48 Place into Phrase .27
‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔٍ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪِ ﺠ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬‫)ﺍﻟﻤ‬
50 2. Adverbial Clauses of Time (‫ﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺯ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬.2 .28
 ‫‪How to change from Adverbial Clause of‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﺯ‪‬ﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫‪53‬‬ ‫‪Time into Phrase‬‬ ‫‪.29‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺯ‪‬ﻤﺎﻥ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪِ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔٍِ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔٍ‬
‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause‬‬ ‫‪ .3 .30‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺒﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺏ(‬
‫‪How to change Adverbial Clause of Cause‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺴﺒﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪into Phrase‬‬ ‫‪.31‬‬
‫ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺴﺒﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬
‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪4. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose‬‬ ‫‪ .4 .32‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ )ﻟﻠﻬﺩﻑ(‬
‫‪How to change Adverbial Clause of Purpose‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪِ‬
‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪into Phrase‬‬ ‫‪.33‬‬
‫ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔٍ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽِ‬

‫‪68‬‬ ‫)‪5. Adverbial Clauses of Result (Consequence‬‬

‫‪ .5 .34‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ(‬
‫‪How to change Adverbial Clause of Result‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪِ‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪into Phrase‬‬ ‫‪.35‬‬
‫ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫‪6. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ )ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ(‬
‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪(Concession‬‬ ‫‪.36‬‬
‫)ﻟﻺﻗﺭﺍﺭ( )ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻺﻗﺭﺍﺭ(‬

‫‪How to change Adverbial Clause of Contrast‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ‬
‫‪76‬‬ ‫‪into Phrase‬‬ ‫‪) .37‬ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪِ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔٍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ‬
‫)ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ(‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪79‬‬ ‫‪7. Adverbial Clauses of Manner‬‬ ‫‪.38‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ(‬

‫‪How to change Adverbial Clause of Manner‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪِ‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪.39‬‬
‫‪into Phrase‬‬ ‫ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔٍ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬
‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪8. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison‬‬ ‫‪ .8 .40‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬
‫‪How to change Adverbial Clause of‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪِ‬
‫‪84‬‬ ‫‪Comparison into Phrase‬‬ ‫‪.41‬‬
‫ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔٍ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬
‫‪9. Adverbial Clauses of Condition (The‬‬
‫‪86‬‬ ‫‪ .9 .42‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‪‬ﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﹼﺭﻁ(‬
‫)‪Conditional Clauses) ( If Clauses‬‬
‫)‪Conditional Sentences (If Rules‬‬
‫‪86‬‬ ‫‪ .43‬ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ )ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ‪ /‬ﻟﻭ(‬
‫)‪(Conditionals‬‬
‫‪86‬‬ ‫‪1-The Zero Conditional‬‬ ‫‪ .1 .44‬ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ )ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ(‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫‪2.The First Conditional‬‬ ‫‪ .2 .45‬ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل )ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺤﺘﻤل(‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﹸﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ )ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺘﻤل(‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫‪3.The Second Conditional‬‬ ‫‪.46‬‬
‫)ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل(‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ )ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل(‬
‫‪88‬‬ ‫‪4.The Third Conditional‬‬ ‫‪.47‬‬

‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪Omit of If‬‬ ‫‪ .48‬ﺤـﺫﻑ ﻜﻠـﻤﺔ ‪If‬‬

‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪unless = if…..not‬‬ ‫‪ .49‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ‪ /‬ﻟﻭ‪ ‬ﻟﻡ‪ /‬ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﻟﻡ‬
‫‪91‬‬ ‫‪Summery for If Rules‬‬ ‫‪ .50‬ﻤ‪‬ﻠﺨﺹ ﻋـﺎﻡ ﻟﻘـﻭﺍﻋـﺩ ‪If‬‬

‫‪How to change Adverbial Clause of‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺸﹶﺭﻁﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪِ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪.51‬‬
‫‪Condition into Phrase‬‬ ‫ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ ﺸﹶﺭﻁﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ‬
‫‪94‬‬ ‫‪10. Adverbial Clauses of Degree‬‬ ‫‪ .10 .52‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﺩ‪‬ﺭﺠﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺩ‪‬ﺭﺠﺔ(‬
‫‪How to change Adverbial Clause of Degree‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺩ‪‬ﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪِ‬
‫‪94‬‬ ‫‪into Phrase‬‬ ‫‪.53‬‬
‫ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔٍ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺠﺔِ‬
‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪11. Adverbial Clauses of Exception‬‬ ‫‪ .11‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ )ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ(‬ ‫‪.54‬‬
 ‫‪How to change Adverbial Clause of‬‬
‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪Exception into Phrase‬‬
‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪12. Adverbial Clauses of Preference‬‬
‫‪How To Change Adverbial Clause Of‬‬
‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪Preference Into Phrase‬‬
‫‪13. Adverbial Clauses of Proportion‬‬
‫‪97‬‬
‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫‪.55‬‬
‫ﺸﺒﻪِ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔٍ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀِ‬
‫‪ .12 .56‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻔﻀﻴل )ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻔﻀﻴل(‬
‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻀﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ‬
‫‪.57‬‬
‫ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻀﻴلِ )ﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔٍ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻀﻴلِ(‬
‫‪ .13 .58‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻨﺎﺴﺏ )ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻨﺎﺴﺏ(‬

‫‪How to change Adverbial Clause of‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫‪97‬‬ ‫‪.59‬‬
‫‪Proportion into Phrase‬‬ ‫ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬
‫‪General Exercises on Adverbial Clauses and‬‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ‬
‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪Phrases‬‬ ‫‪.60‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬
‫‪General Exercises on Clauses and Phrases‬‬
‫‪101‬‬ ‫‪ .61‬ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل‬

‫‪103‬‬ ‫‪General exercise on Kind of Sentences‬‬

‫‪ .62‬ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉِ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل‬
‫‪104‬‬ ‫‪Summery for Kinds of Sentences‬‬ ‫‪ .63‬ﻤ‪‬ﻠﺨﹼﺹ ﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل‬

‫‪Summery for Conjunctions of Adverbial‬‬ ‫‪       ‬ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﹼّﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬
‫‪105‬‬ ‫‪.64‬‬
‫‪Clauses‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ‪ Clause‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪Phrase‬‬
‫‪111‬‬ ‫‪Answers‬‬ ‫‪ .65‬‬


Sentence, Phrase and Clause

 

 -The sentence 1

‫ )ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل‬.(‫ ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ‬،(‫ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل )ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ‬ü
.(‫ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ‬:finite verb ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬
(‫( ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﻼﻤـﺔِ ﺍﺴـﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟‬.) ‫ ﻭﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬،Capital Letter ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬‫ ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü
.(!) ‫ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﻼﻤﺔِ ﺘﻌﺠﺏ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. He sat. .‫ﻫﻭ ﺠﻠــﺱ‬

2. She plays football. .‫ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ‬
3. Are they dancing? ‫ﻫل ﻫﻡ ﻴﺭﻗﺼﻭﻥ؟‬
4. Ah , they have come! !‫ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺘﻭﺍ‬،‫ﺁﻩ‬
5. Read the lesson. .‫ﺭﺱ‬‫ﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﺩ‬

 -Clause2
.(‫ ﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬،‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ‬ü

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. ... because he was tired. .‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ‬...

2. When he arrived ... ... ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻭﺼل‬

 -Phrase 3
.‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭ ﻻ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ü

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. ... in the corner ... ... ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬...

2. Reaching home, ... ... ،‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ‬

.(gerund ) (verbal noun) ‫ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﻌل‬،‫ ﻓﻌل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ‬Reaching ) v

1


 

Complete sense Finite verb

‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ (‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺤﺪود )ﻟﮫ زﻣﻦ‬
Sentence ‫ﺟﻤﻠـﺔ‬ b b
Clause ‫ﻋﺒـﺎرة‬ × b
Phrase ‫ﺷﺒﮫ ﺟﻤـﻠﺔ‬ × ×

.ٍ‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬‫ ﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ‬Clauses ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬Phrases ‫ﻤل‬‫ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ ×

Reaching home, he sat in the corner because he was tired. .‫ﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﺠﻠﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬

Phrase Main Sentence Phrase Clause

Exercise No. 1 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

v Which of the following are sentences, clauses or phrases?

‫ﻤل؟‬‫ﻤل ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺠ‬

1. Open the window.

2. whom we saw.
3. at the grocer's.
4. across the street.
5. that he came.
6. through the window.
7. Come here.
8. as I was waiting.
9. from my father.
10. Where are my books?
11. Did you laugh?
12. Sit down.
13. near the new secondary school.
14. before he met you.
15. if I see him.
16. They watched T.V.

2


Kinds of Sentences 

-:‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﺇﻥ‬ u

Order ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻤﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺠ‬.3 Statement (‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ )ﺇﺨﺒﺎﺭﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺠ‬.1

Exclamation ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﻌﺠ‬‫ ﺠ‬.4 Question (‫ﺅﺍل‬‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴ‬‫ ﺠ‬.2

.‫ﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﺴﻨﹸﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ‬ v

The Statement 

.‫ﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ ﻤ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬ ü

1. He watches TV. (‫ﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻤ‬‫ )ﺠ‬.‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻴ‬

2. He does not watch TV. (‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ‬‫ )ﺠ‬.‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ‬‫ﻫﻭﻻ ﻴ‬

 v

The Simple Sentence ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.1

The Compound Sentence ‫ﺭﻜﹼﺒﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.2

The Complex Sentence ‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.3

1. The Simple Sentence  

.‫ ﻭ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬‫ﺭ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺘﹸﻌﺒ‬ ü

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. The earth moves around the sun. .‫ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ‬
2. Samy has a car. .‫ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ‬
3. Come. ("‫)ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻀﻤﻨﺎﹰ ﻭ ﻫﻭ "ﺃﻨﺕ‬.‫ﺘﻌﺎل‬
4. Why did you come late? ‫ﺘﺄﺨﺭﺍﹰ؟‬‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺤﻀﺭﺕﹶ ﻤ‬
5. They didn't believe you. .‫ﺼﺩﻗﻭﻨﻙ‬‫ﻫﻡ ﻻ ﻴ‬
Going home, he stopped by the grocery shop to buy some tea and rice.
6.
.‫ﺯ‬‫ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﹼﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺭ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺫﻫﺎﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ‬

.(‫ )ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ‬non-finite verbs ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔِ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ u

3
 ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ :‬ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻼﹰ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔﹰ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻥٍ‬ ‫‪u‬‬
‫ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓٍ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴﻪ‪ ‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻌﻘﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪2. The Compound Sentence‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺘﹸﻌﺒ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﻜﹼﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭِ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ )ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ( ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻡٍ ﻤ‪‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔٍ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻴﺭﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﹰ ﺤـﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁـﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨـﺴﻴﻘﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫‪ ،Coordinative Conjunctions‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻗﻠﻴلٍ ﺇﻥ ﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻟﺩ‪‬ﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﻜﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻜلٍ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻘل ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬

‫)‪a‬‬ ‫‪She invited him.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺩﻋﺘﻪ‪) .‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ(‬

‫)‪b‬‬ ‫‪She sent him her car.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺴﻠﹶﺕﹾ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ‪ ) .‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ(‬

‫ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺩﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ )‪ (b‬ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ )‪.(a‬‬ ‫×‬

‫‪c) Not only did she invite him but also she sent him her car.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﺩﻋ‪‬ﻪ‪ ‬ﻓﺤﺴﺏ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﺃﺭﺴﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬

‫‪The man woke up. He took a bath.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻘﻅ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ل‪ .‬ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺫﹶ ﺤﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ‪) .‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ(‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪= The man woke up and he took a bath.‬‬ ‫)ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺭﻜﹼﺒﺔ(‬ ‫= ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻘﻅ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ل ﻭﺃﺨﺫﹶ ﺤﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪Samy studied well. He didn't succeed.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺱ‪ ‬ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‪) .‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ(‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪= Samy studied well but he didn't succeed.‬‬ ‫= ﺩﺭﺱ‪ ‬ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻪ‪ ‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‪) .‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺭﻜﹼﺒﺔ(‬
‫‪You can go to the cinema. You can stay at‬‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘـﻰ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪home.‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪= You can go to the cinema or you can stay‬‬ ‫)ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ(‬
‫‪at home.‬‬ ‫= ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ‪) .‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺭﻜﹼﺒﺔ(‬

‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻌﺠﺒﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻟـﻡ ﺘﺘـﺯﻭﺝ‬

‫‪She was very beautiful. She had many‬‬
‫‪admirers. She married none of them.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‪) .‬ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ(‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫= ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻌﺠﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ‪= She was very beautiful and she had many‬‬
‫‪admirers but she married none of them.‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﺯﻭﺝ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‪) .‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺭﻜﹼﺒﺔ(‬

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
  v

Coordinative Conjunctions (‫ﺔ‬‫ﺭﻜﹼﺒﺔ )ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

‫اﻷداة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻷداة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
and ..‫ﻑ‬../..‫ﺜﻡ‬../ ..‫ ﻭ‬... nevertheless ‫ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ‬/‫ ﻭ ﺒﺭﻏﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ‬/‫ﻭ ﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
but ‫ ﻟﻜﻥ‬in spite of that ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
both ... and ... ... ‫ ﻭ‬...‫ ﻜل ﻤﻥ‬despite that ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬
and also ...‫ ﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬on the contrary ‫ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
as well as ‫ ﻭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬/ ..‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬..‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬or ‫ ﻭ ﺇﻻﹼ‬/ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
not only ...but also ..‫ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬..‫ ﺒل‬، ‫ ﻓﻘﻁ‬..‫ ﻟﻴﺱ‬otherwise ‫ ﻭ ﺇﻻﹼ‬/...‫ﻭ ﺒﺩﻴل ﺫﻟﻙ‬
besides ‫ﻭ ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬ or else ‫ﻭ ﺇﻻﹼ‬
furthermore ‫ ﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬/ ‫ﻭ ﻋﻼﻭﺓﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‬ either ... or ... ...‫ﺃﻭ‬....‫ﺇﻤﺎ‬
moreover ‫ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‬neither ... nor ... ..‫ﻭ ﻻ‬....‫ﻻ‬
likewise ‫ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬/ ‫ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ‬so ‫ﻭ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬
again ‫ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﺓ‬/ ‫ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﺍﹰ‬thus ‫ﻭ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬
yet ‫ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬hence ‫ ﺜﻡ‬‫ﻭ ﻤِﻥ‬
still ‫ ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل‬then ‫ﺇﺫﺍﹰ‬
however ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎل‬therefore ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﻭ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬
accordingly ‫ ﻭ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬consequently ‫ﻭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬

:‫ﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻤﺴﺔِ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉٍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ v

1. Coordinating Copulative ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺘﺯﺍﻭﺠﻴ‬‫ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬ .1

2. Negative Coordinating Copulative ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺘﺯﺍﻭﺠﻴ‬‫ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬ .2
3. Coordinating Adversative ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺘﻀﺎﺩﻴ‬‫ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬ .3
4. Coordinating Alternative ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴ‬‫ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬ .4
5. Coordinating Illative ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴ‬‫ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬ .5

1. Coordinating Copulative 

:‫" ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻫﻲ‬and" ‫ﻁﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻌ‬ü

and again further more

and also besides likewise
both...and moreover as well as
not only...but also
.‫ﺔ( ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬‫ﺜﺒﺘﺔٍ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻔﻴ‬‫ﻤلٍ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔٍ ﻤ‬‫ﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠ‬‫ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺭ‬ü

5


1. and ...‫ﻓـ‬...،...‫ﺜﻡ‬... ،‫ ﻭ‬:‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ‬

.‫ ﻟﻌﻁﻑِ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎل‬and ‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ü

Ahmed went to school. Hany went to school. Nader went to school.

= Ahmed, Hany and Nader went to school. (compound)
a)
(‫ )ﻋﻁﻑ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬.‫= ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻭﻫﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬
(‫ ﺘﹸﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ‬and  ♦
Samy went away. Samy bought a paper.
b)
= Samy went away and bought a paper. (compound)(‫) ﻋﻁﻑ ﻓﻌل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل‬.‫= ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔﹰ‬
The liquid was thick. The liquid was yellow.
c)
= The liquid was thick and yellow. (compound) (‫)ﻋﻁﻑ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺔ‬.‫ﺎﺌل ﺴﻤﻴﻜﺎﹰ ﻭ ﺃﺼﻔﺭﺍﹰ‬‫= ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
He was the bravest. He was the strongest.
d)
= He was the bravest and the strongest. (compound) (‫)ﻋﻁﻑ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺔ‬.‫= ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻯ‬
I hope to succeed. He hopes to succeed.
e)
= I and he hope to succeed. (compound) (‫)ﻋﻁﻑ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ‬.‫= ﺃﻨﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﻨﺄﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻨﺠﺢ‬
Slowly he arrived home. Safely he arrived home.
f)
= Slowly and safely he arrived home. (‫) ﻋﻁﻑ ﺤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎل‬.ٍ‫= ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﺒﺒﻁﺀٍ ﻭ ﺒﺄﻤﺎﻥ‬

 - v

‫ ﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ‬،(and ‫ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ )ﺒﻌﺩ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴ‬،(‫ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍﹰ )ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬and ‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺒـ‬‫( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ‬1
. or ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬
.‫ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬and ‫ ﻭ ﺘﻅل‬،( and ‫ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﹰ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻜﺭﻩِ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ )ﺒﻌﺩ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤ‬‫( ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ‬2

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

The boy opened the door. The boy walked

into the room. .‫ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬‫ ﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ‬.‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ‬
-
= The boy opened the door and walked into .‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬‫= ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ‬
the room.(compound)

the ‫ـﺫِﻑﹶ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل‬‫ ﻭﺤ‬and ‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒـ‬‫ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ‬، the boy ‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ ×
.and ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ‬boy

Samy didn't go away. Samy didn't buy a paper. .‫ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ‬.‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ‬
- = Samy didn't go away or buy a paper.(compound) ‫= ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺫِﻑﹶ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬‫ ﻭﺤ‬،and ‫ ﻟﻠﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ‬or ‫ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠ‬  ×
.or ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ‬didn't ‫ﺫِﻓﹶﺕﹾ‬‫ ﻭ ﺤ‬،(Samy) ‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻭ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻷﻥ‬،or ‫ﻤﻥ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ‬
Samy didn't go away. Magid didn't stay home. .‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻕﹶ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل‬.‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ‬
- = Samy didn't go away and Magid didn't stay home.
(compound) .‫= ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻕﹶ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل‬

6
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤ‪‬ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﹰ )‪ (Magid‬ﻭ )‪ (Samy‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠـﺫﻟﻙ ﺭﺒﻁﻨـﺎ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘـﻴﻥ‬ ‫×‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ ‪ and‬ﻭ ﻭﻀِﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻷﺨﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ ،and‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻨﺤﺫﻓﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪.(2‬‬

‫‪Samy went away. Samy bought a paper.‬‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫)‪= Did Samy go away or buy a paper? (Question‬‬ ‫=ﻫل ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ؟‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻫﻭ )‪ ،(Samy‬ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل( ﻨـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪or‬‬ ‫×‬
‫ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ‪ and‬ﻭ ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪.or‬‬
‫‪Samy went away. Magid stayed at home.‬‬
‫ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫?‪= Did Samy go away, and, did Magid stay at home‬‬
‫= ﻫل ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل؟‬
‫)‪(Question‬‬

‫‪  ü‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﻴﻥ ﻤ‪‬ﺨﺘﻠﻑ ) ‪ Magid‬ﻭ ‪ ،(Samy‬ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟـﺴﺅﺍﻟﻴﻥ ﻨـﻀﻊ ‪ and‬ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍﻟﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪2. both .... and .....‬‬ ‫ﻜل ﻤﻥ ‪ ....‬ﻭ ‪....‬‬

‫ﺃ( ﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪a) Ali is clever.‬‬
‫‪1. b) Ahmed is clever too.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ‪ ‬ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫)‪= Both Ali and Ahmed are clever. (compound‬‬
‫= ﻜﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪a) Governments are interested in education.‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻬﺘﻤ‪‬ﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪b) Parents are interested in education.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻤﻬﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪= Both governments and parents are interested in‬‬
‫)‪education.(compound‬‬ ‫= ﻜﹸﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻤﻬﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪3. as well as ....‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪... ‬ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ‪....‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺘﹸﻀﻴﻑ ‪ as well as‬ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺫِﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴـﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓـﺔ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻗﺒـل‬
‫‪ as well as‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪a) He speaks English.‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪b) He speaks French.‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪= He speaks French as well as English.‬‬
‫)‪(compound‬‬ ‫= ﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ ً‪.‬‬
‫‪a) He is a doctor.‬‬ ‫ﺃ(ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪b) He is a musician.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪= He is a musician as well as a doctor.‬‬
‫)‪(compound‬‬ ‫= ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻲ‪ ‬ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‪ ‬ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪a) I am interested in music.‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤ‪‬ﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪b) My brother is interested in music too.‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺃﺨﻲ ﻤ‪‬ﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪= I, as well as my brother, am interested in‬‬
‫)‪music. (compound‬‬ ‫= ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺨﻲ ﻤ‪‬ﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ am‬ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻷﻭل ) ‪ ( I‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺜلِ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪7‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪a) He is fond of swimming.‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻟﻊ‪ ‬ﺒﺎﻟﺴ‪‬ﺒﺎﺤﺔِ‪.‬‬
‫‪b) His cousins are fond of swimming too.‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻪِ ﻤﻭﻟﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺴ‪‬ﺒﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪= He, as well as his cousins, is fond of swimming.‬‬
‫)‪(compound‬‬ ‫= ﻫﻭ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻪِ ﻤﻭﻟﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺴ‪‬ﺒﺎﺤﺔِ‪.‬‬
‫‪a) His cousins are fond of swimming.‬‬
‫‪b) He is fond of swimming too.‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤ‪‬ﻪِ ﻤﻭﻟﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺴ‪‬ﺒﺎﺤﺔِ‪.‬‬
‫‪5. = His cousins, as well as he, are fond of‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻟﻊ‪ ‬ﺒﺎﻟﺴ‪‬ﺒﺎﺤﺔِ‪.‬‬
‫)‪swimming. (compound‬‬
‫= ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤ‪‬ﻪِ ﻤﻭﻟﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺴ‪‬ﺒﺎﺤﺔِ ﻤﺜﻠﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪4. not only .... but .... also ...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ ‪ ...‬ﻓﻘﻁ ‪ ...‬ﺒل ‪ ...‬ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ‪....‬‬
‫‪Or: not only .... but also ...‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‪ :‬ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ‪ ...‬ﻭ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ‪....‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺤﺩ‪‬ﺙ ﺇﺒﺩﺍل )ﺃﻱ ﻴـﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل(‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌل ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪ did‬ﺃﻭ ‪ does‬ﺃﻭ ‪ do‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل )ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﹸﻌﻤﻠﺕ ‪ not only‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )ﺃﻱ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل(‪.‬‬
‫‪ ü‬ﻭﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺫﻜﺭ ‪ not only‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻭﻜﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺒﺩﺍل )ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل(‪..‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬

‫‪a) She speaks English.‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪b) She speaks Spanish.‬‬
‫‪= Not only does she speak English but she‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫)‪speaks Spanish also. (compound‬‬
‫‪Or = She not only speaks English but she‬‬
‫)‪speaks Spanish also. (compound‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫= ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ = ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ‪ as well‬ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ also‬ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻴﺯﺓٍ ﺃُﺨـﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻟﺸﺨﺹٍ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫)‪Or: = Not only does she speak English but she speaks Spanish as well. (compound‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ = ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼلِ‪.‬‬

‫‪a) He listens carefully in class.‬‬
‫‪b) He works hard at home.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕِ‪.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪= He, not only listens carefully in class, but‬‬ ‫= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼلِ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻫﻭ‬
‫)‪also, he works hard at home.(comp.‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕِ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔِ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎﺒﻘﺔِ ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ‪ as well as‬ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ‪. .... not only .... but also‬‬
‫)‪Or = He listens carefully in class as well as he works hard at home. (compound‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ = ﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼلِ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﻌﻤلُ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪8‬‬


a) They sold their factory. .‫ﺃ( ﺒﺎﻋﻭﺍ ﻤﺼﻨﻌﻬﻡ‬

b) They migrated to America.
3. .‫ﺏ( ﻫﺎﺠﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ‬
= Not only did they sell their factory but
they migrated to America also. (comp.) .‫ ﺒل ﻫﺎﺠﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ‬،‫= ﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻴﻌﻭﺍ ﻤﺼﻨﻌﻬﻡ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ‬

.‫ﺃ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬

a) Ahmed has passed his exam. .ٍ‫ﺏ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﺤﺼل ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺔٍ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬
b) Ahmed has obtained full mark.
= Not only has Ahmed passed his exam but ‫ ﺒل ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺤـﺼل‬،‫= ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ‬
4.
also he has obtained full mark. (comp) .ٍ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺔٍ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬
Or = Ahmed, not only has passed his exam,
but also he has obtained full mark. (comp) ‫ ﺒل ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰﺎ ﺤـﺼل‬،‫ﺃﻭ = ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻘﻁ‬
.ٍ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺔٍ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬
a) He is innocent. .‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﺒﺭﻱﺀ‬
b) He is brave.
= Not only is he innocent but he is brave as .‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﺸﹸﺠﺎﻉ‬
5.
well. (compound) .‫ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻪُ ﺸﹸﺠﺎﻉ‬،‫= ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ‬
Or =He, not only is innocent but he is
brave as well. (compound)
a) They send him letters. .‫ﺭﺴِﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪِ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﺃ( ﻫﻡ ﻴ‬
b) They send him money and explosives.
= Not only do they send him letters but .‫ﻔﺭﻗﻌﺎﺕ‬‫ﺭﺴِﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺏ( ﻫﻡ ﻴ‬
6.
they send him money and explosives also. ِ‫ﺭﺴِﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻴ‬،‫ﺭﺴِﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕٍ ﻓﻘﻁ‬‫= ﺃﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴ‬
Or = They, not only send him letters but
they send him money and explosives also. .‫ﻔﺭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤ‬
a) She may refuse to pay money.
b) She may call the police. .‫ﺃ( ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﻓﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﹸﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ‬
= Not only may she refuse to pay money but
7.
she may call the police also. (compound)
.‫ﺏ( ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﱡﺭﻁﺔ‬
Or = She, not only may refuse to pay money .‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﱡﺭﻁﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬،‫= ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﹸﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﻘﻁ‬
but also she may call the police.(compound)

5. besides ‫ﻭ ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬

a) The pens are new. .‫ﺃ( ﺍﻷﻗﻼﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬

b) The pens are cheap.
1.
= The pens are new, besides, they are
cheap. (compound)
a) Students study Arabic at school
b) Students study Maths at school.
= Students study Arabic at school, besides,
they study Maths at school. (compound)
2.
.‫ﺏ( ﺍﻷﻗﻼﻡ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔ‬
.‫= ﺍﻷﻗﻼﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔ‬
.‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬‫ﺃ( ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﱡﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‬
.‫ﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬‫ﻴﺎﻀﻴ‬‫ﺏ( ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﱡﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ‬
‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻭﻓـﻀﻼﹰ ﻋـﻥ‬‫ﺴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‬‫= ﺍﻟﻁﱡﻼﺏ ﻴﺩﺭ‬
.‫ﺴﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﻡ ﻴﺩﺭ‬‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻭﻴ‬ü
.‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴ‬‫ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴ‬

9


6. moreover ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‬

a) He lost his money. .‫ﺃ( ﻓﻘﺩ ﻨﹸﻘﻭﺩﻩ‬

b) He lost his shop.
.‫ﻜﺎﻨﻪ‬‫ﺏ( ﻓﻘﺩ ﺩ‬
= He lost his money, moreover, he lost his
shop. (compound) .‫ﻜﺎﻨﻪ‬‫ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺩ‬،‫= ﻓﻘﺩ ﻨﹸﻘﻭﺩﻩ‬

2. Negative Coordinating Copulative 

-:‫ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻫﻲ‬،"nor" ‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻋﻁﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬ü

1. neither ....... nor ... .. ‫ ﻭﻻ‬..... ‫ﻻ‬

2. nor …. .... ‫ﻭﻻ‬

.‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬‫ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ )ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ( ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠ‬ü

a) He can not read. .‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ‬

1. b) He can not write. .‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﺘﹸﺏ‬
= He can neither read nor write. (compound)
‫= ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﺘﹸﺏ‬
a) He didn't come. .ِ‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄﺕ‬
He didn't apologize
2. .‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﺫﺭ‬
= He didn't come, nor did he apologize.
(compound) .‫= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄﺕِ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﺫﺭ‬
a) He will not gain the first prize. .‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬
b) He will not gain the second prize.
3. .‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬
= He will gain neither the first nor the second
prize. (compound) .‫= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻻ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬

  - ü
‫ـﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﻜـﺱ ﻤﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‬،(Neither ... ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﺒـ‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﺠ‬
.(‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ( ) ﺃﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬nor ‫ ﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ‬Neither ‫ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻌﺩ‬:‫)ﺃﻱ‬

= Neither the first nor the second prize will he gain. (compound)
.‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭ ﻻ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫= ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬

a) He didn't come early. .‫ﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄﺕِ ﻤ‬

b) He didn't stop talking either.
4. .‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬
= He neither came early nor stopped talking. (comp.)
Or: = Neither did he come early nor did he stop talking. (comp.) .‫ﺒﻜﺭﺍ ً ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬‫= ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄﺕِ ﻤ‬
a) He didn't buy anything. .‫ ﺸﻲﺀ‬‫ﺃ( ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺘﺭِ ﺃﻱ‬
b) He didn't sell anything.
5. .‫ ﺸﻲﺀ‬‫ﺏ( ﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻊ ﺃﻱ‬
= He neither bought nor sold anything. (compound)
Or: = Neither did he buy nor did he sell anything. (comp.) .‫ ﺸﻲﺀ‬‫= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺘﺭِ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻊ ﺃﻱ‬

10


a) He does not understand the lesson. .‫ﺭﺱ‬‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺩ‬

b) He does not answer the question either. .‫ﺅﺍل ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬‫ﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬
= He neither understands the lesson nor answers the
6. .‫ﺅﺍل‬‫ﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺭﺱ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴ‬‫= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺩ‬
question. (comp.)
Or: = Neither does he understand the lesson nor does he
answer the question.(comp.)

3. Coordinating Adversative

.‫ﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺘﻴﻥ‬‫ﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‬‫ﺘﻀﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤ‬‫ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ ﻫﻲ ﺠ‬ü
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،"‫ ﻟﻜﻥ‬but" ‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻑ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻋﻁﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬ü
but nevertheless
still in spite of that
yet despite that
however on the contrary

1. but ‫ﻟﻜﻥ‬

‫ﻥ‬‫ ﻭﻴﺤـﺴ‬،‫ﺎﻤﻊ ﺴﻴﺘﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻫﻨﻪِ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻻ ﺘﻘـﺼﺩﻩ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔﹰ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ‬‫ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭل ﺠ‬but ‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ♦
-: ‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬but ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ‬

.‫ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺔﹰ ﻤﻨﻪ‬

a) She was angry with him.
b) She gave him money. .‫ﻪ ﻨﹸﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺃﻋﻁﺘ‬
= She was angry with him but she gave him money. (compound)
.‫ﻪ ﻨﹸﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ‬ ‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻁﺘ‬،‫= ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺔﹰ ﻤﻨﻪ‬

2. still ‫ﻭﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل‬

a) They received the body. .‫ﺜﹼﺔ‬‫ﺃ( ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

b) His mother thinks he is alive.
= They received the body, his mother still thinks he is .‫ ﺤﻲ‬‫ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺏ( ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃُﻤ‬
alive. (compound) .‫ ﺤﻲ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺜﹼﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺃُﻤ‬‫= ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

3. yet ‫ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬

.‫ﻤﺭﻩ ُﺃﺭﺒﻌﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ﺃ( ﻋ‬

a) He is forty years old.
1. b) He is a bachelor. .‫ ﺃﻋﺯﺏ‬‫ﺏ( ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬
= He is forty years old, yet , he is a bachelor.(comp.)
.‫ﻤﺭﻩ ُﺃﺭﺒﻌﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﺯﺏ‬‫= ﻋ‬

a) He worked hard. .ٍ‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬

2. b) He was fired. .(‫ﺴﺎﹰ )ﺜﺎﺌﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﺘﺤﻤ‬‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬
= He worked hard, yet , he was fired. (comp.) .(‫ﺴﺎﹰ )ﺜﺎﺌﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﺘﺤﻤ‬‫= ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻤ‬

11


4. however ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎل‬

a) He became rather mad. .‫ﺃ( ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻨﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩٍ ﻤﺎ‬

b) You can talk to him.
.‫ﺏ( ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻤﻌﻪ‬
= He became rather mad, however , he can talk
to him. (comp.) .‫ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻤﻌﻪ‬،ٍ‫ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎل‬،‫= ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻨﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩٍ ﻤﺎ‬

5. nevertheless ‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ‬

a) He was innocent. .‫ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﺎﹰ‬

b) He was hanged.
1. .‫ﻌﺘﻘﻼﹰ‬‫ﺏ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬
= He was innocent, nevertheless , he was
hanged.(comp.) .‫ﻌﺘﻘﻼﹰ‬‫= ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬
a) They are enemies. .‫ﺃ( ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺀ‬
b) They respect each other.
2. .‫ﺏ( ﻴﺤﺘﺭﻡ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻡ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬
= They are enemies; nevertheless, they respect each
other. (compound) .‫= ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺤﺘﺭﻡ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻡ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬

a) Winter is cold. .‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺘﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ‬

b) Summer is hot.
1. .‫ﻴﻑ ﺤﺎﺭ‬‫ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺼ‬
= Winter is cold (but, yet, however) summer
is hot. (compound) .‫ﻴﻑ ﺤﺎﺭ‬‫ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎل( ﺍﻟﺼ‬،‫ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬،‫ )ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬‫= ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺘﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ‬

a) He was blind. .‫ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﻰ‬

b)He could find his way. .‫ﺏ( ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ‬
2. = He was blind (however, but, nevertheless)
he could find his way. (compound) ‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ( ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ‬،‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬،‫= ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﻰ )ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎل‬
.‫ﻴﺠﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ‬

6. on the contrary ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻘﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬

a) She does not hate him. .‫ﺃ(ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻜﺭﻫﻪ‬

b) She is fond of him.
.ِ‫ﻐﺭﻤﺔ ﺒﻪ‬‫ﺏ( ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤ‬
= She does not hate him, on the contrary, she is
fond of him. (compound) .ِ‫ﻐﺭﻤﺔ ﺒﻪ‬‫ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻘﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤ‬‫= ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻜﺭﻫﻪ‬

4.Coordinating Alternative 

.‫ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻸﺨﺭﻯ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ‬‫ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ ﻫﻲ ﺠ‬ü

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،"or" "‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻑ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑِ ﻋﻁﻑٍ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔِ " ﺃﻭ‬ü
or or else
either ...... or otherwise
.‫ﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻭﻀ‬‫ ﻭﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ ﻫﺫﻩِ ﺘﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠ‬ü

12


1. or ‫ ﻭﺇﻻﹼ‬/‫ﺃﻭ‬

a) You can buy a Sony recorder. .‫ل ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺴﻭﻨﻲ‬‫ﺴﺠ‬‫ﺃ( ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﻤ‬
b) You can buy a Philips recorder.
1. .‫ل ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻴﻠﺒﺱ‬‫ﺴﺠ‬‫ﺏ( ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﻤ‬
= You can buy a Sony or a Philips recorder.
(compound) .‫ل ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺴﻭﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻴﻠﺒﺱ‬‫ﺴﺠ‬‫= ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﻤ‬
a) Pay them money. .‫ﺃ( ﺍﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ‬
2.
b) Take the consequences. .‫ل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬‫ﺏ( ﺘﺤﻤ‬
= Pay them money or take the consequences.
(compound) .‫ل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬‫= ﺍﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻟﺘﺤﻤ‬

2. either ...... or .... ‫ ﺃﻭ‬.... ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺇﻤ‬

a) He will gain the first prize. .‫ﺃ( ﺴﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬

b) He will gain the second prize.
= He will gain either the first prize, or the second .‫ﺏ( ﺴﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
1.
prize. (compound) .‫= ﺴﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ ِﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
Or = Either the first prize or the second prize will
he gain. (compound) .‫ = ﺇﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﻬﺎ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
.‫ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ‬‫ﺃ( ﻴ‬
a) You can stay.
2. b) You can leave. .‫ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﻐﺎﺩﺭ‬‫ﺏ( ﻴ‬
= You can either stay, or you can leave. (comp.)
.‫ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﻐﺎﺩﺭ‬‫= ﻴ‬
.‫ﺦ‬‫ ﺴﺄﻭﺒ‬/ ‫ﺃ( ﺴﺄُﻻﻡ‬
a) I am to blame.
3. b) He is to blame. .‫ﺦ‬‫ ﺴﻴﻭﺒ‬/ ‫ﻼﻡ‬‫ﺏ( ﺴﻴ‬
= Either I or he is to blame. (compound)
.‫ﺦ‬‫ﺎ ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺴﻴﻭﺒ‬‫= ﺇﻤ‬

3. or else .... .... ‫ﻭﺇﻻ‬

a) I had to obey them. .‫ ﺃﻥ ﺃُﻁﻴﻌﻬﻡ‬‫ﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ‬‫ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﻴ‬

b) They would have killed me.
.‫ﺏ( ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺴﻴﻘﺘﻠﻭﻨﻲ‬
= I had to obey them, or else, they would have killed
me. (comp.) .‫ ﺃﻥ ﺃُﻁﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺴﻴﻘﺘﻠﻭﻨﻲ‬‫ﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ‬‫= ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﻴ‬

4. otherwise .... .... ‫ ﻭﺇﻻ‬/... ‫ﻭﺒﺩﻴل ﺫﻟﻙ‬

.‫ﺃ( ﺴﻴﺄﺨﺫﻭﻥ ﻨﹸﻘﻭﺩﻫﻡ‬

a) They will take their money.
b) They will take the car. .‫ﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﺏ( ﺴﻴﺄﺨﺫﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
= They will take their money; otherwise, they will take the ‫= ﺴــﻴﺄﺨﺫﻭﻥ ﻨﹸﻘــﻭﺩﻫﻡ ﻭﺇﻻ ﺴــﻴﺄﺨﺫﻭﻥ‬
car. (comp.)
.‫ﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬

13


General Example 

a) You must study hard. .ٍ‫ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺃ( ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﺭ‬

b) You won’t get high marks.
= You must study hard or (otherwise) you won’t
get high marks. (compound)
Or: = Either you must study hard or you won’t
get high marks. (compound)
Or: = You must either study hard or you won’t
get high marks. (compound)
.ٍ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕٍ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﺏ( ﻟﻥ ﺘﺤﺼ‬
ٍ ‫لَ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﻼﻤـﺎ‬‫ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺃﻭ )ﻭﺇﻻ( ﻟﻥ ﺘﺤﺼ‬‫ﺱ‬‫= ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺕ‬
.ٍ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
.ٍ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕٍ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺤﺼ‬‫ = ﺇﻤ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
.‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕٍ ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ٍﺔ‬‫ﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺤﺼ‬‫ = ﺇﻤ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬

5. Coordinating Illative 



.‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟﻸﻭﻟﻰ‬‫ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ‬‫ﺭﻜﹼﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ ﻫﻲ ﺠ‬ü
:‫" ﻤﺜل‬so" "‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻑ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻋﻁﻑٍ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔِ " ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ü

so therefore
thus accordingly
hence then
consequently

.‫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙِ ﺍﻷﻭل‬‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ‬‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻭﻗﻌﻪ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ‬‫ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺘﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠ‬ü
.‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤلّ ﻤﺤل ﺍﻷُﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻴ‬‫ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ♦

a) He was very tired. .‫ﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬

b) He couldn't walk.
1. .‫ﺏ( ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﺸﻲ‬
= He was very tired, so (thus, therefore), he
couldn't walk. (compound) .‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ( ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﺸﻲ‬‫ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬،‫ﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ )ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬‫= ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬
a) She was sick. .‫ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺔ‬
b) She went to the doctor.
2. .‫ﺏ( ﻫﻲ ﺫﻫﺒﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺏ‬
= She was sick, consequently (hence), she
went to the doctor. (compound) .‫( ﺫﻫﺒﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺏ‬‫= ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺔ ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ )ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﹸﻡ‬

1. so ... ... ‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬

a) He is an officer. .‫ ﻀﺎﺒﻁ‬‫ﺃ( ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬

b) He can use a gun well.
1. .‫ﺴﺩﺱ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺏ( ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬
= He is an officer, so , he can use a gun
well. (compound) .‫ﺴﺩﺱ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻀﺎﺒﻁ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬‫= ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬
a) He didn't do his homework. .ِ‫ﻘﹸﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺒﻪ‬‫ﺃ( ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬
b) He was punished.
2. .‫ﻭﻗِﺏ‬‫ﺏ( ﻋ‬
= He didn't do his homework, so, he was
punished. (comp.) .‫ﻭﻗِﺏ‬‫= ﻟﻡ ﻴﻘﹸﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺒﻪِ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋ‬

14


2. thus ‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬

a) She showed us her documents. .‫ﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺃ( ﺃﻁﹾﻠﻌﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤ‬

b) We believe that she is the only owner.
= She showed us her documents, thus , we .‫ﺏ( ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ‬
believe that she is the only owner.(comp.) .‫ﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ‬‫= ﺃﻁﻠﻌﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤ‬

3. therefore ‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬‫ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬/ ‫ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ‬

a) She always obeys her mother. .‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﺃ( ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﺘﹸﻁﻴﻊ ﺃُﻤ‬

b) You have to arrange it with your mother-in-law. .‫ﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺤﻤﺎﺘِﻙ‬‫ﺏ( ﻴﺘﻌﻴ‬
= She always obeys her mother, therefore , you have ‫ﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻷﻤـﺭ ﻤـﻊ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻌﻴ‬‫ﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬‫= ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﺘﹸﻁﻴﻊ ﺃُﻤ‬
to arrange it with your mother-in-law. (comp.)
.‫ﺤﻤﺎﺘِﻙ‬

4. accordingly ‫ﻭﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬

a) They have signed the contract. .‫ﺃ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﻗﹼﻌﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‬
b) They cannot ask for a higher price.
= They have signed the contract, accordingly, they .‫ﺏ( ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻁﻠﺒﻭﺍ ﺜﻤﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬
cannot ask for a higher price. (comp.) .‫= ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﻗﹼﻌﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻭﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻁﻠﺒﻭﺍ ﺜﻤﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬

5. hence ‫ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ‬/ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ‬

a) She was robbed once. .‫ﺭِﻗﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ‬‫ﺃ( ﺴ‬

b) She always locks everything.
1. .ٍ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻲ ﺘﹸﻐﻠِﻕ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻜلّ ﺸﻲﺀ‬
= She was robbed once, hence , she always
locks everything. (compound) .‫ﺭِﻗﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﹸﻐﻠِﻕ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻜلّ ﺸﻲﺀ‬‫= ﻫﻲ ﺴ‬
a) I have paid all the price. .‫ﺃ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﺩﻓﻌﺕﹸ ﻜلّ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﻤﻥ‬
b) I have the right to earn its rent.
2.
= I have paid all the price, hence , I have .‫ل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺏ( ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﺼ‬
the right to earn its rent. (compound) .‫ل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﺼ‬‫= ﻟﻘﺩ ﺩﻓﻌﺕﹸ ﻜلّ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﻤﻥ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ‬

6. then ‫ﺇﺫﺍﹰ‬

a) I left back my glasses. .‫ﺃ( ﻨﺴﻴﺕﹸ ﻨﻅﺎﺭﺘﻲ‬

b) I can not read anything.
.‫ ﺸﻲﺀ‬‫ﺏ( ﻻ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﺃ ﺃﻱ‬
= I left back my glasses, then , I can not read
anything. (compound) .‫ ﺸﻲﺀ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍﹰ ﻻ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﺃ ﺃﻱ‬،‫= ﻨﺴﻴﺕﹸ ﻨﻅﺎﺭﺘﻲ‬

15


7. consequently ‫ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬

a) He was tired. .‫ﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬

b) His answers were wrong.
1. .‫ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺨﻁﺄ‬‫ﺏ( ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺘﻪ‬
= He was tired, consequently , his answers were
wrong. (comp.) .‫ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺨﻁﺄ‬‫ﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺘﻪ‬‫= ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬
a) I held him by the neck. .ِ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻗﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺃ( ﺃﻤﺴﻜﺘﻪ‬
b) He couldn't bite me.
2. .‫ﻨﻲ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺏ( ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌ‬
= I held him by the neck, consequently, he
couldn't bite me. (comp.) .‫ﻨﻲ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻗﺒﺘﻪِ ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌ‬‫= ﺃﻤﺴﻜﺘﻪ‬

Exercise No. 2 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

** Join each pair of the following: :‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‬‫ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺠ‬

 
‫ﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔٍ ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻴ‬‫ ﺃﻱ ﺠ‬‫ ﻷﻥ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ‬‫ﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠ‬‫ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴ‬and , but , or ‫ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ü
‫ﺒﻁ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬‫ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺭ‬،‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﻼﺜﺔ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‬‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺭ‬.‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬
.‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﺠ‬
:‫ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻴ‬ü

1. Hoda was blamed. Her mother was blamed. (both .... and ...)
2. Hoda was not blamed. Her mother was not blamed. (neither .... nor ...)
3. He is a farmer. He is a government employee. (as well as)
4. He works hard. He finds time to play. (not only ... but ... also)
5. He came to see me. He stayed for a month.
6. He has time to play tennis. He has money to play tennis.
7. I told him that she does not fit. He insisted on marrying her.
8. This is a very heavy loss. You should not stop at all.
9. I did not cause any harms. Why do you blame me?
10. She may send a telegram. She may come tomorrow.
11. I can not believe that such a child can buy a gun. I can not believe that he can use it.
When the murder was committed, I was having an operation at a hospital. It is impossible to
12.
be accused .(‫ﺘﹼﻬﻡ‬‫)ﻤ‬
13. He did not buy a car. He did not buy a flat.
14. Her father died last month. She is the heiress ‫ ﻭﺭﻴﺙ‬of forty feddans.

