‫‪Grammar File‬‬

‫‪3 Secondary Class‬‬

‫‪rd‬‬

‫ق ـ ـواع ـ ـد م ـ ـن ـ ـه ـ ـاج ال ـ ـثـ ـال ـــ ـث ال ـ ـث ـ ـان ـ ـوي (ال ـ ـع ـ ـل ـ ـمـ ـ ـي و ألادب ـ ـي)‬
‫‪Titles‬‬ ‫رقى‬ ‫عُىاٌ انبحث‬ ‫‪Titles‬‬ ‫رقى انصفحت‬ ‫عُىاٌ انبحث‬
‫انصفحت‬ ‫‪Explanations and results‬‬ ‫انتـفـاســيـر و انـُتـائج‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪The Verb‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫انفعم‬
‫‪Expressing Possibilities‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫انتعبير عٍ اإليكاَيت‬
‫‪The Verb‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫انفعم‬
‫‪Passive Voice‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫انـًـبـُي نـهــًـجــهــىل‬
‫‪Irregular verbs‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫األفعال غير انُظاييت ( انشاذة)‬
‫‪Reported Speech‬‬ ‫‪14 – 15 - 16‬‬ ‫انكـالو انــًـُـقـىل‬
‫‪Tenses‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫األزيُت‬
‫‪Comparing and Contrasting‬‬ ‫‪17 – 18 - 19‬‬ ‫انـًقـارَت وانـتبايـٍ‬
‫‪Present Simple and Present‬‬ ‫انحاضر انـبسيط وانحاضر انًستًر‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Causative Have‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫انفعم(‪ )Have‬انـسـببي‬
‫‪Continuous‬‬
‫أشـباِ جًم انـىصم‬
‫‪Present Perfect Simple and Present‬‬ ‫انحاضر انتاو وانحاضر انتاو انًستًر‬ ‫‪Relative and –– ing Clauses‬‬ ‫‪21 - 22‬‬ ‫و أشباِ انجًم انًُتهيت‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪Perfect Continuous‬‬ ‫بـــ ‪ing‬‬
‫‪Missing Words‬‬ ‫‪23-24-25-26-27‬‬ ‫انكهًاث انًفقىدة‬
‫‪Past Simple and Past Continuous‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫انًاضي انـبسيط وانًاضي انًستًر‬
‫‪Question Making‬‬ ‫‪28 – 29 – 30‬‬ ‫صُع انسؤال‬
‫‪Past Simple and Past Perfect Simple‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫انًاضي انـبسيط وانًاضي انتاو‬
‫‪Translation‬‬ ‫‪31 – 32 - 33‬‬ ‫انترجًت‬
‫‪Past Perfect Simple and Past‬‬ ‫انًاضي انتاو وانًاضي انتاو انًستًر‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪Sentence Completion‬‬ ‫‪34 - 35‬‬ ‫إتًاو انجًم‬
‫‪Perfect Continuous‬‬

‫‪Wish‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫فـعـم انـــتـًــُـي‬ ‫‪Conditional Sentences‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫انجًم انشرطيت‬

‫‪Prepared by : Firas Rashdan‬‬ ‫‪0937240064‬‬ ‫إعـــداد ‪ :‬فـراس رشــداٌ‬

 The Verb
V0 Infinitive ‫المصدر‬ Present Simple Past Simple Past Participle Present Participle
‫هو الفعل المجرد من أي‬ ‫الـحــاضر الـبــســٌــط‬ ‫الـمـاضـً الـبـســٌــط‬ ‫اســم الــمــفـــعـــول‬ ‫اســم الــفــاعـــل‬
( s – ing - ed ) ‫زٌادة مثل‬ V1 / V1 + s /es V2 V3 V0 + ing
play play / plays played played playing
go go / goes went gone going
be am / is / are was / were been being
have have / has had had having
do do / does did done doing
The Verb
Main Verb ‫فعل أساسي‬ Auxiliary Verb ( Helping Verb ) ) ‫ م‬. ‫فــعــل مــــســـاعــــد ( ف‬
drink – go – play – die – sleep – fly ‫فعل مساعد أولي‬ Primary Auxiliary ‫فعل مساعد ثانوي‬ Modal Auxiliary
give – build – put – come – dream V0 V2 V3 V0 + ing can – could / will – would / shall – should
V1 / V1 + s /es
eat – leave – arrive – break - wash am – is – are was – were
steal – look – hang - deal - lie - ring
be been being may – might - must
spend – shine - wear - clean – visit have to - has to - had to - ought to ‫ينبغي‬
have have - has had had having
open - close - sell - know – keep had better ‫يستحسن‬
shut - see - attend – miss …….etc. would rather ‫يفضل‬
do do - does did done doing
: ‫الفروق بٌن األفعال المساعدة األولٌة واألفعال المساعدة الثانوٌة‬
He is a teacher.  He cans swim.  ( ‫ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‬ing - s - V2 – V3 ) ‫ـصرف أي ٌقبل‬ َّ ُ ‫الفعل المساعد األولً ٌـ‬
He is doing his homework.  He caning swim.  (‫ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــ‬ing – V3 – s ) ‫ـصرف أي ال ٌقبل‬
َّ ُ ‫الفعل المساعد الثانوي غالبا ً ال ٌـ‬
He had a car accident.  He can swim. 