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

Exercise No. 3 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

** Join the following sentences using a suitable coordinating conjunction and

make necessary changes:
:‫ﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ‬‫ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻏﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﻤ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻤ‬‫** ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

1. The wind was cold. I felt warm.

2. It was raining. We decided to stay indoors.
3. Hurry up! You'll be late for school.
4. The weather was windy and rainy. It was cold.
5. He told the truth. No one believed him.
6. Can you fix the lamp ? Is it too high?
7. She studied hard. She failed.
8. She studied hard. She succeeded.
9. She didn't study hard. She didn't succeed.
10. He is intelligent. He is hard-working.

Exercise No. 4 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

** Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets
and make necessary changes:
:‫ﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺩﺌﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕِ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﻏﻴ‬‫** ﺃﻋِﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

1. He neither cheated nor lied. (Neither....)

2. He was not kind, but, he was also brave. (Not only....)
3. He either went home or went to the club. (Either....)
4. He neither sold his car nor used it. (Neither....)
5. She not only cleans the house, but she also cooks dinner. (Not only....)

Exercise No. 5 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

** Complete with an appropriate coordinating conjunction:

:‫ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﻤ‬‫** ﺃﻜﻤل ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‬

1. He drinks ..... tea ... coffee, but never the tow at the same time.
2. Their actions were .... risky ..... positively suicidal.
3. I'm going out for a minute ..... two ..... you can get supper ready.
4. I don't agree with you, ..... does my brother.

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
5. Those who are not studying hard should ..... change their ways ..... make room for those who will work.
6. The answer is not right ..... is mine.
7. The car was quite old, ..... it was in excellent condition.
8. John could ..... see, hear ..... talk.

When I am right no one remembers, when I am wrong

no one forgets.



18
‫‪‬‬

‫‪3. The Complex Sentence‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺘﹸﻌﺒ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل‪.‬‬
‫‪ ü‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﹸﺴﻤﻰ ‪ Subordinative Conjunctions‬ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﻌﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎل ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺴﻤﻰ ‪ Coordinative Conjunctions‬ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟـﺭ‪‬ﻭﺍﺒﻁ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻹﺨﺒﺎﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ( ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ü‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺃﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Complex Sentence consists of two parts‬‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ ‪Main (Principle) Clause‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ‪Subordinate Clause‬‬

‫‪Simple sentence‬‬ ‫‪- has a verb.‬‬

‫‪- has not a complete meaning.‬‬
‫‪- connect to the joining-word.‬‬

‫‪  Main (Principle) Clause‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻘل ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﹸﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻨـﻰ ﻜﺎﻤـل‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻌل ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Subordinate Clause‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟـﻴﺱ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻤﻌﻨـﻰ ﻜﺎﻤـل‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤـﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻌل ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ ü‬ﺇﺫﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻻ ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻘل ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل‪.‬‬
‫‪ ü‬ﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺩ‪‬ﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺅﺩﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ü‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ )‪ (Subordinate Clause‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ )‪ ،(Phrase‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﺨﻠﹸﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌـل ﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ )ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻤﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ‪ ‬ﺼﻭﺭ‪ ‬ﻤ‪‬ﻌﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﺘﺤﻭ‪‬ل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Clause‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ )‪ ،(Phrase‬ﻭﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺤﺘﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Clause‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟـ )‪ ،(Phrase‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻔﻬـﻡ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻱ ﺤﺎلٍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل ﻟﻤﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫@ ‪-‬‬
‫‪(Phrase) ‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻌل ﻟﻪ‪ ‬ﺯﻤﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻴﺨﺘﻑ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻜﹸﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. I shall start cooking when you come home. .‫ ﺴﺄﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺒﺦﹶ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ‬.1

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬

.(‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ ﺘﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺃﺘﺕ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺜﻡ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬ ü
2. If you succeed, I'll buy you a car. .‫ﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ ﻓﺴﺄﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﻟﻙ ﺴﻴ‬،‫ ﻟﻭ ﺘﻨﺠﺢ‬.2

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬

(,) ‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ ﺘﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ( ﺃﺘﺕ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺜﻡ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴ‬  •
.‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬

3. He was angry because they arrested him for a crime he did not commit.

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ (1) ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬ (2) ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬

.‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﻠﻭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺭﻴﻤﺔٍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺭﺘﻜﺒﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺎﹰ‬.3

‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ( ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻴـﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﺔ ﺃﺘﺕ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬ •
.‫ﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻓﺭﻋﻴ‬

4. The man who arrived by taxi will be promoted because he is efficient.

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ (1) ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬ (2) ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬

.(‫ﺎل‬‫ﻪ ﻜﹸﻔﺊ )ﻓﻌ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﹼﻰ ﻷﻨﹼ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺼل ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﺎﻜﺴﻲ ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺭ‬.4

‫ ﺘﺒﻌـﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ ﺜﹲـﻡ‬،‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ( ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬‫ﺔ ﺃﺘﺕ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬  •
.‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓﹲ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔﹲ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤ‬

The man will be promoted ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﹼﻰ‬‫ل ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬

who arrived by taxi ‫ﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺼل ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﺎﻜﺴﻲ‬
because he is efficient ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴ‬ (‫ﺎل‬‫ﻪ ﻜﹸﻔﺊ )ﻓﻌ‬ ‫ﻷﻨﹼ‬

 •


1. Noun Clause 

2. Adjectival (Relative) Clause 
3. Adverbial Clause 

20

Subordinative Clause

Noun Clause Adjectival (Relative) Clause Adverbial Clause



Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

When the manager returns, I will ask him ‫ﺩﻴﺭ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺼﻭلِ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺘﹸﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻁﻠﺒﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺤﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤ‬
whether the books which you ordered have
arrived from the publishers .‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺸﺭﻴﻥ‬

:‫ﺔ( ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓٍ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔٍ ﻭﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ )ﻓﺭﻋﻴ‬‫ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ ü

I will ask him main Clause ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬

when the manager returns an adverbial Clause ‫ﺔ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‬
whether the books have
noun Clause ‫ﺔ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﻤﻴ‬
arrived from the publishers
which you ordered an adjectival Clause ‫ﺔ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬

How to change a complex sentence Into a simple sentence

Or: How to change from Clause Into Phrase


Main (Principle) Clause ٍ‫ ﻟﻤّـﺎ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ اﻟﺠُﻤﻠـﺔ اﻟﻤُﻌﻘّـﺪة ﺗﺤﺘـﻮي ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﺒـﺎرةٍ رﺋﯿـﺴﯿﺔ‬ü
phrase ‫ ﻓﺈنّ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘّﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ‬،Subordinative Clause(s) ‫وﻋﺒﺎرة )أو ﻋﺒﺎرات( ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ وذﻟـﻚ ﺑـﺎﻟﺘّﺨﻠُﺺ ﻣـﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﮫـﺎ اﻟﻤﺤـﺪود‬،ِ‫ ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺒـﺎراتِ اﻟﺘّﺎﺑﻌـﺔ‬clause ‫إﻟﻰ‬
.ً‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬

.ٍ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺍﺴﻤﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﻡٍ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺒﻪِ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴ‬‫ﻓﻨﹸﺤﻭ‬

Noun Clause Noun or Noun Phrase
.ٍ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻔﺔٍ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺒﻪِ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬‫ﻭﻨﹸﺤﻭ‬
Adjectival Clause Adjective or Adjectival Phrase
.ٍ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻅﺭﻑٍ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺒﻪِ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ﻭﻨﹸﺤﻭ‬
Adverbial Clause Adverb or Adverbial Phrase

‫ وﺑـﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺗُﻌﺘﺒـﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﯿـﺔ‬Phrases ‫ إﻟﻰ أﺷﺒﺎه ﺟُﻤﻞ‬Clauses ‫ إنّ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات‬ü
‫ وھـﻲ ﻟﯿـﺴﺖ‬،‫ﺿﺮورﻳّﺔ ﻟﻔﮫﻢ ﺗﺮاﻛﯿﺐ وأﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ اﻟﺘّﻌﺒﯿﺮ اﻟﻤُﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻠﻐـﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﻳّـﺔ‬
ِ‫ وﻟﻜﻨّﮫـﺎ ﺗﺤﺘـﺎج إﻟـﻰ ﻓﮫـﻢٍ وﺗﻌـﺪﻳﻞٍ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺎتِ ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔِ و اﻟﺤـﺬف‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿّـﺔ‬
.‫ﻟﺘُﻌﻄﻲ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗُﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮھﺎ‬

21
‫‪‬‬
‫˜ ‪ ‬ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻧﺒـﺪأ ﻓـﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿـﺔِ اﻟﺘّﺤﻮﻳـﻞ ﻣـﻦ ‪ (Complex) Clause‬إﻟـﻰ‬
‫‪ (Simple) Phrase‬أُرﻳﺪُ أن اﺳﺘﻄﺮق إﻟﻰ أﻧﻮاعِ اﻟﻌﺒﺎراتِ وأﻧﻮاعِ أﺷﺒﺎهِ اﻟﺠُﻤﻞِ‪.‬‬

‫‪Clauses‬‬ ‫‪Phrases‬‬

‫‪Noun‬‬ ‫‪Adjectival‬‬ ‫‪Adverbial‬‬ ‫‪Noun‬‬ ‫‪Adjectival‬‬ ‫‪Adverbial‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬

‫˜ ‪ ‬ﺳﻨﻘﻮم ﺑﺪراﺳـﺔ ﻛُـﻼً ﻣـﻦ ‪ Noun Clause‬و ‪ Noun Phrase‬ﻣﻌـﺎً ﻣـﻦ‬

‫ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘّﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ‪ Clause‬إﻟﻰ ‪ Phrase‬وھﻜﺬا ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻘﯿّﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪1. Noun Clauses and Noun Phrases‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻜﺄﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻔﻌﻭﻻﹰ ﺒﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺭﻭﻑِ ﺃﻥ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻴﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ü‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺘّﺎﺑﻌﺔ دور اﻻﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈنّ اﻟﺠُﻤﻠﺔ ﻛُﻠّﮫﺎ ﺗُﺴﻤّﻰ ﺟُﻤﻠﺔ اﺳـﻤﯿّﺔ‬
‫‪.Noun Clause‬‬

‫@ ‪-‬‬
‫‪Phrase1‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ)ﺃﻱ ﻓﻌل ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫‪……in the corner.‬‬ ‫‪ ....‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﺍﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Reaching home…..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ‪......‬‬

‫‪ Clause2‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻌل ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ(‪) ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ(‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫‪….if I see him.‬‬ ‫‪.....‬ﻟﻭ ﺃﺭﺍﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Where he lives….‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ‪....‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ‪ Complex‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪Simple‬ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ‪ Clause‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،Phrase‬ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Noun Clause‬‬ ‫‪Noun or Noun Phrase‬‬

‫@ ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺘّﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻻﺳﻤﯿّﺔ ﻋﺎدةً ﺑـ ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺃ( ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ) ـ ‪ questions words (Wh‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺒﺂﺨِﺭِﻫﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

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‫‪‬‬

‫‪what‬‬ ‫‪whom‬‬ ‫‪how long‬‬ ‫‪how far‬‬

‫‪when‬‬ ‫‪who‬‬ ‫‪how much‬‬ ‫‪how often‬‬
‫‪where‬‬ ‫‪which‬‬ ‫‪how many‬‬ ‫‪whose‬‬
‫‪why‬‬ ‫‪how‬‬ ‫‪how wide‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪whether / if‬‬ ‫‪ that‬ﻋﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ = ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬

‫@ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ )‪ (Noun Clauses‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻹﺨﺒﺎﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ )‪ (Verbs of thinking‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪understand‬‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻬﻡ‬ ‫‪suppose‬‬ ‫ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ‬

‫‪mean‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪believe‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ‬
‫‪know‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫‪feel‬‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻌ‪‬ﺭ‬
‫‪think‬‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﻔﻜﹼﺭ‬ ‫‪remember‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺫﻜﺭ‬
‫‪trust‬‬ ‫ﻴﺜﻕ‬ ‫‪recall‬‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ‬

‫‪ .2‬إذاً ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ أنّ اﻟﺮّواﺑﻂ اﻟﻤُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺠُﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘّﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻻﺳـﻤﯿّﺔ ﺑﺠُﻤﻠـﺔٍ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔٍ رﺋﯿﺴﯿّﺔٍ ھﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪that‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬

‫)‪question words (wh.‬‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒـ ‪wh‬‬
‫‪if / whether‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ /‬ﻋﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬

‫‪1. That the earth moves around the sun is a fact.‬‬ ‫)‪(Complex / Clause‬‬

‫)‪Subordinate clause (Noun clause‬‬ ‫‪Main Clause‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺘﺘﺤﺭ‪‬ﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ‬ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔٍ‪ ،‬ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ )‪ (Noun Clause‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸـﺒﻪِ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠـﺔٍ‬
‫ﺍﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ )‪ ،(Noun Phrase‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﺨﻠﹸﺹِ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩ‪‬ﺙ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪= The movement of the earth around the sun is a fact.‬‬ ‫)‪(Simple / Phrase‬‬
‫= ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢِ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪ The movement of the earth around the sun‬ﻫﻲ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ ، is‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﹼﻀﺢ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺇﻨﹼﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬

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
2. He explained how nature breaks rocks. (Complex / Clause)

Main Clause Subordinate clause (Noun clause)

.‫ﺨﻭﺭ‬‫ ﻫﻭ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﹸﺤﻁﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺒﻴﻌﺔﹸ ﺍﻟﺼ‬.2

‫ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺒﻌـﺩﻫﺎ ﻟـﻴﺱ ﻓـﻲ‬‫ﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ‬‫ ﻭﻴ‬،‫ﻨﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ‬‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻫ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴ‬how ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻴ‬ •
‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌـﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ‬‫ﺔٍ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺍﺴﻤﻴ‬‫ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻨﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺒﺼﺩﺩِ ﺠ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻻ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬‫ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ‬
= He explained the way of breaking rocks by the nature. (Simple / Phrase)
.‫ﺨﻭﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔِ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬‫= ﻫﻭ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻁﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

.‫ ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭِ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬،‫ ﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﻴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺎﻥ‬phrase ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ‬clause ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ‬‫ﻨﹸﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‬ •

Noun Clauses ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻴ‬ Noun Phrases ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﺴﻤﻴ‬‫ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‬

I told him that he is innocent. I told him about his innocence.
1.
.‫ ﺒﺭﻱﺀ‬‫ ﺒﺄﹼﻨﻪ‬‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺘﻪ‬ .ِ‫ﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺒﺭﺍﺀﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺘ‬
That the earth moves around the sun became The movement of the earth around the
2. a fact. sun became a fact.
.‫ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔﹰ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬ .‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔﹰ‬
3. What he said annoyed me. .‫ ﺃﺯﻋﺠﻨﻲ‬‫ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ‬ His words annoyed me. .‫ ﺃﺯﻋﺠﺘﻨﻲ‬‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺘﻪ‬
He showed that he is a clever doctor. He showed his cleverness as a doctor.
4.
.‫ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ‬‫ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‬‫ﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬ .‫ ﻜﻁﺒﻴﺏ‬‫ﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺘﻪ‬
That he is innocent became a fact. His innocence became a fact.
5.
.‫ ﺒﺭﻱﺀ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔﹰ‬‫ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬ .‫ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔﹰ‬‫ﺒﺭﺍﺀﺘﻪ‬
6. I know where she lives. .‫ ﺘﹸﻘﻴﻡ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﺭﻑﹸ ﺃﻴﻥ‬ I know her address. .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﺭﻑﹸ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﻬﺎ‬
He knows when she will arrive. He knows the time of her arrival.
7.
.‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﻰ ﺴﺘﺼل‬ .‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺼﻭﻟِﻬﺎ‬
I don't know whether she can buy it or she I don’t know her ability or inability to buy
8. cannot. it.
.‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻴﻪ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‬ .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻗﹸﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﹸﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻴﻪ‬
He brought what is necessary for us. He brought our necessary things.
9.
.‫ ﻟﻨﺎ‬‫ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺃﺤﻀ‬ .‫ﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ‬‫ﺭﻭﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺃﺤﻀ‬
I don't know whether he has succeeded or I don’t know anything about his success
10. failed. or failure.
.‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻋﺭﻑﹸ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺴﺏ‬ .ِ‫ﺴﻭﺒِﻪ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻋﺭﻑﹸ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺠﺎﺤِﻪِ ﺃﻭ ﺭ‬
They discovered how deep it was. They discovered its depth.
11.
.‫ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﻭﺍ ﻜﻡ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎﹰ‬ .‫ﻤﻘﹶﻪ‬‫ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﻭﺍ ﻋ‬
She asked how much sugar I had bought. She asked about the quantity of sugar
12. .‫ﻜﺭ‬‫ ﻫﻲ ﺴﺄﻟﺕ ﻜﻡ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕﹸ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ‬bought by me.
.‫ﺸﺘﺭﺍﺓ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻲ‬‫ﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺴﺄﻟﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
The teacher asked how many books we had. The teacher asked about the number of
13.
.‫ ﻜﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺘﹸﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﺎ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ ﺴﺄل ﺍﻟﻤ‬our books. .‫ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩِ ﻜﹸﺘﺒﻨﺎ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺴﺄل ﺍﻟﻤ‬

24

He didn’t tell us why he had committed his He didn’t tell us the reason of his crime.
14.
crime. .‫ﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺏ ﺠﺭﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬ .‫ﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺠﺭﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬
15. What he said is true. .‫ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬‫ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ‬His speech is true. .‫ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬‫ﻜﻼﻤﻪ‬
16. That he will succeed is certain. .‫ ﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﺃﻜﻴﺩ‬‫ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬ His success is certain. .‫ ﺃﻜﻴﺩ‬‫ﻨﺠﺎﺤﻪ‬
That he is generous was known to everyone. His generosity was known to everyone.
17.
.ٍ‫ ﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻟﻜﹸلِ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬‫ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬ .ٍ‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻟﻜﹸلِ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻜﺭﻤ‬
What he studies gave him great pleasure. His studies gave him great pleasure.
18.
.‫ﺭﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ ﺴ‬‫ ﻤﻨﺤﻪ‬‫ﺴﻪ‬‫ﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﺭ‬ .‫ﺭﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ ﺴ‬‫ ﻤﻨﺤﺘﻪ‬‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ‬
That he failed was unexpected. His failure was unexpected.
19.
.‫ﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ ﻤ‬‫ ﺭﺴﺏ‬‫ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬ .‫ﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ ﻤ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺴﻭﺒ‬‫ﺭ‬
Tell me where you live. .‫ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﺴﻜﹸﻥ‬Tell me your address.
20. Or: Tell me where your address is. .‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﻙ‬
.‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﻙ‬
Can you tell me where your birthplace is? Can you tell me your birthplace?
.‫ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻴﻼﺩﻙ‬ .‫ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺒﻤﻜﺎﻥِ ﻤﻴﻼﺩﻙ‬
21.
Or: Can you tell me where you were born.
.‫ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﺩﺕﹶ‬
I saw who built that house. I saw the builder of that house.
22.
.‫ﺭﺃﻴﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻨﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ‬ .‫ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ‬‫ﺭﺃﻴﺕﹸ ﺒﻨﹼﺎﺀ‬
I met who wrote this book. I met the writer of this book.
23.
.‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ .‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬
She spoke of what she feels. She spoke of her feelings.
24. Or: She spoke of what she felt. .‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﺒﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭﻫﺎ‬
.(‫ﺭ )ﺸﻌﺭﺕ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﺸﻌ‬
No one knows why he was absent. No one knows the reason of his absence.
25.
.‫ﻻ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ‬ .ِ‫ﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺒِﻪ‬‫ﻻ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
The doctor discovered why he was ill. The doctor discovered the cause of his
26.
.ً‫ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬‫ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻑﹶ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺒﻴﺏ‬ illness. .ِ‫ﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻀِﻪ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻑﹶ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺒﻴﺏ‬
He told me when he arrived. He told me the time of his arrival.
27.
.َ‫ل‬‫ﺭﻨﻲ ﻤﺘﻰ ﻭﺼ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺒ‬ .‫ﺭﻨﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺼﻭﻟﻪ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺒ‬
Tell me how far the house from the airport. Tell me the distance between the house and
28. .‫ﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﺃﺨﺒِﺭﻨﻲ ﻜﻡ ﻴﺒﻌ‬ the airport.
.‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺭ‬
29. We hope that he succeeds. .‫ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬‫ ﻨﺄﻤلُ ﺒﺄﻥ‬We hope for his success. .ِ‫ﻨﺄﻤلُ ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺤِﻪ‬
She knows how she makes cakes. She knows the way of making cakes.
.‫ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﻙ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺼﻨﻊ‬ .‫ﻨﻊِ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﻙ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺼ‬
30. Or: She knows how to make cakes.
.‫ ﺘﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﻙ‬‫ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
He knew how he can solve the problem. He knew the way of solving the problem.
.‫ﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻋﺭِﻑﹶ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺤل ﺍﻟﻤ‬
31. .‫ﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬‫ ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻜﻨﻪ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻋﺭِﻑﹶ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴ‬
Or: He knew how to solve the problem.
.‫ﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬‫ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺭِﻑﹶ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬

25
‫‪‬‬
‫‪The teacher does not know how many pupils The teacher does not know the number of‬‬
‫‪32. there are in the class.‬‬ ‫‪pupils in the class.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩﺭ‪‬ﺱ‪ ‬ﻻ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩﺭ‪‬ﺱ‪ ‬ﻻ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‪.‬‬
‫‪They didn’t know how many brothers I have They didn’t know the number of my‬‬
‫‪33.‬‬
‫‪got.‬‬ ‫‪ brothers.‬ﻫ‪‬ﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻜﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻟﺩﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫ‪‬ﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺇﺨﻭﺘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪I wanted to know how old you are.‬‬ ‫‪I wanted to know your age.‬‬
‫‪34.‬‬
‫ﺃﺭﺩﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﻑﹶ ﻜﻡ ﺘﺒﻠﹸﻎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﻤﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺩﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﻑﹶ ﻋ‪‬ﻤﺭ‪‬ﻙ‪.‬‬
‫?‪Do you know how much this book costs‬‬ ‫?‪Do you know the cost of this book‬‬
‫‪35.‬‬
‫ﻫل ﺘﻌﺭِﻑ ﻜﻡ ﻴ‪‬ﻜﻠﹼﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ؟‬ ‫ﻫل ﺘﻌﺭِﻑ ﺜﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ؟‬
‫?‪Do you know how wide the street is‬‬ ‫?‪Do you know the width of the street‬‬
‫‪36.‬‬
‫ﻫل ﺘﻌﺭِﻑ ﻜﻡ ﻴﺒﻠﹸﻎ ﻋﺭﺽ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ؟‬ ‫ﻫل ﺘﻌﺭِﻑ ﻋﺭﺽ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ؟‬
‫?‪Can you tell me how deep the river is‬‬ ‫?‪Can you tell me the depth of the river‬‬
‫‪37.‬‬
‫ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻜﻡ ﻴﺒﻠﹸﻎ ﻋ‪‬ﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻬﺭ؟‬ ‫ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻋ‪‬ﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻬﺭ؟‬
‫‪She asked whether she could go home.‬‬ ‫‪She asked a permission to go home.‬‬
‫‪38.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺴﺄﻟﺕ ﻋﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻁﻠﺒﺕ ﺇﺫﻨﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺫﻫﺎﺏِ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪He said that he was lonely.‬‬ ‫‪He told us about his loneliness.‬‬
‫‪39.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎل ﺃﻨﹼ ‪‬ﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺍﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺘِﻪِ‪.‬‬
‫‪How the prisoner escaped is a mystery.‬‬ ‫‪The prisoner’s (method of) escape is a‬‬
‫‪40.‬‬ ‫‪ mystery.‬ﻜﻴﻑ ﻫﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺠﻴﻥ‪ ‬ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃُﺴﻁﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ( ﻫﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺠﻴﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺘﺒ ‪‬ﺭ ﺃُﺴﻁﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪He told me where he works.‬‬ ‫‪He told me the place (the address, the‬‬
‫‪41.‬‬ ‫‪ whereabouts) of his work.‬ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ )ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ( ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪She laughed at what he said.‬‬ ‫‪She laughed at his jokes (story, tales).‬‬
‫‪42.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻀﺤﻜﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﹶﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻀﺤﻜﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﹸﻜﺘِﻪِ )ﻗﺼﺼِﻪِ‪ ،‬ﺤﻜﺎﻴﺎﺘِﻪِ(‪.‬‬
‫‪This is how he sings.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴ‪‬ﻐﻨﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪This is his way (manner, method) of‬‬
‫‪43.‬‬
‫‪singing.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﻁﺭﻗﺘﹶﻪ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪The story of why he committed suicide was The reason of his suicide was well known.‬‬
‫‪44.‬‬
‫‪well known.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺴﺒﺏِ ﺍﻨﺘﺤﺎﺭﻩِ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﺤﺎﺭﻩِ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ v‬‬
‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل )‪ (infinitive‬ﻻ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻻ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻟﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺩﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻪ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل )‪ (to go‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ )‪ (Phrase‬ﻻ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ )ﺍﻟـ ‪.(38 ،31 ،30، 8‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻟﻸﻤﺜﻠﺔِ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎﺒﻘﺔِ ﺘﻜﺎ ‪‬ﺩ ﺘﹸﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،clause‬ﻭﻫ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﺼـﻴﻐﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢِ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪phrase‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤ‪‬ﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ phrase‬ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼﹰ ﻭ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ clause‬ﻭﻴـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤ‪‬ﻨـﺸﺊ‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺫﻭﻗﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ‪.‬‬
‫إذاً ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺄﻧّﻪُ ﻻﺑـﺪ ﻣـﻦ دراﺳـﺔ اﻷﻧﻤـﺎط اﻟﻤُﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿـﺮ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻨـﻰ اﻟﻮاﺣـﺪ ﺣﺘـﻰ ﻧﻔﮫـﻢ اﻟﻠﻐـﺔ‬ ‫˜‬
‫اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﻳّﺔ‪.‬‬

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

Exercise No. 6 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

** Change the following clauses into phrases (Change the following complex
sentences into simple sentences):-
-:(ٍ‫ﻤلٍ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻤل )ﺤﻭ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬
1. Remember that we are friends. .‫ﺘﺫﻜﹼﺭ ﺒﺄﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ‬
2. We don’t know why he broke it. .‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻻ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﺴﺭﻫﺎ‬
3. I know why she failed. .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺃﺨﻔﻘﺕ‬
4. I expect that they will arrive here. .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺴﻴﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ‬
5. She did not tell us how old she is. .ِ‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺒﻠﹸﻎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ‬
6. None knows who owns it. .‫ﻻ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ‬
7. They can guess how we got money. .‫ﻨﻭﺍ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺤﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻘﻭﺩ‬‫ﺨﻤ‬‫ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬
8. We discovered that she was clever. .‫ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﻨﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬
9. You should know how high the hill is. .‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﻡ ﻴﺒﻠﹸﻎ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺒل‬
10. I do not know how deep this canal is. .‫ﻤﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻜﻡ ﻴﺒﻠﹸﻎ ﻋ‬
11. Tell me why you were absent. .‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ‬
12. I don’t know when the flood occurs (happens). .‫ﻻ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﻰ ﺴﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ‬
13. It is essential that man thinks before he acts. .‫ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل‬‫ﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﻜﹼﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
14. Most of the members repeated what he said. .‫ﺭﻭﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ‬‫ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻜﺭ‬
15. He seems that he is glad. .‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ‬
16. The policeman knew where the crime had happened. .‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻲ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ‬
17. Do you know how much this house costs? ‫ﻫل ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻜﻡ ﻴﻜﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل؟‬
18. That he will arrive tomorrow is certain. .‫ل ﻏﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﺅﻜﺩ‬
ُ ‫ ﺴﻴﺼ‬‫ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬
19. Bring what you need with you. .‫ﺍﺤﻀِﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻌﻙ‬
20. We know who designed the house. .‫ﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل‬‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺼﻤ‬
21. We must hope that he will recover. .‫ﺸﻔﻰ‬‫ ﺴﻴ‬‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺄﻤل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬
22. Don’t forget where you will examine. .‫ﻻ ﺘﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺴﺘﹸﻤﺘﺤﻥ‬
23. He spoke along time what he suffers. .‫ﻌﺎﻨﻴﻪ‬‫ﺎ ﻴ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﻟﻭﻗﺕٍ ﻁﻭﻴلٍ ﻋﻤ‬
24. We agreed to what he suggested. .‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻭﺍﻓﻘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤ‬
25. Tell me how tall you are. .ِ‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻜﻡ ﺘﺒﻠﹸﻎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬
26. I am sure of that the book is not useful (is useless). .‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ‬‫ﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤ‬
27. The patient hoped that he recovers quickly. .ٍ‫ﺸﻔﻰ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ ﻴﺄﻤل ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻴﺽ‬
28. That he is young was evident to all. .‫ﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬‫ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬
29. That he is intelligent was clear to every one. .ٍ‫ ﺫﻜﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺎﹰ ﻟﻜلِ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬‫ﺃﻨﹸﻪ‬
30. Tell me how many boys there are in this class. .ِ‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﻜﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫِ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬

27
‫‪‬‬

‫‪2. Adjectival (Relative) Clauses & Adjectival (Relative) Phrases‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ :Adjective (Relative) Clause v‬ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻭﺼﻑِ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬

‫ﺒﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁِ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓٍ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔٍ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔٍ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔِ ﻫﻲ ﻤـﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﻌـﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟـﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭِ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫‪ (Relative Pronouns‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‪ ‬ﺘﻡ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭل ﻤﺤﺫﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ـﺴﺘﺘﺭﺍﹰ ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ü‬ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪who, which, that, whom, whose, what (= the thing that‬‬ ‫ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺘﺘﹾﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼﻔﻪ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺼﻴﻘﺔﹰ ﺒﻪ‪) ،‬ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻻﺴـﻡ‬
‫)ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻻﹼ ﻓﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ(‪،‬ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‪:‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪He sent his son who is ill to the doctor.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺴل ﺍﺒﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪He sent his son to the doctor who is ill.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺴل ﺍﺒﻨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪Main clause‬‬ ‫‪Adjectival clause‬‬

‫× ﻻﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻻﺒﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪.(1‬‬

‫‪ Kinds of Relative Clauses  v‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ( ‪defining clauses‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴـﺒﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻐﻴـﺭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻨﺎﻗﺼﺎﹰ‪) .‬ﺃﻱ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﹸﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺘﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺤ‪‬ﺫﻓﺕ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ‪non-defining clauses‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕٍ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔٍ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻻﺴـﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻬـﺎ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﹸﻌﺎﻤل ﻤ‪‬ﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﺘﹸﻔﺼل ﻋـﻥ ﺒـﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠـﺔ ﺒﻔﺎﺼـﻠﺔٍ )‪(,‬‬
‫)‪ (comma‬ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Examples‬‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ‬

‫‪1. The student who was absent yesterday will be punished.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ ﺴﻴ‪‬ﻌﺎﻗﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ )‪ ،(defining‬ﻷﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫‪who was absent yesterday‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻘﻭل ﻓﺠﺄﺓﹰ‪:‬‬
‫‪The student will be punished.‬‬ ‫ﺴﻴ‪‬ﻌﺎﻗﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫ‪.‬‬
‫ﻷﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﺴﺄل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺭ‪:‬‬
‫?‪What student‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫ؟‬

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
2. Nabil, who was absent yesterday, will be punished. .‫ﻌﺎﻗﺏ‬‫ﻨﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ ﺴﻴ‬
‫ﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ‬‫ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴ‬،(non-defining) ‫ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ‬‫ﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬ who was absent yesterday
:‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎﹰ‬
Nabil will be punished. .‫ﻌﺎﻗﺏ‬‫ﻨﺒﻴل ﺴﻴ‬

3. The professor who teaches us chemistry is a good teacher. (defining)

4. The professor, who teaches us chemistry, is a good teacher. (non-defining)

:‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬‫ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

1. The boys, who wanted to swim, jumped into the water.
2. The boys who wanted to swim jumped into the water while the others played on the beach.
‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬،‫ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ )ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬who wanted to swim) ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬
‫ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻤ‬‫ﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬،‫ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﻗﻔﺯﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬‫ ﺃﻥ‬:‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴ‬،(‫ﺍﻋﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﺭﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻗﻔﺯﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬

  v

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،ٍ‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ ﻟﻺﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ‬which ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ×

I did not bring my book again, which made the teacher very angry.
.‫ﺱ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ﻟﻡ ﺃُﺤﻀﺭ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬

 ×
:‫( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ )ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻭﻓﻌل( ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ‬infinitive) ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬.1
the first, the second, the next, the last, the only, and the superlatives (‫ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴل ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ )ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺤﺴﻥ‬
(e.g. the most, the least, the fewest ..etc.).

Mr. Ahmed was the first person that (who) arrived at the reception.
.‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬
= Mr. Ahmed was the first person to arrive at the reception.
.‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺼﻼﹰ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬

verb in active ) ‫( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻭﻓﻌـل ﻤﺒﻨـﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠـﻭﻡ‬the present participle) (-ing form) ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل‬.2
:(voice

Students who want to success should study harder.

.‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺭﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺤﻭﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬
= Students wanting to success should study harder.
.‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻏﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺤﻭﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬

verb in passive ) ‫( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻭﻓﻌل ﻤﺒﻨـﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬـﻭل‬the past participle) (-ed form) ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬.3
:(voice

29

Jewellery that was bought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now.
= Jewellery bought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now.
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻗﻠﺔ‬‫ ﻓﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬،ٍِ‫( ﻜﺼﻔﺔ‬Present Participle) ‫ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ‬ ×

1. He saw an exciting film. .‫ﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﻤ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺸﺎﻫﺩ‬

2. It was an interesting book. .‫ﺴﻠﹼﻴﺎﹰ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﻤ‬
3. Many men were inside the burning house. .‫ﺤﺘﺭِﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺎلِ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗل )ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ( ﻓﻘﻁ‬‫ ﻓﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬،ٍ‫( ﻜﺼﻔﺔ‬Past Participle) ‫ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ‬ ×

1. He was excited when he saw the film. .‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ‬‫ﺃُﺜﻴﺭ‬

2. He was interested in the book. .‫ﺴﻠﹶﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬
3. The burnt men were rushed to the hospital. .‫ﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻭﻗﻭﻥ ﺃُﺭﺴِﻠﻭﺍ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤ‬

‫( ﺃﻱ ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ‬Adjective) ‫ﻔﺔ‬‫ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔِ ﺍﻟﺼ‬Adjectival Phrase v

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(‫ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺼﻔﺔﹰ ﺘﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬،ِ‫ﻔﺔِ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻻﺴﻡ )ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

1. He likes a corner seat. (Adjective) .‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﻜﺭﺴﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬

2. He likes a seat in the corner. (Adjectival Phrase) .‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﻜﺭﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬

Forms of Adjective v
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬(Simple Adjective

clever boy ‫ﻭﻟﺩ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ‬ intelligent girl ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻨﺕ ﺫﻜﻴ‬ wise man ‫ل ﺤﻜﻴﻡ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜـل‬،(ing +‫ ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ )ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل‬،‫ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻜﺼﻔﺔ‬،(Present Participle) ‫ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬

exciting film ‫ﺜﻴﺭ‬‫ﻓﻴﻠﻡ ﻤ‬ interesting book ‫ﺴﻠﹼﻲ‬‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤ‬ terrifying place ‫ﺨﻴﻑ‬‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻜﺼﻔﺔ‬‫ ﻴ‬Past Participle

educated man ‫ﺘﻌﻠﹼﻡ‬‫ل ﻤ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬ broken bottle ‫ﺠﺎﺠﺔ ﻤﻜﺴﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﺯ‬ sunken ship ‫ﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﺎﺭﻗﺔ‬
written exercise ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭﻱ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬ü

An air-conditioned house ‫ﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬‫ﻜﻴ‬‫ﻤﻨﺯل ﻤ‬

a narrow-minded man ‫ﻕ ﺍﻷُﻓﹸﻕ‬‫ل ﻀﻴ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬
a talented composer ‫ﻥ ﻤﻭﻫﻭﺏ‬‫ﻠﺤ‬‫ﻤ‬

(‫ﺔ‬‫( ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل )ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﻴ‬Adjective Clause) ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹸ ﺃﻥ‬v
phrase ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬clause ‫ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻗﺒل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ‬،(Relative Pronouns)

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‫‪ Relative Pronouns‬‬

‫× ‪ ‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒـﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻜـﻭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤ‪‬ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫× ‪‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻜﻀﻤﻴﺭٍ ﻴﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻜﺤﺭﻑِ ﺠﺭٍ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻠﻤﺔِ ﻋﻁﻑٍ ‪.conjunction‬‬
‫× ‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫‪Object‬‬ ‫‪Possessive‬‬

‫ﻟﻸﺸﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫‪who - that‬‬ ‫‪whom - that‬‬ ‫‪whose‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪that‬‬ ‫‪that‬‬ ‫‪whose‬‬
‫ﻟﻸﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫‪which‬‬ ‫‪which‬‬ ‫‪of which‬‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻴ‪‬ﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩٍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭٍ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔِ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪) :‬ﺍﻟﹼﺫﻱ ـ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﺫﺍﻥ ـ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﺘـﺎﻥ ـ ﺍﻟﹼـﺫﻴﻥ ـ‬ ‫×‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﻼﺌﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺘﻡ‪ ‬ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔٍ ﻟﻴ‪‬ﻀﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪِ ﺼﻔﺔﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻩ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎل ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ v‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺴ‪‬ﻤﻴﺕ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﺒﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭِ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺴِﺏ‪ ‬ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﻡِ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺘﻰ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺠ‪‬ل ﻟﻠﺘﻭ‪.‬‬

‫‪a) The man has just arrived.‬‬
‫‪b) He was lost.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺄﻫﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪= The man who (that) was lost has just arrived.‬‬
‫= ﺍﻟﺭﺠ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺄﻫﺎﹰ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺼل ﻟﻠﺘﻭ‪.‬‬

‫× ‪ who ‬ﻗﺩ ﺤﻠﹼﺕ ﻤﺤل ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﻴﺭ ‪ ،He‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ )‪.(a‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﹼﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ‪ Adjectival Clause‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﺒﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل‪.‬‬

‫‪1. who‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻗل‬

‫× ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﻴﺭ ‪ who‬ﻜﻀﻤﻴﺭِ ﻭﺼلٍ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﺎﻋلٍ ﻋﺎﻗلٍ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ( ﻗﹸﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺠ‪‬ل‪.‬‬

‫‪a) The man was arrested.‬‬
‫‪1. b) The man had robbed the bank.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺭﺠ‪‬ل ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺴﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪= The man who (that) had robbed the bank was arrested.‬‬
‫= ﺍﻟﺭﺠ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺴﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻙ ﻗﹸﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ‪ ‬ﻏﺎﺌﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪a) The boy is absent.‬‬
‫‪2. b) He broke the window.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺒﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪= The boy who (that) broke the window is absent.‬‬
‫= ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺒﺎﻙ ﻏﺎﺌﺏٌ‪.‬‬

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‫× ‪ 21‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﺒـ )‪ who‬ﺃﻭ ‪) (that‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺨﻁ(‬
‫ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ )ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼﻔﻪ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠـﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﻪ ﺨﻁ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫× ﻻﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ )ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺫﹸﻜِﺭ‪ ‬ﻤـﺭﺓﹰ ﺒﺎﻻﺴـﻡ ﻭﻤـﺭﺓﹰ ﺒﺎﻟـﻀ‪‬ﻤﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ )‪ (He‬ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﻀﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ )‪ (The boy‬ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺼﻲ )‪ ،(He‬ﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪:‬‬

‫‪a) The boy is absent.‬‬

‫‪b) The boy broke the window.‬‬
‫‪= The boy who (that) broke the window is absent.‬‬

‫× ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴﻥ )‪ (The boy‬ﺒﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل )‪ who‬ﺃﻭ ‪ (that‬ﻭﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘـﻪ )ﺠﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺫﻭﻑ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪= The boy who (that) broke the window is absent.‬‬

‫‪= The boy who (that) is absent broke the window.‬‬

‫× ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﹼﺒﻊ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﻀ‪‬ﺒﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪2. which‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗل‬

‫× ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﻴﺭ ‪ which‬ﻜﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺃﻭ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻗل‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫‪a) The cup is useless.‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪b) The cup is broken.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻤﻜﺴﻭﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪= The cup which (that) is broken is useless.‬‬ ‫= ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻭﺭ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ‪ ) .‬ﻫﻨﺎ ‪ the cup‬ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل(‬
‫‪a) The blackboard became well.‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺒﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﺎﻟﺔٍ ﺠﻴﺩﺓٍ‪.‬‬
‫‪b) He painted the blackboard.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺒﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪= The blackboard which (that) he painted‬‬
‫‪became well.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺒﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻁﻼﺌِﻬﺎ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺒﺤﺎﻟﺔٍ ﺠﻴﺩﺓٍ‪.‬‬
‫‪a) I hired a car.‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﺍﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪b) It broke down after two kilometers.‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻁﻠﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔِ ‪ 2‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪= I hired a car which (that) broke down‬‬
‫‪after two kilometers.‬‬ ‫= ﺍﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻠﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 2‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ،a car = it  ü‬ﻭﺠﺎﺀ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪ it‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤل ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪a) I gave the house a new coat of paint.‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﺃﻋﻁﻴﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﻭﺠﻬﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻼﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪b) It looks very lovely now.‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫‪= The house to which I gave a new coat of‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺠﻤﻴﻼﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪paint looks very lovely now.‬‬ ‫= ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻋﻁﻴﺘﻪ‪ ‬ﻭﺠﻬﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻼﺀ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺠﻤﻴﻼﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‪ the house = it ‬ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤل ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺒﻁ ﻨﻀﻊ ‪ + which‬ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪  v‬‬

‫‪ (1‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ which‬ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻗل ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤل ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻜﺭﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤل ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺩﻻﹸ ﻤﻨﻪ ‪ + which‬ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ‪.‬‬

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

3. whom ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻗل‬/ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬

.‫ ﻜﻀﻤﻴﺭِ ﻭﺼلٍ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻋﺎﻗل‬whom ‫ﻤﻴﺭ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫× ﻴ‬

   u
.‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ ﻭﺍﻷﺨﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ‬،(‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻭل‬‫ﻰ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﺴﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻴ‬
They gave me a present.

(1) ‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬ (2) ‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،whom ‫ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬،‫ﺃ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻔﻌل‬

a) The man wept. .ُ‫ل‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺃ( ﺒﻜﻰ ﺍﻟﺭ‬

b) The manger dismissed the man.
1. .ِ‫لَ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬‫ﺠ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﺩﻴﺭ‬‫ﺏ( ﻓﺼلَ ﺍﻟﻤ‬
= The man whom (that) the manger
dismissed wept. .‫ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤلِ ﺒﻜﻰ‬‫ﺩﻴﺭ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫لُ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﺼﻠﻪ‬‫ﺠ‬‫= ﺍﻟﺭ‬
a) I saw the director. .‫ﺩﻴﺭ‬‫ﺃ( ﺭﺃﻴﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻤ‬
b) He told me to come back tomorrow.
2. .‫ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ ﺃﺭﺠﻊ‬‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬
= The director whom (that) I saw, told me
to come back tomorrow. .‫ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ ﺃﺭﺠﻊ‬‫ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺭﺃﻴﺘﹸﻪ‬‫= ﺍﻟﻤ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(Preposition ‫ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ‬+ whom) ُ‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬،‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬

.‫ﺒﻲ‬‫ﺃ( ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

a) That is the boy.
1. b) I gave him a book. .‫ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﺏ( ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﻁﻴﺘﹸﻪ‬
= That is the boy to whom I gave a book.
.‫ﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﻁﻴﺕﹸ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ‬‫= ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
a) I am going to visit Ahmed. .‫ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺭﺓِ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬‫ﺃ( ﺴﺄﻗﻭﻡ‬
b) I bought him a present.
2. .‫ ﻫﺩﻴﺔﹰ‬‫ﺏ( ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕﹸ ﻟﻪ‬
= I am going to visit Ahmed for whom
I bought a present. .ً‫ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕﹸ ﻫﺩﻴﺔ‬‫= ﺴﺄﻗﻭﻡ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،whom ُ‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬،ٍ‫ﺝ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤﺠﺭﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑِ ﺠﺭ‬

.‫ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬‫ﺃ( ﺫﻫﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ‬

a) Ali went to hospital.
1. b) A stone fell on him. .‫ﺏ( ﺴﻘﻁﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺼﺨﺭﺓ‬
= Ali, on whom a stone fell, went to hospital.
.‫= ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻘﻁﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪِ ﺼﺨﺭﺓ ﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬

.whom ‫ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬،(ٍ‫ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑِ ﺠﺭٍ )ﻤﺠﺭﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑِ ﺠﺭ‬him ‫ﻤﻴﺭ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫( ﺃﻥ‬b) ‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ ﻨﹸﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü
a) Ahmed married Tagreed. .‫ﺝ ﺒﺘﻐﺭﻴﺩ‬‫ﺃ( ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺘﺯﻭ‬
b) He was in love with her.
2. = Ahmed married Tagreed with whom he was in love. .‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﺤﺒ‬‫ﺏ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ‬
.‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﺤﺒ‬‫= ﺘﺯﻭﺝ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﺘﻐﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ‬

33


4. whose (‫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ‬/ ‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻠﻜﻪ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬/ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬

.‫ ﻜﻀﻤﻴﺭِ ﻭﺼلٍ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﻡٍ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﹼﻕ ﺒﻪِ ﺸﻲﺀ‬whose ‫ﻤﻴﺭ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫× ﻴ‬
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺔِ ﻟﻸﺸﺨﺎﺹِ )ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻗلِ( ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕِ )ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻗل( ﻭ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬whose ‫× ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬

a) I met Ali. .‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ﺃ( ﺃﻨﺎ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻴ‬

1. b) Ali’s father is a doctor. .‫ﺏ( ﻭﺍﻟﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‬
= I met Ali whose father is a doctor.
.‫ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺩ‬‫= ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻴ‬

a) My friend is sad. .‫ﺃ( ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ ﺤﺯﻴﻥ‬

2. b) His dog has been killed. .‫ﻪ‬‫ﺏ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﹸﺘِلَ ﻜﻠﺒ‬
= My friend whose dog has been killed is sad.
.‫ ﻗﺩ ﻗﹸﺘِلَ ﺤﺯﻴﻥ‬‫ﻪ‬‫= ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﻠﺒ‬
a) The horse’s leg has been broken. .‫ﺃ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﹸﺴِﺭﺕ ﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻥ‬
b) It had to be shot.
3. .‫ﺏ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬
= The horse whose leg was broken had to be shot.
.‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬‫= ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﹸﺴِﺭﺕ ﺴﺎﻗﻪ‬

5. that ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻗل ﻭﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗل‬/ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬

‫ﻤﻴﺭ‬‫( ﻤﺎﻋـﺩﺍ ﺍﻟـﻀ‬who - which - whom) ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻜﻠﹼﻬـﺎ‬‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭِ ﺍﻟـﺴ‬‫ ﻜﻀﻤﻴﺭِ ﻭﺼلٍ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀ‬that ‫ﻤﻴﺭ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫× ﻴ‬
.whose
.‫ﺍﻟﺦ‬..... ‫ﺓ‬‫ﺔ ـ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻨﺔ ـ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﻤﺔ ـ ﺍﻟﻌﺯ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤ‬،ٍ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹸ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭِ ﺍﺴﻡٍ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ‬that ‫ﻐﹾﻠﹸﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫× ﻴ‬

.‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻴﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬

a) The story is true.
1. b) He told us the story. .‫ﺏ( ﺤﻜﻰ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻴﺔ‬
= The story that (which) he told us is true.
.‫= ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﻜﺎﻫﺎ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬
.‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺃ( ﻗﺎﺘﻠﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠلِ ﺤ‬
a) We fought for our freedom.
2. b) We love our freedom. .‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ ﺤ‬‫ﺏ( ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﹸﺤِﺏ‬
= We fought for our freedom that (which) we love.
.‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﹸﺤﺒﻬﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬‫= ﻗﺎﺘﻠﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠلِ ﺤ‬

a) Ahmed is clever. .‫ﺃ( ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ‬

3. b) Ahmed is a student. .‫ﺏ( ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻁﺎﻟﺏ‬
= Ahmed that (who) is a student is clever.
.‫ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ‬‫ﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫= ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﻁﺎﻟﺏ‬

that v
‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺤﻠﹼﺕ ﻤﺤـل ﺨﻠـﻴﻁٍ ﻤـﻥ‬that ‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬،whom ‫ ﺃﻭ‬which ‫ ﺃﻭ‬who ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬that ‫( ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬1
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ‬
• It is the man behind the camera, not the camera, that is important.
.‫ﻬِﻡ‬‫ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤ‬،‫ل‬‫ﺠ‬‫ل ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬

34
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ that  (2‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺃﻥ‪ (‬ﻫﻲ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻁﻑ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ )‪ (Noun Clause‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻌـل‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ‬
‫)ﺤﺘﻰ( ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ )‪.(Adverbial Clause of Purpose‬‬

‫‪He said that he would like to be present.‬‬ ‫)‪(Noun Clause‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬
‫)ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ(‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‪ ‬ﻴﺭﻏﺏ )ﻴﻭﺩ‪ (‬ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪I think that he is innocent.‬‬ ‫)‪(Noun Clause‬‬ ‫)ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ(‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺘﻘﺩ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‪ ‬ﺒﺭﻱﺀ‪.‬‬
‫)‪He stopped smoking that he might live longer. (Adverbial Clause of Purpose‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺩﺨﻴﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‪ ‬ﺭ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﺃﻁﻭل‪) .‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ (3‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ‪ that‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺍﻟﺫﻱ( ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل ‪ Relative Pronoun‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠـﻪِ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ )‪.(Adjectival Clause‬‬

‫‪The boy that broke the window is waiting outside.‬‬ ‫)‪(Adj. Clause‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺴ‪‬ﺭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺸﱡﺒ‪‬ﺎﻙ ﻴﻨﺘﻅﺭ‪ ‬ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪) .‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ(‬
‫‪The man that I met in the train is a doctor.‬‬ ‫)‪(Adj. Clause‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫)ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺘﻪ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎ ِﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﺒﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (4‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ‪ that‬ﺼﻔﺔ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ( ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ‪.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪That man is foolish.‬‬ ‫)‪(demonstrative adjective‬‬ ‫)ﺼﻔﺔ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ(‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ل ﻏﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (5‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ‪ that‬ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ( ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﺴﻡ‪.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪That is my book.‬‬ ‫)‪(demonstrative pronoun‬‬ ‫)ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ(‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪Relative Pronouns v‬‬

‫‪whom‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻴﻤﻴل ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﻴﺭ ‪) who‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ( ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀ‪‬ﻤﻴﺭ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ(‪.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪That is the man who (whom / that) I met yesterday.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺘﻪ‪ ‬ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ‪.‬‬

‫ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل‬

‫‪ (2‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ‪ what‬ﻜﻀﻤﻴﺭِ ﻭﺼلٍ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ‪.(the thing that‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪What he saw astonished him.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺭﺁﻩ ﺃﺩﻫﺸﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪He didn’t tell us what he did.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‪‬ﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (3‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ )‪ (Adj. Clause‬ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ( ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪why, where, when ….etc.‬‬

‫‪35‬‬


1. why = for which ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺴﺒﺒﻪ‬

• The reason why he refused to stay was not known. .‫ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎﹰ‬‫ﻓﹶﺽ‬‫ﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺴﺒﺒﻪِ ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬

2. where = in / at which ‫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ‬/ ‫)ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ( ﺤﻴﺙﹸ‬

1. The hotel where he was staying caught fire. .‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﹸﻴﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺸﺘﻌﻠﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻴﺭﺍﻥ‬
2. The villa where I spent my boyhood is still standing. .‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻀﻴﺕﹸ ﻁﻔﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬

3. when = in / on / at / during which ‫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ‬/ ‫)ﻟﻠﻭﻗﺕ( ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬

1. Do you remember the day when we first met? ‫ل ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ؟‬‫ﺃﺘﺫﻜﹸﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
2. The day when he arrived, his wife had a baby. .‫ ﻁﻔﻼﹰ‬‫ ﺃﻨﺠﺒﺕ ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺘﹸﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺼل ﻓﻴﻪ‬

‫ ﻻﺒـﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬where ‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫( ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬Relative Adverb) ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻅﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل‬‫( ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻴ‬4
:‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﹸﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ‬

1. The reason he refused to stay was not known. .‫ﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺴﺒﺒﻪِ ﺭﻓﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎﹰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬
2. The hotel he was staying in caught fire. .‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﹸﻴﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺸﺘﻌﻠﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻴﺭﺍﻥ‬
3. The villa I spent my boyhood in is still standing. .‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻀﻴﺕﹸ ﻁﻔﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
4. Do you remember the day we first met? ‫ل ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ؟‬‫ﺃﺘﺫﻜﹸﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
5. The day he arrived, his wife had a baby. .‫ ﻁﻔﻼﹰ‬‫ ﺃﻨﺠﺒﺕ ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺘﹸﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺼل ﻓﻴﻪ‬

 (5
‫ﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬‫ﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻔﻴ‬‫ ﻭﺘﹸﺴﻤ‬،‫ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ‬‫ﺔ ﻤ‬‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻭﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬‫ ﻴ‬ü
‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻔﻴﺔ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬‫ ﻭﻻ ﻴ‬،(contact clause) ‫ﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ‬‫ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤ‬
:‫ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬
The man whom you saw yesterday is a doctor. (defining clause)
1.
= The man you saw yesterday is a doctor. (contact clause)
The family whom I visited invited me to stay. (defining clause)
2.
= The family I visited invited me to stay. (contact clause)

.‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ‬،‫ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ‬whom ‫ ﺃﻭ‬who ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬‫( ﻴ‬6

• The dog, who was chasing rabbits in his sleep, suddenly kicked the table.
.‫ ﺭﻜل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﺠﺄﺓﹰ‬،ِ‫ﻁﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻨﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻤﻪ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ‬

36

ِ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﹸﻁﻘﻬﺎ( ﺒﻴﻥ ﻀـﻤﺎﺌﺭِ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـلِ ﻭﺼـﻔﺎﺕ‬‫( ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل )ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬7
:ِ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡِ ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭِ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬
Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative Adjectives
Relative Pronouns  
 ‫ﻻ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺄل ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺄل ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ‬
who (‫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ )ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋل‬who (‫ ؟ )ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋل‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻤ‬ ------------
whom (‫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ )ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬whom (‫ ؟ )ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻤ‬ ------------
whose (‫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ )ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬whose (‫ ؟ )ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ ﻟِﻤ‬whose + noun ‫ﻥ‬‫ ﻤ‬+ (‫)ﺍﺴﻡ‬
which (‫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ )ﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬which ‫ﻬﻤﺎ ؟‬‫ ﺃﻴ‬which + noun (‫ )ﺍﺴﻡ‬+ ‫ﺃﻱ‬
that ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ------------ ------------
what ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬what ‫ ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ؟‬/ ‫ ﻤﺎ ؟‬what + noun (‫ ﺍﺴﻡ‬+ ‫)ﺃﻱ‬
 


‫ﺎ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻼ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ )ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬،(‫ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ )ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‬ü
.(‫ﺘﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‬
.‫ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﻼﹼ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ‬ü

Exercise No. 7 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence. (Use a relative
pronoun). (‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ )ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺼﻭل‬‫ﻥ ﺠ‬‫( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻜﻭ‬1
1. The minerals are in great quantities. The minerals are found in Egypt.
2. The boat has no sails(‫)ﺃﺸﺭﻋﺔ‬. The boat is on the river.
3. The policeman warned (‫ )ﺤﺫﹼﺭ‬the boy. The boy was driving quickly.
4. Those boys must have good food. You made them work hard.
5. The man helped the girl. He had met her in Gaza.
6. Samy was weeping. I had found Samy’s book.
7. The boy was very clever. His answers were correct answers.
8. I took all these things. I need all these things.
9. This is the man. I met him in London.
10. The man was killed. He was driving a car.
11. I bought this stereo last week. It doesn’t work properly.
12. He’s the person. He’s going to be fired (‫ﻁﺭﺩ‬‫)ﻴ‬.
13. That is the journalist. His article made quite a stir (‫ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ‬/ ‫ )ﺘﻌﻜﻴﺭ‬yesterday.
14. I’m the man. You stole my wallet.
15. They sent a new teacher. She looks nice.
16. We didn’t like the housemaid. The agency sent her.
17. Nadia looked angry. She has been listening to our conversation.
18. I climbed up the stairs. They were newly-painted.

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II) Put a suitable relative pronoun: :‫ﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬‫( ﻀﻊ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل ﻤ‬2

1. The cat …… had been very quiet, suddenly started mewing.
2. I didn’t find the wallet …… you said you’d left under the pillow (‫)ﻭﺴﺎﺩﺓ‬.
3. Mr. Galal, …… had been very sick, died yesterday.
4. I’m the one …… car was stolen last night.
5. That’s the general manager …… is retiring (‫ )ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻋﺩ‬next month.
6. I love cities, …… are big and noisy.
7. He was extremely rude, …… made me very angry.
8. I’ve never met the actor …… lives next door to us.
9. That is one neighbour with …… I’ll never be on good terms (‫)ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻁﻴﺒﺔ‬.
10. The car, …… four wheels were punctured, had to be abandoned (‫)ﻤﻬﺠﻭﺭ‬
11. Students …… names begin with “A” always get examined first …… is unfair (‫ ﻅﺎﻟﻡ‬/ ‫)ﺠﺎﺌﺭ‬.
12. I did …… I could …… wasn’t much.
13. He was very rude to the police officer ……, of course, made things worse.
14. Youssef, ……. wallet was missing, found it under the table.

III) Add the missing word: :‫( ﺃﻀﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺫﻭﻓﺔ‬3

1. I don’t know ……. to do.
2. I asked him ……. to put it.
3. I can’t remember ……. to start this machine.
4. We don’t know ……. to give it to.
5. I don’t know ……. is your house.
6. I can’t imagine ……. you are angry with me.
7. I can’t remember ……. I am supposed to meet him at the station.
8. You must do …….. he tells you.
9. Do you know ……. did it?
10. She hasn’t written to me ……. she is coming.

IV) Remove the relative pronoun and make the necessary changes:
:‫( ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ‬4
1. The captain was the last man that left the sinking ship.
2. Tourists who travel abroad a lot should make prior reservations (‫ﺴﺒﻕ‬‫ )ﺤﺠﺯ ﻤ‬at hotels.
3. The man who was sick was brought to the doctor.
4. Students, who were punished yesterday, are to report to the headmaster’s office.
5. He was the only student who understood the lesson.
6. Guns that have been fired recently are easy to detect.
7. Mona was the first person who saw the flying saucer (‫)ﺼﺤﻥ ﻁﺎﺌﺭ‬.
8. The car that was stolen from the garage was returned to its rightful owner.
9. Plants that are watered by salty water seldom survive.
10. People who want to survive a nuclear was should build proper shelters (‫)ﻤﻼﺠﺊ‬

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
V) Join the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets:
:‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﺘﺩﺀﺍﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠ‬5
1. Romeo and Juliet were deeply in love. Their families hated each other. (Romeo and Juliet ….)
2. I was waiting for a friend. He didn’t come. (The friend ….)
“Swiss Family Robison”, is a story about family. Their ship sank near a desert island. (“Swiss
3.
Family Robison” ……)
4. I saw several apartments. Few of them were suitable. (I saw …..)
5. I was given this address by my friend. I met her at the airport. (I was given …..)
6. A man answered the phone. He said that it was the wrong number. (The man …..)
7. The bed had no springs. I slept on that bed. (The bed ….. )
Before the Gulf War, the roads were crowded with refuges. Many of them were hungry.
8.
(Before the Gulf War …..)
9. Rashid’s leg is still in a plaster cast. He’ll have to watch the match on T.V. (Rashid ….)
10. He wanted to visit me at 11 p.m. This didn’t suit me at all. (He wanted …..)_

VI) Pick out the adjective clause in each of the following sentences:
:‫ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬6
1. This is the dress that my aunt gave me.
2. The cakes which I bought are on the table.
3. The thief who robbed the old lady was arrested.
4. A car that won’t start is of no value to anybody.
5. The police gave the old man who has been robbed his stolen wallet.

VII) Get rid of the relative pronoun (make contact clauses or use the infinitive,
the present participle or the past participle):
‫ﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌـﻭل‬‫( ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل )ﻜﻭ‬7
:((‫)ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬

1. The house which they built fell down after two months.
2. The bus that arrived late was full.
3. The money which he borrowed from his friend was lost.
4. She was the most beautiful girl that attended the party.
5. The street was lead to the university is very wide.
6. Buildings which were built fifty years ago are more robust ‫ ﻗﻭﻱ‬than those are built these days.
7. The man whom I saw at the party yesterday turned out to be my new boss.
8. Books that bored him were usually thrown into the waste basket.
9. Being the last person that arrived that night, he was obliged to sit near the kitchen door.
10. He said that bonds ‫ ﻜﻔﺎﻻﺕ‬/ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ‬that were purchased ‫ ﺸﺭﺍﺀ‬last month made a large profit ‫ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬/‫ ﻋﺎﺌﺩ‬.

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
VIII) Add the missing relative, but where possible, make a contact clause
(without a relative pronoun):
:(‫ ﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ )ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل‬،‫( ﺃﻀﻑ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬8

1. The doctor …… you want has just left.

2. The paper …… you showed me yesterday was very interesting.
3. The flowers …… I cut this morning are still fresh.
4. The barber …… shaved your beard did it very badly.
5. The eggs …… I ate yesterday were delicious.
6. The man about …… you are talking died last week.
7. The knife with …… we cut the bread is very sharp.
8. The knife, …… we use to cut the bread with, is very sharp.
9. The man …… money you stole went to the police.
10. Where is the shop …… sells picture post-cards?

IX) Punctuate the following sentences to show which are defining and which are
non-defining clauses:
:‫ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ‬‫ﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ ﻭﺃﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﻤ‬‫ﺢ ﺃﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬‫( ﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻀ‬9
Many people were injured in the capital Zaire where 10.000 students took part in
1.
a demonstration (‫ )ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬.
2. The river that flows through Cairo is the Nile.
3. The Nile which flows through Cairo is the longest river in the world.
4. I went to see their home which I liked very much.
5. Professor Ali who teaches chemistry is a good teacher.

X) Express differently by means of a relative pronoun:

:‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺎﹰ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻭﺼل‬‫ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔٍ ﻤ‬‫ﺭ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﻤ‬‫( ﻋﺒ‬10

1. The reason for his anger is not known.

2. This is a book on astronomy; there is non better.
3. We are living in profoundly disturbing times.
4. I ended up by making a speech, and I hadn't wanted to.

Time is money.


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

How to change Adjectival Clause into Adjectival Phrase

(How to change from Complex to Phrase)
 

Adjectival Clause Adjective or Adjectival Phrase

‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬ ‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺃﻭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬‫ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‬

verb To Be + ‫ﻴُﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـﻭل‬ ،phrase ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬clause ‫ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ‬simple ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬complex ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ‬ ü
.‫ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻟﻠﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭل‬‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬
.‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼِﻔﻪ‬،(‫ﻔﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ )ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ü
.‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼﻔﻪ‬،(‫ﺭﻜﺒﺔ )ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﻔﺔ ﻤ‬‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ü

The man who is intelligent can overcome his problems. (Complex / Clause)
.ِ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺸﺎﻜِﻠِﻪ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻐﻠﹸﺏ‬‫ﻤﻜِﻨﹶﻪ‬‫لُ( ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺭ‬
1.
The intelligent man can overcome his problems. (Simple / Phrase)
.ِ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺸﺎﻜِﻠِﻪ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻐﻠﹸﺏ‬‫ﻤﻜِﻨﹶﻪ‬‫لُ( ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻲ ﻴ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺭ‬

‫ ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﻤـﻥ‬،(‫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺒـﺴﻴﻁﺔ )ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ‬intelligent ‫ﻔﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻨﹸﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ‬ E
،(‫( ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ )ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺘـﺼﻔﻪ‬Simple /Phrase) ‫( ﺇﻟﻰ‬Complex /Clause)
.(verb to be ‫ )ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭل ﻭ‬who is ‫ ﺤﺫﻑ‬‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ‬

I bought a suit which is made of wool. (Complex / Clause)

.‫ﻭﻑ‬‫ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕﹸ ﺒﺩﻟﺔﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
2.
I bought a suit made of wool. (Simple / Phrase)
.‫ﻭﻑ‬‫ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕﹸ ﺒﺩﻟﺔﹰ ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

‫ ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﻤـﻥ‬،(‫ﺭﻜﹼﺒـﺔ )ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ ﺼـﻔﺔ ﻤ‬made of wool ‫ﻔﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻟـﺼ‬‫ﻨﹸﻼﺤﻅ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜـﺎل ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ‬ E
،(a suit) (‫( ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ) ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼﻔﻪ‬Simple /Phrase) ‫( ﺇﻟﻰ‬Complex /Clause)
.(verb to be ‫ )ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭل ﻭ‬which is ‫ ﺤﺫﻑ‬‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

Adjectival Clauses Adjectival Phrase

‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬‫ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩ ﺠ‬
People who are learned behave wisely. Learned People behave wisely.
1.
.‫ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻫﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﻴﺘﺼﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜلٍ ﺤﻜﻴﻡ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﻴﺘﺼﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜلٍ ﺤﻜﻴﻡ‬
The man who was wounded could regain his The wounded man could regain his health.
2. health.
.‫ﺼﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﺎﻓﻴﺘﻪ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺠ‬ .‫ﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﺎﻓﻴﺘﻪ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺠ‬
Students who are careless are always punished. Careless students are always punished.
3.
.‫ﻌﺎﻗﺒﻭﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﱡﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﻭﺍ ﻤﻬﻤِﻠﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴ‬ .‫ﻌﺎﻗﺒﻭﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﱡﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤِﻠﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴ‬

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‫‪‬‬
‫‪The man called Hany, did the work.‬‬
‫‪The man who is called Hany did the work.‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠ‪‬لُ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻋﻭ ﻫﺎﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠ‪‬لُ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ‪‬ﺩﻋﻰ ﻫﺎﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل‪.‬‬
‫‪Or: Hany did the work.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل‪.‬‬
‫‪Mr. Mazen, whom you visited yesterday, is‬‬
‫‪dead.‬‬
‫‪ Mr. Mazen, your host of yesterday is dead.‬ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺩ ﻤﺎﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺯ‪‬ﺭﺘﻪ‪ ‬ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ ﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫• ﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‪ visited :‬ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺜﺎﻟـﺙ ﻤ‪‬ـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺩ ﻤﺎﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﺼﻴﻔﹸﻙ‪ ‬ﻟﻸﻤﺱ ﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﺼﻔﺔٍ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ Mr. Mazen‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤ‪‬ﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ‪.is‬‬
‫‪Nadia, the owner of the blue car, is‬‬
‫‪Nadia, who owns the blue car, is downstairs.‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬ ‫‪downstairs.‬‬
‫ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺎﺒﻕِ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟِﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﺴ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺎﺒﻕِ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل‪.‬‬
‫‪The book which you recommended me to The book recommended by you was‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬ ‫‪read was excellent.‬‬ ‫‪excellent.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻭﺼﻴﺘﻨﻲ ﺒﻘﺭﺃﺘﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺍﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼ‪‬ﻰ ﻤﻨﻙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺍﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪The advice you gave caused me much Your advice caused me much trouble.‬‬
‫‪trouble.‬‬ ‫ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺘﹸﻙ‪ ‬ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل‪.‬‬
‫‪8.‬‬ ‫‪ Or: The advice given by you caused me‬ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺴﺩﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل‪.‬‬
‫‪ • much trouble.‬ﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺍﺒﻁﺔ ‪ which‬ﻤﺤﺫﻭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻪ‪ ‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺎﻋـل‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ‪ you‬ﻭ‪.the advice‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺴﺩﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل‪.‬‬
‫‪The girl who was deaf couldn't hear the noise. The deaf girl couldn't hear the noise.‬‬
‫‪9.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺼﻤ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻭﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻭﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪I met the man who is blind in the street.‬‬ ‫‪I met the blind man in the street.‬‬
‫‪10.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﻤﻰ )ﻤﻜﻔﻭﻑ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ل ﺍﻷﻋﻤﻰ )ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻔﻭﻑ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪The man who had robbed the bank was arrested.‬‬ ‫‪The robber of the bank was arrested.‬‬
‫‪11.‬‬ ‫ﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺴﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻙ ﻗﹸﺒِ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻙ ﻗﹸﺒِﺽ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﺭ ﹸ‬
‫‪The people whom you invited are wanted.‬‬ ‫‪The people invited by you are wanted.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺩ‪‬ﻋﻭﺘﻬﻡ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﻭﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺩ‪‬ﻋﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻙ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪12.‬‬
‫• ﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‪ invited :‬ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬـﺎ ﺘـﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺜﺎﻟـﺙ‬
‫ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﺼﻔﺔٍ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ ‪.are‬‬
‫‪The man whom the manager dismissed wept.‬‬ ‫‪The dismissed man wept.‬‬
‫‪13.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻁﺭﺩﻩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﻜﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﻜﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪Birds which migrate have strong wings.‬‬ ‫‪Migrating birds have strong wings.‬‬
‫‪14.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﱡﻴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺠﻨﺤﺔ ﻗﻭﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﱡﻴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤُﻬﺎﺠﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺠﻨﺤﺔ ﻗﻭﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪A cup which is broken is useless.‬‬ ‫‪A broken cup is useless.‬‬
‫‪15.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻜﺴﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻭﺭ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪Farmers who possess burnt land will get money.‬‬ ‫‪Farmers possessing burnt land will get money.‬‬
‫‪16.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻭﻥ ﻷﺭﺍﺽٍ ﻤﺤﺭﻭﻗﺔٍ ﺴﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺭﺍﺽٍ ﻤﺤﺭﻭﻗﺔ ﺴﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪The car she bought is very expensive.‬‬ ‫‪The car bought by her is very expensive.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﻤﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺸﺘﺭﺍﺓ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﻤﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪17.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‪ bought :‬ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺜﺎﻟـﺙ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪the‬‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭل ‪ which‬ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘـﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌـﺩ ‪car‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻤﺤﺫﻭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻪ‪ ‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ‪ she‬ﻭ ‪. the car‬‬ ‫ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ ‪.is‬‬

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
The government gave money to the people The government gave money to the owner
18. whose houses were burnt. of the burnt houses.
.‫ﺃﻋﻁﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹِ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﻗﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺯﻟﻬﻡ‬ .‫ﺤﺘﺭِﻗﺔ‬‫ﺃﻋﻁﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﻷﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻟﻤ‬
The battle that they lost was a great one. The lost battle was a great one.
19.
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺨﺴﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔﹰ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔﹰ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺴﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔﹰ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔﹰ‬
The illustrations which are valuable are kept The valuable illustrations are kept in
20. in museums. museums.
.‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﹸﺤﻔﻅ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ‬ .‫ﻤﺔ ﺘﹸﺤﻔﻅ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴ‬

Exercise No. 8 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

v Change adjectival clauses into phrases:

:‫ﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺷﺒﺎهِ ﺟُﻤﻞ وﺻﻔﯿّﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮّل اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘّﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬

1. The road which they destroyed joined two cities. .‫ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺩﻤﺭﻭﻩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ‬
The man who wrote these papers died many years ago.
2.
.ٍ‫ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕٍ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬
The man who invited this rocket made more advanced rockets.
3.
.‫ ﺼﻭﺍﺭﻴﺦ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻘﺩﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ﺎﺭﻭﺥ ﺼﻨﹶﻊ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﻉ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬
4. The people whom they employed are very clever. .‫ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻅﻔﻭﻫﻡ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﻭﻥ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬
5. The stories that he writes are tragedies. .‫ﺍﻟﻘِﺼﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺄﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬
6. The man whose car was damaged is still alive. .‫ ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬‫ﺭﺕ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻪ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺩ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬
The manuscripts that they found in the desert clear many things
7.
.‫ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﺢ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻭﻀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺠﺩﻭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
The papers which were very old are written in a strange language.
8.
.(ٍ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻠﹸﻐﺔٍ ﻏﺭﻴﺒﺔٍ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬

Deeds, not words.



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


How to change from Simple Sentence into Complex Sentence

Or: How to change from Phrase into Clause
 

.phrase ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬clause ‫ﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺒﻌﻜﺱ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴ‬clause ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬phrase ‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬ -
Adjective or Adjectival phrase Adjectival clause
‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬
‫ﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻐﺔ‬‫ ( ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟـﺼ‬adjectival clause) ‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬‫ﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﺃﻱ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼ‬ü
:‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
 verb to Be 

Adjectival Phrase (Simple ) Adjectival Clause ( Complex )

‫ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩ ﺠﻤل ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴ‬
The clever boy succeeds every year. The boy who is clever succeeds every year.
1.
.‫ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻫﺭ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﻜل ﺴﻨﺔ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺍﹰ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﻜل ﺴﻨﺔ‬
The wise man can solve his problems. The man who is wise can solve his problems.
2.
. ‫لُ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤل ﻤﺸﺎﻜﻠﻪ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬ . ‫لُ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﻜﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﺤل ﻤﺸﺎﻜﻠﻪ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬
People living in Gaza enjoy the sea. People who are living in Gaza enjoy the sea.
‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ )ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ( ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﻴﻥ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻁﻨﻴﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﻏـﺯﺓ ﻴـﺴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﻥ‬Or: People who live in Gaza enjoy the sea.
.‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ )ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ( ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺴﻜﻨﻭﻥ )ﻴﻘﻁﻨﻭﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻴـﺴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬
3.
.‫ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬
The pupils in the third year must work hard. The pupils who are in the third year must
4. .ٍ‫ﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺴ‬work hard.
.ٍ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﺒﺠﺩ‬
I have read an interesting story. I have read a story which was interesting.
5.
.‫ﺃﺕﹸ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ ﻤﺴﻠﻴﺔﹰ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺭ‬ .‫ﺃﺕﹸ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺴﻠﻴﺔﹰ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺭ‬
I saw a wonderful film. I saw a film which was wonderful.
6.
.‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕﹸ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺭﺍﺌﻌﺎﹰ‬ .‫ﺕ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﺌﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﹸ‬
Khalil lives in an air-conditioned house. Khalil lives in a house which is air-
7. .‫ ﺨﻠﻴل ﻴﺴﻜﻥ )ﻴﻘﻁﹸﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺕٍ ﻤﻜﻴﻑِ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬conditioned.
.‫ﻑ‬‫ﺨﻠﻴل ﻴﺴﻜﻥ )ﻴﻘﻁﹸﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺕٍ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭﺍﺌﻪ ﻤﻜﻴ‬
We live in a house containing many rooms. We live in a house which is containing
.‫ )ﻨﻘﻁﹸﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺕٍ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻑ‬‫ ﻨﺴﻜﹸﻥ‬many rooms.
8. Or: We live in a house which contains many
rooms.
.‫ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺕٍ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻑ‬‫ﻨﺴﻜﹸﻥ‬

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

Exercise No. 9 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

v Change the following sentences from Simple to Complex and vice versa:
:ِ‫ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓٍ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﻤلٍ ﻤ‬‫ﻤلٍ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬
.‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل‬‫ﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤ‬ ×

1. Violent wind pull out trees. .‫ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺼﻔﺔ ﺘﻘﺘﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ‬

2. The students answered the questions which are difficult.

3. The government decided to educate the illiterate people (‫)ﺃُﻨﺎﺱ ﺃُﻤﻴﻴﻥ‬.
4. The man playing piano is my friend.
5. The girl who has golden hair, answers well.
6. My friend bought a car which was old.
7. Our brave soldiers have freed our land.
8. His broad minded thought has helped us.
9. Books which are written by hand are put in museums.
10. Minerals found in Egypt will help in developing the country.
11. Hard working students always attain (‫ ﻴﺒﻠﹸﻎ‬/ ‫ )ﻴﺤﻘﻕ‬their ends.
12. The passengers on this train escaped death.
13. The people like faithful friends.
14. The carpenter repaired the broken chair.
15. Clouds which were heavy caused rain today.
16. Narrow minded people always face troubles.
17. We admire their unconquerable spirit. .‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﹸﻌﺠﺏ ﺒﺭﻭﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﹸﻘﻬﺭ‬
18. Homeless children should be housed in healthy homes.
19. The goods which were in the shop window were damaged by fire.
20. A useful book gives knowledge.

He laughs best who laughs last.



45


3. Adverbial Clause and Adverbial Phrases

 

Adverbial Clauses v
.‫ ﺍﻟﺦ ﺤﺩﺙ ﻓِﻌلٌ ﻤﺎ‬... ،‫ ﻓﺘﹸﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ‬،Adverb ‫ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل‬ü
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(Subordinating Conjunctions) ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﺒﻌﻴ‬ü
while, where, because, if, as, although, ...etc.

‫( ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘـﺩﺓ‬Subordinating Conjunctions) ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﺒﻌﻴ‬ ü
‫ ﺘﺘﺒـﻊ‬‫ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘـﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ‬Subordinate Clause ‫ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬،Complex Sentence
:main (principle) clause ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬

• He went home because he was tired. (complex) (‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ )ﺠ‬.‫ﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬‫ﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬
   ♦
‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻁﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﻌﻴ‬ .because ‫ﺔ ﻫﻭ‬‫ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﻌﻴ‬ .1
because he was tired ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬ .2
he went home ‫ﺔ ﻫﻲ‬‫ﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ .3
• Because he was tired, he went home. (complex) (‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ )ﺠ‬.‫ﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ ﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬‫ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬
‫ﺔ ﺒـﺩﺃﺕ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ ﺃﻥ‬: ♦
.‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. He went home because he was tired. .‫ﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬‫ﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬
2. Because he was tired, he went home. .‫ﺘﻌﺒﺎﹰ ﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬‫ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬
3. He went for a walk although it was raining. .‫ﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻴﺘﻤﺸﹼﻰ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﻤﻁﺭ‬
4. Although it was raining, he went for a walk. .‫ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻴﺘﻤﺸﹼﻰ‬،‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﻤﻁﺭ‬

.‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓِ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬‫( ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠ‬comma) (,) ‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬ v

 - E

Adverbial Clause of Place   .1

Adverbial Clause of Time   .2
Adverbial Clause of Cause (Reason)   .3
Adverbial Clause of Purpose   .4
Adverbial Clause of Result (Consequence)   .5
Adverbial Clause of Contrast   .6

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

Adverbial Clause of Manner   .7

Adverbial Clause of Comparison   .8
Adverbial Clause of Condition   .9
Adverbial Clause of Degree   .10
Adverbial Clause of Exception   .11
Adverbial Clause of Preference  .12
Adverbial Clause of Proportion   .13

Adverbial Phrase v
‫ أو ﯾُﺒ ﯿّﻦ ﺳ ﺒﺐ أو‬،‫ أو ﯾُﺤ ﺪِد ﻣﻜ ﺎن أو زﻣ ﺎن وﻗﻮﻋ ﮫ‬،(‫ اﻟ ﺦ‬... ‫ ﺗﻘ ﻮم أﺷ ﺒﺎه اﻟﺠُﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻈّﺮﻓﯿّ ﺔ ﺑﺘﻌ ﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﻌﻨ ﻰ اﻟﻔﻌ ﻞ )أو اﻟ ﺼّﻔﺔ‬ü
.‫اﻟﺦ‬... ‫ﻏﺮض أو ﺷﺮط وﻗﻮﻋﮫ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒـ‬ ‫ـﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁـ‬ ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺤـ‬Preposition ‫ـﺭ‬ ‫ـﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠـ‬ ‫ـﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺒﺤـ‬‫ـﺔ ﻋـ‬ ‫ـ‬‫ـل ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﻤـ‬‫ـﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ـﺩﺃ ﺃﺸـ‬ ‫ ﻭﺘﺒـ‬ü
‫( ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌـﻭل‬Present Participle) (ing –form) ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬،Compound Conjunctions
.(‫( )ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬Past Participle)

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

He smiled wickedly. (adv. Phrase of manner)

1.
(‫ﺔ( )ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬‫ )ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤ‬.ٍ‫ ﺒﻜﺭﺍﻫﻪ‬‫ﺍﺒﺘﺴﻡ‬
He smiled in a wickedly way. (adv. Phrase of manner)
2.
(‫ )ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬.(‫)ﺸﺭﻴﺭﺓ‬.ٍ‫ﺍﺒﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﻜﺭﻴﻬﺔ‬
He arrived at four o’clock. (adv. Phrase of time)
3.
(‫ )ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﺎﻥ‬.‫ﻫﻭ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ‬
She went into the garden. (adv. Phrase of place)
4.
(‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺔ ﻤﺒﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ )ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‬.‫ﻫﻲ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ‬
Being ill, he was absent yesterday. (adv. Phrase of reason)
5.
(‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺏ‬‫ﺔ ﻤﺒﻴ‬‫ )ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‬.ِ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬
Going home, he ran into his friend. (adv. Phrase of time)
6.
(‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ‬‫ )ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‬.ِ‫ ﺍﺼﻁﺩﻡ )ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻰ( ﺒﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﺍﻫﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ‬
He studied hard, in order to succeed. (adv. Phrase of purpose)
7.
(‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ )ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‬.‫ﻫﻭ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬
But for his illness, he would succeeded. (adv. Phrase of condition)
8.
(‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﹼﺭﻁ‬‫ﺔ ﻤﺒﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ )ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‬.‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ‬،‫ﻀﻪ‬‫ﻟﻭﻻ )ﺒﺩﻭﻥ( ﻤﺭ‬

‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‬.‫ﺔ ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﹸﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü
.‫ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻅﺭﻑ‬،‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬‫ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‬
He went on foot to the station at four o’clock. .‫ﻫﻭ ﺫﻫﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﺍﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ‬

Adverbial clause of manner place time

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

 |
phraseClause

1. Adverbial Clauses of Place 

:"where" ‫• ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬

where ‫ﺤﻴﺙﹸ‬ whence ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻥ‬/ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ‬

wherever ‫ﺤﻴﺜﹸﻤﺎ‬ any where ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬/ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬

.(‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫)ﺃﻱ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬ ü

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. I don’t know where he went. .‫ﻻ ﺍﻋﻠﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ )ﺃﻴﻥ( ﺫﻫﺏ‬

2. I found your pen where you dropped it. .‫ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹸ ﻗﻠﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺭ ﺤﻴﺜﹸﻤﺎ ﺃﻀﻌﺘﻪ‬
3. Bad luck follows him wherever he goes. .‫ﻼﺤﻘﻪُ" ﺤﻴﺜﹸﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻫﺏ‬‫ﻴﺊ ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻅﱡ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
4. I don’t know whence he came. .‫ﻻ ﺃﻋﻠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺃﺘﻰ‬

How to change from Adverbial Clause to Adverbial Phrase



‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬
Adverbial Clause Adverb or Adverbial Phrase
‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬
‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‬ (‫ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻅﺭﻑ )ﺤﺎل‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻅﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠ‬

‫ﺔ )ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ( ﺇﻟـﻰ‬‫ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﻌﻴ‬،‫ﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬‫ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﺴﻡ ﻴ‬،‫ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠﱡﺹِ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ü
.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴ‬‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻘﻠﻙ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤ‬‫ ﺜﻡ‬،‫ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅٍ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔٍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺄﺘﻲ‬

How to change from Adverbial Clause of Place into Phrase

 

:‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬،Phrase ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬Clause ‫ﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬ü

Clause Phrase
where ‫ﺤﻴﺙﹸ‬
wherever ‫ﺤﻴﺜﹸﻤﺎ‬ in, at, on, .. etc, every where ‫ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬
whence ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻥ‬/ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ‬
any where ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬/ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ no where ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻻ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬/ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬

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

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

Clause Phrase
She goes with him where he goes. She goes with him every where.
1.
.‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﻴﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬
You can go whence you came. You can go back.
2.
.‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﺃﺘﻴﺕ‬ .‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ‬
The sun was where the sea meets the sky. The sun was at the horizon.
3.
.‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﻴﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷُﻓﹸﻕ‬
He made friends wherever he went. He made friends every where.
4.
.‫ﺍﺘﺨﺫ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ ﺤﻴﺜﹸﻤﺎ ﺫﻫﺏ‬ .‫ﺍﺘﺨﺫ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬
Do you know where he hides the map? Do you know the place of the hidden map?
5.
‫ﺊ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ؟‬‫ﺨﺒ‬‫ﻫل ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ؟‬‫ﺨﺒ‬‫ﻫل ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬
She showed them where she had hidden
She showed them the place of the hidden bag.
6. the bag.
.‫ﺃﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺒﻭﺀﺓ‬
.‫ﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ‬‫ﺃﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺨﺒ‬
New building are standing where old New building are standing in the place of the
7. cottages once stood. old cottages.
.‫ﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﻑ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻜﻭﺍﺥ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬
ٍ ‫ﻤﺒﺎ‬ .‫ﻤﺒﺎﻥٍ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﻑ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻜﻭﺍﺥ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬

Like father, like son.



49


2. Adverbial Clauses of Time 

-:‫ ﻭﻫﻲ‬،(when) ‫ﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬‫ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺠ‬‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺯ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫• ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬

when ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ while ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ as ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬

wherever ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺕ‬/ ‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ‬ every time ‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ‬ before ‫ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ‬
as long as ‫ ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ‬/ ‫ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬ until ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ after ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
since ‫ﻤﻨﺫﹸ‬ till ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ the moment ‫ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
/ ‫ﻓﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ‬
immediately ‫ﻓﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ‬ once ‫ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ‬/ ‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ‬ as soon as
‫ﺩ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺠﺭ‬‫ﺒﻤ‬
the first time ‫ﺓ‬‫ل ﻤﺭ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬ the last time ‫ﺓ ﺍﻷﺨﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭ‬ the next time ‫ﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭ‬
where upon ‫ﻭﺤﻴﻨﺫﺍﻙ‬ hardly … when… ‫ ﺤﺘﻰ‬... ‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ‬ scarcely … when … ‫ ﺤﺘﻰ‬... ‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ‬

no sooner … than … ‫ ﺤﺘﻰ‬... ‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. I saw my friend, when I arrived. .‫ﺭﺃﻴﺕ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻠﺕﹸ‬

2. As I was walking, I met an old friend. .‫ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﺼﺩﻴﻕ ﻗﺩﻴﻡ‬،‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ‬
3. While I was shaving, the telephone rang. .‫ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺘﻑ‬‫ ﺭﻥ‬،‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺃﺤﻠِﻕﹸ ﺫﻗﻨﻲ‬
4. Before he went out, he had given me a prize. .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﻁﺎﻨﻲ ﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓﹰ‬،‫ﺝ‬‫ ﻴﺨﺭ‬‫ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ‬
5. After he had written the letter, he posted it. .‫ ﺃﺭﺴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬،‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
6. He waited outside the gate, till we arrived. .‫ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ‬،‫ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺔ‬‫ﺃﻨﺘﻅﺭ‬
7. I haven’t seen him, since he got married. .‫ ﻤﻨﺫﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺯﻭﺝ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﺭﻩ‬
8. Hardly had he arrived when he started work. .‫ ﻭﺼلَ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
9. No sooner had he arrived than he started work. .‫ ﻭﺼلَ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ‬

 v
.‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬since ‫ﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬perfect tenses ‫ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻻﹰ ﺘﺎﻤﺔﹰ‬.1
:‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﻤ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺭ‬.2

hardly ‫ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ‬when ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ scarcely ‫ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ‬when ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬
no sooner ‫ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ‬than ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

extra-ordinary cases (‫ﺔ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻔﺎﺠﺌﺔ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﻴ‬when ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﻭﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ü
:‫ ﻤﺜـل‬،‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬،(.... ‫ ﺤﺘﻰ‬... ‫ﻭﻜﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ) ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ‬
.when

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
‫ﺙ ﻓـﻲ‬‫( ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل )ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩ‬had) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬،Present Perfect ‫ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﺎﻀﻴﺎﹰ ﺘﺎﻤﺎﹰ‬ü
:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬،(‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬

Hardly had he opened the envelop when an explosion was heard.

.ٍ‫ ﺼﻭﺕﹶ ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭ‬‫ﻤِﻊ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﻴﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺴ‬

 3
after, when, as soon as, before, till, until, the moment

‫ـﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺤـﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل ﺍﻷﺨـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬‫ﺃ( ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬
.(‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺩ‬‫)ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

after, when, as soon as, before, till, until, the moment + 

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

After I finish (or have finished) my work, I’ll go to the

1. .‫ ﺴﺄﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬،‫ ﺃُﻨﻬﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
cinema.
2. I will visit him as soon as I phone (or have phoned) him. .ِ‫ ﺃﺘﺼل ﺒﻪ‬‫ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺴﺄﺯﻭﺭﻩ‬
She will prepare the dinner before she goes (or has
3. .‫ﺝ‬‫ ﺘﺨﺭ‬‫ﺭ ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺴﺘﹸﺤﻀ‬
gone) out.
4. We will wait until he arrives (or has arrived). .‫ﺴﻨﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﻴﺼل‬
5. When I get (or have got) my visa, I’ll travel to Paris. .‫ ﺴﺄُﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﺭﻴﺱ‬،‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﺯﺘﻲ )ﺘﺄﺸﻴﺭﺘﻲ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺃﺤﺼ‬
I’ll send him a letter the moment I know (or have
6. .ِ‫ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺠﺎﺤِﻪ‬‫ ﺃﺴﻤﻊ‬‫ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
َ ‫ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ‬‫ﺴﺄُﺭﺴلُ ﻟﻪ‬
known) of his success.

  ü
. after, when, as soon as, till, until, the moment ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ‬ §
. before ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ‬ §

‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻲ‬،‫ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺎﺽٍ ﺘﺎﻡ‬after, when, as soon as, till, until ‫ﺏ( ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
.(‫ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬،‫ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬before ‫ﺝ( ﻭﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
.(‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬

 + after, when, as soon as + 

 + before + 

till, until + 

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

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

7. After he had eaten dinner, he went for a walk. .‫ ﺨﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻲ‬،‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ‬
8. Before he went for a walk, he had eaten dinner. .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ‬،‫ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻲ‬
9. He didn’t go for a walk until (till) he had eaten dinner. .‫ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ‬،‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻲ‬

 ü
‫ ﻭﻴﻭﻀـﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺎﻡ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺩﺜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬ ♦
.‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬
.‫ ﻭﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ‬،until ‫ ﻭ‬till ‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ♦

I commit my affair to Allah.