He doesn’t play tennis.  He can played tennis. 

He is playing tennis.
He has played tennis.
 He can plays tennis.
 He can playing tennis.
He can play tennis.
‫مصدر‬
 ( ‫ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‬ing – (V3) ‫ـصرف ) أي ٌقبل‬
َّ ُ ‫الفعل األساسً بعد الفعل المساعد األولً ٌمكن أن ٌـ‬

 ‫ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــ( وٌبقى بصٌغة المصدر‬ing - V2 – V3 – s ) ‫ـصرف أبداً أي ال ٌقبل‬
َّ ُ ‫الفعل األساسً بعد فعل مساعد ثانوي ال ٌـ‬

He is playing tennis. / He is a teacher. He can tennis.  / He can play tennis.  . ‫الفعل المساعد األولً ٌمكن أن ٌقف لوحده فً الجملة‬
He has played tennis. / He has a car. ‫الفعل المساعد الثانوي ال ٌمكن أن ٌقف لوحده فً الجملة‬
He doesn’t smoke. / He does his homework alone. I will home.  / I will go home. 

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـراس رشــدان‬:‫إعـــداد‬

-1-
 The Verb
‫نـــظـــامي‬ Regular ) ‫ غــير نـــظـامـي ( شـــاذ‬Irregular
V0 = V2 = V3
‫يضع‬ put put put
V0 + ed = V2 = V3
‫يضرب‬ hit hit hit
‫يقطع‬ cut cut cut
‫ ينظف‬clean cleaned cleaned
‫يكلف‬ cost cost cost
‫ يفتح‬open opened opened V0  V2  V3 / V0  V3
‫يذهب‬ go went gone
‫ يلعب‬play played played ‫يأكل‬ eat ate eaten
‫يسبح‬ swim swam swum
‫ يدرس‬study studied studied ‫يقود‬ drive drove driven
‫يطير‬ fly flew flown
‫ يقف‬stop stopped stopped ‫يتكلم‬ speak spoke spoken
V0  V2 = V3
‫ يحب‬like liked liked ‫يخبر‬ tell told told
‫يجد‬ find found found
: ‫مــالحـــظــــة‬ ‫يحافظ‬ keep kept kept
‫يعلم‬ teach taught taught
V0 = infinitive = ‫الــمصــدر‬ ‫يفكر‬ think thought thought
‫يشتري‬ buy bought bought
V2 = simple past = ‫الــمـــاضــي الــبــســيــــط‬ V0  V2  V3 / V0 = V3
‫يأتي‬ come came come
V3 = past participle = ‫اســـم الــمــفــعــــول‬ ‫يصبح‬ become became become
‫يركض‬ run ran run
V0 = V2  V3
‫ يضرب‬- ‫يهزم – ينبض‬ beat beat beaten
Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـراس رشــدان‬:‫إعـــداد‬
-2-
 Irregular Verbs
‫األفعال غير النظامية (الشاذة) الواردة في منهاج الثالث الثانوي‬
Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
( V0 ) ( V2 ) ( V3 ) ( V0 ) ( V2 ) ( V3 )
begin ‫ٍثذأ‬ began begun let ‫ٍذع – ٍتشك – ٍسوخ‬ let let
blow ‫ٍنفخ‬ blew blown lie ٌ‫ٍستلق‬ lay lain
break ‫ٍنسش – ٍحطن‬ broke broken lose ‫ٍخسش – ٍفقذ‬ lost lost
bring ‫ٍحضش‬ brought brought make ‫ ٍجعو‬- ‫ٍصنع‬ made made
build ٌ‫ٍثن‬ built built mean ٌ‫ٍقصذ– ٍعن‬ meant meant
burn ‫ٍحشق – ٍحتشق‬ burnt/burned burnt/burned meet ‫ٍقاتو‬ met met
buy ً‫ٍشتش‬ bought bought pay ‫ٍذفع‬ paid paid
catch ‫ٍوسل‬ caught caught prove ‫ ٍثثت‬- ‫ٍثشهي‬ proved proved/proven
choose ‫ٍختاس‬ chose chosen put ‫ٍضع‬ put put
come ٌ‫ٍأت‬ came come read ‫ٍقشأ‬ read read
cost ‫ٍنلّف‬ cost cost ride ‫ٍشمة‬ rode ridden
cut ‫ٍقص – ٍقطع‬ cut cut ring ‫ٍشى‬ rang rung
deal ) ‫ٍتعاهو ( هع‬ dealt dealt rise ‫ٍشتفع‬ rose risen