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

How to change from Adverbial Clause of Time into Phrase

 

:‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬،Phrase ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬Clause ‫ل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬ü

Clause Phrase
when in / at / on
after, before after / before
as, while during / while
till, until till / until
noun ‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬
since since + poss. adj. ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬
or
the moment just on gerund ‫ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل‬
as soon as,
no sooner … than …, immediately on / after / just on /
scarcely … when …, on / as soon as + poss. adj. ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬
hardly … when …

when in, at, on + noun or gerund

Clause Phrase
When he saw his mother, he ran towards her. On seeing his mother, he ran towards her.
1.
.‫ ﺠﺭﻯ ﻨﺤﻭﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻪ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺃُﻤ‬ .‫ ﺠﺭﻯ ﻨﺤﻭﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻪ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻪ ﺃُﻤ‬
When he arrived, she was angry. On his arrival, she was angry.
2.
.‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻭﺼل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺔﹰ‬ .‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺼﻭﻟﻪ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺔﹰ‬
When he came, I was sleeping. On his coming, I was sleeping.
3.
.‫ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻨﺎﺌﻤﺎﹰ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺤﻀﺭ‬ .‫ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻨﺎﺌﻤﺎﹰ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﻀﻭﺭﻩ‬
When she heard the news, she fainted. On hearing the news, she fainted .
4.
.‫ﺕﹸ ﺍﻷﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺃُﻏﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬‫ﻤِﻌ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺴ‬ .‫ﻋﻨﺩِ ﺴﻤﺎﻉِ ﺍﻷﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺃُﻏﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬

after 1) after + noun or gerund

Or 2) having + p.p

before before + noun or gerund

Clauses Phrases
After he had eaten dinner, he went for a walk. After eating dinner, he went for a walk .
1.
.‫ ﺨﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻲ‬،‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ‬ Or: Having eaten dinner, he went for a walk.
.‫ ﺨﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻲ‬،‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ‬
They came after they had received the After receiving the telegram, they came.
2. telegram. Or: Having received the telegram, they came.
.‫ﺠﺎﺀﻭﺍ )ﺤﻀﺭﻭﺍ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬ .(‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﺀﻭﺍ )ﺤﻀﺭﻭﺍ‬

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
After they had finished the work, they went After finishing the work, they went home.
home. Or: Having finished the work, they went
3.
.‫ ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ )ﻋﺎﺩﻭﺍ( ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ‬،‫ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ‬ home.
.‫ ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ )ﻋﺎﺩﻭﺍ( ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ‬،‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻨﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
They had studied the plans before they They had studied the plans before starting
4. started the project. the project.
.‫ ﻴﺒﺩﺀﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺩﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺨِﻁﻁ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ‬ .‫ ﻗﺒل ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‬،‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺩﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺨِﻁﻁ‬
He had sent a telegram before she arrived. He had sent a telegram before her arrival.
5.
.َ‫ ﺘﺼِل‬‫لَ ﺒﺭﻗﻴﺔﹰ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺭﺴ‬ .‫لَ ﺒﺭﻗﻴﺔﹰ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺼﻭﻟِﻬﺎ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺭﺴ‬

while / as 1) while + noun or gerund

Or 2) during + noun or gerund

:‫ﺤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬‫( ﺴﻨﻭﻀ‬simple / phrase) ‫( ﺇﻟﻰ‬complex / clause) ‫ ﻤﻥ‬As ‫ ﺃﻭ‬While ‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬ü

• While (As) I was studying my lessons, my friends came. (clause / complex)

.‫ ﺤﻀﺭ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻲ‬،‫ ﺩﺭﻭﺴﻲ‬‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﺩﺭﺱ‬
1. While studying my lessons, my friends came. (phrase / simple)
2. During studying my lessons, my friends came. (phrase / simple)
3. Studying my lessons, my friends came. (phrase / simple)
.‫ ﺤﻀﺭ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻲ‬،‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺩﺭﻭﺴﻲ‬

Clauses Phrases
He met her while he was walking in the Walking in the street, he met her.
1. street. .‫ﺘِﻪِ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉِ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻬﺎ‬‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤِﺸﹾﻴ‬
.‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻤﺸﹼﻰ )ﻴﻤﺸﻲ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ‬
While (As) his friends fought with the During his friends fight with the enemy, he hid
2. enemy, he hid himself. himself.
.‫ﻪ‬‫ﺄ ﻨﻔﺴ‬‫ ﺨﹶﺒ‬،‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﺘل ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻭ‬ .‫ﻪ‬‫ﺄ ﻨﻔﺴ‬‫ ﺨﹶﺒ‬،‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﺘﺎل ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻭ‬
While (As) I was singing, I coughed. While singing, I coughed.
3.
.‫ﺕﹸ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻏﻨﹼﻲ ﻜﹶﺤ‬ . ‫ﺕﹸ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻜﹶﺤ‬
While he was climbing the tree, he slipped. Climbing the tree, he slipped.
4.
.‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﺴﻠﹼﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺠﺭﺓ ﺘﺯﺤﻠﻕ‬ .‫ﻠﱡﻘِﻪِ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺠﺭﺓﹶ ﺘﺯﺤﻠﻕ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﹶﺴ‬

until until
+ noun or gerund
till till

Clauses Phrases
She will not leave until he comes. She will not leave until (his) coming.
1.
.‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻥ ﺘﹸﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﻴﺤﻀﺭ‬ .(‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻥ ﺘﹸﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺤﻀﻭﺭﻩ )ﺍﻟﺤﻀﻭﺭ‬
They waited until (till) the work began. They waited until (till) the beginning of work.
2.
.‫ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺭﻭﺍ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ .‫ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺭﻭﺍ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
He waited till it appeared again. He waited till its second appearance.
3.
.‫ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻅﻬﺭ‬‫ﺃﻨﺘﻅﹶﺭ‬ .(‫ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔﹰ )ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﺃﻨﺘﻅﹶﺭ‬

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

since since + poss. adj. + noun or gerund

since ‫( ﻭﻭﻀـﻊ‬my, his, her, it, their, your, our) :‫( ﻤﺜل‬poss. adj.) ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ü
.‫ﻟﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ‬

Clauses Phrases
I haven’t seen him since he returned from I haven’t seen him since his return from the
1. the U.S.A. U.S.A.
.‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴ‬‫ ﻋﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﺃﻥ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﺭ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴ‬‫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻭﺩﺘﻪ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﺭ‬
He hasn’t sent letters since (his) departing
He hasn’t sent letters since he departed.
2. (departure).
.َ‫ل‬‫ﺤ‬‫ ﺭ‬‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺭﺴل ﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﻤ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬
.ِ‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﺭﺤِﻴِﻠِﻪ‬‫ﺭﺴل ﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﻤ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬
Since (his) death, no one has visited his
Since he died, no one has visited his family.
3. family.
.‫ ﺃﺤﺩ‬‫ﺭ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺘﻪ‬‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺯ‬،‫ ﻤﺎﺕ‬‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻤ‬
.‫ ﺃﺤﺩ‬‫ﺭ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺘﻪ‬‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺯ‬،‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﻭﻓﺎﺘﻪ‬‫ﻤ‬
He has left his home since they arrived. He has left his home since their arrival.
4.
.‫ ﻭﺼﻠﻭﺍ‬‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺭﺤلَ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪِ ﻤ‬ .‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﻭﺼﻭﻟﻬﻡ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺭﺤلَ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪِ ﻤ‬
She neglected every thing since her child She neglected every thing since the death of
5. died. her child.
.‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﻤﺎﺕ ﻁﻔﻠﻬﺎ‬‫ﻠﹶﺕﹾ ﻜﹸلّ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺃﻫ‬ .‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﻁﻔﻠﻬﺎ‬‫ﻠﹶﺕﹾ ﻜﹸلّ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺃﻫ‬

the moment just on + noun or gerund

Clauses Phrases
The moment he rang the bell, two men
Just on ringing the bell, two men came.
1. came.
.‫ﻼﻥ‬‫ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺭﺠ‬،‫ﺭﺱ‬‫ﺒﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺭﻋِﻪِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻀ‬
.‫ﻼﻥ‬‫ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺭﺠ‬،‫ﺭﺱ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ ﻗﹶﺭ‬‫ﻟﺤﻅﹶﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ‬
The moment he read that letter, he left (Just on) Reading that letter, he left our village.
2. our village. .‫ ﻏﺎﺩﺭ ﻗﺭﻴﺘﻨﺎ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ‬
.‫ ﻗﺭﻴﺘﻨﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ ﻏﺎﺩ‬،‫ﻥ ﻗﺭﺃ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ‬
 ‫ﻟﺤﻅﹶﺔﹶ ﺃ‬ .Just on ‫ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ‬ •
I shall send him a letter the moment I I shall send him a letter just on knowing of his
3. know of his success. success.
.ِ‫ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺤِﻪ‬‫ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﻟﺤﻅﹶﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺴﺄُﺭﺴِلُ ﻟﻪ‬ .ِ‫ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺤِﻪ‬‫ﺴﺄُﺭﺴِلُ ﻟﻪ‬

hardly ….when ….
no sooner …. than …. immediatelty on ‫ أو‬immediately after
scarcely …. when …
as soon as …..

Clauses Phrases
As soon as he arrived, he started talking. Immediately on arrival (arriving), he started talking.
1. .‫ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬،َ‫ل‬‫ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺃﻥْ ﻭﺼ‬ .‫ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬،‫ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل‬

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
As soon as I received the telegram, I hurried to Immediately on receiving the telegram, I hurried to the
2. the airport. airport.
.‫ﺔ ﺃﺴﺭﻋﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻗﻴ‬‫ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺃﻥ‬ .‫ﺔ ﺃﺴﺭﻋﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻗﻴ‬
As soon as he had arrived, he demanded
Immediately after his arrival, he demanded a meal.
3. a meal.
.‫ ﻭﺠﺒﺔﹰ‬‫ ﻁﻠﹶﺏ‬،ِ‫ﻠِﻪ‬‫ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻭﺼ‬
.‫ ﻭﺠﺒﺔﹰ‬‫ ﻁﻠﹶﺏ‬،‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺼل‬‫ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
No sooner had she taken the papers
Immediately on taking the papers, she tore them.
4. than she tore them.
.‫ﻗﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻋﻨﺩ )ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ( ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﺯ‬
.‫ﻗﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ ﺘﺄﺨﹸﺫﹶ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕﹶ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻤﺯ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
No sooner had she swallowed two pills
Immediately on swallowing two pills, she slept.
5. than she slept.
.‫ﺒﻭﺏِ ﻨﺎﻤﺕ‬‫ﻴﻥِ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤ‬‫ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﺒﺘﻼﻉ ﻗﹸﺭﺼ‬
.‫ﺒﻭﺏِ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﺎﻤﺕ‬‫ﻴﻥِ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤ‬‫ ﺘﺒﺘﻠﻊ ﻗﹸﺭﺼ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
No sooner had I reached the station
Immediately on reaching the station, the train left.
6. than the train left.
.‫ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭلِ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻁﺔِ ﻏﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ‬
.‫ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻁﺔِ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻏﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
No sooner had she seen the lion than
Immediately after seeing the lion, she cried.
7. she cried.
.‫ﺨﹶﺕ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺩ ﺼ‬
.‫ﺨﹶﺕ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺼ‬‫ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺩ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
Hardly had he reached the station when
Reaching the station, he was called back.
8. he was called back.
.‫ ﻟﻠﻌﻭﺩﺓ‬‫ﻋِﻲ‬‫ﺘﹸﺩ‬‫ ﺍﺴ‬،‫ﻟﺩﻯ )ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ( ﻭﺼﻭﻟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ‬
.‫ﻋِﻲ‬‫ﺘﹸﺩ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺴ‬
Hardly had she opened the envelop
Opening the envelop, an explosion was heard.
9. when an explosion was heard.
.‫ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭ‬‫ﻤِﻊ‬‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ )ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ( ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺴ‬
.‫ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭ‬‫ﻤِﻊ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﺩ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺴ‬
Hardly had he left the house when we Just after his leaving the house, we missed the
10. missed the jewels. jewels.
.‫ﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻭﻫﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﻴ‬ .‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ )ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ( ﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻭﻫﺭﺍﺕ‬
Scarcely had the plan touched the Just on touching the ground, the plan burst into
11. ground when it burst into flames. flames.
.‫ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﻠﻤﺱ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺭﺕ ﻤﺤﺘﺭﻗﺔﹰ‬.‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ )ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ( ﻟﻤﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺘﺭﻗﺔﹰ‬
Scarcely had the bus stopped when it
Stopping, the bus burst into flames.
12. burst into flames.
.‫ﻋﻨﺩ )ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ( ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺘﻭﺒﻴﺱ ﻤﺸﺘﻌﻼﹰ‬
.‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﺍﻷﺘﻭﺒﻴﺱ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺭ ﻤﺸﺘﻌﻼﹰ‬
So long as he neglects his duties, he should be
Neglecting his duties, he should be blamed.
13. blamed.
.‫ﻼﻡ‬‫ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬،‫ﻤِﻼﹰ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘﻪ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻤ‬
.‫ﻼﻡ‬‫ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬،‫ﻬﻤل ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘﻪ‬‫ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻴ‬
So long as he disobeys me, I shall stop sending
Disobeying me, I shall stop sending him money.
14. him money.
.‫ ﺴﺄﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬،‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭِﻩِ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬
.‫ ﺴﺄﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬،‫ﻌﺼﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻴ‬
Once he stands firm, she will respect him. Standing firm, she will respect him.
15. .‫( ﻴﻘﻑ ﺒﺤﺯﻡٍ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺴﺘﺤﺘﺭﻤﻪ‬‫ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ )ﻓﻭﺭ‬ .‫ﺒﻭﻗﻭﻓِﻪِ ﺒﺤﺯﻡٍ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓﹰ ﺴﺘﺤﺘﺭﻤﻪ‬
Once you sign these papers, I shall send you the
goods. Signing these papers, I shall send you the goods.
16. (‫ ﺴﺄُﺭﺴل ﻟﻙ )ﻟﻜـﻡ‬،‫ﺍﻨﺘﻡ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬/ ‫ ﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ )ﺃﻨﺕ‬‫ﻓﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ‬ .‫ ﺴﺄُﺭﺴل ﻟﻙ )ﻟﻜﻡ( ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ‬،‫ﺒﺘﻭﻗﻴِﻊِ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ‬

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

Exercise No. 10 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence:

:‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ﻥ ﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻜﻭ‬‫( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠ‬1

1. I waited for a long time. At least he appeared.

2. We arrived at the football field. Then the game started.
3. He arrived at a certain time. Immediately I went home.
4. My father finished his work. He soon went home.
5. I studied my lessons. I went to bed afterwards.
6. He went away yesterday. We have done no work since that time.
7. They crossed the canal. Then they attacked the enemy.
8. The Egyptian soldiers had appeared. Immediately the Israeli soldiers disappeared.
9. I was washing my hands. The telephone rang.
10. She was sitting at the table. Then the children came.

II) Complete the following: :‫( ﺃﻜﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬2

1. He had lived abroad since …………
2. No sooner had he left the house …………
3. He apologized to his father after …………
4. The boys sat silent when …………
5. Hardly had he packed his luggage to travel …………
6. Scarcely had they gone out of school …………
7. I shall wait for him till …………
8. He had studied his lessons well before …………
III) Change the black typed clauses into phrases and vice versa:
:‫ﻤلٍ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺨﻁٍ ﻏﺎﻤﻕٍ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕٍ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﺤﻭ‬3
.(‫ﻤل‬‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤ‬ |

1. I didn’t know him until he spoke to me.

2. No one could believe him after he had told lies.
3. The sick pupil forgot every thing when he sat for the exam.
4. He had not prepared himself before entering the exam.
5. Having prepared every thing, they set out for the picnic.
6. No sooner had he met him than he informed him of his success.
7. In doing your duty, you should not be shamed.
8. Hardly had we attacked them when they escaped.
9. Immediately after his reaching school, the bell rang.
10. When I spoke to him, he was angry.
11. Don’t write till I give you an order.
12. The world has changed since the atomic power was discovered.

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3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause (Reason) 

-:(because) ‫ﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺠ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ü

for ‫ﻷﻥ‬ because ‫ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬/ ‫ﻷﻥ‬

so long as ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ‬ since ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ‬
now that ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ‬ as ‫ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. She didn’t come to school today because she was ill.
2. As she was late, she was walking quickly.
3. He walked carefully since he was in pain.
4. She was thirsty for she had drunk nothing all morning.
As long as he refuses our advice he should shoulder
5.
the results.
6. Now that you have taken money, sign this contract.
.‫ﻀِﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺔﹰ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﹶﺤ‬
.‫ ﻤﺸﺕ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬،‫ﺘﺄﺨﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬
.‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﺄﻟﻡ‬‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬،ٍ‫ﻤﺸﻰ ﺒﺤﺫﺭ‬
.‫ﺒﺎﺡ‬‫ﺍلَ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺸﺭﺏ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻁِﻭ‬،‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻁﺸﻰ‬
.‫ل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺘﹶﺎﺌِﺞ‬‫ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻤ‬،‫ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻴﺭﻓﹸﺽ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺘﻨﺎ‬
.‫ ﻭﻗﱢﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‬،‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﺕ )ﺃﻨﺕ( ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ‬

‫ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺃﻱ‬،(‫ )ﻷﻥ‬because ‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬،for ‫ ﺃﻭ‬as ‫ ﺃﻭ‬since ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﻨﹸﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ u
.‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ‬

How to change Adverbial Clause of Cause into Phrase

 

:‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬phrase ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬clause ‫ﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﺒﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬ü

Clause Phrase
because ‫ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬/ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ because of ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬
for ‫ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬/ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ for ‫ ﻟﹻ‬/ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬
since ‫ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬/ ‫ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﺃﻥ‬ owing to ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﹻ‬
as ‫ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬/ ‫ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬ due to ‫ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬/ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﹻ‬
on account to ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻜﺫﺍ‬ + poss. adj. +
so long as
‫ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ‬ as a result of ِ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟـ‬ noun or gerund

now that ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ‬ thanks to ‫ﺒﻔﻀل‬

so long as ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ‬ Being + ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ ﻟﻜﹶﻭ‬/ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻜﹶﻭ‬

‫ﺒﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬‫( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟـﺭ‬verb + ing) ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬‫ ﻴ‬phrase ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬clause ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ‬ u
.‫ﺔ‬‫ﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ‬


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

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬
 
Clauses Phrases
He could not speak because of his illness.
He could not speak because he was ill.
1. Or: Being ill, he could not speak.
.‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ‬
.‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ‬،‫ﻟﻜﻭﻨِﻪِ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬
He got angry since she was late. He got angry on account of her lateness.
2.
.‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺨﺭﺕ‬،‫ﺼﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺎﹰ‬ .‫ﺎ‬‫ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺄﺨﹸﺭِﻫ‬،‫ﺼﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺎﹰ‬
She drove fast as she was late. She drove fast owing to her being late.
3.
.‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﺓ‬،ٍ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺕ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ .‫ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﺓ‬،ٍ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺕ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬
He studied hard because he wanted to
He studied hard due to his need to succeed.
4. succeed.
.‫ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﺤﺎﺠﺘﻪِ ﻷﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬
.‫ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬،ٍ‫ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬
Because he was careless, was Because of his carelessness, he was punished.
he
punished. .‫ﻭﻗِﺏ‬‫ ﻋ‬،‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻜﺴﻠﻪ‬
5. .‫ﻭﻗِﺏ‬‫ ﻋ‬،‫ﻬﻤﻼﹰ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬Or: Being careless, he was punished.
.‫ﻭﻗِﺏ‬‫ ﻋ‬،‫ ﻟﻜﻭﻨِﻪِ ﻜﺴﻭﻻﹰ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
As it was dark, we lost our way. Owing to darkness, we lost our way.
6.
.‫ ﻀﻠﻠﻨﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻨﺎ‬،‫ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻅﻠﻤﺔﹰ‬ .‫ ﻀﻠﻠﻨﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻨﺎ‬،‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻅﻠﻤﺔ‬
She stayed in bed as a result of her illness.
She stayed in bed as she was ill.
.‫ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟﻤﺭﻀِﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﻜﺜﹶﺕﹾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺵ‬
7. .‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺔﹰ‬،‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﻜﺜﹶﺕﹾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺵ‬
Or: Being ill, she stayed in bed
.‫ ﻤﻜﺜﹶﺕﹾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺵ‬،‫ﺎ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﺔﹰ‬‫ﻟِﻜﻭﻨِﻬ‬
She danced because she was happy. Being happy, she danced.
8.
.‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓ‬،‫ﺭﻗﺼﺕ‬ .‫ ﺭﻗﺼﺕ‬،‫ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓ‬
They admired his for he is brave. They admired his for his bravery.
9.
.‫ﻪ ﺸﹸﺠﺎﻉ‬ ‫ ﻷﻨﹼ‬،ِ‫ﺃُﻋﺠِﺒﻭﺍ ﺒﻪ‬ .ِ‫ ﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺘِﻪ‬،ِ‫ﺃُﻋﺠِﺒﻭﺍ ﺒﻪ‬
As we have a wise leader, we avoided Owing to the wisdom of our leader, we avoided
10. many troubles. many troubles.
.‫ ﺘﺠﻨﺒﻨﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ‬،‫ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻗﺎﺌﺩﺍﹰ ﺤﻜﻴﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ﻷﻥ‬ .‫ ﺘﺠﻨﺒﻨﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ‬،‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﺩﻨﺎ‬
He will succeed since he works hard. Working hard, he will succeed.
11.
.ٍ‫ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬ .‫ٍ ﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،‫ﻟﻜﻭﻨِﻪِ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬
They work in this way as you have They work in this way according to your
12. directed them. directions.
.(‫ﻫﻡ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﻬﺘﻬﻡ )ﺃﺭﺸﺩﺘﻬﻡ‬ .(‫ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩﺍﺘﻙ )ﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﺎﺘﻙ‬
Now that you have taken money, sign
Having taken your money, sign this contract.
13. this contract.
.‫ ﻭﻗﱢﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‬،‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘِﻼﻡِ ﻨﹸﻘﻭﺩِﻙ‬
.‫ ﻭﻗﱢﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‬،‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻭﺩ‬
Now that he is innocent, they must set
Being innocent, they must set him free.
14. him free.
.‫ﻁﻠِﻘﻭﺍ ﺴﺭﺍﺤﻪ‬‫ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬،‫ﻟﻜﻭﻨِﻪِ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﺎﹰ‬
.‫ﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﻀ‬‫ﻁﻠِﻘﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﺍﺤﻪ‬‫ ﺴﻴ‬،‫ ﺒﺭﻱﺀ‬‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬

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As long as he refuses our advice, he Refusing our advice, he should shoulder the
15. should shoulder the results. results.
.‫ل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬‫ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻤ‬،‫ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﻴﺭﻓﹸﺽ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺘﻨﺎ‬ .‫ل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬‫ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻤ‬،‫ )ﻤﻥ ﻴﺭﻓﹸﺽ( ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺘﻨﺎ‬‫ﺭﺍﻓﹾﺽ‬
As you had been here before, you had Having been here before, you had better lead the
16. better lead the way. way.
.‫ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﺩﻨﺎ‬،‫ﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﹶﺒل‬‫ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹶ ﻫ‬‫ﻷﻨﹼﻙ‬ .‫ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﺩﻨﺎ‬،‫ﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﹶﺒل‬‫ ﻫ‬‫ﻟﻜﻭﻨِﻙ‬
Due to his accidents, he refuses to drive his car.
He refuses to drive his car since he has .ِ‫ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘِﻪ‬‫ ﻴﺭﻓﹸﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ‬،ِ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﺤﻭﺍﺩﺜِﻪ‬
17. faced many accidents. Or: Due to facing many accidents, he refuses to
.‫ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙﹶ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﻴﺭﻓﹸﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻪ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬ drive his car.
.ِ‫ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘِﻪ‬‫ ﻴﺭﻓﹸﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ‬،‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘِﻪِ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ‬
You cannot blame him for he is innocent. You cannot blame him for his innocence.
18.
.‫ ﺒﺭﻱﺀ‬‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻠﻭﻤﻪ‬ .ِ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺒﺭﺍﺀﺘﻪ‬،‫ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻠﻭﻤﻪ‬
He succeeded owing to (due to) (on account of)
He succeeded because he is clever.
19. (according to) his cleverness.
.‫ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ‬‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ﻨﺠﺢ‬
.ِ‫ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺘِﻪ‬،‫ﻨﺠﺢ‬

Necessity has no law.



Exercise No. 11 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence:

:‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ ﺠ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﹸﻜﻭ‬‫( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠ‬1

1. He could not see. He was blind.

2. He was angry. He lost his watch.
3. He could not play well. He was not trained well.
4. He could not walk. His leg was broken.
5. He suffers from cough. He smokes much.

II) Complete the following: :‫( ﺃﻜﻤل ﺍﻵﺘـﻲ‬2

1. He closed his shop as ……….

2. He left sad because ……….
3. She wept bitterly ‫ ﺒﻜﺕ ﺒﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬since ……….
4. He could not buy new shoes for ……….
5. As he refused to return the stolen good ……….

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
III) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:

:‫ﻤلٍ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺨﻁٍ ﻏﺎﻤﻕٍ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕٍ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﺤﻭ‬3
.(‫ﻤل‬‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤ‬ |

1. He failed because of his laziness.

2. Owing to his bravery, he defeated his rival .(‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨﺎﻓِﺴ‬‫)ﻫﺯﻡ ﻤ‬
3. Being tired, he went to bed.
4. We couldn’t study, because there was much noise.
5. As the day was hot, they decided to spend it on the beach.
6. The boy was punished because he was careless.
7. He was put in prison as a result of bad behavior.
8. Thanks to intelligence, he could overcome his difficulties.
9. The travelers suffered a great deal as they did not have enough water.
10. Egypt, being full of monuments, tourists visit it all the year round.



Charity begins at home.



61
 ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪4. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ‪ purpose‬ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺒﺏ )‪ ،cause (reason‬ﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟـﺴﺅﺍل‪ :‬ﻟﻤـﺎﺫﺍ ‪.......‬؟‬
‫)? ‪.(Why........‬‬

‫?‪Why do you go to school‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ؟‬

‫)‪I go to school because I want to learn. (cause‬‬ ‫ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻷﻨﻨﻲ ﺃﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﻌﻠﻡ‪) .‬ﺴﺒﺏ(‬
‫)‪Or: I go to school to learn. (purpose‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‪ :‬ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻷﺘﻌﻠﹼﻡ )ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃﺘﻌﻠﹼﻡ( )ﻏﺭﺽ(‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻠﺒﺔ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ ‪ of reason‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻀﻴ‪‬ﺔ ‪:of purpose‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ ) ﺴﺒﺏ ﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ(‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻀﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔﹼ )ﻏﺭﺽ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل(‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ cause ü‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﹼﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﻋ‪‬ﺩ‪‬ﻤﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ purpose ü‬ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‪ ‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﻭﻗﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ‪.‬‬

‫@ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ ﺒﺎﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )‪ ،(so that‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪so that‬‬
‫‪in order that‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪that‬‬
‫‪in the hope that‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻌلّ‬
‫‪aiming that‬‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺩﻑ‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺒﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻌلّ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩٍ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ( ﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ‪ ‬ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ‪.may +‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ( ﻤﺎﻀﻴﺎﹰً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ‪ ‬ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ‪.might +‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻏﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺩﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋل ‪+‬‬
‫‪so that, in order, that, in the‬‬
‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‪may +‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬
‫‪hope that, aiming that‬‬
‫‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋل ‪+‬‬
‫‪so that, in order, that, in the‬‬
‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‪might +‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬
‫‪hope that, aiming that‬‬

‫‪(mightmay‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫‪‬‬

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

2. lest ‫ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ‬/ ‫ ﺨﺸﻴﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ‬/ ‫ ﺨﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ‬/ ‫ﻟﺌﻼ‬

for fear that

.for fear that ‫ ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻤﻊ‬،‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫ ﻤﻬﻤﺎﹰ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬lest ‫ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻤﻊ‬should ‫ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ü

lest
+ ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ should + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬
for fear that

for fear that + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ may or might + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

‫ ﻤﺨﺎﻓﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ‬/ ‫ﺨﺸﻴﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ‬
+ ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ should + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1. He worked hard so that he might succeed. .‫ﻤِلَ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬‫ﻋ‬

2. She studies hard that she may / can succeed. .(‫ﺱ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻨﺠﺢ )ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺠﺢ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﺩﺭ‬
3. He ran fast in order that he might catch the train. .ِ‫ﻕﹶ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﺭﻋﺔٍ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻠﺤ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺠﺭﻯ ﺒﺴ‬
4. He traveled abroad in the hope that he might find work. .‫ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻋﻤﻼﹰ‬‫ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻟﻌﻠﹼﻪ‬‫ﺴﺎﻓﺭ‬
5. He stopped smoking lest he should die young. .‫ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺩﺨﻴﻥ ﺨﺸﻴﺔ ﺃﻥْ ﻴﻤﻭﺕﹶ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬
6. I opened the door quickly lest I should disturb him. .‫ﻪ‬‫ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔٍ ﺨﺸﻴﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ )ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ( ﺃُﺯﻋِﺠ‬‫ﻓﺘﺤﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬
She didn’t sleep all night for fear that she might
7. .‫ﺎ‬‫ﻫ‬‫ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ )ﻴﻔﻭﺘﻬﺎ( ﻗﻁﹶﺎﺭ‬‫ ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻠﻴل ﺨﺸﻴﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﻨﻡ‬
miss her train.
He got up early for fear that he should miss the
8. .‫ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﺨﺸﻴﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ﻨﻬﺽ‬
train.

How to change Adverbial Clause of Purpose into Phrase

 

simplephrasecomplexclause so that  ü

:‫ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬،might ‫ ﺃﻭ‬may ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ )ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ •

Clause Phrase
to ‫ ﻟﻜﻲ‬, in order to ‫ ﻟﻜﻲ‬, ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬
so that, in order that,
‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ so as to ‫ ﻟﻜﻲ‬, not to ‫ ﺃﻻﹼ‬,
that, in the hope that
+ infinitive
in order not to ‫ﻜﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬
aiming that ‫ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ‬/ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ aiming to ‫ﺒﻬﺩﻑ‬
Or:
for ‫ ﻟﻜ ﻲ‬, with the intention of ‫ ﺑﮭ ﺪف‬, + noun or gerund
with the aim of ‫ﺑﮭﺪف‬

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
simplephrasecomplexclause for fear thatlest ü

:‫ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬،should ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ )ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ •

so as not to ‫ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﻻ‬/ ‫ﻜﻲ ﻻ‬ + infinitive (‫)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

Or: for fear of ‫ ﺨﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ‬/ ‫ﺨِﺸﻴﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ‬ + noun or gerund (‫)ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﻌل ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ‬

Clause Phrase
so as not to + infinitive (‫)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬
lest / for fear that
Or: for fear of + noun or gerund (‫) ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﻌل‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

Clauses Phrases
We went to the theater in order that we
We went to the theater in order to see the play.
1. might see the play.
.‫ﺔ‬‫ﺫﻫﺒﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺭﺡ ﻟﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺭﺤﻴ‬
.‫ﺔ‬‫ﺫﻫﺒﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺭﺡ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺭﺤﻴ‬
He ran everyday that he might win the race. He ran everyday to win the race.
2.
.‫ﺒﺎﻕ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺠﺭﻯ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺭﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ .‫ﺒﺎﻕ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺠﺭﻯ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ ﻟﻴﺭﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
He works hard to (so as to / in order to) get high
He works hard so that he may get high
marks.
marks.
.ٍ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻟﻴﺤﺼ‬
3. .ٍ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺤﺼ‬
Or: He works hard for getting high marks.
.ٍ‫لَ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻟﻴﺤﺼ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
We go to school so that (in order that / We go to school to (so as to / in order to / aiming
4. that / aiming that) we may learn. to) learn.
.‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﺘﻌﻠﹼﻡ‬ .‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻟﻨﺘﻌﻠﹼﻡ‬
They went to Gaza to (so as to / in order to)
They went to Gaza in order that they enjoy the sea.
might enjoy the sea. .‫ﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬‫ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺯ‬
5. .‫ﺓ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬‫ ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺯ‬Or: They went to Gaza with the intention of
(with the aim of) enjoying the sea.
.‫ﺓ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬‫ ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺯ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
Mother entered the kitchen that she might Mother entered the kitchen to cook.
cook.
.‫ﺦ‬‫ﺃُﻤﻲ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﺦ ﻟﺘﻁﺒ‬
6. .‫ﺦ‬‫ ﺃُﻤﻲ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﺦ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻁﺒ‬Or: Mother entered the kitchen for (with the aim
of / with the intention of) cooking.
.‫ ﺃُﻤﻲ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﺦ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺒﺦ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
Yesterday, Ahmed returned home early Yesterday, Ahmed returned home early for fear
7. lest he should be late. of being late.
.‫ﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﺨﺸﻴﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺄﺨﺭ‬‫ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕِ ﻤ‬،ِ‫ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬ .‫ﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﺨﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺨﻴﺭ‬‫ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕِ ﻤ‬،ِ‫ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬

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I am in a hurry lest I shouldn’t attend the I am in a hurry for fear of not attending the first
8. first lesson. lesson.
.‫ﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﻭل‬‫ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻌﺠل ﺨﺸﻴﺔﹶ ﺃﻻ ﺃﺤﻀﺭ ﺍﻟﺩ‬ .‫ﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﻭل‬‫ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻌﺠل ﺨﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺤﻀﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩ‬
He worked hard lest he should fail. He worked hard so as not to fail.
.‫ﺏ‬‫ﻤِلَ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺨﺸﻴﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺴ‬‫ﻋ‬ .‫ﺏ‬‫ﻤِلَ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺭﺴ‬‫ﻋ‬
9.
Or: He worked hard for fear of failing (failure).
.‫ﺴﻭﺏ‬‫ﻤِلَ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺨﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ ﻋ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
He got up early for fear that he should He got up early so as not to miss the train.
miss the train. .‫ﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ )ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ( ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ﻨﻬﺽ‬
10. .‫ﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﺨﺸﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ ﻨﻬﺽ‬Or: He got up early for fear of missing the train.
.‫ﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﺨﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ﻨﻬﺽ‬

Exercise No. 12 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence:

:‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓﹰ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔﹰ ﻤ‬‫ﻥ ﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟِﺘﹸﻜﻭ‬‫( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠ‬1

1. He went home. He wanted to take a rest.

2. They spent the day on the mountain. They hoped to enjoy the fresh air.
3. The students worked hard. They were afraid to fail.
4. She went to the doctor. She wished the doctor to examine her.
5. They kept the child in a warm room. They feared he would take cold.
6. They traveled to Egypt. They aimed at spending the holiday.
7. The doctor cleaned the instruments. He was afraid the wound would fester .(‫)ﻴﺘﻠﻭﺙ‬
8. My uncle left for Europe. He wished to find a new job.
9. He told me a funny story. He wanted me to forget my sadness.
10. She answered perfectly. She wished to get the top prize.

II) Complete the following to make a complex sentence:

:‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓﹰ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔﹰ ﻤ‬‫( ﺃﻜﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻟِﺘُﻜﻮّن ﺠ‬2
1. Boys go to the library so that ………..
2. Children play with toys in order that ………..
3. Youth travel abroad in the hope that ………..
4. Pupils get up early lest ………..
5. The policeman locked the thief up lest ………..
6. The teacher explained the lesson twice in order that ………..
7. They took a boat so that ………..
8. People read books in order that ………..

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III) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:‫ﻤلٍ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺨﻁٍ ﻏﺎﻤﻕٍ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕٍ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬
.(‫ﻤل‬‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤ‬ |

1. He went home so as to study his lessons.

2. They got up early so that they might enjoy the fresh air.
3. He disguised ‫ ﺘﻨﻜﺭ‬himself so as not to be recognized.
4. The policeman hurried in order that he could catch the thief.
5. The army marched quickly to surprise the enemy.
6. He saved his money lest he should fall in trouble.
7. The pupils listened carefully to understand the lesson.
8. He hurried to the station for fear of missing the train.
9. My uncle traveled to Europe with the intention of taking a degree.
10. I study in order that I may succeed.
11. Many of our soldiers sacrificed their lives so as to free our land.
12. We waged ‫ ﺸﻥ‬the war so that we might restore our land.
13. We decided to conquer‫ ﻴﻘﻬﺭ‬Israel to break the myth ‫ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺭﺓ‬of her army.
14. The boys escaped for fear of being punished.
15. They met to discuss the new plan.

A bird in the hand is worth ten on the brush.



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General Exercise No. 13 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

v ) Change the following Clauses into Phrases:

:ٍ‫ﺣﻮّل اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘّﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺘّﺎﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺷﺒﺎهِ ﺟُﻤﻞ‬
1. Do you know where he lives?
2. I shall find him wherever he hides.
3. Ice will melt when the sun shines.
4. He ran away as soon as he heard their steps.
5. When he was working for them, he earned much money.
6. She went home after she had finished her lectures.
7. While we were having supper, all lights went out.
8. We cannot do anything till he arrives.
9. No sooner had she smelt it than she fainted. (‫)ﺃُﻏﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
10. Hardly had he left their house when they cried for help.
11. Scarcely had she opened the door when two men rushed in. (‫)ﺍﻨﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺨل‬
12. While he was going to school, she met him.
13. Once you have frightened her, she will not return home.
14. She is quite unconscious so long as the doctor operates.
15. While he was abroad, she ran all his shops.
16. They dismissed him because he was careless.
17. Remember these facts for they are very important.
18. He was very angry as she insulted him(‫ ﺸﺘﻤﻪ‬/ ‫)ﺃﻫﺎﻨﻪ‬.
19. They killed him for he refused to obey them.
20. He has not been allowed to smoke since he became seriously ill.
21. Cover our food lest flies should spoil it.
22. We arranged everything well in order that his wedding party might be a lovely party.
23. He went to the market so that he might buy a camel.
24. She pays him regularly so that he may let her sell her goods.
25. I shall do everything that I may help you.

Actions speak louder than works.



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‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫)‪5. Adverbial Clauses of Result (Consequence‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔٍ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫٍ ﻤﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻓﻨﻘﻭل‪-:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫) ‪He is so clever that he answers all questions. ( complex‬‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ‪ ‬ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ‪‬ﺠﻴﺏ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜلِ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔِ‪ ) .‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ (‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫) ‪Or: He is clever enough to answer. ( simple‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‪ :‬ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔٍ ﺘﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﺠﻴﺏ‪ ) .‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ (‬

‫ﺃﻭ‪ :‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫٍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻟﹼﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﺠﻴﺏ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻓﻨﻘﻭل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪He is so stupid that he cannot answer any question. ( complex‬‬
‫ﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺴﺅﺍل‪ ) .‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ (‬‫‪ .2‬ﻫﻭ ﻏﺒﻲ‪ ‬ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻟﹼﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﺠﻴ ‪‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫) ‪Or: He is too stupid to answer. ( simple‬‬
‫أو‪ :‬ﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎﺀِ ﺒﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﻻ ﻴ‪‬ﺠﻴﺏ‪ ) .‬ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ (‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔِ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﹸﺭِ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ) ‪ ( so - - - that‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫ﻓﻌل ‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋل ‪ + that +‬ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل ‪1. so +‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﻓﻌل‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋل ‪ + that +‬ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ‪2. such +‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺃﻱ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ such = very‬ﺃ ﻭ ‪so‬‬ ‫ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬

‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ = ‪that‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ so‬ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل ) ﻅﺭﻑ ( ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ‪ that‬ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ) ﻓﺎﻋل ‪ +‬ﻓﻌل ( ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟﻠﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪.so‬‬
‫‪ ü‬ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ such‬ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ‪ that‬ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ) ﻓﺎﻋل ‪ +‬ﻓﻌل ( ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟﻼﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ‪.such‬‬

‫| ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻕ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬

‫‪He is very strong. He can defeat his rival.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﻭﻱ‪ ‬ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﻴﻬﺯﻡ‪ ‬ﻤ‪‬ﻨﺎﻓﺴ‪‬ﻪ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪1. He is so strong that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﻭﻱ‪ ‬ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‪ ‬ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻬﺯﻡ‪ ‬ﻤ‪‬ﻨﺎﻓﺴ‪‬ﻪ‪) .‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ(‬

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
He was very clever. He passed the examination. .‫ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ‬.‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬
2. He was so clever that he passed the examination. ( complex / clause )
(‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ )ﺠ‬.‫ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬
She was very polite. She respected every one. .‫ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﻤﺕ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬.‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺅﺩﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬
3. She was so polite that she respected every one. ( complex / clause )
(‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ )ﺠ‬.‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺅﺩﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﻤﺕ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬
He spoke very slowly that I could not hear him. .‫ﻪ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺒﺒﻁﺀٍ ﺸﺩﻴﺩٍ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﻟﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﻌ‬
4. He spoke so slowly that I could not hear him. ( complex / clause )
(‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ )ﺠ‬.‫ﻪ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺒﺒﻁﺀٍ ﺸﺩﻴﺩٍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﻌ‬

: |
‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺠ‬،(‫( ﺠﺎﺀ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻅﺭﻑ )ﺤﺎل‬3) ‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺭﻗﻡ‬،that ‫ ﻭ‬so ‫( ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ‬2) ‫( ﻭ‬1) ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻥ‬.1
.(‫ﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎل‬‫ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ )ﻟﻠﺼ‬that ‫ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
.(complex / clause) ً‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔﹰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓﹰ ﻤ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﹸﺼﺒﺤﺎﻥ ﺠ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،so .... that ‫ﻤﻠﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺒـ‬‫ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.2
‫ ﻭﻟـﺴﻭﻑ ﻨـﺭﻯ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬،so + ‫ ﺼـﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤـﺎل‬+ that ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬‫ﻤـل ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴ‬‫ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.3
.‫ﻤل‬‫ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻔﺱِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،(such + ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ‬+ that)

Verb to Be + such + ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ‬+ that

Verb to Have + such + ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ‬+ that

He is such a strong man that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )
(‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ )ﺠ‬.‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨﺎﻓﺴ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻬﺯﻡ‬‫لٌ ﻗﻭﻱ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺭﺠ‬
1.
Or: He has such strength that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )
(‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ )ﺠ‬.‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨﺎﻓﺴ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻬﺯﻡ‬‫ ﻫﻭ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
They were such clever boys that they passed the examination. ( complex / clause )
(‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ )ﺠ‬.‫ﻡ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯﻭﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ‬‫ﻫﻡ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺃﻭﻟﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻬﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻬ‬
2.
Or: They have such cleverness that they passed the examination. ( complex / clause )
(‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ )ﺠ‬.‫ﻡ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯﻭﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ‬‫ ﻫﻡ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﹼﻬ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
She was such a polite girl that she respected every one. ( complex / clause )
(‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ )ﺠ‬.‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﺕ ﻤﺅﺩﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﻤﺕ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬
3.
Or: She has such politeness that she respected every one. ( complex / clause )
(‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ )ﺠ‬.‫ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﻤﺕ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬

: |
‫( ﻭﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬3) ‫( ﻭ‬1) ‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺭﻗﻡ‬،‫ﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻤ‬،such ‫( ﺒﻌﺩ‬a) ‫ ﻻ ﺤﻅ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﻜﻴﺭ‬.1
.(2) ‫( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﺠﻤﻌﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺜﻨﺎﹰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺭﻗﻡ‬a) ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺭ‬
.‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ‬such ‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ‬، Verb To Have ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬Verb To Be ‫ ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬.2

69

‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟﺠ‬such ‫ ﻭ‬so ‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ‬‫ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭ‬،(Emphasis) (‫ﻥ‬‫ﻌﻴ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺄﻜﻴﺩ )ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤ‬ü
:‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬،(‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺩﻻﻟﺔﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺄﻜﻴﺩ‬،َ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋِل‬‫ﺒِﻕﹸ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلُ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ ﻴ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )ﺃﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‬

So + ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل‬+ ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬+ that + ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬

Such + ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ‬+ ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬+ that + ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬

She was such a polite girl that she respected everyone. ( complex / clause )
1.
Or: Such a polite girl was she, that she respected everyone. ( complex / clause )
He had (has) such cleverness that he passed the examination. ( complex / clause )
2.
Or: Such cleverness had (has) he, that he passed the examination. ( complex / clause )
He spoke so slowly that I couldn't hear him. ( complex / clause )
3.
Or: So slowly did he speak, that I couldn't hear him. ( complex / clause )
She sings so beautifully that I admire her. ( complex / clause )
4.
Or: So beautifully does she sing, that I admire her. ( complex / clause )
He is so strong that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )
5.
Or: So strong is he, that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )

How to change Adverbial Clause of Result into Phrase

 

‫ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،simple (phrase) ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬complex (clause) ‫ ﻤﻥ‬such …. that ‫ ﺃﻭ‬so ….. that ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ‬‫ ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ‬ü
:‫ ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ‬

Clause Phrase
so + ‫ ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ that + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ﻓﻌل‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ enough to + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

such + ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ‬+ that + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ﻓﻌل‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ‬ too + ‫ ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ to + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

: |
:‫ ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‬that ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ‬.1

‫ ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ enough to + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

:‫ ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‬that ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ‬.2

‫ ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ enough for + ‫ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ أو اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬+ to + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ )ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬such …. that ‫ ﺃﻭ‬so ….. that ‫ ﻤﺤل‬enough to (for) ‫ ﺘﺤل‬.3
(‫ﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ‬‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

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‫‪‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻭﺘﺤل ‪ too …. to‬ﻤﺤل ‪ so ….. that‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ( )ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ that‬ﻤﻨﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺃ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ that‬ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ + to +‬ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ ‪too +‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ that‬ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ + to +‬ﺿﻤﯿﺮ أو اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ + for +‬ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ ‪too +‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ‪ so …. that‬ﻤﻥ ‪ complex‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،simple‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ‪.too … to‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬

‫‪Clauses‬‬ ‫‪Phrases‬‬
‫‪The atom is so small that you cannot see it.‬‬ ‫‪The atom is too small to see.‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﹼﺭ‪‬ﺓ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓﹲ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻙ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﺍﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﹼﺭ‪‬ﺓ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﹲﺓ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻻﹼ ﺘﹸﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪He is so rich that he can buy governments.‬‬ ‫‪He is rich enough to buy governments.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻏﻨﻲ‪ ‬ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‪ ‬ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕٍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻏﻨﻲ‪ ‬ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕٍ‪.‬‬
‫‪She is so clever that she answers any question.‬‬ ‫‪She is clever enough to answer.‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺓﹲ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﺃﻱ ﺴﺅﺍل‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓِ ﺤﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪The bag is so heavy that I cannot carry it.‬‬ ‫‪The bag is too heavy to carry.‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹸ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔﹲ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹸ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔﹲ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻻﹼ ﺘﹸﺤﻤل‪.‬‬
‫‪She is so clever that she can guess the truth.‬‬ ‫‪She is clever enough to guess.‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﺭﻋﺔﹲ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺨﻤ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﺭﻋﺔﹲ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺨﻤ‪‬ﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪The car is so cheap that I can buy it.‬‬ ‫‪The car is cheap enough to buy.‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴ‪‬ﺎﺭﺓﹸ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔﹲ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺸﺘﺭﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴ‪‬ﺎﺭﺓﹸ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔﹲ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺸﺘﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪The food is so hot that we can't eat it.‬‬ ‫‪The food is too hot to eat.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ‪ ‬ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺄﻜﹸﻠﹶﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺴﺎﺨﻥ‪ ‬ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠ ِﺔ ﺃﻻﹼ ﻴ‪‬ﺅﻜل‪.‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬
‫‪Or: The food is too hot for us to eat.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ‪ ‬ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔِ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻻﹼ ﻨﺄﻜﹸل‪.‬‬
‫‪The train moved so quickly that it reached The train moved quickly enough to reach in‬‬
‫‪8.‬‬ ‫‪London in an hour.‬‬ ‫‪an hour.‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺭ‪‬ﻙ ﺍﻟﻘِﻁﺎﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔٍ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‪ ‬ﻭﺼ‪‬لَ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻭﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺭ‪‬ﻙ ﺍﻟﻘِﻁﺎﺭ‪ ‬ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔٍ ﺘﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼل ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻭﻥِ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪He spoke so quickly that I could not write. He spoke too quickly to write.‬‬
‫‪9.‬‬
‫ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺒﺴ‪‬ﺭﻋﺔٍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﺘﹸﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺒﺴ‪‬ﺭﻋﺔٍ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﹼﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪He was so perfectly disguised that she He was too perfectly disguised for her to‬‬
‫‪10.‬‬ ‫‪could not recognize him.‬‬ ‫‪recognize.‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‪‬ﺘﻨﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪِ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﹶﻨﻜﹸﺭ‪‬ﻩ‪ ‬ﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪِ‪.‬‬

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Khalil is such a clever doctor that he got Khalil is a clever doctor enough to got a prize.
a prize. .‫لَ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﺌﺯ ٍﺓ‬‫ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺼ‬‫ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ‬‫ﺨﻠﻴل ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‬
11. Or: Such a clever doctor is Khalil that he
got a prize.
.ٍ‫ ﺤﺼلَ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ‬‫ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ‬‫ﺨﻠﻴل ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‬
He was so lazy that he could not succeed. He was too lazy to succeed.
12.
.‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﺴﻭﻻﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬ .‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﺴﻭﻻﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬
The ceiling is so high that he can't touch it.
The ceiling is too high (for him) to touch.
Or: So high is the ceiling that he can't
touch it. .‫ﻠﻤﺱ‬‫( ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴ‬‫ﻘﻑ ﻋﺎلٍ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ )ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬
.‫ﻘﻑ ﻋﺎلٍ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﻤﺴﻪ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺴ‬Or: The ceiling is not low enough (for him)
13. Or: It is such a high ceiling that he can't to touch.
touch it. .‫ﻠﻤﺱ‬‫ﻘﻑ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬
Or: Such a high ceiling is it that he can't
touch it.
.‫ ﺴﻘﻑﹲ ﻋﺎلٍ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﻤﺴﻪ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ‬،too …. to ‫ ﻤﺤل‬enough …. to ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ ﻴ‬ |

Clauses Phrases
The exam was too difficult to answer.
The exam was so difficult that we couldn't
.‫ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼﻌﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬
answer any question.
Or: The exam was not easy enough to answer.
1. ‫ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼﻌﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ ﺴﻬﻼﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒـﺔ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
.‫ﺃﻱ ﺴﺅﺍل‬
.(‫ﺠﺎﺏ‬‫)ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬
The baby was so young that he couldn't The baby was too young to pick up anything.
pick up anything. .‫ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻔل ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ‬
2. ‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﺘﻘﻁ ﺃﻱ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻔلُ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬Or: The baby was not old enough to pick up
anything.
.‫ﺸﻲﺀ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻔلُ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰً ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﺘﻘﻁ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ‬

Exercise No. 14 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence:

:‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓﹰ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔﹰ ﻤ‬‫ﻥ ﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟِﺘﹸﻜﻭ‬‫( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠ‬1
1. The aero-plane flew very fast. No one could see it.
2. The mountain is very high. No one could climb it.
3. The journey was very tiring. I fell asleep.
4. The flowers are very beautiful. It is a shame to pick them.
5. It was a very boring book. I couldn’t finish it.
6. It was a very long flight. We had three meals on board.
7. It was a very pretty dress. I couldn’t resist it.
8. They were very large boxes. We couldn’t send them by air.
9. He was very fat. He couldn’t get through the door.
10. I was very busy. I couldn’t answer the telephone.