do ‫ٍفعو – ٍعوو‬ did done run ‫ٍشمط‬ ran run
draw ‫ٍشسن‬ drew drawn say ‫ٍقوه‬ said said
dream ‫ٍحلن‬ dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed see ‫ٍشى‬ saw seen
drink ‫ٍششب‬ drank drunk sell ‫ٍثَع‬ sold sold
drive ‫ٍقود‬ drove driven send ‫ٍشسو‬ sent sent
eat ‫ٍأمو‬ ate eaten show ً‫ ٍُش‬- ‫ٍَ ْع ِشض‬ showed showed/shown
fall ‫ٍقع – ٍسقط‬ fell fallen shut ‫ٍغلك‬ shut shut
feed ‫ٍُــطعـــِــن‬ fed fed sing ٌ‫ٍغن‬ sang sung
feel ‫ٍشعش‬ felt felt sit ‫ٍجلس‬ sat sat
fight ‫ٍقاتو – ٍنافخ‬ fought fought sleep ‫ٍنام‬ slept slept
find ‫ٍجذ – ٍعثش علي‬ found found smell ‫ٍشن‬ smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
fly ‫ٍطَش– ٍسافش جوا‬ flew flown speak ‫ٍتنلن‬ spoke spoken
forget ‫ٍنسي‬ forgot forgotten spend ٌ‫ٍنفك – ٍقض‬ spent spent
get ‫ٍحصو علي‬ got got spread ‫ٍنشش – ٍنتشش‬ spread spread
give ٌ‫ٍعط‬ gave given stand ‫ٍقف‬ stood stood
go ‫ٍزهة‬ went gone steal ‫ٍسشق‬ stole stolen
grow ‫ٍنوو‬ grew grown stick ِ ‫ٍُ ْل‬
‫ ٍعلَك تـ‬/‫صك‬ stuck stuck
have ً‫ٍولل – ٍحتو‬ had had swim ‫ٍسثخ‬ swam swum
hear ‫ٍسوع‬ heard heard take ‫ٍأخز‬ took taken
hit ‫ٍضشب‬ hit hit teach ‫ٍعلن‬ taught taught
hurt ً‫ٍجشح – ٍؤر‬ hurt hurt tell ‫ٍخثش‬ told told
keep ‫ٍحافظ – ٍثقي‬ kept kept think ‫ٍعتقذ – ٍفنش‬ thought thought
know ‫ٍعشف‬ knew known throw ‫ ٍقزف‬- ٌ‫ٍشه‬ threw thrown
lay ‫ٍضع – ٍوذ‬ laid laid understand ‫ٍفهن‬ understood understood
lead ‫ٍقود‬ led led wear ‫ ٍلثس‬- ً‫ٍشتذ‬ wore worn
learn ‫ٍتعلن‬ learnt/learned learnt/learned win ‫ ٍشتخ‬- ‫ٍفوص‬ won won
leave ‫ٍغادس‬ left left write ‫ٍنتة‬ wrote written

Prepared by : Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـشاس سشــذاى‬: ‫إعـــذاد‬

-3-
 Tenses ‫األزمــــنـــــة‬
ASPECT
Perfect Continuous Prefect Continuous Simple ‫الصيغة‬ TENSE
‫تـام مــسـتـمــر‬ ‫تـام‬ ‫مــسـتـمــر‬ ‫بـــســيـــط‬ ‫الزمن‬
( have / has ) been studying ( have / has ) drunk ( am / is / are ) drinking drink / drinks Present
‫الحاضر‬
( have / has ) been + V0 + ing ( have / has ) + V3 ( am / is / are ) V0 + ing V1 / V1 + s

had been studying had drunk was / were drinking drank Past
had been + V0 + ing had + V3 (was / were ) V0 + ing V2 ‫الماضي‬
will have been studying will have drunk will be drinking will drink Future
‫المستقبل‬
will have been + V0 + ing will have + V3 will be + V0 + ing will + V0

Future Simple Past Simple Present Simple

(I / He) will drink tea tomorrow. (I / He) drank tea yesterday. (I drink / He drinks) tea everyday.

Future Continuous Past Continuous Present Continuous

(I / He) will be drinking tea when you come. (I was / We were) drinking tea when he came. (I am / We are / He is) drinking tea now.

Future Perfect Past Perfect Present Perfect

(I / He) will have drunk tea when you come. (I / He) had drunk tea before you came. (I have / He has) studied French for 6 years.