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II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:‫ﻤلٍ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺨﻁٍ ﻏﺎﻤﻕٍ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕٍ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﺤﻭ‬2
.(‫ﻤل‬‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤ‬ |

1. The child became so ill that he could not leave his bed.
2. He was honest enough for everyone to trust him.
3. He was so frightened that he could not move.
4. The enemy soldiers were so cowardly ‫ ﺠﺒﺎﻥ‬that they could not resist.
5. Our soldiers were so brave that they destroyed the enemy.
6. They walked too slowly to catch the train.
7. He was so annoyed that he could not speak.
8. The building is too high for us to reach it.
9. He spoke so foolishly that people left him.
10. Some people are so short-slighted that they cannot appreciate matters.
11. The pyramids are so strong that they will remain for centuries.
12. The moon is bright enough to read a book.
13. We were so impatient that we could not wait any longer.
14. The fruit is ripe enough to be picked.
15. The flat is wide enough for them to live in.

III) Combine each of the following pairs to make one complex sentence using too
/ enough with infinitives:
:‫ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬enough / too ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻌﻤل ﺠ‬‫( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠ‬3
1. It is very cold. We can’t go out.
2. You are quite clever. You understand perfectly.
3. It is very dark. I can’t see anything.
4. I am very old. I can’t wear this kind of hat.
5. I am very rich. I could buy your whole hotel.
6. He is very ill. He can’t eat anything.
7. You are quite thin. You could slip between the bars.
8. He was furious. He couldn’t speak.
9. Our car is very wide. I won’t get through those gates.
10. The ice is quite thick. We can walk on it. (it ‫)ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ‬
11. He was very drunk ‫ﺴﻜﺭﺍﻥ‬. He couldn’t answer any question.
12. It is very cold. We can’t have breakfast in the garden.

Love me little, love me long.



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

6. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast (Concession  )



:(although) ‫ﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ )ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ( ﺒﺎﻟﺠ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ •

1. although / though … ‫ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻥ‬/ ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬/ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ‬

2. even though / even if … ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬/ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻭ‬
3. however / whatever ‫ ﺃﻴﺎﹰ ﻜﺎﻥ‬/ ‫ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ‬/ ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ‬
4. whether …. or not … ...‫ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻡ‬... ‫ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬
whereas , while, on the
5. ‫ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔٍ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬/ ‫ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ‬/ ‫ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﺃﻥ‬
other hand …
6. as …….. *** ‫ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻥ‬/ ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬/ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ‬

.‫" ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺼﻔﺔ‬although" ‫" ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬as" ‫*** ﺘﺄﺘﻲ‬

:‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﻟﻨﺎ‬and ‫ﺒﻁ‬‫ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺭ‬،‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺎﺭﺽ‬‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻴ‬ ü

• He came and I didn't see him . ‫ﻩ‬‫ﺠﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻡ ﺃﺭ‬

.‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺎﺭﺽ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻜﺘﻔﻴﻨﺎ ﺒﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ ü

1. although, though, even though, even if + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ﻓﻌل‬

He was poor. He was happy .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ‬.‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬

Although (Though / Even though / Even if) he was poor, he was happy. .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬

.‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ ﻤ‬though ‫ﻔﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒل‬‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ ﻴ‬ •

• Poor though he was, he was happy.

• Though poor was he, he was happy.

.‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬even if ‫ ﻭ‬even though ‫ ﻭ‬though ‫ ﻭ‬although  •

Although (Though / Even though / Even if) she was wealthy, she felt miserable.
1.
.‫ ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺸﻌﺭﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻴﺄﺱ‬،‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹸﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺜﺭﻴﺔﹰ‬
2. Although he was clever, he always failed .(‫ﺏ‬‫ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﻔﺸل )ﻴﺭﺴ‬‫ ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬
Although he was strong, he couldn't work hard. .ٍ‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻭﻴﺎﹰ‬‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬
3.
Or: Though strong he was, he couldn't work hard.

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

2. however + (‫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل )ﻅﺭﻑ‬+ ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ﻓﻌل‬

.(‫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل )ﻅﺭﻑ‬however ‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ü

1. However clean the house was, we didn't stay in it. .ِ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﻨﻅﻴﻔﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻨﺒﻘﻰ ﺒﻪ‬
2. However badly he wrote, he got high marks. .ٍ‫ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬،ٍ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﺴﻴﺌﺔ‬

.‫ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻌﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬،however ‫( ﺒﻌﺩ‬badly) ‫( ﻭﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ‬clean) ‫ﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻷﻭل‬‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ •
.(‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل )ﻅﺭﻑ‬،although ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬however ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬‫ﻴ‬ ü

Although he was poor, he was happy. .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬
3. However poor he was, he was happy. .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬
He was happy, however poor he was. .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬
Though the tree is high, he can climb it. .‫ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺴﻠﹼﻘﻬﺎ‬‫ ﻓﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺠﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬
4. However high the tree is, he can climb it. .‫ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﻠﹼﻘﻬﺎ‬‫ ﻓﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺠﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬
He can climb the tree however high it is. .‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺴﻠﱡﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

3. whatever + ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ‬+ ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ﻓﻌل‬

.‫ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ‬whatever ‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ‬ •

1. Whatever mistakes she made, he forgave her. .‫ ﺴﺎﻤﺤﻬﺎ‬،ٍ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻤِﻠﹶﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ‬

2. Whatever you say, I never mind. .(‫ ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ )ﻻ ﺍﻫﺘﻡ‬،‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﹸل‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫( ﺍﺴﻡ‬although ‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ )ﺃﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ‬،although ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬whatever ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬‫ﻴ‬ •

Although he tells lies, he is believed. .‫ﻕ‬‫ﺼﺩ‬‫ ﻴﺤﻜﻲ ﺃﻜﺎﺫﻴﺏ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤ‬‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬
3. Whatever lies he tells, he is believed. .‫ﻕ‬‫ﺼﺩ‬‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺎﺫﻴﺏ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤ‬
He is believed whatever lies he tells. .‫ﻕ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺎﺫﻴﺏ‬‫ﺼﺩ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻤ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،whatever ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ‬‫ﻴ‬ •

Whatever he said, we all laughed. .‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻀﺤﻜﻨﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ‬
4.
We all laughed whatever he said. .‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻀﺤﻜﻨﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ‬

4. ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ as + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ﻓﻌل‬

.‫ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺎﻗﺽ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﹸﻌﺒ‬،(‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭ‬although ‫ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬as ‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ü

Clever as he was, he couldn't answer the question. .‫ﺅﺍل‬‫ﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬‫ ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬
1.
Or: Although he was clever, he couldn't answer the question.
Educated as he was, he behaved badly. .ٍ‫ﺌﺔ‬‫ﻑ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﺴﻴ‬‫ ﺘﺼﺭ‬‫ ﺇﻟﹼﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ﺘﻌﻠﹼﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬‫ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬
2.
Or: Although he was educated, he behaved badly.

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 

How to change Adverbial Clause of Contrast into Phrase



‫ ﺃﻭ‬whatever ‫ ﺃﻭ‬however ‫ ﺃﻭ‬even though ‫ ﺃﻭ‬even if ‫ ﺃﻭ‬though ‫ ﺃﻭ‬although ‫ﻤﻠـﺔ ﺒﻬـﺎ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﺠ‬ •
:‫ ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬+ ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،(‫ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﻔﺔ‬as)

Clause Phrase

in spite of ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬/ despite ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬

although / though ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬
/ for all ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬/ with all ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬/
regardless of ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤـﻥ‬‫ ﺒـﺎﻟﺭ‬/not with + poss. adj.
however / whatever ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ‬ +
standing ‫ ﺑﻐﺾِ اﻟﻨّﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ‬/‫ﺑﺼﺮف‬
even though / even if ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬/ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻭ‬ noun or
gerund
whether …. or not … ...‫ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻡ‬... ‫ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬ with or without + ‫( اﺳﻢ‬noun)

‫( ﺑــﺪﻻً ﻣــﻦ‬gerund) (verb + ing) ‫ ﻳُﻤﻜــﻦ اﺳــﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﺳــﻢ اﻟﻔﻌــﻞ‬  v

‫ أو اﺳــﺘﺨﺪام‬،‫ وذﻟــﻚ ﻋﻨــﺪ ﻋــﺪم ﻣﻌﺮﻓــﺔ اﺷــﺘﻘﺎق اﻻﺳــﻢ ﻣــﻦ اﻟ ـﺼّﻔﺔ‬،‫اﻻﺳــﻢ‬
.‫( ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﻢ أو اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬being + ‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ ) ﺻﻔﺔ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

Clause Phrase
He was unhappy though he is wealthy. He was unhappy in spite of his wealth.
1.
.‫ ﺜﺭﻱ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬ .ِ‫ﻫﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺜﺭﺍﺌِﻪ‬
Although he was strong, he couldn't work hard. In spite of his strength, he couldn't work hard.
.ٍ‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬،‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻭﻴﺎﹰ‬‫ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬ .ٍ‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬،ِ‫ﺘِﻪ‬‫ﺭﻏﻡ ﻗﻭ‬
2. Or: In spite of being strong, he couldn't work
hard.
.ٍ‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬،‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻨِﻪِ ﻗﻭﻴﺎﹰ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
However badly he wrote, he got high marks. Despite his bad writing, he got high marks.
3.
.ٍ‫ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬،ٍ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﺴﻴﺌﺔ‬ .ٍ‫ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬،ٍ‫ﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘِﻪِ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬
Although he is wealthy, he doesn't spend much. Despite his wealth, he doesn't spend much.
4.
.‫ﻨﻔﻕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬،‫ ﺜﺭﻱ‬‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬ .‫ﻨﻔﻕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬،ِ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺜﺭﺍﺌﻪ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬
However wealthy he is, he doesn't spend much. Despite being wealthy, he doesn't spend much.
5.
.‫ﻨﻔﻕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬،‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ ﺜﺭﻴﺎﹰ‬ .‫ﻨﻔﻕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬،‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻨِﻪِ ﺜﺭﻴﺎﹰ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬
She refused to stay with them though she was She refused to stay with them in spite of her
6. happy. happiness.
.‫ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓﹰ‬،‫ﻡ‬‫ﺭﻓﻀﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻌﻬ‬ .‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻌﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬،‫ﻡ‬‫ﺭﻓﻀﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻌﻬ‬
In spite of being my only friend, he never
Although he is my only friend, he never visits me.
7. visits me.
.‫ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺯﻭﻨﻲ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‬،‫ﻪ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼ‬
.‫ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺯﻭﻨﻲ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‬،‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻨِﻪِ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬

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
She remembers me although I was absent for She remembers me despite my absence for
8. many years. many years.
.ٍ‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﺫﻜﺭﻨﻲ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕٍ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‬ .ٍ‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﺫﻜﺭﻨﻲ ﺭﻏﻡ ﻏﻴﺎﺒﻲ ﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕٍ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‬
I shall find him even if he hides into a cave. I shall find him in spite of hiding into a cave.
9.
.ٍ‫ﺴﺄﻋﺜﹸﺭ ﻋﻠﻴِﻪِ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻬﻑ‬ .ٍ‫ﺴﺄﻋﺜﹸﺭ ﻋﻠﻴِﻪِ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺌِﻪِ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻬﻑ‬
I shall find a way even if there were many I shall find a way despite all difficulties.
10. difficulties. .(‫ﻌﺎﺏ‬‫ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔﹰ ﺭﻏﻡ ﻜﹸل ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﺴﺄﺠﺩ‬
.ٍ‫ﻨﺎﻙ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕٍ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‬‫ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔﹰ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫ‬‫ﺴﺄﺠﺩ‬
However careful he was, he made mistakes. Despite his carefulness, he made mistakes.
.‫ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺏ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ‬،‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺫﺭﺍﹰ‬ .‫ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺏ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ‬،ِِ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺫﺭﻩ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬
11. Or: Despite being careful, he made
mistakes.
.‫ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺏ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ‬،‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻨِﻪِ ﺤﺫﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
However strong is his right hand, you can Regardless of his strong right hand, you
12. defeat him. can defeat him.
.‫ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻬﺯﻤﻪ‬،‫ﻤﻨﻰ ﻗﻭﻴﺔﹰ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻴ‬‫ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﻴﺩﻩ‬.‫ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻬﺯﻤﻪ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴ‬‫ﺒﺼﺭﻑِ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻴﺩﻩِ ﺍﻟﻴ‬
However slowly we are marching, we shall Not with standing our slow steps, we shall
13. reach our goal. reach our goal.
.‫ ﺴﻨﺼل ﻫﺩﻓﻨﺎ‬،ٍ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻤﺸﻲ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ‬ .‫ ﺴﻨﺼلُ ﻫﺩﻓﻨﺎ‬،‫ﻁﺀ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺘﻨﺎ‬‫ﺒﺼﺭﻑِ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺒ‬
Whatever money he pays, he can't escape With all his money, he can't escape being
14. being tried. tried.
.‫ﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬‫ﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬‫ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻬﺭ‬،‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ‬ .‫ﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬‫ﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬‫ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻬﺭ‬،ِ‫ﺒﻜﹸلّ ﺃﻤﻭﺍﻟِﻪ‬
Whatever difficulties he faced, he could For all his difficulties, he could succeed.
15. succeed. .‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ِ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺘِﻪ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬
.‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ‬
Whether he pays money or not, he cannot
With or without money, he cannot succeed.
16. succeed.
.‫ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎلِ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺩﻭﻨﻪِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل‬
.‫ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،‫ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﻓﻊ‬‫ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬
She will encourage him whether he succeed or She will encourage him regardless of (his)
17. fails. success or (his) failure.
.‫ ﻨﺠﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺸل‬‫ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬‫ﻌﻪ‬‫ ﻫﻲ ﺴﺘﹸﺸﺠ‬.(ِ‫( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺸل )ﻓﺸﻠﻪ‬‫ ﺒﺼﺭﻑِ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺠﺎﺡ )ﻨﺠﺎﺤﻪ‬‫ﻌﻪ‬‫ﺴﺘﹸﺸﺠ‬

History repeats itself.



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

Exercise No. 15 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence:

:‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓﹰ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔﹰ ﻤ‬‫ﻥ ﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟِﺘﹸﻜﻭ‬‫( ﺍﺭﺒﻁ ﻜل ﺠ‬1
1. The battle was fierce (‫)ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ‬. We could win the battle.
2. The distance was too far. We could cover it in a short time.
3. The road was bad. They crossed it easily.
4. He was very hungry. He refused to eat.
5. We shall stay a little longer. It is late.
6. He behaved unwisely. He was highly educated.
7. He made the same mistakes. I warned him much.

II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:‫ﻤلٍ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺨﻁٍ ﻏﺎﻤﻕٍ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕٍ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﺤﻭ‬2
.(‫ﻤل‬‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤ‬ |

1. Though he has a car, he often uses a bus.

2. However strong he may be, he cannot bend (‫ )ﻴﺜﻨﻲ‬this bar.
3. Intelligent as he was, he behaved wrongly.
4. Whatever books he reads, his knowledge is limited.
5. I shall buy a car, whatever money it costs.
6. In spite of his strength, he could not fight two men.
7. For all his wealthy, he does not help the poor people.
8. Despite his courage, he escaped.
9. However violent the resistance was, we could conquer (‫ )ﻴﻘﻬﺭ‬them.
10. Whatever mistakes he made, I forgave him.
11. Regardless of his serious illness, he went on working.
12. However cautious he was, he fell into troubles.
13. For all his great efforts, he failed to attain his ends.
14. Although he has a good name, he faced troubles.
15. Though clever he was, he failed to answer well.

It is no use crying over silt milk.



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‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪7. Adverbial Clauses of Manner‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ )ﻟﻠﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔ( ﺒﺎﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ )‪:(as‬‬

‫‪1. as ….‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬

‫‪2. as if ….‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﹶﻭ‪‬‬
‫‪3. as though ….‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﹶﻭ‪‬‬

‫أﻣﺜــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪He works as I order him.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺭ‪‬ﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪He did his duty as a brave soldier should (do it).‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺒﻪِ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺠﻨﺩﻱ‪ ‬ﺸﹸﺠﺎﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪Mona did her job as it should be done.‬‬ ‫ﻤ‪‬ﻨﻰ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﻌﻤﻠِﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﻤ‪‬ل‪.‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪He laughed as if (as though) he was mad.‬‬ ‫ﻀ‪‬ﺤِﻙ‪ ‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻨﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪He speaks as if he were a king.‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻠِﻜﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬ ‫‪He seemed as though he had lost his wealth.‬‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﹸلّ ﺜﺭﻭﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ E‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (5‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ )‪ (as if‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘـﻲ )ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل )‪ (he‬ﻤﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﺴ‪‬ﻨﹶﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﻌل )‪ (were‬ﺠﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜـل ﺫﻟـﻙ ﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴـﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‪ ‬ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻠِﻜﺎﹰ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻠِﻜﺎﹰ ‪ ،…..as if he were a king‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤ‪‬ﻐﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺒ‪َ‬ﺭ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﻐﺎﻴﺭ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﺨﺒﺭ( )ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (6‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ )‪ (seemed‬ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒـﺴﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻌـل ﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌـﺔ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪ ،…. as though he had lost his money.‬ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﻐﺎﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻨﻪ‪ ‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺜﺭﻭﺘﻪ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻪ‪ ‬ﺒﺩﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻘﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.‬‬

‫‪‬‬

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


How to change Adverbial Clause of Manner into Phrase



:‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬as – as if – as though ‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭ‬ü

Clause Phrase
as ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ according to ‫ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﹻ‬/ as / in accordance with ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﹻ‬
in the manner (way) of . ...ٍ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
in a (‫ )ﺼﻔﺔ‬way (manner) … ...ٍ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ +
as if / as though ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ‬ noun or
with …. ‫ﺒﹻ‬ gerund
like …. ‫ﻜﺄﻥ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ‬

Clause Phrase
He made the door as I told him. He made the door according to my orders.
1.
.‫ﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺘﹶﻪ‬ .(‫ﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭﻱ )ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺘﻲ‬
They worked according to her orders.
They worked as she had ordered them.
2. Or: They worked in accordance with her orders.
.‫ﻡ‬‫ﻤِﻠﻭﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺘﻬ‬‫ﻋ‬
.‫ﻤِﻠﻭﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬
They are acting as he taught them. They are acting according to his teachings.
3.
.‫ﻫﻡ ﻴﺘﺼﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﹼﻤﻬﻡ‬ .‫ﻫﻡ ﻴﺘﺼﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻤﻪ‬
He speaks as if he were a king. He speaks like a king.
4.
.‫ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻠِﻜﺎﹰ‬ .‫ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻜﻤﻠِﻙ‬
He smiled as though he was pleased. He smiled with pleasure (fake).
5.
.‫ﺍﺒﺘﺴﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ‬ .(ٍ‫ ﺒﺩﺠل‬/ ٍ‫ﺍﺒﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓٍ )ﺒﺯﻴﻑ‬
He speaks as if he were the owner of the
He speaks like the owner of the factory.
6. factory.
.‫ ﻤﺎﻟِﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻨﻊ‬‫ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﻜﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬
.‫ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﻟِﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻨﻊ‬
She talked as if she were singing. She talked in a singing way (manner) (fashion).
7.
.‫ﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﻐﻨﹼﻲ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﻏﻨﺎﺌﻴ‬
He seemed as though he lost his money. He seemed losing his money.
8.
.ِ‫ﺒﺩﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻨﻘﻭﺩِﻩ‬ .ِ‫ﺒﺩﺍ ﻜﺸﺨﺹٍ ﻓﺎﻗﺩ ﻷﻤﻭﺍﻟِﻪ‬
He ran as if the devils were pursing him.
He ran like a haunted person.
.‫ﻩ‬‫ﺠﺭﻯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻴﺎﻁﻴﻥ ﺘﹸﻁﺎﺭﺩ‬
9. . ‫ﻁﺎﺭﺩ‬‫ﺠﺭﻯ ﻜﺸﺨﺹٍ ﻤ‬
Or: He ran in great fear. .‫ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﺨﻭﻑٍ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬

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
She did her work as it should be done. She did her work correctly (properly / well).
10.
.‫ل‬‫ﻌﻤ‬‫ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﻌﻤﻠِﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬ .(‫ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﻌﻤﻠِﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜلٍ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ )ﺤﺴﻥ‬
Answer the questions as I have taught you. Answer the questions according to my teachings.
11.
.‫ﺃﺠﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻠﹼﻤﺘﻙ‬ .‫ﺃﺠﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺘﻲ‬
She walks and talks as if she were She walks and talks in the way (manner) of
12. a queen. a queen.
.‫ﺘﻤﺸﻲ ﻭﺘﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻠِﻜﺔﹰ‬ .‫ﺘﻤﺸﻲ ﻭﺘﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻠِﻜﺔ‬
He walks proudly as if he were a king.
.‫ ﻴﻤﺸﻲ ﺒﻔﺨﺭٍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻠِﻜﺎﹰ‬He walks proudly like a king. .‫ﻴﻤﺸﻲ ﺒﻔﺨﺭٍ ﻜﻤﻠِﻙ‬
13. Or: He walks proudly in a kingly way.
.‫ﺔ‬‫ ﻴﻤﺸﻲ ﺒﻔﺨﺭٍ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬

He swam as though he had been He swam like a champion. .ٍ‫ ﻜﺒﻁل‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺴ‬

14.
a champion. .‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﻁﻼﹰ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺴ‬

She spoke as if she had known the truth.

 clause
15. .‫ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻤﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬

Exercise No. 16 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Complete the following: :‫( أﻛﻤ ﻞ اﻵﺗ ﻲ‬1

1. The house will be built as ……….
2. Everything happened as ……….
3. He jumped as if ……….
4. The car ran very quickly as though ……….
5. She walked proudly as if ……….

II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:‫ﻤلٍ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺨﻁٍ ﻏﺎﻤﻕٍ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕٍ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﺤﻭ‬2
.(‫ﻤل‬‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤ‬ |

1. He lives as his salary allows him.

2. He fought as a brave man should fight.
3. They carried out the project as he planned.
4. The child was like his grandfather in behavior.
5. According to this book, Salah Eddin was a good warrior (‫ﻘﺎﺘل‬‫ ﻤ‬/‫)ﻤﺤﺎﺭﺏ‬.
6. In accordance with the police orders, smoking is forbidden.
7. The student worked as if he were a scientist.
8. Use the plain brush according to my words.
9. The student of medicine was like a skilful (skillful) doctor in an operation.
10. He spoke foolishly like a mad man.

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‫‪‬‬

‫‪8. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺃﺨﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡِ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩ‪‬ﺭﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ‪‬ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،phrase‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺼـﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪.clause‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ‪‬ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ) ‪ ،( than‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬

‫‪ (adj.) + as‬ﺼﻔﺔ ‪1. as +‬‬ ‫ﻜـ ‪ .....‬ﻜـ‬ ‫‪ + as‬ﺼﻔﺔ ‪4. not so (as) +‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ ‪ ....‬ﻜـ‬
‫‪2. Comparative adj. + than‬‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ‪ +‬ﻋﻤ‪‬ﺎ ‪ /‬ﻋﻥ‬ ‫‪5. the more ….. the more ….‬‬ ‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ‪ ....‬ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ‪..‬‬
‫‪3. Comparative adj. + than that‬‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ‪ +‬ﻋﻥ ﺫﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫‪6. the more …. the less ….‬‬ ‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ‪ ....‬ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ‪..‬‬

‫‪ more ‬ﻭ ‪ less‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ )‪.(comparative adj.‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫‪ (adj.) + as‬ﺼﻔﺔ ‪1. as +‬‬ ‫ﻜـ ‪ .....‬ﻜـ‬

‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪You are as foolish as he (is).‬‬ ‫ﺃﻨﹼﻙ‪ ‬ﻏﺒﻲ‪ ‬ﻤﺜﻠ ‪‬ﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪Mazen is as clever as his brother (is).‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺨﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪He fought bravely as the lion did.‬‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔٍ ﻜﺎﻷﺴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪Hany is as tall as I (am).‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻨﻲ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻤﺜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪The work is as easy as you can make it.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺴﻬل ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﹶﻪ‪) ‬ﻓﻌﻠﹶﻪ‪.(‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪ (2‬ﻭ )‪ ،(4‬ﺘﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻭﻓﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ‪ ،as‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫ﺇﻻﹼ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻘﻁ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ )‪ (is‬ﻭ )‪ (is‬ﻭ )‪(am‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (adj.) + as‬ﺼﻔﺔ ‪2. not as (so) +‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ ‪ .....‬ﻜـ‬

‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪The work is not as easy as you think.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻟﻴﺱ ﺴﻬﻼﹰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪He is not so clever as I (am).‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﺜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪She is not so tall as I (am).‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪Huda is not so beautiful as Samia (is).‬‬ ‫ﻫ‪‬ﺩﻯ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻜﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ )ﻤﺜل ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪3. Comparative adj. + than (than that‬‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ‪ +‬ﻋﻤ‪‬ﺎ ‪ /‬ﻋﻥ‬

‫ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻔﻀﻴل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ )ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ( ﻗﺒل ‪.than‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬

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1. The work is easier than you think. .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺃﺴﻬل ﻋﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ‬
2. The work is easier than that you did last week. .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺃﺴﻬل ﻋﻥ ﺫﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﹸﻤﺕﹶ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬
3. Samir is stronger than Salem (is). .‫ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﻟﻡ‬
4. Our fighters are more experienced than their fighters. .‫ﻘﺎﺘِﻠﻴﻬﻡ‬‫ﻘﺎﺘﻠﻭﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺨﺒﺭﺓﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻤ‬‫ﻤ‬

4. the more + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫…… ﻓﻌل‬.., the more + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫…… ﻓﻌل‬.. .....‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ‬.... ‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ‬

.‫ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﺩﻴﺔ‬the more ….., the more …… ‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ü

The more you work, the more you gain. .‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺭﺒﺤﺕﹶ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬،‫ﻤِﻠﺕﹶ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﻋ‬

.the…….., the…… ‫( ﺒﻌﺩ‬comparative adj.) ‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬ E

the + comparative adj. …….., the + comparative adj. …………

5. the more + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ ﻓﻌل‬, the less + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ﻓﻌل‬

.‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ü

The more we yield to the demands of our children, the less we encourage their own abilities.
1.
.‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻠﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﻡ‬،‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺴﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺃﻁﻔﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬
The less mistakes you make, the more marks you get.
2.
.‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬،‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺒﺕ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻗل‬




I commit my affair to Allah.

 

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

How to change Adverbial Clause of Comparison into Phrase

 

:‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭ‬ •

Clause Phrase
equal in + ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ‬of the same + ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ‬+ as
as + ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ as ‫ ﻜـ‬..... ‫ﻜـ‬
equally + ‫ﺼﻔﺔ‬
not so (as) + ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ as ‫ ﻜـ‬... ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ not equal in + ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ‬not of the same + ‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬

comparative adj. + than ... not equal in + ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ‬not of the same + ‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬
‫ ﻤﻥ‬+ ‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬
(e.g. more than) or: not equally + ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ‬different + ‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ‬

Clause Phrase
He is as tall as I (am). .‫ﻫﻭ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻤﺜﻠﻲ‬ We are equal in tallness. .‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬
1.
Or: We are equally tall. .‫ ﻨﺤﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻁﻭﻻﹰ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
She is as beautiful as Samia. They are equal in beauty..‫ﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎل‬
2. .‫ ﻫﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬Or: They are equally beautiful.
.‫ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺠﻤﺎﻻﹰ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
Huda is (not) as (so) beautiful as Samia. They are not equal in beauty.
.‫ﺩﻯ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬‫ﻫ‬ .‫ﻫﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎل‬
Or: Huda is beautiful than Samia. Or: They are not equally beautiful.
.‫ﺩﻯ ﺃﺠﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬‫ﻫ‬ .‫ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺠﻤﺎﻻﹰ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
3.
Or: They are different in beauty.
.‫ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎل‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
Or: They are not of the same beauty.
.‫ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺎ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎل‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
I am stronger than he is. We are not equal in strength.
.‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﻤﻨﻪ‬ .‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬
4. Or: We are not equally strong.
.‫ ﻨﺤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻗﻭﺓﹰ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
He fought bravely as the lion did. He fought bravely like the lion.
5.
.‫ﺤﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔٍ ﻜﺎﻷﺴﺩ‬ .‫ﺤﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔٍ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻷﺴﺩ‬
A T.V camera costs more than a T.V set does. A T.V camera is costlier than a T.V set does.
6.
.‫ﺘﹸﻜﻠﹼﻑ ﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ‬ .‫ﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ‬
They bought more food than they needed. They bought more food than their need.
7.
.‫ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻭﺍ ﻁﻌﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﺎﺠﻭﺍ‬ .‫ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻭﺍ ﻁﻌﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﺠﺘﻬﻡ‬
The vegetables costs as much as they did last week. The vegetables are not of the same price as last week.
8. .‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﹸﻜﻠﹼﻑ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬ .‫ﻌﺭ ﻜﺎﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

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Exercise No. 17 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Complete the following: :‫( أﻛﻤﻞ اﻵﺗﻲ‬1

1. He received less money than ……….
2. I am not so old ……….
3. He does not work so well ……….
4. The more attention a pupil pays ……….
5. The more quickly we run ……….
6. The thinner the man is ……….
7. The easier the question is ……….
8. He can write as clearly ……….

II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:‫ﻤلٍ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺨﻁٍ ﻏﺎﻤﻕٍ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕٍ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﺤﻭ‬2
.(‫ﻤل‬‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤ‬ @

1. Ali is not so intelligent as his brother is.

2. He wrote well as his brother did.
3. He is as tall as his father is.
4. He and his brother are equal in generosity.(‫)ﻜﺭﻡ‬
5. He and his brother are equally short.
6. He was not so stupid as his brother was.
7. The first film and the second film were not equally interesting.
8. The son and his daughter are equal in cleanliness.



Content is better than riches.



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


9. Adverbial Clauses of Condition (The Conditional Clauses) ( If Clauses)



:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،( if ) ‫ﻤل ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ •

1. if ….. ‫ ﺇﻥ‬/ ‫ ﻟﻭ‬/ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ 5. on condition that …. ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻥ‬/ ‫ﺒﺸﺭﻁ‬
2. unless = if …. not … ‫ ﻟﻡ‬‫ ﺇﻥ‬/ ‫ ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ‬/ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ‬ 6. provided … ‫ﺽ‬‫ﺒﻔﺭ‬
3. provided that … ‫ﺽ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺒﻔﺭ‬ 7. suppose …. ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺭِﺽ‬

4. supposing that …. ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺭِﺽ ﺃﻥ‬

 •


Conditional Sentences (If Rules) (Conditionals)

 

.‫ ﺇﻥ‬،‫ ﻟﻭ‬،‫( ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ‬if) ü

.‫( ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ‬if)‫ ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ü
.‫ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻔﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ‬‫ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ‬‫ﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﻟﺘﻌ‬if) ‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ü
.‫ﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﻓﻌل ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻡ ﺴﻨﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü
:‫ﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü

1-The Zero Conditional 

1-Form: ‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬


if + Present Simple Present Simple
‫ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

2-Usage: ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
.(%100 ‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ‬:‫ﺍﺌﻤﺔ )ﺃﻱ‬‫ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺩ‬ü

‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫( ﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺠ‬if) ‫ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬،‫ ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬, ) ‫( ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬if) ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒـ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ u
.‫ﻓﻼ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬

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

Examples ‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

1. If water freezes, it turns into ice. (‫ )ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬.‫ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
2. If we put sugar in water, it dissolves. (‫ )ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬.‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺫﻭﺏ‬،‫ﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
3. If we heat iron, it expands. (‫ )ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬.‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻨﹸﺴﺨﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬

2.The First Conditional 

1-Form: ‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻜـﻭﻴﻥ‬


if + Present Simple Future Simple
‫ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬
shall / will + ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬

.will ‫ ﺃﻭ‬shall ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬can ‫ ﺃﻭ‬may ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ×

2-Usage: ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
.(Probable) (‫ﺤﺘﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺩﻭﺙ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ﺔ ﻟﻸﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜـﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘـﻕ )ﺃﻱ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü
.(%50 ‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ‬:‫)ﺃﻱ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

1. If you eat too much, you'll be sick. .‫ ﻓﺴﺘﻤﺭﺽ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﺘﺄﻜﹸل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬

2. If he works hard, he will succeed. .‫ ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒِﺠﺩ‬
3. If he works hard, he can succeed. .‫ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬
4. If he works hard, he may succeed. .‫ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬
5. You'll fall if you are not careful. .‫ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺤﺫﺭ‬،‫ﺴﺘﻘﻊ‬
6. If he does not work hard, he will not succeed. .‫ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬

3.The Second Conditional



1-Form: ‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻜـﻭﻴﻥ‬
 
if + Past Simple should / would + ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬
.would ‫ ﺃﻭ‬should ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬could ‫ ﺃﻭ‬might ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ×

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2-Usage: ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
-:‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ ü

 .(Improbable) (‫ﺩﻭﺜﻪ )ﻏﻴـﺭ ﻤﺤﺘﻤـل‬‫ﺢ ﺤ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ﺤﺘﻤل ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﺃ( ﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬ ü
 10

If he won the prize, he would buy a new car.

.(‫ﺢ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫) ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺘﻤل ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬.‫ ﻓﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ‬‫ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺴﺏ‬/ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬

 

If they had some money, they would stay at a hotel.

1.
.(‫ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﺜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨﺩﻕ‬،‫ )ﺃﻱ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬.‫ ﻟﻤﻜﺜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺩﻕ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ‬
If I were rich, I wouldn't drive an old car. .‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻗﹸﺩﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔﹰ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻏﻨﻴﺎﹰ‬
2.
.(‫ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬:‫ )ﺃﻱ‬.‫ﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ ( ﻟﻨﹸﺒﻴ‬I ) ‫ ( ﻤﻊ‬was ) ‫( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬were ) ‫ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ‬ ♦

3. If I were you, I would (I'd) tell the police. .‫ ﻷﺨﺒﺭﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ‬

.‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬،(I, He, She, It) ‫( ﻤﻊ‬was) ‫( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬were) ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ u

Examples ‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

1. If he studied hard, he would (could) succeed. .(‫ ﻟﻨﺠﺢ ) ﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﺩﺭﺱ‬
2. If I met a lion, I would climb a tree. .‫ ﻓﺴﺄﺘﺴﻠﹼﻕﹸ ﺸﺠﺭﺓﹰ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﺃﺴﺩﺍﹰ‬
3. If I were you, I'd take the money. .‫ ﻷﺨﺫﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻨﹸﻘﻭﺩ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕ ُﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ‬
4. If I were a car, I would be Mercedes. .‫ ﻟﺭﻏﺒﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉِ ﻤﺭﺴﻴﺩﺱ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ‬
5. If you found a snake in your room, you should run away. .‫ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻬﺭﺏ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹶ ﺜﻌﺒﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓﺘِﻙ‬

4.The Third Conditional 

1-Form: ‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬

 
if + Past Perfect should have / would have + P.P
‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺗﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬

.would have ‫ ﺃﻭ‬should have ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤِﻥ‬could have ‫ ﺃﻭ‬might have ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ü

2-Usage: ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺙ ﺃﻭ‬‫( ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤـﺩ‬Impossible) ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹸﺠ‬ ×
0 .‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ‬

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

Examples ‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

If he had informed the police, he wouldn't have

1. .َ‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻗﹸﺘِل‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﺔ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺨﺒﺭ‬
been killed.
If he had studied hard, he would (could) have ‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ ) ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗـﺩ‬،ٍ‫ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﺭﺱ‬
2.
succeeded. .( ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬

If I listened to his advice, I wouldn't have lost the ‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗـﺩ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﻌﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺘﻪ‬
3.
money. .(‫ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺩﻡ‬‫) ﺘﹸﻌﺒ‬.‫ﻓﻘﺩﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ‬
4. If my parents hadn't married, I wouldn't have been born. .‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻟِﺩﺕﹸ‬،‫ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺯﻭﺠﺎ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻱ‬
5. If he had made a mistake, he would have apologized. .‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺫﺭ‬،ً‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻤِلَ ﺨﻁﺄ‬

 u

If 

‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺒﺩﻭﺀﺓﹰ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬‫ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،( if ) ‫ﺫﻓﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔﹰ ﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺤ‬‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻴ‬ ü
‫ﺅﺍل( )ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل‬‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴﺔ )ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫( ﻭﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬Should - Had -Were) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
.‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،(‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬
.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬should) ‫ ( ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬if ) ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ‬‫( ﻴ‬1

If he studies hard, he will succeed.

1. (‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل‬ .‫ ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠﺩ‬
= Should he studies hard, he will succeed.
If he succeeded, he would join the university.
2. (‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ‬ .‫ ﻓﺴﻴﻠﺘﺤﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻨﺠﺢ‬
= Should he succeeded, he would join the university.

.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬were) ‫ ( ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬if ) ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ‬‫( ﻴ‬2

If I were a bird, I would fly.

1. .‫ ﻟﻁِﺭﺕﹸ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻋﺼﻔﻭﺭﺍﹰ‬
= Were I a bird, I would fly.
If he bought that car, it would cost him much. .‫ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻟﻜﻠﹼﻔﺘﻪ‬،‫ﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴ‬
2.
= Were he to buy that car, it would cost him much. .if ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤِﻥ‬were…. to ‫ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ‬ 

.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻤِﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬Had) ‫ ( ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬if ) ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ‬‫( ﻴ‬3
.‫ ﺒﻤﻔﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬had ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ü
.‫ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬had ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ü

If I had enough money, I would buy a new house.

1. (‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ‬ .‫ ﻻﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕ ﻤﻨﺯﻻﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ‬،‫ ﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﺃﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬
= Had I enough money, I would buy a new house.
If he studied hard, he would have succeeded.
2. (‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ‬ .‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﺭﺱ‬
= Had he studied hard, he would have succeeded.
If they had obeyed me, they would have won the prize.
3. (‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ .‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺒﺤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻁﺎﻋﻭﻨﻲ‬
= Had they obeyed me, they would have won the prize.
.unless ‫ﺔ ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫( ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬4

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

unless = if…..not 

.‫ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﺴﻠﺒﻲ‬‫ﻌﺒ‬‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻴ‬ ü

.‫ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁ ﻭﻓﻌل ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁ‬‫( ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤ‬unless) ‫ﻭﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ü

If he does not succeed, he will not join the university.

1. .‫ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻠﺘﺤﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬،‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬
= Unless he succeeds, he will not join the university.
If he did not work hard, he would not succeed.
2. .‫ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬
= Unless he worked hard, he would not succeed.
If he had not paid money, he would not have received
the goods.
3. .‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ‬
= Unless he had paid money, he would not have
received the goods.
If he did not take this medicine, he would not be better.
4. .‫ﻥ‬‫ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺴ‬،‫ﻭﺍﺀ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩ‬
= Unless he took this medicine, he would not be better.

Exercise No. 18 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Choose the correct answer: :‫( ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬1

1. If she (had-has-have) time, she will visit us.

2. What (will-would-do) you do if you (has-had- have) a lot of money?
3. If he (came-come-comes), I (should-shall-would) forgive him.
4. (Was-Were-Am) I a car, I (will-would-shall) be Ford.
5. If she (stayed-stays-had stayed) at home, she would have received the telegram.

II) Correct the verbs between brackets: :‫( ﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬2
1. If she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends.
2. Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop).
3. If you (ate) too much, you will be sick.
4. Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him.
5. If he played well, he (win) the match.

Kill two birds with one stone.



90


 
 percentage
The Zero Conditional
 If 

The First Conditional
If

The Second conditional
If

The Third Conditional
If


If
 Time
 
  Form  Examples
 Usage
 
Probability
any time
%100
if + Present Simple present simple ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬ If water freezes, it turns into ice.
‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ . ً‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ داﺋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ أي وﻗﺖ‬ .(‫ ﻓﺈﻧّﮫ ﯾﺘﺤﻮّل إﻟﻰ ﺛﻠﺞٍ )ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ‬،‫ﻟﻮ ﯾﺘﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
If you clean my bike, I'll give you
ٍ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ ﺷ ﻲ‬ a dollar.
future
%50 if + Present Simple Future Simple
‫أن‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻣُﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﺤُﺪوث‬
‫)ﻣﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
.ً‫ ﻓﺴﺄُﻋﻄﯿﻚ دوﻻرا‬،‫ﻟﻮ ﺗُﻨﻈﻒ دراﺟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ will, shall + ‫ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ Should he studies hard, he will
.(‫ﯾﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ succeed.
.‫ ﻓﺴﯿﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻮ ﯾﺪرس ﺑﺠﺪ‬
If he won the prize, he would buy
a car.
.ً‫ ﻓﺴﯿﺸﺘﺮي ﺳﯿﺎرة‬،‫إذا ﻛﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة‬
if + Past Simple should, would + ‫ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ future
%10 ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬
ٍ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲء‬
.‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣُﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﻮﻗُﻮع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ If I were a bird, I would fly.
.‫ ﻓﺴﺄﻃﯿﺮ‬،ً‫ﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻋُﺼﻔُﻮرا‬
Were I a bird, I would fly.
.‫ ﻓﺴﺄﻃﯿﺮ‬،ً‫ﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻋُﺼﻔﻮرا‬
If he had studied hard, he would
have succeeded.
ٍ‫* ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲء‬
.‫ ﻟﻜﺎن ﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ درس ﺑِﺠﺪ‬
if + Past Perfect should (would) have + P.P .‫ﻣُﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﻮع‬ past
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬ ‫* ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﻨ ﺪم‬ If I had listened to his advice,
%0 ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫أو اﻷﺳ ﻒ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﺎ‬ I would not have lost my money.
.‫ﺣﺪث‬ ‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻗﺪ‬،ِ‫ﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﻤﻌﺖُ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﯿﺤﺘﮫ‬
 ‫ﻓﻘﺪتُ ﻧُﻘﻮدي‬
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

How to change Adverbial Clause of Condition into Phrase



‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬـﺎ‬،unless ‫ ﺃﻭ‬were (not) ‫ ﺃﻭ‬had (not) ‫ ﺃﻭ‬should (not) ‫ ﺃﻭ‬if …. not ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü
+ ‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ‬‫ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،simple / phrase ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،(complex / clause) ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠ‬
:‫ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕٍ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬+ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬

Clause Phrase
if, should, had, were …. (‫ﺇﺫﺍ )ﻟﻭ‬ in case of …. .... ‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
suppose …. ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺭِﺽ‬ in the event of ... ...‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
supposing that …. ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺭِﺽ ﺃﻥ‬ with …. ‫ﺒﹻ‬
provided (that ) …. (‫ﺒﻔﺭﺽ )ﺃﻥ‬ by ….. ‫ﺒﹻ‬ + poss. adj.
on condition that …. (‫ﺒﺸﺭﻁ )ﺃﻥ‬ + noun or
gerund
if …. not / unless / but for ‫ﻟﻭﻻ‬
should …. not / ‫ﺇﺫﺍ )ﻟﻭ( ﻟﻡ‬
were …. not / had …. not without ‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ‬

Clause Phrase
If he works hard, he will succeed. In case of working hard, he will succeed.
1.
.‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬ .‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬
If he does not work hard (Unless he works Without (But for) working hard, he will
2. hard), he will not succeed. not succeed.
.‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬ .‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬
If he worked hard, he would succeed. (By) Working hard, he would succeed.
.‫ ﻟﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻤِلَ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻋ‬ .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬
3.
Or: Were he to work hard, he would succeed. Or: In case of working hard, he would
succeed. .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬
If she had come early, she would have met Ali. (By) Coming early, she would have met Ali.
4.
.‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺒﻜﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻤ‬ .‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻀﻭﺭ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ‬
He would not succeed unless he worked hard. Without work (working) hard, he would
not succeed.
Or: He would not succeed if he didn't work hard.
.‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩِ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬
5. .‫ﻟﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬
،‫ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻌل‬work ‫ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ 
.‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬
If he had paid money, he would have received Having paid money, he would have
6. the goods. received the goods.
.‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ‬ .‫ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ‬،‫ﺒﺩﻓﻊ )ﺒﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﻓﻊ( ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ‬

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
Unless he had paid money (If he hadn't paid Without (But for) paying all the money, he
7. money), he would not have received the goods. would not have received the goods.
.‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ‬،‫ ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹼ‬.‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ‬،‫ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ‬‫ﻓﹶﻊ‬‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ )ﻟﻭ ﻻ( ﺩ‬
If he buys that car, it will cost him much. In case of buying that car, it will cost him
8. .‫ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻠﻔﻪ‬،‫ ﻟﻭ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬much.
.‫ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻠﻔﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺸﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬
Had he not followed the orders, he would Without following the orders, he would
9. have been punished. have been punished.
.‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻭﻗﺏ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺘﹼﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ‬ .‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻭﻗﺏ‬،‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ‬
If he sent a telegraph, they could come and In case of sending a telegraph, they could
10. help him. come and help him.
.‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩﻭﻩ‬‫ ﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻭﺍ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﺃﺭﺴل ﺒﺭﻗﻴﺔﹰ‬ .‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩﻭﻩ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻭﺍ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺭﺴﺎل ﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬
If you needs anything, ask your father. In case of your needing anything, ask your
11. .‫ﻙ‬‫ ﻓﺄﺴل ﻭﺍﻟِﺩ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ‬ father.
.‫ﻙ‬‫ ﻓﺎﺴل ﻭﺍﻟِﺩ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﻙ )ﺤﺎﺠﺘﻙ( ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ‬
In case of your not returning early, I'll
Unless you return early, I'll have to tell the boss.
12. have to tell the boss.
.‫ﺩﻴﺭ‬‫ ﻓﺴﺄﻀﻁﺭ ﻹﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﺩ ﻤ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻌ‬
.‫ﺩﻴﺭ‬‫ ﻓﺴﺄﻀﻁﺭ ﻹﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻋﻭﺩﺘﻙ ﻤ‬

Exercise No. 19 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

**) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:‫ﻤلٍ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺨﻁٍ ﻏﺎﻤﻕٍ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕٍ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬
.(‫ﻤل‬‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤ‬ |
1. Had he not shown me the way, I should have missed the way.
2. They would have done it if they had known how.
3. In case of being very rich, he would buy a new car.
4. With his confidence in himself, he can overcome his problems.
5. Had he the strong determination, he would stop smoking.
6. Unless he had been cautious, he would have lost his money.
7. But for his intelligence, he would suffer much.
8. With your permission (‫)ﺇﺫﻥ‬, I shall go.
9. With his helped, I should have lost my life.
10. If the servant stole the money, the police would arrest him.
11. Should he be wise, he would overcome his difficulties.
12. Without money, we shouldn't buy our needs.
13. If he had come yesterday, he would have enjoyed the party.
14. If she practiced harder, she would become a good musician.
15. In case of taking away these toys, the children will cry.
16. If you take my advice, you will not go.
17. If you touch the wire, you will get a nasty shock (‫)ﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﺫﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬.
18. Unless you go to the doctor, you will not get better.
19. By looking out of the window, you will see a wonderful scene.
20. But for the terrible weather, they would have climbed the top of the mountain.

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10. Adverbial Clauses of Degree 

‫ ﻭﻟـﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻜﺜﻴـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﻭﻴﻴﻥ‬،‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬‫ﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﺩ‬‫ﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ •
.‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻭﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍﹰ‬
:‫ ﻭﻫﻲ‬،(as …..as ) ‫ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ •

1. as (so) + ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ as ‫ ﻜـ‬..... ‫ﻜـ‬

2. not so (as) + ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ as ‫ ﻜـ‬... ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬
3. two (three) times as ‫ﺒﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ )ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ( ﻜـ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ‬

1. You don't study as hard as you should. .‫ﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﻻ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ‬
2. You are not as foolish as I thought. .‫ﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﻟﺴﺕﹶ ﻏﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺩﺕﹸ‬

How to change Adverbial Clause of Degree into Phrase



:‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭ‬ •

Clause Phrase
as (so) + ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ as ‫ ﻜـ‬..... ‫ﻜـ‬ of the same degree as ... ‫ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜـ‬

not so (as) + ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ as ‫ ﻜـ‬... ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ not of the same degree as ‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜـ‬
‫ﺒﻤــﺭﺘﻴﻥ )ﺒــﺜﻼﺙ‬ two (three) times + comparative + ‫ﺒﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ )ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ( ﻜــ‬
two (three) times as
… ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺕ( ﻜـ‬ adj. + than ‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ‬

He studies as hard as one does for the finals. His studies were of the same degree as those
1. .‫ﺱ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ ﻟﻼﻤﺘﺤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻴﺩﺭ‬‫ ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬for the finals.
.‫ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺴﻭﻥ ﻟﻼﻤﺘﺤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺘﹸﻪ‬
He worked three times as hard as an ordinary He worked three times harder than
2. man does. an ordinary man.
.‫ﻤِلَ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺠﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ﻋ‬ .‫ﻤِلَ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺒﺜﻼﺜﺔِ ﻤﺭﺍﺕٍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ﻋ‬
Mazen is not as clever as Ahmed. They are not of the same cleverness.
.‫ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺫﻜﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬ .ِ‫ﻫﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺎ ﺒﻨﻔﺱِ ﺍﻟﺫﹼﻜﺎﺀ‬
3. Or: They are different in cleverness.
.ِ‫ﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﹼﻜﺎﺀ‬

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11. Adverbial Clauses of Exception 

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(except that) ‫ ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ü

1. except that
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﻥ‬
2. but that

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ‬

He succeeded in all subjects except that he failed in Algebra.

1.
.‫ﺒﺭ‬‫ﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺭﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠ‬
He welcomes his friend to the party except that he gave them nothing to eat.
2.
.‫ﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻟﻴﺄﻜﻠﻭﻩ‬‫ﺏ ﺒﺄﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬‫ﺭﺤ‬

How to change Adverbial Clause of Exception into Phrase

 

:‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭ‬ü

Clause Phrase
except (for) ‫ﻟﻭ ﻻ‬
except that, but that ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﻥ‬ + poss. adj. + noun or
but (for) ‫ﻟﻭ ﻻ‬ gerund

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ‬

Clause Phrase
We have a happy time except that the weather We have a happy time except for the freezing
1. was freezing. weather.
.‫ﺩ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻘﺱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﺠﻤ‬‫ﻗﻀﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﻥ‬ .‫ﺩ‬‫ﺘﺠﻤ‬‫ﻗﻀﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻘﺱ ﺍﻟﻤ‬
He would have enjoyed his company but that He would have enjoyed his company but for
2. he talked too much. his talking too much.
.‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺭﻓﻘﺘﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﻨﹼﻪُ ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬ .‫ ﻜﻼﻤﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺭﻓﻘﺘﻪ ﻟﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ‬

Content is better than riches.



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

12. Adverbial Clauses of Preference 

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(rather than) ‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ( ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ )ﺍﻟﺭ‬ü

1. rather than
‫ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ‬
2. sooner than (that)

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ‬

1. I would stay with him rather than that I be alone. .‫ﺴﺄﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺍﹰ‬
2. I would walk on fire rather than I stay with him. .‫ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺭ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻌﻪ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬
3. She would become a spinster sooner than be his wife. .‫ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺎﻨﺴﺔﹰ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ‬

How To Change Adverbial Clause Of Preference Into Phrase

 

:‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭ‬ü

Clause Phrase
prefer + (noun or gerund) + to (noun or gerund)
rather than, sooner than (that) (‫ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ ﻋﻥ‬+ (‫ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ل‬‫ﻴُﻔﻀ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ‬
like + noun + more than + noun ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ‬+ ‫ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ‬+ ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ‬+ ‫ﺤﺏ‬‫ﻴ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ‬

Clause Phrase
I would walk on fire rather than I stay with her. I prefer walking on fire to staying with her.
.‫ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬ .‫ل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬‫ﺃُﻓﻀ‬
1. Or: I like walking on fire more than staying
with her.
.‫ ﺃُﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬
She would sooner become a spinster than that She prefers becoming a spinster to marriage him.
she marries him. .‫ﻭﺍﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ‬‫ﺘﹸﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺯ‬
2. . ‫ﺠﻪ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀل‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻨﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
 ‫ﺃ‬ Or: She likes becoming a spinster more than
marriage him.
.‫ﻭﺍﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ‬‫ﺘﹸﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯ‬

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13. Adverbial Clauses of Proportion



:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،( the … the ) ‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ( ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ )ﺍﻟﺭ‬ü

1. the + comparative adj. + the + comparative adj. ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬+ ‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ‬+ ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬+ ‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ‬
2. as + adj. + as + ……… + so ‫ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ‬........ ‫ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ‬

The harder (The more) you study, the better marks you will get.
1.
.‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﺃﻓﻀل‬،‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬
2. The older you get, the more responsibility you'll have to carry. .‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬،‫ﺭ‬‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﺒ‬
3. As hard as you work so you will get paid. .‫ﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻙ‬‫ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻴ‬
The less mistakes you make, the more marks you get.
4.
.‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬،‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﺕ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻗل‬
5. The more quickly we go, the earlier we shall get. .‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺼل ﻤﺒﻜﺭﻴﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬، ‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬

How to change Adverbial Clause of Proportion into Phrase

 

:‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬ü

Clause Phrase
as …..as ….. so ... ‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ‬... ‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ‬ in proportion to + poss. adj. + noun or gerund
the …… the ‫ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ‬...... ‫ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬+ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎﹰ )ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﻨﺎﺴﺏ( ﻤﻊ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜــﻠﺔ‬

Clause Phrase
The older you get, the more responsibility You will have to carry responsibility in
1. you'll have to carry. proportion to your age.
.‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬،‫ﺭ‬‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﺒ‬ .‫ﻤﺭﻙ‬‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﻨﺎﺴﺏ )ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎﹰ( ﻤﻊ ﻋ‬
As hard as you work so you will get paid. You will get paid in proportion to your
2.
.‫ﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻙ‬‫ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩٍ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻴ‬ work. .‫ﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺸﹸﻐﻠﻙ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬
The less mistakes you make, the more marks You get marks in proportion to making
3. you get. mistakes.
.‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬،‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﺕ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻗل‬ .‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕٍ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ‬‫ﺃﻨﺕ ﺘﺤﺼ‬

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Exercise No. 20 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

General Exercises on Adverbial Clauses and Phrases

 

I) Change the following Clauses into Phrases:

:‫ﻤل‬‫ل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫( ﺤﻭ‬1

1. Although they are partners, they are not on good terms.(‫)ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻁﻴﺒﺔ‬
2. She refuses his proposal (‫ )ﻋﺭﺽ‬even if he were a king.
3. Although he was very clever, the police arrested him.
4. Roshdy is such a clever doctor that many people go to his clinic.
5. The teacher spoke so quickly that I could not write.
6. The box was so wide that two babies slept inside it.
7. The box was so narrow that the woman could not sleep inside it.
8. So silly was that fellow (‫ )ﺯﻤﻴل‬that I left the room.
9. If he comes, I shall forgive him.
10. If she had stayed at home, she would have received the telegram.
11. If the Nile did not run in Egypt, it would be a desert.
12. Unless he obeyed me, the work would stop.
13. If you had forgotten your identity card (‫)ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬, you could have shown them your driving license.

II) Do as shown in brackets: :‫( ﺍﻓﻌل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬2

1. The work (begin) before they (come). {Correct the verbs}
2. All lights went out while they were having supper. {Begin with: Having ….}
3. The cups are very precious. My sister Huda brought them. {Join}
4. Although he committed many crimes, they set him free. {Begin with: In spite of ……}
5. He was very afraid. He could not move. {Join}
6. Salem is such a good fellow that he will be easily elected. {Begin with: Such……}
7. The driver had stopped the car. Another car ran into it. {Join}
8. Without the Nile, Egypt ……………… {Complete}
9. I shall buy a car whatever ……………. {Complete}
10. He was so kind that …………………… {Complete}

III) Express the meaning of each of the following sentences in other words
changing Clauses into Phrases:
:‫ﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻩ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬‫ ﻭﻏﻴ‬،Phrases ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬Clauses ‫ﻻﹰ ﺍﻟـ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺠ‬‫(ﻋﺒ‬3

1. Remember that we are friends. (Remember our friendship) :‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻭ ﻗﹸﻠﻨﺎ‬
I know why she fainted (‫)ﺃُﻏﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬.
2.
(Use: I know the reason …….. ............‫ﺒﺏ‬‫ ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴ‬:‫)ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
3. I am sure that he is innocent.

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4. How old she is is her secret.
5. None knows who owns it.
6. I can guess how he got money.
7. Birds which migrate have strong wings.
8. A cup which is broken is useless.
9. A house which is divided cannot stand. .‫ﻤﻭﺩ‬‫ﻨﻘﺴِﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﹶﻔﹾﺴِﻪِ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤ‬
10. Illustrations which are valuable are kept in museums.
11. New buildings stand where old cottages once stood.
12. He made friends wherever he went.
13. I know where she lives.
14. I know why she is absent.
15. When he was working with them, he made much money.
16. When she arrived, she bought flowers.
17. She returned home after she had bought that car.
18. Hardly had she opened the door when he shot her.
19. No sooner had it appeared than they fired.
20. While he was traveling in France, he met Nabil.
21. They dismissed him because he was careless. .‫ﻬﻤﻼﹰ‬‫ﻓﺼﻠﻭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻷﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬
22. Remember these facts for they are important.
23. They killed him because he refused to obey.
24. He has stopped smoking since he suffered from cancer.
25. He had removed his fingerprints so that he might mislead the police. .‫ﻀﻠل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ‬‫ﺃﺯﺍل ﺒﺼﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴ‬
26. He went to the market so that he might buy a camel.
27. He pays him two pounds everyday in order that he may let her sell her goods.
28. She is so clever that she can guess the truth.
29. She refuses to stay with him although he loves her.
30. Though he has much money, he cannot buy health.
31. I shall find a way although there are many difficulties.
32. She refuses his proposals even if he were a king.
33. Ahmed is such a clever doctor that many people go to his clinic.
34. The teacher spoke so quickly that I could not write.
35. The box is so wide that she can put her baby inside it.
36. The box was so small that the woman could not get inside it.
37. If he went to the lawyer, he would find a way.
38. If he had obeyed me, he would have gained much money.
39. Unless he obeys her, she will not give him money.

IV) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:‫ﻤلٍ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺨﻁٍ ﻏﺎﻤﻕٍ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕٍ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﺤﻭ‬4
.(‫ﻤل‬‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤل )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩِ ﺠ‬‫ﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤ‬‫(ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻤ‬1  @
.noun clause ‫( ھﺬا اﻟﺴﺆال ﻋﻠﻰ‬2
1. Tell me why you were absent.
2. I do not know the time of the flood.(‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ‬
3. It is essential to think before acting.
4. Most of the members repeated what he said.

99

5. He seems that he is glad.
6. The policeman knew the place of the crime.
7. Do you know the cost of this house.
8. His arrival tomorrow is certain.
9. Bring what you need with you.
10. We know the designer of the house.
11. We must hope for his recovery.
12. Don’t forget where you will examine.
13. He spoke a long time of his sufferings.
14. We agreed to his suggestion.
15. Tell me how tall you are.
16. I am sure of the usefulness of this book.
17. The patient hoped that he recovers quickly.
18. His young age was evident ‫ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‬to all.
19. That he was intelligent was clear to everyone.
20. Tell me the number of boys in this class.

Easy come, easy go.



100
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Exercise No. 21 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

General Exercises on Clauses and Phrases

 

I) Choose the right answer between brackets:

:‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫( ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬1

1. If you knocked at the door, they (will – would – would have) let you in.
2. If you tell the truth, I (will give – would give – would have given) you a prize.
3. Were he to listen more carefully, he (wouldn’t make – won’t make – wouldn’t have made) mistakes.
4. I shan’t play tennis today if it (rains – rained – will rain).
5. We shall eat (whichever – whatever – wherever) is left over from lunch.
6. Give it to (whichever – whoever – whatever) asks for it.
7. Put it (whichever – whatever – wherever) you like.
8. Choose (whichever – whatever – wherever) of the colors suits you.
9. Without the Nile, Egypt (will be – would be – would have been) a desert.
10. He would not have behaved like that if he (had – have had – had had) a good education.
11. They would have done it if they (knew – have known – had known).
12. Unless the window (had been – was – is) opened, the thief wouldn’t have entered the house.
13. Had they more money they (will build – would build – would have built) a bigger house.
14. They could never understand quickly unless they (listen – listened – had listened) carefully.
15. We shall never arrive in time unless we (hurry – hurried – had hurried).
16. Were he to write in ink, it (will be – would be – would have been) easier to read.
17. Take care or else you (fall – will fall – fell).
18. Put on your coat or lese you (catch – will catch – caught) cold.
19. Should the train be late, I (shall take – take – should taken) the bus.
20. The pupils were (so – enough – too) eager‫ﺍﻕ‬‫ ﺘﻭ‬/ ‫ ﻤﺘﻠﻑ‬that they asked to extra work.
21. So clever (is he – he was – was he) that he could speak six foreign languages.
22. (Whatever – However - As) tires he was, he went on working.
23. The harder you work, the (most – more – less) knowledge you gain.
24. The weather was (hot enough – enough hot – too hot) for us to swim in the sea.
25. Our neighbor walks as if he (is – was – were) a turkey. (‫)ﺩﻴﻙ ﺭﻭﻤﻲ‬
26. Blind (however – as – whatever) he was, he could know his way.
27. The room is (very large – enough large – large enough) for you.
28. Such (determined – determination – determine) had our soldiers that they destroyed the enemy camps.
29. (Owing to – Because – As) his bravery, he could storm the enemy camp.
30. (In spite of – Without – With) his stupidity, he behaved sensibly ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺱ‬.
31. He was humble ‫( ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻀﻊ‬for all – although – however), wealthy he was.
32. (Regardless of – Whatever – Though) money he has, he feels miserable.
33. Those two boys are (equal – equally – equal in) in tallness.
34. This is all (what – which – that) I wish.
35. (According to – Owing to - As) his words, Mazen is the best.

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36. (On account of – For all – In accordance with) his wishes, we must return tomorrow.
37. (According to – Owing to – Because) his illness, he could not be present.
38. (By – Without – As a result) working harder, he would earn more.
39. He was (too – very – so) fat to get through the door.
40. They are (such – so – too) big cars that they use a lot of petrol.
41. (No sooner – As soon as – While) he returned home, rain began.
42. Scarcely had he touched the wire (than – when – till) he got a shock.
43. He ran (very – so – too) quickly for me to catch him.
44. I waited for a long time (when – then – till) he appeared.
45. No sooner (did he win – he won – had he won) the prize (when – till – than) he bought a car.
46. So skilful (was the doctor – the doctor was – had the doctor) that he could save the patient.
47. He didn’t dare‫ ﻻ ﻴﺠﺭﺅ‬to leave his hiding place (so that – lest – in case of) he should be caught.
48. We camped there (because – although – lest) it was too dark to go on.
49. They have moved house three times (when – till – since) they got married.
50. (However – Even if – in spite of ) you don’t like him, you still be polite.

II) Change the following complex sentences into simple ones:

:ٍ‫ﻤلٍ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﺤﻭ‬2
1. The man who is driving the car is my brother.
2. A man whose coat is black will meet you at the bus stop.
3. Do you know where our hotel is?
4. We asked him why he sold his car.
5. I’m sorry I couldn’t come in time.
6. He flew to London so that he might visit his uncle.
7. The questions were so difficult that he couldn’t answer them.
8. When the astronauts reached the moon, they raised the flag.
9. He kept money in the bank in order that he might not spend it.
10. The ground was wet because it was raining.
11. He has taken his punishment, as a man should.
12. If he walked faster, he wouldn’t miss his train.
13. He admitted that he had stolen the money.
14. That was the reason why he got angry with me.
15. Speak slowly to him so that he may understand you.
16. He sat down after he had taken off his hat and overcoat.
17. They lost the game because they played badly.
18. He acted as though he were a judge.
19. Nothing will please me more than that I should see you again.
20. He jumped from the second floor window lest he should be caught by the police.


The end doesn't justify the mean.



102
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

Exercise No. 22 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

General exercise on Kind of Sentences

 

I) What kind of sentence is each of the following (Simple, Compound or Complex):

:(‫ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ‬،‫ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ )ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬‫( ﻤﺎ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬1
1. Open the door.
2. Go or stay.
3. George doesn’t play football.
4. The windows were dirty and I told the maid ‫ ﺨﺎﺩﻤﺔ‬to clean them
5. He’s an honest man whom I can trust.
6. He worked hard, but he was fired.
7. Going home, I met an extraordinary man wearing the clothes of a clown (‫ﺝ‬‫ﻬﺭ‬‫)ﻤ‬.
8. Where have you been all the time?
9. He was guilty (‫)ﻤﺫﻨﺏ‬, nevertheless he was acquitted (‫)ﺒﺭﻱﺀ‬.
10. The man I saw was Mr. Ahmed.

II) Extract the subordinate clauses from the following complex sentences and tell
its kind:
:‫ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺫﻜﹸﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻬﺎ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫( ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬2
1. The boy admitted that he broke the window.
2. He read a book which was of great interest.
3. He arrived after I had left.
4. As he was ill, he couldn’t come.
5. He extricated ِ‫ﺭ‬‫ ﺤﺭ‬himself with great difficulty from his burning car which was about to explode.
6. The news that the king was ailing ‫ﻙ‬‫ ﻤﺘﻭﻋ‬soon spread all over the country.
7. Although he was poor, he was honest.
8. She is taller than I am.
9. The boys helped the man who had gone blind.
10. He took a sleeping pill lest he should be awake all night.
11. He took a sleeping pill, however he lay awake all night
12. So long as you don’t exceed your income, you’ll never be in debt (‫ﻴﻥ‬‫)ﺩ‬.
13. Provided you revise your lessons, you don’t have to worry about the exam.
14. Hardly he had arrived when he excused ‫ ﻋﻔﻰ‬/ ِ‫ﺭ‬‫ ﺒﺭ‬himself.



 Live and learn.



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 

 Kinds of Sentences

Simple Sentence  Compound Sentence  Complex Sentence 

،‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺎﺕ‬ × ‫ﻤﻠﺘـﻴﻥ ﺒـﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﺒـﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ‬‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠ‬ × ‫ ﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺔ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠ‬ ×
:‫ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ :‫ ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،ٍ‫ﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬‫ﺒﺤﺭﻑِ ﻋﻁﻑٍ ﻤ‬ :‫ ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬
.‫( ﻓﻌل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﻓﻌل ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ( ﻓﻘﻁ‬1 .‫( ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﻥ‬1 .‫( ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﻥ‬1
.‫( ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺘﺎﻡ ﻜﺎﻤل‬2 .‫( ﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ‬2 .‫( ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ‬2

:‫ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ ﻓﻌل‬+ ‫ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ‬
(1) (2) (3 )
1) He is writing a letter.
.‫( ﻫﻭ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ‬1
2) They have met Ahmed.
.‫( ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻭﺍ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬2
× 1) Yesterday, I went to the cinema and After I had breakfast, I went to work.
watched a film. .‫ ﺫﻫﺒﺕﹸ ﻟﻠﻌﻤل‬،ِ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺕﹸ ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻓﻁﺎﺭ‬
.‫ﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻭﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕﹸ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎﹰ‬‫( ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ ﺫﻫﺒﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬1
Complex Sentence
2) He went to the cinema yesterday, but
he didn't watch any film.
.‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻓﻴﻠﻡ‬‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬،ِ‫ﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬‫( ﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬2
Main Clause Subordinate Clause
Simple sentence - It is connected to the joining word.
‫ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬ - It has a verb.
- It gives no complete meaning.

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

        

PhraseClause

1. Adverbial Clauses of Place 

:‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬،Phrase ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬Clause ‫ﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬ü

Clause Phrase
where ‫ﺤﻴﺙﹸ‬
wherever ‫ﺤﻴﺜﹸﻤﺎ‬ in, at, on, .. etc, every where ‫ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬
whence ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻥ‬/ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙﹸ‬
any where ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬/ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ no where ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻻ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬/ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬

2. Adverbial Clauses of Time 

:‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬،Phrase ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬Clause ‫ل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬ü

Clause Phrase
when in / at / on
after, before after / before
as, while during / while
till, until till / until
noun ‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬
since since + poss. adj. ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬
or
the moment just on gerund ‫ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل‬
as soon as,
no sooner … than …, immediately on / after / just on /
scarcely … when …, on / as soon as + poss. adj. ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬
hardly … when …

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

3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause (Reason) 

:‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬phrase ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬clause ‫ﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﺒﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬ü

Clause Phrase
because ‫ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬/ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ because of ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬
for ‫ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬/ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ for ‫ ﻟﹻ‬/ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬
since ‫ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬/ ‫ﺤﻴﺙﹸ ﺃﻥ‬ owing to ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﹻ‬
as ‫ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬/ ‫ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬ due to ‫ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬/ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﹻ‬
on account to ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻜﺫﺍ‬ + poss. adj. +
so long as
‫ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ‬ as a result of ِ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﻟـ‬ noun or gerund

now that ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ‬ thanks to ‫ﺒﻔﻀل‬

so long as ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ‬ Being + ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ ﻟﻜﹶﻭ‬/ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻜﹶﻭ‬

4. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 

simplephrasecomplexclause so that  ü

:‫ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬،might ‫ ﺃﻭ‬may ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ )ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ •

Clause Phrase
to ‫ ﻟﻜﻲ‬, in order to ‫ ﻟﻜﻲ‬, ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬
so that, in order that,
‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ so as to ‫ ﻟﻜﻲ‬, not to ‫ ﺃﻻﹼ‬,
that, in the hope that
+ infinitive
in order not to ‫ﻜﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬
aiming that ‫ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ‬/ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ aiming to ‫ﺒﻬﺩﻑ‬
Or:
for ‫ ﻟﻜ ﻲ‬, with the intention of ‫ ﺑﮭ ﺪف‬, + noun or gerund
with the aim of ‫ﺑﮭﺪف‬

simplephrasecomplexclause for fear thatlest ü

:‫ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬،should ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ )ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ •

so as not to ‫ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﻻ‬/ ‫ﻜﻲ ﻻ‬ + infinitive (‫)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

Or: for fear of ‫ ﺨﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ‬/ ‫ﺨِﺸﻴﺔﹶ ﺃﻥ‬ + noun or gerund (‫)ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﻌل ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ‬

Clause Phrase
so as not to + infinitive (‫)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬
lest / for fear that
Or: for fear of + noun or gerund (‫) ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﻌل‬

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‫‪5. Adverbial Clauses of Result (Consequence) ‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ‪ so ….. that‬ﺃﻭ ‪ such …. that‬ﻤﻥ )‪ complex (clause‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ ،simple (phrase‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ‪ +‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Clause‬‬ ‫‪Phrase‬‬
‫ﻓﻌل ‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋل ‪ + that +‬ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ ‪so +‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ + enough to +‬ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻌل ‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ‪ + that +‬ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ‪such +‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ + to +‬ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ ‪too +‬‬

‫| ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ that‬ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ + enough to +‬ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ that‬ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ + to +‬ﺿﻤﯿﺮ أو اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ + enough for +‬ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺘﺤل )‪ enough to (for‬ﻤﺤل ‪ so ….. that‬ﺃﻭ ‪ such …. that‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ )ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ(‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻭﺘﺤل ‪ too …. to‬ﻤﺤل ‪ so ….. that‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ( )ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ that‬ﻤﻨﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺃ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ that‬ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ + to +‬ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ ‪too +‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ that‬ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ + to +‬ﺿﻤﯿﺮ أو اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ + for +‬ﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ ‪too +‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ‪ so …. that‬ﻤﻥ ‪ complex‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،simple‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ‪.too … to‬‬

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6. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast (Concession ‫) ﺍﻹﻗﺭﺍﺭ‬



‫ ﺃﻭ‬whatever ‫ ﺃﻭ‬however ‫ ﺃﻭ‬even though ‫ ﺃﻭ‬even if ‫ ﺃﻭ‬though ‫ ﺃﻭ‬although ‫ﻤﻠـﺔ ﺒﻬـﺎ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﺠ‬ •
:‫ ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬+ ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،(‫ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﻔﺔ‬as)

Clause Phrase

in spite of ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬/ despite ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬

although / though
however / whatever
even though / even if
whether …. or not …
‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬
/ for all ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬/ with all ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬/
regardless of ‫ﻏﻡ ﻤـﻥ‬‫ ﺒـﺎﻟﺭ‬/not with + poss. adj.
‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ‬ +
standing ‫ ﺑﻐﺾِ اﻟﻨّﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ‬/‫ﺑﺼﺮف‬
‫ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬/ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻭ‬ noun or
gerund
...‫ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻡ‬... ‫ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬ with or without + ‫( اﺳﻢ‬noun)

7. Adverbial Clauses of Manner



:‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬as – as if – as though ‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭ‬ü

Clause Phrase
as ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ according to ‫ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﹻ‬/ as / in accordance with ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﹻ‬
in the manner (way) of . ...ٍ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
in a (‫ )ﺼﻔﺔ‬way (manner) … ...ٍ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ +
as if / as though ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ‬ noun or
with …. ‫ﺒﹻ‬ gerund
like …. ‫ﻜﺄﻥ‬

8. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison 

.‫ﺭﺱ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡِ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ ﻟﺘﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ‬،‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺃﺨﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ü
‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺼـﻴﻐﺔ‬،phrase ‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـ‬‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬ ü
.clause ‫ﺍﻟـ‬
.( than ) ‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻓﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬ ü
:‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭ‬ ü

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Clause Phrase
equal in + ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ‬of the same + ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ‬+ as
as + ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ as ‫ ﻜـ‬..... ‫ﻜـ‬
equally + ‫ﺼﻔﺔ‬
not so (as) + ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ as ‫ ﻜـ‬... ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ not equal in + ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ‬not of the same + ‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬

comparative adj. + than ... not equal in + ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ‬not of the same + ‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬
‫ ﻤﻥ‬+ ‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬
(e.g. more than) or: not equally + ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ‬different + ‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬

9. Adverbial Clauses of Condition 

‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬـﺎ‬،unless ‫ ﺃﻭ‬were (not) ‫ ﺃﻭ‬had (not) ‫ ﺃﻭ‬should (not) ‫ ﺃﻭ‬if …. not ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü
+ ‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ‬‫ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،simple / phrase ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،(complex / clause) ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠ‬
:‫ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕٍ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬+ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬

Clause Phrase
if, should, had, were …. (‫ﺇﺫﺍ )ﻟﻭ‬ in case of …. .... ‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
suppose …. ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺭِﺽ‬ in the event of ... ...‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
supposing that …. ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺭِﺽ ﺃﻥ‬ with …. ‫ﺒﹻ‬
provided (that ) …. (‫ﺒﻔﺭﺽ )ﺃﻥ‬ by ….. ‫ﺒﹻ‬ + poss. adj.
on condition that …. (‫ﺒﺸﺭﻁ )ﺃﻥ‬ + noun or
gerund
if …. not / unless / but for ‫ﻟﻭﻻ‬
should …. not / ‫ﺇﺫﺍ )ﻟﻭ( ﻟﻡ‬
were …. not / had …. not without ‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬

10. Adverbial Clauses of Degree 

:‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭ‬ •

Clause Phrase
as (so) + ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ as ‫ ﻜـ‬..... ‫ﻜـ‬ of the same degree as ... ‫ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜـ‬

not so (as) + ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ‬+ as ‫ ﻜـ‬... ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ not of the same degree as ‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜـ‬
‫ﺒﻤــﺭﺘﻴﻥ )ﺒــﺜﻼﺙ‬ two (three) times + comparative + ‫ﺒﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ )ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ( ﻜــ‬
two (three) times as
… ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺕ( ﻜـ‬ adj. + than ‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬

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11. Adverbial Clauses of Exception 

:‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭ‬ü

Clause Phrase
except (for) ‫ﻟﻭ ﻻ‬
except that, but that ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺃﻥ‬ + poss. adj. + noun or
but (for) ‫ﻟﻭ ﻻ‬ gerund

12. Adverbial Clauses of Preference 

:‫ﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭ‬ü

Clause Phrase
prefer + (noun or gerund) + to (noun or gerund)
rather than, sooner than (that) (‫ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ ﻋﻥ‬+ (‫ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ل‬‫ﻴُﻔﻀ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ‬
like + noun + more than + noun ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ‬+ ‫ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ‬+ ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ‬+ ‫ﺤﺏ‬‫ﻴ‬

13. Adverbial Clauses of Proportion



:‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬ü

Clause Phrase
as …..as ….. so ... ‫ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ‬... ‫ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻤﺎ‬ in proportion to + poss. adj. + noun or gerund
the …… the ‫ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ‬...... ‫ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬+ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎﹰ )ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﻨﺎﺴﺏ( ﻤﻊ‬


Cleanliness is next to godliness.

 

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Answers


Exercise No. 1 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. sentence 5. clause 9. phrase 13. phrase

2. clause 6. phrase 10. sentence 14. clause
3. phrase 7. sentence 11. sentence 15. clause
4. phrase 8. clause 12. sentence 16. sentence

Exercise No. 2 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. Both Hoda and her mother were blamed.

2. Neither Hoda nor her mother was blamed.
3. He is a government employee as well as a farmer..
4. Not only does he work hard but he finds time to play also.
5. He came to see me, so , he stayed for a month.
6. He has both time and money to play tennis.
7. I told him that she does not fit, nevertheless , he insisted on marrying her.
8. This is a very heavy loss, yet , you should not stop at all.
9. I did not cause any harms, then , why do you blame me?.
10. She may send a telegram, or else , she may come tomorrow.
11. Neither can I believe that such a child can buy a gun nor can I believe that he can use it.
When the murder was committed, I was having an operation at a hospital, so , it is
12.
impossible to be accused.
13. He bought neither a car nor a flat. Or: Neither did he buy a car nor a flat.
14. Her father died last month, and therefore , she is the heiress ‫ ﻭﺭﻴﺙ‬of forty feddans.

Exercise No. 3 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. The wind was cold, but , I felt warm.

2. It was raining, so , we decided to stay indoors.

3. Hurry up, or , you'll be late for school.

4. The weather was windy, rainy and cold.

5. He told the truth, but , no one believed him.

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6. Can you fix the lamp? or is it too high?
7. She studied hard, but , she failed.
8. She studied hard, so , she succeeded
9. She neither studied hard nor succeeded. Or: Neither did she study hard nor she succeed
He's not only intelligent, but he's also hard-working.
10.
Or: Not only is he intelligent; he is hard-working as well.

Exercise No. 4 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. Neither did he cheat nor did he lie.

2. Not only was he kind, but he was also brave.

3. Either he went home or to the club.

4. Neither did he sell his car, nor did use it.

5. Not only does she clean the house, but she also cooks dinner.

Exercise No. 5 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. Either, or 5. either, or
2. not only, but also 6. nor
3. or, so 7. but
4. nor (neither) 8. neither, nor

Exercise No. 6 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. Remember our friendship.

2. We do not know his reasons for breaking it.
3. I know the causes of her failure.
4. I expect their arrival here.
5. She didn’t tell us her age.
6. None knows its owner.
7. They can guess our ways of getting money.
8. We discovered her cleverness.
9. You should know the height of the hill.
10. I do not know the depth of this canal.
11. Tell me the reason of your absence.
12. I don’t know the time of the flood.
13. It is essential to think before acting.
14. Most of the members repeated his speech.
15. He seems to be glad.
16. The policeman knew the place of the crime.

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17. Do you know the cost of this house?
18. His arrival tomorrow is certain.
19. Bring the necessary things with you.
20. We know the designer of the house.
21. We must hope for his recovery.
22. Don’t forget the place of the examination (exam).
23. He spoke along time of his sufferings.
24. We agreed to his suggestion.
25. Tell me your length.
26. I am sure of the usefulness of this book.
27. The patient hoped to recover quickly.
28. His young was evident to all.
29. His intelligence was clear to every one.
30. Tell me the number of the boys in this class.

Exercise No. 7 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I)
1. The minerals which are found in Egypt are in great quantities.
2. The boat which is on the river has no sails (‫ )ﺃﺸﺭﻋﺔ‬.
3. The policeman warned (‫ )ﺤﺫﹼﺭ‬the boy who was driving quickly.
4. Those boys whom you made work hard must have good food..
5. The man helped the girl whom he had met in Gaza.
6. Samy whose book I had found was weeping.
7. The boy whose answers were correct answers was very clever.
8. I took all these things that I need.
9. This is the man whom (that) I met in London.
10. The man who (that) was driving a car was killed.
11. I bought this stereo which (that) doesn’t work properly, last week.
12. He’s the person who (that) is going to be fired (‫)ﻴﻁﺭﺩ‬.
13. That is the journalist whose article made quite a stir (‫ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ‬/ ‫ )ﺘﻌﻜﻴﺭ‬yesterday.
14. I’m the man whose wallet you stole.
15. They sent a new teacher who (that) looks nice.
We didn’t like the housemaid whom the agency sent.
16.
Or: We didn’t like the housemaid who was sent by the agency.
17. Nadia, who has been listening to our conversation, looked angry.
18. I climbed up the stairs which were newly-painted.

II)
1. which (who, that) 6. that (which) 11. whose , which
2. which (that) 7. which 12. what, which
3. who 8. who 13. which
4. whose 9. whom 14. whose
5. who 10. whose

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III)
1. what 6. why
2. where 7. when
3. how 8. what
4. whom 9. who
5. where 10. when

IV)
1. The captain was the last man to leave the sinking ship.
2. Tourists traveling abroad a lot should make prior reservations (‫ﺴﺒﻕ‬‫ )ﺤﺠﺯ ﻤ‬at hotels.
3. The man being sick was brought to the doctor.
4. Students punished yesterday are to report the headmaster’s office.
5. He was the only student to understand the lesson.
6. Guns fired recently are easy to detect.
7. Mona was the first person to see the flying saucer (‫)ﺼﺤﻥ ﻁﺎﺌﺭ‬.
8. The car stolen from the garage was returned to its rightful owner.
9. Plants watered by salty water seldom survive.
10. People wanting to survive a nuclear was should build proper shelters (‫)ﻤﻼﺠﺊ‬

V)
1. Romeo and Juliet, whose families hated each other, were deeply in love.
2. The friend for whom I was waiting didn’t come. Or: The friend that I was waiting for didn’t come.
3. “Swiss Family Robison”, is a story about family whose ship sank near a desert island.
4. I saw several apartments (‫ﺔ‬‫ )ﺸﹸﻘﻕ ﺴﻜﻨﻴ‬of which few were suitable.
5. I was given this address by my friend whom (that) I met at the airport.
6. The man who (that) answered the phone said that it was the wrong number.
7. The bed on which I slept on had no springs. Or: The bed which (that) I slept on had no springs.
8. Before the Gulf War, the roads were crowded with refuges of whom many were hungry.
9. Rashid whose leg is still in a plaster cast, will have to watch the match on T.V.
10. He wanted to visit me at 11 p.m. which didn’t suit me at all.

VI)
1. that my aunt gave me
2. which I bought
3. who robbed the old lady
4. that won’t start
5. who has been robbed

VII)
1. The house they built fell down after two months.
2. The bus, arrived late was full.
3. The money he borrowed from his friend was lost.
4. She was the most beautiful girl to attend the party.
5. The street leading to the university is very wide.

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6. Buildings built fifty years ago are more robust ‫ ﻗﻭﻱ‬than those are built these days.
7. The man I saw at the party yesterday turned out to be my new boss.
8. Books boring him were usually thrown into the waste basket.
9. Being the last person to arrive that night, he was obliged to sit near the kitchen door.
10. He said that bonds ‫ ﻜﻔﺎﻻﺕ‬/ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ‬, purchased ‫ ﺸﺭﺍﺀ‬last month, made a large profit ‫ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬/‫ ﻋﺎﺌﺩ‬.

VIII)
1. (whom, that) 6. whom
2. (which, that) 7. which
3. (which, that) 8. (which, that)
4. who 9. whose
5. (which, that) 10. which
.(‫ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل‬8 ،5 ،3 ،2 ،1 ‫ ﺃﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤل ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻉ‬،‫ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻓﻬﺎ‬ ü
IX)
non-defining: Many people were injured in the capital Zaire, where 10.000 students took
1.
part in a demonstration (‫)ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬.
2. defining: The river that flows through Cairo is the Nile.
3. non-defining: The Nile, which flows through Cairo, is the longest river in the world.
4. non-defining: I went to see their home, which I liked very much.
5. non-defining: Professor Ali, who teaches chemistry, is a good teacher.

X)
1. The reason why he is angry is not known.
2. This is a book on astronomy which is the best.
3. We are living in times that are profoundly disturbing.
4. I ended up by making a speech, which and I hadn't wanted to.

Exercise No. 8 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. The destroyed road joined two cities. .‫ﺭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ‬‫ﺩﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤ‬
2. The writer of these papers died many years ago. .ٍ‫ﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕٍ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬
The inventor of this rocket made more advanced rockets.
3.
.‫ﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ ﺼﻭﺍﺭﻴﺦ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻘﺩ‬‫ﻨﹶﻊ‬‫ﺎﺭﻭﺥ ﺼ‬‫ﺨﺘﺭﻉ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻤ‬
4. Their employees are very clever. .‫ﻡ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﻭﻥ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻤﻭﻅﻔﹸﻬ‬
5. The stories written by him are tragedies. .‫ﺍﻟﻘِﺼﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪِ ﻤﺄﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬
6. The owner of the damaged car is still alive. .‫ﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬‫ﺩﻤ‬‫ﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤﺎﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
7. The manuscripts found in the desert clear many things. .‫ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﺢ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻭﻀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
8. The very old papers are written in a strange language. .(ٍ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﺒﺔﹰ ﺒﻠﹸﻐﺔٍ ﻏﺭﻴﺒﺔٍ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬

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Exercise No. 9 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. Winds which are violent pull out trees.

2. The students answered the difficult questions.
3. People who are illiterate will be educated.
4. The man who is playing the piano is my friend.
5. The girl with the golden hair answers well.
6. My friend bought an old car.
7. Our soldiers who are brave have freed our land.
8. He thought by his broad mind that he has helped us.
9. Written books by hand are put in museums.
10. Minerals which are found in Egypt will help in developing the country.
11. By working hard, students always attain (‫ﻴﺒﻠﹸﻎ‬/ ‫ )ﻴﺤﻘﻕ‬their ends.
12. The passengers who are on this train escaped death.
13. People like friends who are faithful.
14. The carpenter repaired the chair which was broken.
15. Heavy clouds caused rain today.
16. People who have narrow minds always face troubles.
17. We admire people whose spirit is unconquerable.
18. Children who have no homes should be housed in healthy homes.
19. The goods in the shop window were damaged by fire.
20. A book which gives knowledge is useful.

Exercise No. 10 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I)
1. I waited for a long time till (until) he appeared.
The game started after we had arrived at the football field.
2.
Or: The moment we arrived at the football field, the game started.
3. As soon as he arrived at a certain time, I went home.
4. After my father had finished his work, he went home.
5. Immediately I had studied my lessons, I went to bed afterwards.
6. We have done no work since he went a way yesterday.
7. After they had crossed the canal, they attacked the enemy.
8. No sooner had the Egyptian soldiers appeared than the Israeli soldiers disappeared.
9. While I was washing my hands, the telephone rang.
10. The children came while (as) she was sitting at the table.

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II)
1. I was in the university or since 1995.
2. than we missed the jewels.
3. after he had made a mistake.
4. when the teacher entered the class.
5. when he lost his visa (passport) (money).
6. when they met their friend.
7. he came.
8. he entered the exams.

III)
1. I didn’t know him until his speaking (speech).
2. No one could believe him after lying (‫)ﻜﺫﺏ‬.
3. The sick pupil forgot every thing on sitting for the exam.
4. He had not prepared himself before he entered the exam.
5. After they had prepared every thing, they set out for the picnic.
6. Immediately on meeting him than he informed him of his success.
7. When you do your duty, you should not be shamed.
8. Immediately after attack ‫ھﺠﻮم‬, they escaped.
9. No sooner had he reached school than the bell rang.
10. On speaking to him, he was angry.
11. Don’t write till giving you order. Or: till giving an order to you.
12. The world has changed since the discovery of the atomic power.

Exercise No. 11 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I)
1. He could not see because he was blind.
2. He was angry as he lost his watch.
3. He could not play well since he was not trained well.
4. He could not walk because his leg was broken.
5. He suffers from cough as he smokes much.

II)
1. as he was tried.
2. because he failed in the exams.
3. since her parents were died.
4. for he has not got any money. Or: for he is poor)
5. the police arrested him (I called the police).

III)
1. He failed because he was lazy.
2. As (Because) he is brave, he defeated his rival .(‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨﺎﻓِﺴ‬‫)ﻫﺯﻡ ﻤ‬

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3. Because he was tired, he went to bed.
4. We couldn’t study owing to being (presence of) much noise.
5. Due to the hotness (of the day), they decided to spend it on the beach.
The boy was punished because of his carelessness.
6.
Or: Being careless, the boy was punished.
7. He was put in prison as he behaved badly.
8. As he is intelligent, he could overcome his difficulties.
9. The travelers suffered a great deal as a result of not having enough water.
10. As Egypt is full of monuments, tourists visit it all the year round.

Exercise No. 12 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I)
1. He went home that he might take a rest.
2. They spent the day on the mountain in the hope that they might enjoy the fresh air.
3. The students worked hard in order that they might be afraid to fail.
4. She went to the doctor in order that the doctor might examine her.
5. They kept the child in a warm room for fear that he might (should) take cold.
6. They travelled to Egypt aiming that (in order that) they might spend the holiday.
The doctor cleaned the instruments for fear that he might be afraid the wound would fester .(‫ﺙ‬‫)ﻴﺘﻠﻭ‬
7.
Or: The doctor cleaned the instruments lest the wound should be festered.
8. My uncle left for Europe in the hope that he might find a new job.
He told me a funny story in order that I might forget my sadness.
9.
Or: He told me a funny story in order that he might forget me my sadness.
10. She answered perfectly aiming that (in the hope that) she might get the top prize.

II)
1. they may find good books.
2. they may be happy.
3. they find good jobs (Or: may learn).
4. they should not attend the first lesson.
5. he should escape.
6. the students might understand.
7. they might fish.
8. they may get a lot of knowledge.

III)
1. He went home in order that he might study his lessons.
2. They got up early in order to enjoy the fresh air.
He disguised ‫ ﺘﻨﻜﺭ‬himself lest he should be recognized.
3.
Or: He disguised ‫ ﺘﻨﻜﺭ‬himself for fear that he might be recognized.
4. The policeman hurried in order to catch the thief.
5. The army marched quickly that they might surprise the enemy.
He saved his money so as not to fall in trouble.
6.
Or: He saved his money for fearing of falling in trouble.

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7. The pupils listened carefully so that they might understand the lesson.
He hurried to the station for fear that he might miss the train.
8.
Or: He hurried to the station for fear that (lest) he should miss the train.
9. My uncle traveled to Europe in order to (aiming to) take a degree.
10. I study aiming to (to) succeed.
11. Many of our soldiers sacrificed their lives so that they might free our land.
12. We waged ‫ ﺸﻥ‬the war so as to ( to / in order to) restore our land.
13. We decided to conquer‫ ﻴﻘﻬﺭ‬Israel in order that we might break the myth ‫ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺭﺓ‬of her army.
14. The boys escaped for fear that they might be punished.
15. They met in order that they might discuss the new plan.

General Exercise No. 13 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

1. Do you know her address.

2. I shall find him anywhere.
3. In the sunshine, ice will melt.
4. Just on hearing their steps, he ran away.
5. Working for them, he earned much money.
6. Having finished her lectures, she went home.
7. Having supper, all lights went out.
8. We cannot do anything till his arrival.
9. Just on smelling it, she fainted.
10. Immediately on leaving their house, they cried for help.
11. Just on opening the door, two men rushed.
12. On his way to school, she met him.
13. Frightening her, she will not return home.
14. She is quite unconscious during the operation.
15. Being abroad, she ran all his shops.
16. They dismissed him because of his carelessness.
17. Remember these facts for their importance.
18. He was very angry because of her insults.
19. They killed him for refusing to obey them.
20. Becoming seriously ill, he has not been allowed to smoke
21. Cover our food for fear of flies.
22. We arranged everything well in order to make his wedding party a lovely one.
23. He went to the market to buy a camel.
24. She pays him regularly so as to let her sell her goods.
25. I shall do everything to help you.

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Exercise No. 14 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I)
1. The aero-plane flew so fast that no one could see it.
2. The mountain is so high that no one could climb it.
The journey was so tiring that I fell asleep.
Or: It was such a tiring journey that I fell asleep.
3.
Or: Such a tiring journey was it that I fell asleep.
Or: So tiring was the journey that I fell asleep.
4. The flowers are so beautiful that it is a shame to pick them.
It was such a boring book that I couldn't finish it.
5.
Or: The book was so boring that I couldn't finish it.
It was such a long flight that we had three meals on board.
6.
Or: The flight was so long that we had three meals on board.
7. It was such pretty dress that I couldn't resist it.
Such large boxes were they that we couldn't send them by air.
8. Or: They were such large boxes that we couldn't send them by air.
Or: The boxes were so large that we couldn't send them by air.
He was so fat that he couldn't get through the door.
9.
Or: So fat was he that he couldn't get through the door.
I was so busy that I couldn't answer the telephone.
10. Or: Such a busy man was I that I couldn't answer the telephone.
Or: I was such a busy man that I couldn't answer the telephone.

II)
1. The child became too ill to leave his bed.
2. He was so honest that every one trust him.
He was too frightened to move.
3.
Or: He was frightened enough to move. Or: He was frightened enough for moving.
4. The enemy soldiers were too cowardly to resist.
5. Our soldiers were brave enough to destroy the enemy.
6. They walked so slowly that they couldn't catch the train.
7. He was too annoyed to speak.
The building is so high that we can't reach it.
8.
Or: So high is the building that we can't reach it.
9. He spoke too foolishly to leave.
10. Some people are too short-slighted to appreciate matters.
11. The pyramids are strong enough to remain for centuries.
12. The moon is so bright that you can read a book
13. We were too impatient to wait.
14. The fruit is so ripe that we can pick.
The flat is so wide that they can live in.
Or: It is such a wide flat that they can live in.
15.
Or: Such a wide flat is it that they can live in.
Or: So wide is the flat that they can live in.

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III)
It is too cold (for us) to go out.
1.
Or: It is not hot enough (for us) to go out.
2. You are clever enough to understand perfectly.
3. It is too dark to see. Or: It is not light enough (for me) to see.
I am too old to wear this kind of hat.
4.
Or: I am not young enough to wear this kind of hat.
5. I am rich enough to buy your whole hotel.
6. He is too ill to eat.
7. You are thin enough to slip between the bars.
8. He was too furious ‫ ﻏﺎﻀﺏ‬/ ‫ ﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻏﻴﻅﺎﹰ‬to speak.
9. Our car is not too narrow to get through those gates.
10. The ice is thick enough (for us) to walk on.
11. He was too drunk to answer.
It is too cold to have breakfast in the garden.
12.
Or: It is not hot enough to have breakfast in the garden.

Exercise No. 15 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I)
Although the battle was fierce, we could win it.
1.
Or: However fierce the battle was, we could win it.
2. Though the distance was too far, we could cover it in a short time.
3. Even though (Although, Though) the road was bad, they crossed easily.
Even if he was very hungry, he refused to eat.
4.
Or: However very hungry he was, he refused to eat.
Although it is late, we shall stay a little longer.
5.
Or: However late it is, we shall stay a little longer.
6. Though he was highly educated, he behaved unwisely.
7. Although (Though, Even though) I warned him much, he made the same mistakes.

II)
1. In spite of having a car, he often uses a bus.
Despite being strong, he cannot bend this bar.
2.
Or: Despite his strength, he cannot bend this bar.
In spite of being intelligent, he behaved wrongly.
3.
Or: In spite of his intelligence, he behaved wrongly.
4. In spite of reading books, his knowledge is limited.
5. I shall buy a car regardless of cost.
6. Although he was strong, he could not fight two men.
7. Though (Although) he is wealthy, he does not help the poor people.

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However courage he was, he escaped.
8.
Or: Although he was courage, he escaped
9. Regardless of (Not with standing) the violent resistance, we could conquer them.
10. Regardless of mistakes, I forgave him.
11. Although he was serious ill, he went on working.
In spite of caution, he fell into troubles.
12.
Or: In spite of being cautious, he fell into troubles.
13. Whatever great efforts he did, he failed to attain his ends.
Despite of his good name, he faced troubles
14.
Or: Despite of having a good name, he faced troubles.
In spite of being clever, he failed to answer well.
15.
Or: In spite of (his) cleverness, he failed to answer well.

Exercise No. 16 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I)
1. The house will be built as I want.
2. Everything happened as it was planed.
3. He jumped as if he had been a champion.
4. The car ran very quickly as though it were a plane.
5. She walked proudly as if she were a queen.

II)
1. He lives according to his salary.
2. He fought bravely.
3. They carried out the project according to his planning (in accordance with (his) planning).
4. The child was behaving as if he had been his grandfather.
5. Salah Eddin was a good warrior (‫ﻘﺎﺘل‬‫ ﻤ‬/‫ )ﻤﺤﺎﺭﺏ‬as this book says (tells).
Smoking is forbidden as the police ordered.
6.
Or: As the police ordered, smoking is forbidden.
The student worked in the way (manner) of scientist.
7.
Or: The student worked in a scientific way (manner).
8. Use the plain brush as I told (taught) you.
9. The student of medicine was skilful (skillful) as if he were a doctor in an operation.
10. He spoke foolishly as if (as though) he was mad.

Exercise No. 17 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I)
1. He received less money than I did (he wanted).
2. I am not so old as my father.
3. He does not work so well as Adel.
4. The more attention a pupil pays, the more marks they may (will) get.
5. The more quickly we run, the earlier we may (shall) get there.

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6. The thinner the man is the smaller cloths he will wear.
7. The easier the question is the faster I can answer (solve).
8. He can write as clearly as I do (as Ahmed does) (as I told him) (as I taught him).
II)
Ali and his brother are not equal in intelligence.
1.
Or: Ali and his brother are not equally intelligent.
He and his brother are equally good at writing.
2.
Or: He and his brother are equal in good writing.
3. He and his father are equal in tallness.
4. He is as generous as his brother (is).
5. He is as short as his brother (is).
He and his brother were not equal in stupidity.
Or: He and his brother were not equally stupid.
6.
Or: He and his brother were different in stupidity.
Or: He and his brother were not of the same stupidity.
7. The first film was not so interest as the second one was.
8. The son is as clean as his daughter.

Exercise No. 18 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

1. has 1. had won / bought

2. would / had 2. obeyed / would not stop
I 3. comes / shall II 3. eat
4. were / would 4. told
5. had stayed 5. would win

Exercise No. 19 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

Without showing me the way, I should have missed the way.

1.
Or: Without showing the way to me, I should have missed the way.
2. They would have done it in case of knowing how.
3. If he was very rich, he would buy a new car.
4. If he confides (‫ )ﻴﺜﺘﻕ ﺒـ‬in himself, he can overcome his problems.
5. By (With) (In case of having) strong determination, he would stop smoking.
Without being cautious (‫ﺫِﺭ‬‫)ﺤ‬, he would have lost his money.
6.
Or: Without caution (‫ﺫﹶﺭ‬‫)ﺤ‬, he would have lost his money.
If he was not intelligent, he would suffer much.
7.
Or: Unless he was intelligent, he would suffer much.
8. If you permit (‫ )ﻴﺄﺫﻥ‬to me, I shall go.
Unless he had helped me, I should have lost my life.
9.
Or: If he had not helped me, I should have lost my life.
10. In case of stealing (stealth) the money by the servant, the police would arrest him.

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11. In case of being wise, he would overcome his difficulties.
If we hadn't money, we shouldn't buy our needs.
12.
Or: Providing that we had no money, we shouldn't buy our needs.
13. Having come yesterday, he would have enjoyed the party.
14. With (By) (Incase of) participating (participation) harder, she would become a good musician.
15. If you take these toys away, the children will cry.
16. With taking my advice, you will not go.
17. In case of (By) touching the wire, you will get a nasty shock (‫)ﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﺫﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬.
18. Without going to the doctor, you will not get better.
19. If you look out of the window, you will see a wonderful scene.
If they had not had a terrible weather, they would have climbed the top of the mountain.
20.
Or: Unless they had had a terrible weather, they would have climbed the top of the mountain.

Health is better than wealth.



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Exercise No. 20 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

General exercises on Adverbial Clauses and Phrases

 

I)
1. In spite of being partners, they are not on good terms.(‫)ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻁﻴﺒﺔ‬
2. She refuses his proposal (‫ )ﻋﺭﺽ‬despite of being a king.
3. In spite of his cleverness, the police arrested him.
4. Roshdy is a clever doctor enough to make many people go to his clinic.
5. The teacher spoke too quickly to write.
6. The box was wide enough for the two babies to sleep inside it.
7. The box was too narrow for the woman to sleep inside it.
8. That fellow was silly enough to make me leave the room.
9. Coming to me, I shall forgive him.
10. Having stayed at home, she would have received the telegram.
11. Without (But for) the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.
12. Without obeying me, the work would stop.
13. Having forgotten identity card (‫)ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬, you could have shown them your driving license.

II)
1. The work had begun before they came.
2. Having supper, the lights went out.
3. The cups which (that) my sister Huda brought are very precious.
4. In spite of all his crimes, they set him free.
5. He was so afraid that he could not move.
6. Such a good fellow is Salem that he will be easily elected.
7. No sooner had the driver stopped the car than another car ran into it.
8. Without the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.
9. I shall buy a car whatever it costs me.
10. He was so kind that he gave her enough money.

III)
1. Remember our friendship
2. I know the reason for her faint.
3. His innocence is surely.
4. Her age is her secret.
5. None knows the owner (of it)
His money source can be guessed (by me). Or: I can guess his money source.
6.
Or: I can guess the way by which he got money.
7. Migrating birds have strong wings.
8. Broken cup is useless.
9. Divided house cannot stand.
10. Valuable illustrations are kept in museums.

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11. New buildings stand in the place of the old cottages.
12. He made friends everywhere.
13. I know her address.
14. I know the reason of her absence.
15. On working with them, he made much money.
16. On arriving (arrival), she bought flowers.
17. Before return (returning) home, she had bought that car.
18. Opening the door, he shot her.
19. Immediately after appearance (appearing), they fired.
20. During traveling (travel) in France, he met Nabil.
21. Because of his carelessness, they dismissed him. Or: Being careless, they dismissed him.
22. Remember these facts for their importance.
23. Because of his disobedience (‫)ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ‬, they killed him
24. Owing to suffer (suffering) from cancer, he has stopped smoking
25. He had removed his fingerprints to (so as to / in order to) mislead the police.
26. He went to the market to (in order to) buy a camel.
27. He pays him two pounds everyday to let her sell her goods.
28. She is clever enough to guess (the truth).
29. She refuses to stay with him in spite of his love.
30. Despite having much money, he cannot buy health. Or: Despite his money, he cannot buy health.
31. I shall find a way despite all difficulties.
32. She refuses his proposals in spite of being a king.
33. Ahmed is a clever doctor enough to many people to go to his clinic.
34. The teacher spoke too quick to write.
35. The box is wide enough to put her baby inside it.
The box was too small for the woman to get inside it.
36.
Or: The box was not wide enough for the women to get inside it.
37. In case of (By) going to the lawyer, he would find a way.
In case of (By With) obeying me, he would have gained much money.
38.
Or: Obeying me, he would have gained much money.
39. With obeying her, she will not give him money.

IV)
1. Tell me the reason of your absence.
2. I do not know when the flood (‫ )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ‬occurs (happens).
3. It is essential that man thinks (should think) before he acts.
4. Most of the members repeated his speech (words)..
5. He seems glad.
6. The policeman knew where the crime had happened.
7. Do you know how much this book costs.
8. That he will arrive tomorrow is certain.
9. Bring the necessary things with you.
10. We know who designed the house.
11. We must hope that he recovers quickly.
12. Don’t forget the place of the examination.
13. He spoke a long time what he suffers.

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14. We agreed to what he suggested.
15. Tell me your length.
16. I am sure of that the book is not useful (is useless).
17. The patient hoped to recover quickly.
18. That he is young was evident ‫ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‬to all.
19. That he was intelligent was clear to everyone.
20. Tell me how many boys are there in this class.

A bad workman always blames his tools.



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Exercise No. 21 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

General exercises on Clauses and Phrases

 

I)
1. would 26. whatever
2. will give 27. large enough
3. wouldn’t make 28. determination
4. rains 29. Owing to
5. whatever 30. In spite of
6. whoever 31. however
7. wherever 32. Whatever
8. whichever 33. equal
9. would be 34. what
10. had had 35. According to
11. had known 36. In accordance with
12. had been 37. Owing to
13. would build 38. By
14. listened 39. too
15. hurry 40. such
16. would be 41. As soon as
17. will fall 42. when
18. will catch 43. too
19. shall take 44. till
20. so 45. had he won
21. was he 46. was the doctor
22. However 47. lest
23. more 48. because
24. hot enough 49. since
25. were 50. Even if

II)
1. The man driving the car is my brother. Or: My brother is driving the car.
2. A man in a black coat will meet you at the bus stop.
3. Do you know the address (whereabouts) of our hotel?
4. We asked him the reason for selling his car.
5. I’m sorry for not coming in time.
6. He flew to London to visit his uncle.
7. The questions were too difficult to answer.
8. On reaching the moon, the astronauts raised the flag.
9. He kept his money in the bank in order not to spend it.
10. Because of the rain, the ground was wet.
11. He has taken his punishment in a manly way. (as a man, with manliness …..etc).

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12. By walking faster, he wouldn’t miss his train.
13. He admitted having stolen the money.
14. That was the reason for his angry (getting angry) with me.
15. Speak slowly to him in order to make him understand you.
16. Having taken off his hat and overcoat, he sat down.
17. They lost the game because of (due to) playing badly.
18. He acted like a judge. Or: He acted in a judicial manner (way).
19. Nothing will please me more than seeing you again.
20. He jumped from the second floor window to escape (avoid being caught by) the police.

Necessity is the mother of invention.



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Exercise No. 22 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

General exercise on Kind of Sentences

 

I)
1. simple 6. compound
2. compound 7. simple
3. simple 8. simple
4. compound 9. compound
5. complex 10. complex
II)
No. The subordinate clause Its kind
1. that he broke the window noun clause
2. which was of great interest adjective (relative) clause
3. after I had left adverb clause of time
4. As he was ill adverb clause of reason
5. which was about to explode adjective clause
6. that the king was ailing ‫ﻤﺘﻭﻋﻙ‬ noun in apposition to subject “news”
7. Although he was poor adverb clause of contrast or concession
8. than I am adverb clause of comparison
9. who had gone blind adjective clause
10. lest he should be awake all night adverb clause of purpose
11. however he lay awake all night adverb clause of contrast
12. So long as you don’t exceed your income adverb clause of condition
13. Provided you revise your lessons adverb clause of condition
14. Hardly he had arrived when adverb clause of time

No bees, no honey, no work, no money.



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References 

‫ ﻋﺯ ﺍﻟـﺩﻴﻥ‬/ ‫( ـ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻌﺔ ـ ﻟﻠﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬English Grammar) ‫ﺍﺌﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﻙ‬‫ ﻤﺭﺠِﻌ‬.1

.‫ﻡ‬2000 ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻨﺠﻴﺏ ـ‬

.‫ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ‬/ ‫( ـ ﻟﻠﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬Basic Grammar ) ‫ﺱ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺃُﺴ‬.2

.‫ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ‬/ ‫( ـ ﻟﻠﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬Beginner's Grammar) ‫ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺩﺌﻴﻥ‬.3

.‫ ﻴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل‬/ ‫ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ـ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻟﻑ‬.4

.‫ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻏﺯﺍﻟﻲ‬/ ‫( ـ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻟﻑ‬Keys to English Language) ‫ ﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‬.5

6. The Top series Grammer for secondary students – by / Edwar Nagi Sedra.

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  

 


3

 

 




 2006


 

   Subject      

1 Letters Writing  .1
17 Composition  .2
26 Dialogue  .3
32 How to deal with an examination paper    .4

A
‫‪‬‬

‫‪ LETTERS WRITING‬‬

‫?‪How to write a letter‬‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﹶﻜﹾﺘﹸﺏ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ؟‬

‫‪  ‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﹶﻜﹾﺘﹸﺏ‪ ‬ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﺘﹶﺫﹼﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‪-:‬‬ ‫‪ç‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﺎﺌِل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪-:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫‪ Personal Letters (Friendly Letters)‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴـﺎﺌِل ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻤﺜل ﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻬﻨﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺯﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﱡﻜﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺴـﺎﺌل‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻨﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﻷﻗﺎﺭﺒﻨﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻷﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻨﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤ‪‬ﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﺎﺌِل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹶﺫﹾﻜﹸﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﹶﻁﻠﹸﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻁﻤﺌﻨﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﹸﺭﺍﺴﻠﻪ ‪ ….‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻭِﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Official Letters (Business Letters)‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ ﺭﺴـﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﺎﺌِل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺼﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻬﺔٍ ﺭﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔٍ ﺭﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻬﺔٍ ﺭﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ ﺃُﺨـﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜـل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺍﺴـﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺠﺎﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑِ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﹸﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺴـﺎﺌل ﺍﻟـﺸﱡﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﹼﻬﻨﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺯﺍﺀ …ﺍﻟﺦ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﹶﻌ‪‬ﻜِﺱ‪ ‬ﺸﺨﺼﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻜﺎﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﹼﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺌﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻱ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔٍ ﻫﻲ‪-:‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫‪The address‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨـــﻭﺍﻥ )ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴِل ﻭﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ(‬

‫‪The date‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺘــّﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬
‫‪Salutation‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤـﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬
‫)‪Starting (Opening formula‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺘﺎﺤﻴ‪‬ﺔ(‬
‫)‪The body (Subject) (Purpose‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻉ )ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ(‬
‫)‪Closing formula (Valediction‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺠﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﺩﺍﻉ(‬
‫‪Signature‬‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻤﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫‪Postscript‬‬ ‫‪ .8‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬

‫‪  ‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺌﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﺎﻟﺔِ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﻨﻔﺱِ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀ‪‬ﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻜلِ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬




 1
1
 
 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

 7

  
-:‫ ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻙ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﹶﻜﹾﺘﹸﺏ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀٍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺍ‬،‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺸﻜلٍ ﺼﺤﻴﺢٍ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺸﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ‬‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﻜﺘﺏ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺭ‬


 The address1


 Sender's Address
.‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ •
.‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬‫ﺭﺴِل ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬ •
‫ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺴﻁﻭﺭ‬‫ ﻭﻴ‬،‫ﻔﺤﺔ‬‫ﻤﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﺭﺴِل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴ‬‫ﺭﺴِل )ﻤ‬‫ﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬ •
:‫ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻤـﺯ‬‫ﻁﺭِ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﺤـﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‬،‫ل‬‫ﻁﺭِ ﺍﻷﻭ‬‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
ِ‫ﺭﺴﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨـﺎﺭﺝ‬‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤ‬‫ﻭﻟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﻁﺭِ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‬،‫ﻁﺭِ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬‫ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩﻱ‬
.‫ﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩ‬

2
‫‪‬‬
‫| ‪   ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔِ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺭﻕٍ ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻉٍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻥ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔِ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴِل‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ )‪.(Capital Letter‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻜل ﺴﻁﺭ ﺒﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ )‪ (Comma) (,‬ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﻨﻘﻁﺔٍ )‪.(Full stop) (.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪21, EL Wehda Street,‬‬

‫‪El - Daraj,‬‬
‫‪Gaza,‬‬
‫‪Palestine.‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪P.O. BOX 5328,‬‬
‫‪El-Daraj,‬‬
‫‪Gaza,‬‬
‫‪Palestine.‬‬

‫| ‪  ‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ street‬ﻫﻜﺫﺍ ‪.St.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩ‪‬ﻭﻟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ( )ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺯﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﻓﻼ ﻴ‪‬ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔِ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ The address‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺍﺴﻼﺕِ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺠﺎﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﺎﺌل )ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴِل ﻭﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴِل ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻜﺘﺏ ﺘﺤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻴ‪‬ﻜﺘﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﺴﺎﺭِ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺤﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻤﻌـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻷﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪Mr. Fadi Azam,‬‬ ‫‪21, AL- Wehda St.,‬‬

‫‪17, Omar St.,‬‬ ‫‪El - Daraj,‬‬
‫‪Cairo,‬‬ ‫‪Gaza,‬‬
‫‪Egypt.‬‬ ‫‪Palestine.‬‬
‫‪21st October, 2002‬‬

‫| ‪  ‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ‪‬ﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻅﺭﻑِ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻴﺤﻤل ﻟﻘﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﺜل‪ Sir :‬ﺃﻭ‪ ،Dr.‬ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻀلِ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺔِ ‪.Mr.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺁﻨﺴﺔ ﻴ‪‬ﻜﺘﺏ ‪ ،Miss‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤ‪‬ﺘﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻴ‪‬ﻜﺘﺏ ‪ Mrs.‬ﻤﺘﺒﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﺴﻡِ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﻻ ﺘﺩﺭﻱ ﻫـل‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﻓﺎﻜﺘﺏ ‪ Ms.‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل‪.‬‬

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‫‪‬‬
‫‪ The date2‬‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﻜﺘﺏ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻴﻭﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴِل ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻁﹸﺭﻕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ) ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻴـﻭﻡ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ(‪.‬‬

‫‪March 21st, 2002‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴ‪‬ﺔ(‬

‫‪21st March, 2002‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴ‪‬ﺔ(‬

‫ﻻ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒـ )‪ (th‬ﻤﺜل‪ 20th , 15th , 5th , 4th :‬ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ‪-:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪1st , 2nd , 3rd , 21st , 22nd , 23rd , 31st .‬‬
‫ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺴﻘِﻁ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﺒﻭﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪October 1, 1998‬‬
‫‪5 November,2001‬‬

‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﺨﹾﺘﹶﺼﺭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﱡﻬﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪th‬‬
‫‪Sept. 13 , 2002‬‬ ‫‪15 Nov.1998.‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Jan.‬‬ ‫‪January‬‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺎﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪Jul.‬‬ ‫‪July‬‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻟﻴﻭ‬
‫‪Feb.‬‬ ‫‪February‬‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺭﺍﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪Aug.‬‬ ‫‪August‬‬ ‫ﺃﻏﺴﻁﺱ‬
‫‪Mar.‬‬ ‫‪March‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫‪Sep.‬‬ ‫‪September‬‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺘﻤﺒﺭ‬
‫‪Apr.‬‬ ‫‪April‬‬ ‫ﺇﺒـﺭﻴل‬ ‫‪Oct.‬‬ ‫‪October‬‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺘﻭﺒﺭ‬
‫‪May‬‬ ‫‪May‬‬ ‫ﻤـﺎﻴﻭ‬ ‫‪Nov.‬‬ ‫‪November‬‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻓﻤﺒﺭ‬
‫‪Jun.‬‬ ‫‪June‬‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻨـﻴﻭ‬ ‫‪Dec.‬‬ ‫‪December‬‬ ‫ﺩﻴﺴﻤﺒﺭ‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﺘﹸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪ 6.4.98 :‬ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﺘﹸﺒﻭﻨﻪ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪ 4.6.98 :‬ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ Salutation (Starting) (Opening formula)3‬‬

‫ﺘﹸﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻴﺴﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭ‪ ‬‬

‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﺃﺴﻡ ﻭﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴﻼﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﺩﻴﻕٍ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ )ﺃﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﺩﻴﻕ ‪ (Dear‬ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Dear Ahmed,‬‬ ‫ﻋﺯﻴﺯﻱ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬

‫‪Dear Samia,‬‬ ‫ﻋﺯﻴﺯﺘﻲ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴﻼﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﺭﺏ‪ ‬ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﺼِﻠﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ‪ Dear father,‬ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫‪‬‬
‫‪Dear sister,‬‬ ‫ﺃُﺨﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯﺓ‬
‫‪Dear brother,‬‬ ‫ﺃﺨﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ‬
‫‪Dear grandmother,‬‬ ‫ﺠﺩﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯﺓ‬

‫ﺝ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴﻼﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﻗﺩ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻟﻙ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻪ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ ‪ (Dear Mr.‬ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Dear Mr. Yousef,‬‬ ‫ﻋﺯﻴﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ‬

‫‪Dear Dr. Ali,‬‬ ‫ﻋﺯﻴﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺩ‪‬ﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫‪Dear Mrs. Nader,‬‬ ‫ﻋﺯﻴﺯﺘﻲ ﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴﺩ ﻨﺎﺩﺭ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ )ﺃﻱ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻴﻨﻙ ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺸﺨﺼﻴ‪‬ﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺯﻴـﺯﻱ ﺍﻟـﺴ‪‬ﻴﺩ ‪، Dear Sir,‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺯﻴﺯﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴﺩﺓ ‪. Dear Madam,‬‬
‫ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺩ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ‪ Dear‬ﻭﺇﻨﹼﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻫـ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻤﻭﺠ‪‬ﻬﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺅﺴ‪‬ﺴﺔٍ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻬﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺤﺩ‪‬‬

‫‪Gentlemen,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﱡﺭﻓﺎﺀ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻨﱡﺒﻼﺀ‬

‫ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠ‪‬ﻬﺔ ﻟﺭﺅﺴﺎﺀ‪ ‬ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﺤﻑ‪ ،‬ﺘﻜﺘﺏ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭ( ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭ‪ ‬‬

‫‪Sir,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﹼﺴﻴﺩ‬

‫‪ The body (Subject) (Purpose) 4‬‬

‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭ‪‬ﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻘﺭﺓٍ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻜل ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﺘﹸﻌﺎﻟِﺞ ﻓﻜﺭﺓﹰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻻﺒﺩ‪ ‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ ‪1‬ﺴﻡ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﻫﻭ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺒﺩ‪ ‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﹸﻐﹶﺘﹶﻪ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻭﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻬﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺘﺨﻴ‪‬ل ﺃﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺃﻤﺎﻤﻙ ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻙ ﺘﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘـﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺒﺘﻌﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺫﻜﹸﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡٍ ﻭﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭٍ ﻭﺒﻠﹸﻐﺔٍ ﺇﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ ﺭﺴـﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌـﻭ‪‬ﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺘِﻪِ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ‬

‫‪ Closing formula (Valediction) 5‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﹸﻜﺘﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴ‪‬ﻤﻨﻰ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻭﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺠﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻭ‪‬ﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪Yours affectionately,‬‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﻤﻭﺩ‪‬ﺘﻲ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪Your loving cousin,‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﺒﻥ‪ / ‬‬
‫ﺒﻨﺕ ﻋﻤ‪‬ﻙ )ﺨﺎﻟﻙ( ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺤِﺏ )ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺤِﺒ‪‬ﺔ(‬

‫‪With all my love,‬‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺨﺎﻟﺹِ ﺤ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻲ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪Yours ever,‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻙ ِﻟﻸﺒﺩ‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪Yours,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺨﻠِﺹ ﻟﻙ‬

‫‪Your sincere friend,‬‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻙ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺨﻠِﺹ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪Cordially yours,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻡ‬

‫‪Yours sincerely,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺨﻠِﺹ ﻟﻙ‬

‫‪Yours faithfully,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻲ ﻟﻙ )ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺨﻠِﺹ ﻟﻙ(‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫)‪Yours very truly, (Very truly yours‬‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﺼﺩﻕِ ﺘﺤﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬

‫‪ Yours sincerely, ‬ﺃﻭ ‪ Sincerely yours,‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻭﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺸـﻴﻭﻋﺎﹰ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ç‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Signature6‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﻟـﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼ ‪‬‬
‫ﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴ‪‬ﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻔﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻪ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺼﻴ‪‬ﺔ( ﻓﺎﻜﺘﻑِ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪.Ahmed or Salem :‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴِل‪ ‬ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺒﺨﻁٍ ﻭﺍﻀﺢٍ ﺘﺤﺕ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔﹰ )ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﺎﺌ ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﻌﻤل(‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻭﻗﻴﻊ‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﹼ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻤﻪ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﹸﻜﺘﺏ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴِل ﺘﺤﺕ‬
‫‪Eman Salem‬‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴِل‬
‫‪Eman Salem‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻭﻗﻴﻊ‬
‫‪Sales Manager‬‬ ‫ﻤ‪‬ﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﺴِل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺩ‪‬ﺩﻩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻤﺘﺤِﻥ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﺴﻤﻙ ﺃﻨﺕ!!!‬ ‫‪ç‬‬

‫‪ Postscript7‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔِ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻜﹼﺭﺕ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻨﻬﺎﺀﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺃﺴﻔلِ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜلِ ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔٍ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺤﺭﻓـﻲ ‪ PS‬ﻭﻫﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ Postscript‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ "ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑِ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪:‬‬
‫‪PS: Please, confirm the arrival on telephone.‬‬
‫)‪E. S. (Eman Salem‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﹸﺭﻓﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‪‬ﺴﺎﻟﺔِ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺘﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻭﺍﻟﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺤﻥ… ﺍﻟﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴ‪‬ﻜﺘﺏ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺭﻓﻘﺎﺕ )‪ (Enclosed‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪ Encl.‬ﻭﺘﹸﻜﺘﺏ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺭﻓﻘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Encl. - Bills of Lading.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻭﺍﺘﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺤﻥ‬
‫‪- Insurance policy.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻭﻟﻴﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺄﻤﻴﻥ‬

‫‪6‬‬

 



1. I am pleased to inform you that .... … ‫ ﺃُﻓﻴﺩﻜﻡ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻴﺴ‬

2. I have the honor to inform you that .... … ‫ﺃﺘﺸﺭﻑ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺃُﺨﻁﺭﻜﻡ ﺒﺄﻥ‬
Allow me to congratulate you from the bottom of my heart on ..... ‫ ﺃُﻫﻨﹼﺌـﻙ‬‫ﺍﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻲ )ﺍﺴﻤﺤﻭﺍ ﻟـﻲ( ﺒـﺄﻥ‬
3.
…… ‫)ﺃُﻫﻨﹼﺌﻜﻡ( ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕِ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
I can't express about my feelings when I heard that...... ‫ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤـﺸﺎﻋﺭﻱ‬‫ﻻ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃُﻋﺒ‬
4.
…… ‫ﻤﻌﺕﹸ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺴ‬
I write this letter hopping that you are well and enjoying yourself. ‫ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻤِـﻼﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬‫ﺃﻜﺘﹸﺏ‬
5.
.‫ﺒﺨﻴﺭٍ ﻭﺒﺼﺤﺔٍ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬
It gives me pleasure to write this letter to you, I hope everybody ‫ ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ ﻟﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺴﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﺇﻨﻪ‬
at home is hale and hearty.
6. ‫ ﺃﻤِﻼﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬،‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻜﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬
.‫ﻤﻌﺎﻓﻰ ﻭﺒﺼﺤﺔٍ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬
7. How sweet of you to write .... … ‫ﻜﻡ ﻟﻁﻴﻔﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺒﻭﺍ‬
8. I was glad to hear from you. .‫ﺭﺭﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭﻜﻡ‬‫ﺴ‬
9. I hope everyone is all right at home. .‫ﺃﻤل ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺒﺨﻴﺭ‬
10. Congratulations! How nice to hear that .... …… ‫! ﻜﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻼﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﻊ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﺘﻬﺎﻨﻲ‬
11. I was delighted to hear that... …… ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺒﺘﻬﺠﺕﹸ ﻟﺴﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬
12. I was greatly shocked on hearing the news. .‫ﻌﻘﺕﹸ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺴﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﺒﺎﺭ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺼ‬
13. I regret to have to inform you that .... … ‫ﻴﺅﺴﻔﹸﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻀﻁﺭ ﺇﺒﻼﻏﻜﹸﻡ ﺃﻥ‬
14. I am very sorry to inform you that ..... …… ‫ﺇﻨﻨﻲ ﺃﺒﻠﻐﻜﻡ ﺒﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻑ ﺒﺄﻥ‬
15. It is a pity to hear ..... …… ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭﺕﹸ ﻟﺴﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
Thank you very much for your kind (letter – invitation – ‫ ﺩﻋﻭﺘﻙ‬- ‫ﺸﻜﺭﺍﹸ ﺠﺯﻴﻼﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺘﻙ‬
16.
present – .....ect). .‫ ﺍﻟﺦ ( ﺍﻟﻠﻁﻴﻔﺔ‬... ‫– ﻫﺩﻴﺘﻙ ـ‬

I would like to thank you for the nice ( letter – present) you ‫ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻴﺔ‬- ‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺸﻜﹸﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﺃﻭﺩ‬
17. sent me on the occasion of (passing the examinations – my ‫( ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺭﺴﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔِ )ﺇﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‬
success – my marriage – .....ect). .(… ‫ ﻨﺠﺎﺤﻲ – ﺯﻭﺍﺠﻲ‬- ‫ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
I write this letter to thank you most hearty for .... ّ‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﺸﻜﺭﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻜـل‬‫ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭ‬
18.
…… ‫ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
Word alone can not express my thanks to you for ... ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴـﺭِ ﻋـﻥ‬‫ﺘﻌﺠﺯ‬
19.
…… ‫ﺸﻜﺭﻱ ﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

I have great pleasure in inviting you to spend a month in our ‫ﺭﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﻋﻭﻙ ﻟﺘﻘﻀﻲ‬‫ﻟﻲ ﻋﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
20.
(country ...... ) .(…… ‫ﺸﻬﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ )ﺒﻠﺩﻨﺎ‬
21. It pleases me to invite you to visit our country. .‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﻋﻭﻙ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻠﺩﻨﺎ‬

7


I would like to invite you to spend the summer holiday with us ‫ـﻀﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻹﺠــﺎﺯﺓ‬ ‫ـﻭﻙ ﻟﻘـ‬ ‫ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﻋـ‬‫ﺃﻭﺩ‬
22.
this year. .‫ﻨﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻴﻔﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬
Do come and spend a few days with me at .....? ‫ﻫل ﺘﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﻀﻭﺭِ ﻭﻗـﻀﺎﺀ‬
23.
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ……؟‬
24. We draw your attention to .... .... ‫ﻨﻠﻔﺕ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻫﻜﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
I take the liberty to bringing to your notice that .... (to ...) …… ‫ﺃﻭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﺘﺭﻋﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻜﻡ ﺒـﺄﻥ‬
25.
(…… ‫) ﺇﻟﻰ‬

 

  Reply on a letter 

1. In reply to your letter of .... …… ‫ﺥ‬‫ﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭ‬

2. Your letter has just come to hand. .‫ﺨﻁﺎﺒﻜﻡ ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
3. Your letter informs us that ..... …… ‫ﺨﻁﺎﺒﻜﻡ ﻴﻔﻴﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
4. I was glad to hear from you. .‫ﺭﺭﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭﻜﻡ‬‫ﺴ‬
5. I am sorry it has take me so long to write. .‫ﻴﺅﺴﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺄﺨﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔﹼ‬
It's very kind of you to think of me and send me such ‫ ﻟﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻁﻴـﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﻔﻜﹼـﺭ ﺒـﻲ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬
6. a wonderful letter ... … ‫ﺍﺌﻌﺔ‬‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﻭﺘﹸﺭﺴل ﻟﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭ‬
7. Forgive me for not writing earlier. .‫ﺴﺎﻤﺤﻭﻨﻲ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻵﻥ‬
8. Your letter has reached us .... ... ‫ ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﻜﻡ‬/… ‫ﺘﺴﻠﹼﻤﻨﺎ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﻜﻡ‬

 



1. Yours affectionately, (Affectionately yours,) ‫ﺘﻲ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﻤﻭﺩ‬

2. Yours sincerely, (Sincerely yours,) ‫ﺨﻠِﺹ ﻟﻜﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬
3. Yours respectfully, (Respectfully yours,) ‫ﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻡ‬
4. Yours devotedly, (Devotedly yours,) ‫ﻤﻊ ﻭﻻﺌﻲ‬
5. Gratefully yours, (Yours cordially,) ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻡ‬
6. Yours very truly, (Very truly yours,) ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﺼﺩﻕِ ﺘﺤﻴ‬
7. Yours with love; As ever yours, ‫ﺘﻲ ـ ﻟﻜﻡ ﻟﻸﺒﺩ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﻤﺤﺒ‬
8. Your loving son, ( daughter ....) ‫ﺤﺏ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﺒﻨﻜﻡ )ﺍﺒﻨﺘﻜﻡ( ﺍﻟﻤ‬

8
 

  ç

1. Looking forward to seeing you soon. .ً‫ﻨﺘﻁﻠﹼﻊ ﺒﺸﻭﻕٍ ﻟﺭﺅﻴﺘﻜﻡ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎ‬

2. With kindest regards, (With my kind regards,) ‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﻁﻴﺏِ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻤﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
3. Remember me to all, ‫ﺃﺒﻠﻎ ﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
4. I hope to hear from you soon. .‫ﺃﻤل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﻠﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﺒﺎﺀ ﻤﻨﻜﻡ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ‬
5. With best wishes, ‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﻁﻴﺏِ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻤﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
6. We trust you will kindly inform us ... … ‫ﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺈﻓﺎﺩﺘﻨﺎ‬‫ﻨﺜﻕ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻜﻡ ﺴﺘﺘﻜﺭ‬
7. Trusting to be favored with ... … ‫ﻭﺍﺜﻘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﹼﻜﻡ ﺴﺘﻭﺍﻓﻭﻨﻨﺎ ﺒـ‬
8. I hope to reply soon, ‫ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺃﻤل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭ‬
9. Trusting you will excuse us .... … ‫ﺫﺭ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻘﺔٍ ﻤِﻥ ﺃﻨﹼﻜﻡ ﺴﺘﻠﺘﻤﺴﻭﻥ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌ‬
10. Always at your disposal, we beg to remain .... … ‫ﻓﻜﻡ ﻭﻨﺭﺠﻭ‬‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺼﺭ‬
11. We thank you for your prompt attention ... … ‫ﻨﺸﻜﺭﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﻥ ِﻋﻨﺎﻴﺘﻜﻡ‬
12. Awaiting your favorable reply, we are .... … ِ‫ﻜﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭِ ﺭﺩ‬
13. Always ready to reciprocate .... … ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩٍ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩلِ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬
14. Your information will be appreciated ... … ‫ﺴﺘﺤﻅﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻜﻡ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻨﺎ‬
15. Regretting the trouble we are causing .... … ٍ‫ﻨﺄﺴﻑ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻨﹸﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ‬

 



  ***Personal Letters (Friendly Letters***

1) Write a letter to your friend John who lives in Germany inviting him to spend a month in
Gaza Strip. Your name is Ahmed and you live at 25, El-Nasser Street, Gaza.


 


25, El-Nasser St.,

Gaza,
Palestine.
3rd August, 2002
Dear John,
I have the pleasure in inviting you to spend a month in Gaza Strip. When you come, you
will see many interesting places. You can visit the ancient mosques and churches, which reflect the
civilization of our forefathers (‫)ﺃﺴﻼﻓﻨﺎ‬.
You can enjoy our beach and you will never forget this visit. Write at once and say you are
coming.
I wish you a happy stay with us.
Yours sincerely,
Ahmed

9
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2) Write a letter to your friend Suzan inviting him to your wedding party. Your name is
Mona and you live at 12, El-Mahatta Street, Al-Daraj, Gaza.
 


12, El-Mahatta Street,

Al-Daraj,
Gaza.
23rd June, 2001
Dear Suzan,
It gives me the pleasure to write this letter to you, I hope everybody at home in hale and
hearty.
I'd like to invite you to attend my wedding party next week on 1st July. If you come, I'll
introduce you to my family and my bridegroom (‫)ﺍﻟﻌـﺭﻴﺱ‬. You'll enjoy too much, we'll have
different kinds of food and take photos. Please accept my invitation.
Yours sincerely,
Mona

3) Your name is Shaker. You live at 20, El-Remal Street, Gaza. Write a letter to your friend
Tom who lives in England thanking him for the present he sent you on the occasion of
passing the exam.
 
20, El-Remal Street,
Gaza,
Palestine.
15th Jan.,2002
Dear Tom,
I would like to thank you for the nice present you sent me on the occasion of my passing the
exam. You proved that you are a good friend. It is very nice watch indeed. It will make me
remember you every time I look at it.
With my best wishes and regards to my good friend.
Yours sincerely,
Shaker

4) Write a letter to your friend Harry, who lives in Paris thanking him for hospitality when
you visited him. Your name is Mohammad. Your address is P.O.Box 7145, Raffah,
Palestine.
 



P.O.Box 7145,
Raffah,
Palestine.
26th Oct., 2001
Dear Harry,
After I had arrived safely last night, I wrote this letter to thank you most hearty for your
hospitality. I will always remember the visit I paid to your country. I really have spent the happiest
10
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weeks in my life. I am sure that you will do the same and visit us very soon. I also learnt many
things while staying in your country.
Again, many thanks for what you have done for me.
Sincerely yours,
Mohammad

5) Write a letter to a new pen-friend whose name is Mickle who lives in England giving him
some information about yourself. Your name is Hassan and you live in 20, Jaffa Street,
Gaza. 

 
20, Jaffa Street,
Gaza,
Palestine.
25th Aug., 2002
Dear Mickle,
My teacher gave me your name and address. He told me you would like to have pen-friends.
My name is Hassan. I am 18 years old. I live in Gaza. I am at school and will be taking my General
Secondary Certificate this year. I enjoy playing football in my spare time. I'd like to visit London
one day.
Please write soon. I enclose a photo of myself.
Yours faithfully,
Hassan

6) Write a letter to your friend Samy who studies in Cairo congratulation him on his success
in the final examination this year. Your name is Ramy. You live at 13, Al-Karmel Street,
Gaza, Palestine.
 
13, Al-Karmel Street,
Gaza,
Palestine.
21st December, 2001
Dear Samy,
It is great pleasure to write this letter. I was delighted to hear of your success in the final
examinations this year. Please accept my congratulations. I hope that you get a good job soon.
Pass my regards to your family.
Yours sincerely,
Ramy

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7) Write a letter to your Egyptian friend Amr who had an accident and is now in hospital.
Your name is Karim Fikry, and you live at 22, El- Samer Street, Gaza, Palestine.
 


22, El- Samer Str.,

Gaza,
Palestine.
14th May, 2002
Dear Amr,
I was greatly shocked to hear about your accident and the necessary operations. I called your
father on the telephone and he assured me that you will be as good as new. I pray God that we will
soon hear your hearty laugh. I'll do my best to come and see you in Egypt within the next few days.
Until we meet, have Faith and Courage.
Yours as always,
Karim Fikry

8) Write a letter to your friend Samih condoling him (‫ﻴـﻪ‬‫ )ﺘﹸﻌﺯ‬after you heard of his father's
death. Your name is Abed Allah. You live at 65, El-Wehda Street, Al-Daraj, Gaza.
 


65, El-Wehda Str.,

Al-Daraj,
Gaza.
8th Feb.,2002
Dear Samih,
It has grieved me (‫ )ﺃﺤﺯﻨﻨـﻲ‬very much to hear about the loss of your good father. He was really
kind. It is a great loss to all of us. However, his life is not in our hands. It is in the hand of Allah.
Please give my condolences to all family. I'll come as soon as possible.
Yours sincerely,
Abed Allah

9) Write a letter to your friend Mustafa apologizing for not keeping an appointment. Your
name is Fadel and you live at 12, El-Naser Street, El-Remal, Gaza.
 


12, El-Naser Street,

El-Remal,
Gaza.
Jan.2nd, 2002
Dear Mustafa,
Please forgive me for not keeping my appointment with you on Tuesday but I can assure
you the matter was I afraid you will think me very rude (‫ )ﺨـﺸﻥ‬beyond my control. Just as I was
leaving home, my father was taken suddenly ill. I could not of course leave him in that condition
and I was obliged to stay with him.
I am happy to say that my father is much better now, and I hope to be able to visit you soon.
Yours sincerely,
Fadel
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10) Write a letter to your cousin Nabil who studies in England to make the necessary
arrangements for you to study at a university there. Your name is Ahmed and you live
117, El-Mansoura Street, Khan Younes.
 


117, El-Mansoura Street,

Khan Younes,
Palestine.
June 14th ,2002

Dear Nabil,
I hope that you are enjoying your time in England making much progress in your studies.
I have finished my exams, but as I didn't get high marks, I intend (‫ )ﺃﻨـﻭﻱ‬to join an English university
to follow up my higher studies. I'm interested in studying medicine. Please send me an application
form and find me a cheap dwelling (‫ ﺩﺍﺭ‬/ ‫ )ﻤﻨـﺯل‬as near to the university as possible. I am looking
forward to hearing from you.
With best wishes,
Your loving cousin,
Ahmed

11) Write a letter to your father asking him to send you some money. Your name is Wael. You
live at 75, New Castle Street, Edinburgh, Scotland. U.K.
 


75, New Castle Street,

Edinburgh,
Scotland
U.K.
31st March,2002

Dear Father,
I'm glad to tell in this letter that I'm doing well in my study. I've passed the final exams of
the spring term, and I've got high grades in all the tests.
For the next term, I need to buy new books and clothes. So I need some money. Please, send
me 200 dollars to my account in the Scotland Bank.
Please, accept my best regard and wishes and pass them to all of my family and thank you
very much.
Your loving son,
Wael

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12) Write a letter to your friend Akram who borrowed books from you. You live at
12, Shuhada Street, El-Remal, Gaza. Your name is Salah.
 12

12, Shuhada Street,

El-Remal,
Gaza.
12th July,2002
Dear Akram,
I hope that you are well and enjoying yourself. May I remind that you a long time has
passed, since you borrowed some books from me. Please send them back to me. I need them badly
to study my lessons, because the exams are approaching (‫)ﺘﻘﺘﺭﺏ‬.
With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Salah

  *** Official Letters (Business Letters ***

1) Write a letter to the Arabic Bank asking to stop payment of your cheques as your cheque-
book has been stolen. You live at 2, Nozha Street, Zeitoun, Gaza. Your name is Nabil
Khaddar.
 
The Arabic Bank, 2, Nozha Str.,
Gaza Branch, Zeitoun,
Attention General Manager Gaza.
17th Oct.,2001

Dear Sir,
Please, stop immediately payment of any cheque on my account No. 256483 without
consulting with me first. The reason is that my cheque-book has been stolen and I have lodged
a complaint with the police. Please arrange for issuing (‫ )ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ‬a new cheque-book in my name.
Thank you very much,
Yours sincerely,
Nabil Khaddar
Nabil Khaddar

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
2) Write a letter to The National Co. Ltd., in Jordan at Amman Street to apply for a job as
Salesman which was published in "El-Ayiam" newspaper. Your name is Samy Nasser and
you live in Palestine at 99, Al-Amal Street, Gaza.


 


The secretary, 99, Al-Amal Street,

The National Co. Ltd., Gaza,
Amman Street, Palestine.
Jordan. 31st Oct.,2001

Dear Sir,
With reference to your advertisement in "El- Ayiam" newspaper of 29th Oct., I wish to
apply for the position of Salesman.
I enclose details of my qualifications and experience. If my application is successful, I am
prepared to work hard to justify your selection.

Yours faithfully,
Samy Nasser

3) Ask the National Crystal company about their products and price lists.
 

The National Crystal Co. Ltd., 55, El-Wafa Street,

23, Nahada Street, Gaza.
Al-Faggalah. 22nd, Mars,2002
Attn. Sales Manager

Dear Sir,
Please send us a catalogue of your range complete with price lists. We would be obliged if
you send us some samples to examine. We are only interested in good which can be shipped within
tow weeks from receipt of order. If your prices are satisfactory, we shall place a trial order
immediately.
We look forward to having your reply as soon as possible.

Yours faithfully,
Ahmed Yousef
Eng. Ahmed Yousef
General Manager
El-Salam Trading Co.

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
4) Reply to the previous letter.
 
The National Crystal Co. Ltd.
23,Nahda Street, Al-Faggalh, Cairo, Egypt.
Tel.: 333677 – 333678
Fax: 333679

55, El-Wafa Street, 1st April,2002

Gaza. Al-Salam Trading Co.
Atten. Eng. Ahmed Yousef
General Manager
Dear Sir,
Thank you for your letter of 22nd, Mars. With reference to your inquiry, we are sending you,
under separate cover, our catalogue with price lists of the items that are immediately available.
Samples will be sent by special messenger. Due to the unstable economic conditions, all prices are
subject to change without notice. But I shall keep these prices for you if I receive your order within
10 days. Our terms are cash with order on new accounts.
Looking forward to continuing co-operation between our companies.
I remain always,

Yours Truly,
Walid Rashed
Walid Rashed
Sales Manager

To err is human.



Good Luck

Ahmed El-louh

16
 ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Composition‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﹼﺏ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘِﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕِ )‪ ،(spelling‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺠ‪‬ﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺎﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫…… ﺍﻟﺦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩِ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔِ ﻭﺨﻴﺎلِ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺘﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪How To Write A Composition?‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏِ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻙ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﻤ‪‬ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﻤ‪‬ﻔﻴﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻁﺭِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻭ‪‬ل ﻤﻥ ﻜلِ ﻜﻠﻤـﺔٍ ﻤـﻥ ﻋﻨـﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑِ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ )‪ ،(Capital Letter‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬
‫‪• Countries and Languages‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒ‪‬ﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﹸﻐﺎﺕ‬
‫‪• Living in the Village‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭِ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺸﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬
‫‪• Water is very important‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤــﺎﺀ ﻤ‪‬ﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ(‬
‫‪• especially for peoples, animals and plants.‬‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔﹰ ﻟﻠﻨﹼﺎﺱِ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕِ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕِ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺸﺭﺤﻬﺎ(‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻴ‪‬ﺘﹾﺭ‪‬ﻙ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔِ ﻜلّ ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭ‪‬ل ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 1‬ﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 5‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃُﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉِ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻔﺤﺔٍ ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻘﻠﹼﺔٍ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩِ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻤﻼﺀِ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺃﻓﻀل‬
‫ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ‪ ‬ﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭﻙ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉِ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃُﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻔﺤﺔٍ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓٍ ﺤﻭل ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭ‪‬ﺓِ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔٍ ﻭﻤ‪‬ﻨﻅﹼﻤﺔٍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜل ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﺠﺎﺀ ﻜل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪  6‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴ‪‬ﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﻤـﺸﻭ‪‬ﻗﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﻨﻅـﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻜـﺎﺭ ﻨـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‪-:‬‬

‫ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ‪ , to conclude ....‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ‪ , and after that ...‬ﺜﻡ‪ , then .... ‬ﺃﻭ‪‬ﻻﹰ ‪1. First ....‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ )ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻨﺔ( ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ‪ , On the second ....‬ﻓﻲ )ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻨﺔ( ﺍﻷﻭ‪‬ل )‪2. On the first (day, month, year‬‬
‫ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ‪ , At last ......‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ , then in 1984‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪3. In 1981‬‬
‫ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ‪ , last .... .‬ﺜﻡ‪ , then .... ‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ‪ , .... next ....‬ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ‪4. First...‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ‪ , to conclude ....‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ‪ , after that ....,‬ﺜﻡ‪ , .... then .... ‬ﻟﻨﺒﺩﺃ ‪5. To begin ...‬‬

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 
  7
.‫ﺭ‬‫ﻜﺭ‬‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﱡﺏ ﺤﺸﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ﻤل‬‫ﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺨﺎﺼ‬
  •
-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬
or ‫ﺃﻭ‬ but ‫ﻟﻜﻥ‬ and ‫ﻭ‬
:‫ﻭﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‬

Doctors in hospitals treat people, and they visit their patients on beds.
.‫ﺓ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕِ ﻭﻴﺯﻭﺭﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﻀﺎﻫﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴِﺭ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ‬‫ﺎﺀ‬‫ﻌﺎﻟِﺞ ﺍﻷﻁﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬Conjunctive Adverbs (‫ﺏ‬

and so ‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ therefore ‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ however ‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ‬

However, our readers can get confused. ‫ﺸﻭﺍ‬‫ﺀﺍﻨﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻭ‬‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﹸﺭ‬


:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ‬Relative Adverbs

whose, whom, who, where, which, that

Example ‫ﻤﺜـﺎل‬

Makkah is a place . .‫ﻤﻜﹼﺔ ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﺎﻥ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻤ‬‫ﺠ‬
Everyone wants to see it. .‫ﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺍﻫﺎ‬‫ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻴ‬
Makkah is a place that (which) everyone wants to see. .‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬‫ﻥ ﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﹸﻜﻭ‬‫ﻤﺠﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺩ‬
.‫ﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺍﻩ‬‫ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻴ‬،‫ﻤﻜﹼﺔ ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬
1. For this reason ... ‫ﺒﺏ‬‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
2. In addition to ... ‫ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔِ ﺇﻟﻰ‬/ ‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
3. On the other hand .... ‫ ﻤِﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔٍ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬/ ‫ﻤِﻥ ﺠﻬﺔٍ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬

  8

 9
  10
.‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺘﺒﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﹶﺠﻨﹸﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺨﺎﺼﺔﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﻴﻀ‬‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺎﻟﺏ ﻤ‬
-:‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬

18
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋِﺩ‪‬ﺓِ ﻤﺭ‪‬ﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺃُﻜﺘﺏ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕِ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺎﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻅﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬
‫‪history‬‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫‪harmony‬‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺫﺒﺫﺏ‬ ‫‪nine‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪time‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺕ‬
‫‪victory‬‬ ‫ﻨﺼﺭ‬ ‫‪fine‬‬ ‫‪ line‬ﺠﻤﻴل ‪ /‬ﻨﺎﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﻁ‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻗﹶﺴ‪‬ﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﻔﻅ ﺘﻬﺠﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪com - fort - a - ble‬‬ ‫‪comfortable‬‬ ‫ﻤ‪‬ﺭﻴﺢ‬

‫‪in - ter -me - di - ate‬‬ ‫‪intermediate‬‬ ‫ﻤ‪‬ﺘﻭﺴ‪‬ﻁ‬
‫‪for - give - ness‬‬ ‫‪forgiveness‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻭ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻤﺎﺡ‬

‫‪  11‬‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎلِ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺼﺔٍ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺙٍ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀـﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷُﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻴ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .12‬ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﺘﻨﻭ‪‬ﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻴﺠﻌل ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀﻙ ﻤ‪‬ﻤﺘﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .13‬ﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔِ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﹸﺭ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .14‬ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺠﻤﻴﻼﹰ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓٍ ﺴﻬﻠﺔٍ ﻭﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔٍ ﻭﺒﺩﻭﻥِ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪ USEFUL PHRASES FOR COMPOSITION‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪) plays a vital (an important) role in our life.‬ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ( ‪No one can deny that‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻴﻨﻜﺭ ﺒﺄﻥ‪) ‬ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ( ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‪ ‬ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﺤﻴﻭﻴﺎﹰ )ﻤ‪‬ﻬ‪‬ﻤﺎﹰ( ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪We cannot deny that ….‬‬ ‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻻ ﻨﹸﻨﻜﺭ ﺒﺄﻥ‪… ‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪All over the world ….‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊِ ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ‪….‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪It is an established fact that ….‬‬ ‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔﹲ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺃﻥ‪… ‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪All evidence prove that ….‬‬ ‫ﻜل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻭﺍﻫﺩ ﺘﹸﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ‪…. ‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬ ‫‪There is a general agreement that ….‬‬ ‫ﻫ‪‬ﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻗﺎﹰ ﻋﺎﻤ‪‬ﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‪…‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬ ‫‪As a matter of fact ….‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ …‬
‫‪8.‬‬ ‫‪It needless to say that ….‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻭلِ ﺃﻥ‪…. ‬‬
‫‪9.‬‬ ‫‪No doubt ….‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺸﻙ‪…. ‬‬
‫‪10. In fact ….‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔِ …‬
‫‪11. Not only ....... but also ….‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ …… ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ …‬
‫‪12. Sooner or later ….‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺠﻼﹰ ﺃﻡ ﺃﺠﻼﹰ ……‬
‫‪13. My mind is full of hopes for ….‬‬ ‫ﺫﻫﻨﻲ ﻤﻠﻲﺀ‪ ‬ﺒﺎﻵﻤﺎلِ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ …‬
‫‪14. With the help of ….‬‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓِ ‪….‬‬
‫‪19‬‬


15. From my view point …. …. ‫ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻬﺔِ ﻨﻅﺭﻱ‬

16. In my mind (To my mind.…..) …. … ‫ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﻴﻲ‬
17. In general …. … ‫ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰ‬
18. In a word (In summery) (In short) (In brief) …. … ٍ‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬
19. First of all …. … ‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻭﻗﺒل ﻜﹸلّ ﺸﻲﺀ‬
20. Moreover …. … ‫ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
21. Besides …. … ‫ﻋﻼﻭﺓﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
22. Above all …. … ‫ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﺫﻟﻙ‬
23. In addition to the above mentioned …. … ‫ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ‬‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔِ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ‬
24. On the other hand …. … ‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔٍ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬
25. Last but not least …. … ‫ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺃﺨﺭﺍﹰ‬
26. We can come to the conclusion that …. … ‫ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔٍ ﺃﻥ‬
27. Thanks to …. ... ‫ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻀل ﺇﻟﻰ‬/ … ِ‫ﺒﻔﻀل‬
28. In spite of …. … ‫ﻏﻡِ ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭ‬
29. As soon as …. … ‫ﺩ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺠﺭ‬‫ﺒﻤ‬
30. Statistics show that …. … ‫ﺘﺩلﱡ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ‬
31. There is no exaggeration to say that …. … ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭلِ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻨﺎﻙ ﻤ‬‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﻫ‬
32. (‫ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬is the backbone of any nation. .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﻱ ﻷﻱ ﺃُﻤ‬‫)ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ( ﻴ‬

 

 1. Computer in Our Life

Needless to say that computer has been playing a vital role in our life. It provides an
invaluable services to humanity.
Computer has been used in many areas of our life. A lot of medical operations, banking,
industrial processes, office work are based on computer nowadays.
Many complicated mathematical and scientific performances can never be carried out
without computers.
Computerization of businesses and companies could save a lot of money and labor (‫ )ﺠﻬـﺩ‬.
Their operations are performed quickly and thoroughly thanks to computers.
Due to the increasing importance of computer, it is being taught nowadays to school
students. I t is said that 2000 anyone who does not have computer knowledge will be considered
illiterate (‫ﻲ‬‫ ﺃُﻤ‬/ ‫)ﺠﺎﻫل‬.
Computer can store huge quantities of data which can never be stored by any other means.
Such stored data can be obtained when needed.
In spite of the above mentioned, computers will never replace man. Computers cannot do
without man's brain.

20


 2. Smoking and Its Harms 

Needless to say that smoking destroys the health and wealth. Many scientists consider it is
main resources of many diseases and cancers in particular.
It has been shown that smoking can cause harms not only to smokers but also to non-
smokers as well. Due to its great harm, Islam bans (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺤﺭ‬‫ )ﻴ‬smoking and consider it a fault (‫ ﺇﺜﻡ‬/ ‫)ﺫﻨﺏ‬.
Some people have this bad habit. They say that smoking helps them to think and forget their
problems. Some lazy people, who have no work to do, smoke to pass their time and amuse (‫ﺴـﻠﻲ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻠﻬﻲ‬‫) ﻴ‬
themselves. If a smoker has a strong will, he will immediately stop such dirty habit.
It is a national duty that smokers must give up smoking to save their money and protect their
health.

 3. Science and Technology 

In fact, we live in the age of science and technology. Much of our progress is a result of
them.
The great inventions we enjoy nowadays can undoubtedly ‫)ﻤـﻥ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺸـﻙ‬, provide invaluable
services to all mankind. Thanks to such inventions, you can contact, for example, the farthest place
in the world in a short time, store food stuff for a long time and watch the world while drinking a
cup of coffee in your home.
No doubt such inventions are based on scientific and technological principles. Without
them, our life would be as hard as it used to be in the past.
Does the use of such inventions have any harms? The use of calculator, for example, makes
us neglect our minds. Riding comfortable cars, for the most time, makes us grow fatter. This,
I think, can show the disadvantages of the great dependence on such technologies.
Moreover, science can also be used for destruction if it badly used. The new weapons and
atomic bombs can destroy the world in a very short time.

4. Electricity

Electricity plays a vital role in our daily life. It is used as a source of power to operate
nearly everything we use.
At home, electricity is used for light, radio, television, washing machine and many other
sets. Our food is kept fresh in a refrigerator. Air conditioning makes the air cool in summer and
warm in winter. Our clothes are washed in electric-washing machines. This saves time, effort and
trouble, most means of amusement move by means of electricity.
Moreover, electricity is also used in hospitals. Doctors use it to operate many machines like
x-ray and kidney machines. It is also used for computers.
But electricity is dangerous if it is badly used. If there is a fault (‫ ﺨﻁـﺄ‬/ ‫)ﻏﻠﻁـﺔ‬, call an electrician
immediately.

21


 5.Water

Man cannot live without water. Without water, there would be neither plants nor animals.
Without water, there would be no life.
Man can do without food for some weeks, but he would certainly die if he remained for
some days without water.
Water is very important for life. We need it for drinking, farming, putting out fire and
washing. Water is a source of power. When it is heated, we obtain steam which drives ships, trains
and machines. Water behind waterfalls and dams is used to generate electricity. We get water from
rivers, lakes, seas and oceans.

6. Unemployment

No one can deny that unemployment is one of the means of destroying society. The
dangerous disease can attributed (‫ﻌـﺯﻯ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬‫ )ﻴ‬to many special reasons. For example but not limited to the
high rate of birth, the increasing number of college graduates and the limited efforts of the
government to establish new projects.
When young people are left unemployed, they will suffer from psychological troubles and
get bored. This makes them decline to misconduct (‫ )ﺴـﻭﺀ ﺘـﺼﺭﻑ‬such as drinking drug abuse...etc. As
a result they may resort to committing crimes such as theft (‫ )ﺴـﺭﻗﺔ‬and killing. Thus we can realize the
great dangers of unemployment.
Despite the danger of this problem, yet it is not impossible to solve. A number of high
secondary graduates can be directed to vocational and technical education. Birth rates can be
controlled, and new projects can be established by the government.

7. Pollution

No one can deny that pollution is a dangerous disaster. Pollution plays an important role in
spreading diseases.
Pollution-free environment can be a resource of health and beauty to its inhabitants reflect
their character and makes them gain higher social positions.
Pollution can normally be caused by many resources, for example but not limited to
accumulation of dirties and trashes (‫ )ﻗﻤﺎﻤـﺔ‬across streets, car exhaust fumes, blowing (‫ )ﻨﻔـﺦ‬car horns
(‫)ﺒﻭﻕ‬...etc.
For overcoming such a problem, authorities in charge such as municipality should provide
containers for collecting trashes, and equipment and workers for removing such trashes to specific
places. Cooperation should exist between such authorities and the citizens.
Children should be instructed on observing the public cleaning rules and not throwing
trashes in the streets.

22


8. Reading

Needless to say that reading is the food of thought. It is as important to mind as to the body.
It can illuminate (enlighten) (‫ﻨﻴﺭ‬‫ ) ﻴ‬our minds and increase our ability to think.
Reading is a useful hobby. It can tell us a lot about other peoples, their traditions (‫)ﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴـﺩ‬, habits
(‫ )ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬and customs. A great deal of knowledge can be obtained through reading.
In addition, it is one of the best ways of spending the leisure time (‫)ﻭﻗـﺕ ﺍﻟﻔـﺭﺍﻍ‬. The book is the
friend of man. Man can never feel lonely so long as he has a book or a magazine as a friend.
Due to the above, parents should encourage their children on reading through providing
them with interesting books and useful stories and even establishing a mini-library at home.

 9. Nature

Nature is sometimes the friend of man and sometimes it acts as his formidable foe (‫)ﻋـﺩﻭ ﻫﺎﺌـل‬.
The water we drink, the air we breathe, the sun which gives us warmth, the rain which converts the
barren land (‫ )ﺍﺭﺽ ﺠﺩﺒﺎﺀ‬in fertile soil are all blessings of Allah.
The earth yields, metals and oil upon which our industrial life depends. Primitive man
depends completely on nature. Food was good and plentiful (‫)ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬.
On the other hand, nature sometimes becomes angry and it casts terror (‫ﻋـﺏ‬‫ )ﻴﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ‬. Volcanoes,
earth-quakes, floods and storms cause great havoc (‫ ﺩﻤﺎﺭ‬/ ‫ )ﺨﺭﺍﺏ‬and the loss of considerable number of
lives.
Science now aids man to subdue (‫ﺨﻀﻊ‬‫ )ﻴ‬nature to be his servant.

 10. Cleanliness

It is the best habit we should follow. "Cleanliness is next to godliness" . To keep healthy, we
should always follow the roles of the cleanliness. We should keep our clothes, our bodies and our
houses clean. By cleanliness we can prevent the spreading of diseases.
Islam call Muslims to wash five times a day before prayers. It calls for cleanliness of the
body and the heart.
We should have a bath from time to time. We should keep away from dirty places. We
should also keep our schools, streets and gardens clean.
In a word, cleanliness show the culture and public understanding that people must have.

23


Use the following ideas to write a paragraph of about 5 sentences

(about 8 lines) on:
 

1. Man cannot live alone  

• depending on other people

• the progress of a society and co-operation of its members
• the results of living apart from others

2. The best friend one can have is a book  

• the choice of a book

• increasing general knowledge
• plays, stories for pleasure
• a faithful friend that never disappoints (‫ﺨﻴﺏ ﺃﻤﻼﹰ‬‫ )ﻴ‬you

3. The importance of newspapers  

• the different kinds of newspapers (political, cultural, scientific...etc)

• as means of communication, information and entertainment
• the contents of newspapers
• the benefits of newspapers

4. The merits of school life  

• why school life appeals (‫ﻌﺠﺏ‬‫ )ﻴ‬to you

• your favorite activities
• friends and mates (‫)ﺭﻓﻘﺎﺀ‬
• the branches of knowledge you like most

5. Joys of travelling abroad  

• enjoyable trips (‫ )ﺠﻭﻻﺕ‬whether by air or sea

• mixing with people of other nationalities
• gaining more experience and widening the scope of thinking (‫)ﺘﻭﺴﻴﻊ ﺃُﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ‬

24


Use the following guiding words to write a paragraph of about 5

sentences(about 8 lines)on


1. The Importance of Education  

basis of progress - sets up schools - technical education - very important - no use - fill minds -
education - serves no real purpose

2. Health is better than Wealth  

health - treasure - happiness - enjoy - life-healthy - sound bodies - ill - unhealthy - life -
miserable (‫ )ﺒﺎﺌﺱ‬- money - useless

3. Nature is The Friend of Man  

arms of nature (‫ )ﺃﺤﻀﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬- moonlit night (‫ﻘﻤﺭﺓ‬‫ )ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﻤ‬- more charming (‫ ﺴـﺎﺤﺭ‬/ ‫ )ﻓـﺎﺘﻥ‬- any music - trees
adorned with blossoms (‫ﻥ ﺒﺄﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ‬‫ﺯﻴ‬‫)ﻤ‬ - beautiful - life - water - air - sun.

4. Good and Bad Neighbors  

on good (‫ )ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻁﻴﺒﺔ‬- others - help others - selfish - seek (‫ )ﻴﺒﺤﺙ‬their interest - radio - loudly - make -
noise

5. The Importance of Historical Places  

ancient castles (‫ )ﻗﻼﻉ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬- temples ‫ )ﻤﻌﺎﺒﺩ‬- statues (‫ )ﺘﻤﺜﺎل‬- past history - remind - glorious past (‫)ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﺠﻴـﺩ‬
record - story of mankind - achievements (‫)ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

Good Luck

Ahmed El-louh

25
‫‪‬‬

‫‪Dialogue‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺤﻭﺍﺭ )‪.(dialogue‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺤﻭﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﹼﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕِ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔِ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﹸﻜﻭ‪‬ﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﹸﺠﻴـﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺫﻟـﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍلِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺭﻗﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻟﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩِ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ … ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫×‬

‫‪How to write a dialogue?‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤِﻭﺍﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺤﺩﻴﺙﹲ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺤﻭل ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉٍ ﻤ‪‬ﻌﻴ‪‬ﻥٍ ﻭﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺘﺤﺎﻭﺭﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤِﻭﺍﺭ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭِ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙِ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﻴ‪‬ﺯ ﺒﻘﺼ‪‬ﺭِ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﻭﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺯ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﻘﻴ‪‬ﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤلِ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل‪-:‬‬

‫?‪Can I help you‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃُﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل‬

‫‪ Of course.‬ﺃﻭ ‪Certainly‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﺄﻜﻴﺩِ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﹼﺒﻊِ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪِ‬
‫‪Yes, you can help me.‬‬ ‫ﻨﻌﻡ‪ ،‬ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩﻨﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ‪ ‬ﺒﺎﻟﻀ‪‬ﺭﻭﺭﺓِ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺩ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﹸﺘﻘﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺘﻘﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻫ‪‬ﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤ‪‬ﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺭِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔِ ﻫﺫﻩِ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪-:‬‬

‫‪I’m = I am‬‬ ‫‪don’t = do not‬‬

‫‪he's = he is, he has, he was‬‬ ‫‪doesn’t = does not‬‬
‫‪you’re = you are‬‬ ‫‪didn’t = did not‬‬
‫‪I’ve = I have‬‬ ‫‪isn’t = is not‬‬
‫‪I’ll = I will, I shall‬‬ ‫‪aren’t = are not‬‬
‫‪I’d = I would, I had‬‬ ‫‪can’t = can not‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺭﻗﻴﻡ )‪ (Punctuation marks‬ﺒﺩﻗﹼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﻜﹶﻤ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺅﻜِﺩ‪‬ﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺘﹶﻜﻭﻥ‪ ‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﹶﻙ ﻭﺃﺴﺌﻠﺘﻙ ﻤ‪‬ﻬﺫﺒﺔﹰ ﻭﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﹸﺸﻭﻨﺔِ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴ‪‬ﻠـﺔ )‪ ،(question - tags‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺘﹸﻌـﺎﺩِل‬
‫)ﺃﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ( ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔِ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ‪) ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﺍﻟﺫﹼﻴﻠﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻙ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔﹰ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔِ‪-:‬‬

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1. You’ re coming, aren’t you? ‫ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ؟‬‫ ﺃﻟﻴﺱ‬،‫ﺇﻨﹼﻙ ﺴﺘﺄﺘﻲ‬
2. You’re not coming, are you? ‫ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ؟‬‫ ﺃﻟﻴﺱ‬،‫ﺇﻨﹼﻙ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ‬
3. She saw you, didn’t she? ‫ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ؟‬‫ ﺃﻟﻴﺱ‬،‫ﻫﻲ ﺭﺃﺘﻙ‬
4. She didn’t see you, did she? ‫ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ؟‬‫ ﺃﻟﻴﺱ‬،‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺭﺍﻨﻲ‬
5. He is a doctor, isn’t he? ‫ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ؟‬‫ ﺃﻟﻴﺱ‬،‫ﺇﹸّﻨﻪ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‬
6. He hasn’t seen it, has it? ‫ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ؟‬‫ ﺃﻟﻴﺱ‬،‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺭﺍﻫﺎ‬

-:‫ﻤل ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ‬‫ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠ‬‫ﻙ ﺒﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩِ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔِ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻤﺴ‬.8

1. Any news? = Is there any news? ‫ﻫل ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭ؟‬

2. Where to? = Where are you going to? ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﺕ ﺫﺍﻫﺏ؟‬
3. Never mind = It does not matter. .‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻬﻤﺎﹰ‬
4. I see = I understand. .‫ﺇﻨﻨﻲ ﻓﺎﻫﻡ‬

-:‫ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨِﻙ‬No, Yes ‫ﺩِ ﺒـ‬‫ ﻓﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭ‬، ٍ‫ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺘﻴﺭﺓٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬،‫ﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬‫ ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﻭﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺘِﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺭ‬.9

Of course ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﹼﺒﻊ‬ Good idea ‫ﺩﺓ‬‫ﻓﻜﺭﺓﹲ ﺠﻴ‬ Impossible ‫ﺴﺘﺤﻴل‬‫ﻤ‬ All right ‫ﺤﺴﻨﺎﹰ‬
Certainly ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﺄﻜﻴﺩ‬ Not bad ‫ﺌﺎﹰ‬‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﺴﻴ‬ It is nice ‫ ﺤﺴﻨﺎﹰ‬/ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻼﹰ‬

.ٍ‫ﺒﺔٍ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺩﺍﻉٍ ﺭﻗﻴﻕ‬‫ﺔٍ ﻁﻴ‬‫ ﺤﺎﻭل ﺇﻨﻬﺎﺀ ﺤﻭﺍﺭﻙ ﺒﺘﺤﻴ‬.10

USEFUL PHRASES FOR DIALOGUE

   

1. Good morning. .‫ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭ‬

2. Hello sir. Would you tell me where's the ...? ‫ ﻫل ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﻟﹼﻨﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ……؟‬.‫ﻤﺭﺤﺒﺎﹰ ﺴﻴﺩﻱ‬
3. Excuse me sir. Can I ask you about ...? ‫ ﻫل ﻟﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﺄﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ……؟‬.‫ﻤﻌﺫﺭﺓﹰ ﺴﻴﺩﻱ‬
4. I'd be glad if you tell me about ...? ‫ﺴﺄﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺭﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻭ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺘﻨﻲ ﻋﻥ …؟‬
5. Can I help you sir? ‫ﻫل ﻟﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃُﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻴﺎ ﺴﻴﺩﻱ؟‬
6. Pardon. .‫ﻌﻴﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﻭﺘﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬‫ ﻭﺘﹸﻘﺎل ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺠ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻭ‬

7. What about going to ...? ‫ﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻙ )ﺭﺃﻴﻜﻡ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺎﺏِ ﺇﻟﻰ……؟‬

8. I agree with what you say. .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤﺘﻔﻕﹲ ﻤﻌﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭل‬
9. You are right. But you see ... … ‫ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ‬.‫ﺃﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻕ‬
10. It's very kind of you. .‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﻁﻑﹲ ﻤﻨﻙ‬
11. Thanks very much. .‫ﺸﹸﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺯﻴﻼﹰ‬
12. Not at all. ‫ﻋﻔﻭﺍﹰ‬

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13. Good-bye. .(‫ )ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺀ‬.ِ‫ﻼﻤﺔ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

14. See you soon. .‫ﺃﺭﺍﻙ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ‬
15. See you later. Good night. .‫ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻴﺭ‬.‫ﺃﺭﺍﻙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ‬



 Talking with a visitor from abroad

 

Ahmed: Welcome, sir. Where do you come from?

John: I come from England.
Ahmed: Do you like your visit to our country?
John: Yes, I do. The weather here is fine and the people are friendly and generous. (‫ ﺴﺨﻲ‬/ ‫) ﺴﻤﺢ‬
Ahmed: Do you speak Arabic?
John: Just a little. I've a book that help me a lot.
Ahmed: How long will you stay here?
John: Three weeks.
Ahmed: Did you visit our country before this time?
John: No, this is the first time I come here.
Ahmed: I wish you a happy stay.
John: See you again.

 Inviting to a wedding party



Nader: You know, Ramy, my wedding is next Thursday.

Ramy: Yes, and I wish you a happy wedding.
Nader: Well, I invite you to come on that day. Are you free?
Ramy: Yes, and I'd love to come.
Nader: I'll be very happy for your coming.
Ramy: Where is the party going to be?
Nader: In my father's villa. You know it is very big.
Ramy: Is your brother who is studying in America going to come for the party?
Nader: Yes, we are expecting him to arrive tomorrow.
Ramy: Do you need any help then?
Nader: Thank you very much. Everything is ready.
Ramy: See you then.

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Between a doctor and a patient



Doctor: How do you feel, my man?

Patient: Very sick.
Doctor: What are you suffering from?
Patient: A sever headache and a sore throat. (‫)ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻕ‬
Doctor: How long have you been like this?
Patient: Four or five days, sir.
Doctor: Let me examine you. Take a deep breath. Don't cough.
Patient: It isn’t anything serious, is it, sir?
Doctor: No, it isn't. You caught a bad cold.
Patient: Is it necessary that I should lie in bed?
Doctor: Yes, of course. Don't get up till I come and see you again.
Patient: All right, sir. I'll do as you say.

Asking directions


A man: Excuse me, sir. Can you show me the way to the post office?
Fadi: It's very near from here.
A man: How can I reach it?
Fadi: If you go along this street you'll come to crossroads.
A man: Where should I turn then?
Fadi: Turn left, then the first road to the right.
A man: Should I go far along this road?
Fadi: The third building to the left is the post office.
A man: It's very easy.
Fadi: Yes, and you can see a mosque in front of the post office.
A man: That's very kind of you.
Fadi: Thank you.

In the library


A dialogue between a librarian (Mr. Adel) and a student (Sameer)

Mr. Adel: Is this your first visit to the library?
Sameer: Yes, sir. Where is the librarian?
Mr. Adel: I'm the librarian. Can I help you?
Sameer: I'm looking for a book to read during the mid-year holiday.
Mr. Adel: Is there anything you would like to choose?
Sameer: I like history books with pictures and maps.
Mr. Adel: Well we keep history books on those two shelves over there.
Sameer: I like to read about the history of Palestine.
Mr. Adel: You'll find all books on the history of Palestine on the second shelf.
Sameer: Thank you. I'll have a look at them.
29

Talking about examinations


Beesan: How was the examination, Tagreed?

Tagreed: Not too bad. I think I passed the English exam.
Beesan: The English paper wasn't easy enough for me. I hope I haven't failed.
Tagreed: As for me, the History examination was too difficult.
Beesan: I answered most of its questions.
Tagreed: Really! Then you are lucky. I'll get a low mark in History.
Beesan: Do you know what our friend Samia did?
Tagreed: I know. She looked at the paper for two hours and didn't write a word.
Beesan: I wish you good luck.
Tagreed: Thank you very much.

At the restaurant


Officer: Your passport, please.

Adnan: Here you are.
Officer: You are coming on business, aren't you?
Adnan: No, not on business. I'm coming on a holiday.
Officer: How long will you stay?
Adnan: Two or three weeks. I'm not sure.
Officer: Do you have any references here?
Adnan: I'm afraid not.
Officer: Where are you going to stay, sir?
Adnan: At the Palestine Hotel.
Officer: Sign here, please.
Adnan: All right.
Officer: You can pass. I wish you a happy stay.
Adnan: Thank you.

At the restaurant


Khalil: Waiter! I'd like the menu, please.

Waiter: Here you are, sir.
Khalil: thanks. I'd like some soup.
Waiter: Tomato soup?
Khalil: Yes, please. And I'd like chicken with rice.
Waiter: Which vegetables would you like?
Khalil: I'd like some potatoes, please.
Waiter: What about desserts (‫?)ﺤﻠﻭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺎﻜﻬﺔ‬
Khalil: I'd like fruit salad, please.
Waiter: Everything will be ready soon, sir.
Khalil: Thank you.
30

At the bookshop


Abdullah: Good morning.

Assistant: Good morning. Can I help you, sir?
Abdullah: I'm looking for a dictionary.
Assistant: What's its title?
Abdullah: Longman Dictionary.
Assistant: Sorry. We haven't it. But we've "The Oxford English Dictionary".
Abdullah: Can you show it to me, please?
Assistant: Of course. Here you are.
Abdullah: It's all right. How much is it?
Assistant: Twenty dollars.
Abdullah: Could you bring me the bill (‫)ﻓﺎﺘﻭﺭﺓ‬, please?
Assistant: Surely
Abdullah: Thank you.

On the phone


Hassan: Hello, Hassan is speaking. Can I speak to Ahmed?

A man: I'll just see if he is here.
Hassan: Right you are.
A man: I'm afraid he's out.
Hassan: When will he return?
A man: He won't be back till ten o'clock. Do you want to tell him any message?
Thank you. I just wanted to ask him about our English homework. Will you tell him to
Hassan:
ring me up when he returns?
A man: Does he have your telephone number?
Hassan: Yes, he does.
A man: O.K. I'll tell him.

Good Luck

Ahmed El-louh

31
‫‪‬‬

‫‪How to deal with an examination paper‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪(The Paragraph)‬‬ ‫‪ç‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻭ‪‬ل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﺒﺩﺃ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺒﺠﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺤﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺌﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ﻋـﻥ ﺘﻁـﻭﻴﺭٍ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﹰ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻋﺒ‪‬ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏٍ ﺴﻬلٍ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺴ‪‬ﻁٍ ﺨﺎلٍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﺒﺩﺃ ﻜل ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭٍ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻀﻊ ﻨﻘﻁﺔﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﺭﻭﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ‪‬ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪(The Letter)‬‬ ‫‪ç‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺘﺄﻜﹼﺩ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻴ‪‬ﻜﺘﺏ ﻟﻘﺭﻴﺏٍ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻕٍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼ‪‬ﺔ ﺒﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺘﺨﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺨﺘﻤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻋ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﺭ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺴﻬلٍ ﻭﺍﻀﺢٍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻜﹸﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻱ ﺃُﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺴﺭﺍﻑٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺠﺎﻤﻼﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﹸﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ‪‬ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ (The Conversation) ‬‬ ‫‪ç‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺼﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺎﺩﺜﻴﻥ ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻤ‪‬ﻌﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﻜﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﹼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺴﻙ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﻤل‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺨﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺩﻭﺩ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻌﻘﹼﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔٍ ﻋﻘﻴﻤﺔٍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺘﹸﺴﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺠﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺘﺠﻨﹼﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭ‪‬ﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ‪‬ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻤﻬﺎ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺎﺩﺜﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪(The comprehension)‬‬ ‫‪ç‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺃﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺼﺎﺩﻓﺘﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﹸﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻫﻨﻙ ﺍﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺈﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺭﺍﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺘﻙ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠ‪‬ﻤلٍ ﺘﺎﻤ‪‬ﺔٍ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔٍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤ‪‬ﺨﺘﺼﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
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‫‪‬‬

‫‪(Questions on Text Books)‬‬ ‫‪ç‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺄﻜﹼﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻬﻤﻙ ﻟﻠﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﺍﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺈﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠ‪‬ﻤلٍ ﺘﺎﻤ‪‬ﺔٍ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔٍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤ‪‬ﺨﺘﺼﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪(The Language Exercises)‬‬ ‫‪ç‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻟﺤﻠﹼﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻻ ﺘﺘﺴﺭ‪‬ﻉ ﻭﻁﺒ‪‬ﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﹸﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺘﺄﻜﹼﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﻭﺨﻠﻭ‪‬ﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺌﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪(The Translation Passage)‬‬ ‫‪ç‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﺒﺩﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹸﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤ‪‬ﺭﺍﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﻻ ﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﻤ‪‬ﻁﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻙ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻻ ﺘﺘﻘﻴ‪‬ﺩ ﺒﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻌﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ( ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ )ﻭ‪ ،‬ﻓـ( ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ – ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ‪.‬‬

‫‪No gains without pains.‬‬

‫‪. ‬‬

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References 

.‫ ﻋﺩﻨﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻨﻌﻴﻡ‬/ ‫( ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻟﻑ‬How to write in English?) ‫ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ؟‬.1

/ ‫( ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬How to write a composition?) ‫ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻱ؟‬.2

.‫ﻡ‬2000 ‫ﻋﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻨﺠﻴﺏ – ﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

.‫ ﺴﻼﻡ ﺸﹸﺭﺍﺏ‬/ ‫( ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻟﻑ‬Composition subjects) ‫ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ‬.3

.‫ﻤل ـ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬‫ ﻴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬/ ‫ﻌﻠﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻟﻑ‬‫ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻤ‬.4

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