Future Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous

(I / He) will have been studying for five (I / He) had been studying for five hours when (I have / He has) been studying English for
hours when you come. you came. 12 years.

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـراس رشــدان‬:‫إعـــداد‬

-4-
 Present Simple and Present Continuous

Present Simple Present Continuous

V1 (drink – swim – go – play – carry ) am
Form V1 + s /es (drinks – swims – goes – plays – carries ) is V0 + ing
are
I’m doing my maths homework – can I borrow your ruler, please?
You drink coffee everyday.
Affirmative The law related to computer crime is changing very quickly.
He drinks coffee everyday. Modern criminals are using computers to help them commit crimes.
You don’t drink coffee everyday. I’m not going home now.
Negative He doesn’t drink coffee everyday. He isn’t studying French today.
V0 They aren't watching TV at the moment.
Do you drink coffee everyday? Am I speaking fast?
Question Does he drink coffee everyday? Are you studying chemistry?
V0 Why is the problem of desertification getting worse?
always usually often sometimes every = each rarely now nowadays at the moment at present today
ً ‫دائما‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫كثيراً ما‬ ً ‫أحيانا‬ ‫كل‬ ‫نادراً – قلّما‬ ‫اآلن‬ ‫في هذه األيام‬ ‫في هذه اللحظة‬ ‫في الحاضر‬ ‫اليوم‬
Key Words
‫ما لم يكن في الجملة داللة على الماضي ( فعل أو ظرف أو تاريخ في الماضي أو شخصيات من‬ ‫ما لم يكن في الجملة داللة على الماضي ( فعل أو ظرف أو تاريخ في الماضي أو‬
.‫الماضي ) فإن كان هناك داللة ماضي فالجملة بالزمن الماضي‬ .‫شخصيات من الماضي ) فإن كان هناك داللة ماضي فالجملة بالزمن الماضي‬
(Habits( ‫يعبّـر الحاضر البسيط عه العاداث‬ ‫يعبّـر الحاضر المستمر عه عمل أو وشاط أو شعور يحدث اآلن‬
He always comes at this time. Several organisations are now helping to support the preservation of
He usually arrives at work on time. traditional crafts.
Usage Driving to work in the mornings often takes me over an hour.
and What are you looking forward to at the moment?
Al Ain’s International Airport has over half a million passengers each year.
Examples
(General Facts( ‫يعبّـر الحاضر البسيط عه حــقــائق عامــت‬ ‫يعبّـر الحاضر المستمر عه عـمل يحدث في فـتـرة الكالم‬
(Scientific Truth) ‫ أو عه حقـيقـت عـلمـيـت‬Today, more and more people in Syria are using computers.
Damascus is located in the south-west of Syria.
The place where an animal lives is called its habitat Nowadays, the sand gazelle is living in North Africa.
A country where the sun always shines has a dry climate.
Thunder and rain are part of weather. (Scientific Truth)

Prepared by :Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـراس رشــدان‬:‫إعـــداد‬

-5-
 Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous
have have been V0 + ing
Form has + V3 has
Affirmative The police sergeant has interviewed two people so far today. The detectives have been interviewing people all week.
Negative These people are very thin, I’m certain they haven’t eaten much food lately. I’m really tired. I haven't been sleeping very well recently.
What have you been doing since I last saw you?
Have you ever learnt to play a musical instrument?
Question How long have you been doing these things?
ever – never – just – yet – before – already - lately how long / for a length of time
at all - so far - throughout history - this (morning-week-month-summer - year) all (morning - week - month – summer - year- his time)
over hundreds or thousands of years
Key Words ‫يا نى يكٍ في انجًهت دالنت عهى انًاضي ( فعم أو ظزف أو تاريخ في‬
ٍ‫يا نى يكٍ في انجًهت دالنت عهى انًاضي ( فعم أو ظزف أو تاريخ في انًاضي أو شخصياث ي‬ ‫انًاضي أو شخصياث يٍ انًاضي ) فإٌ كاٌ هُاك دالنت ياضي فانجًهت‬
.‫انًاضي ) فإٌ كاٌ هُاك دالنت ياضي فانجًهت بانشيٍ انًاضي‬ .‫بانشيٍ انًاضي‬
: ‫َختار صيغت انحاضز انتاو انبظيط و نيض انحاضز انتاو انًظتًز عُذيا‬ : ‫َختار صيغت انحاضز انتاو انًظتًز عُذيا‬
: ‫ال توجذ في انجًهت دالنت عهى انًاضي و يكوٌ انفعم قصيز األيذ كاألفعال‬ : ‫ال توجذ في انجًهت دالنت عهى انًاضي ويكوٌ انفعم طويم األيذ كاألفعال‬
Usage
finish – feel – see – start – arrive – break – pass – commit – love – like study – swim – speak – sleep – read – write – work – do
and hate – know – have a baby – have a drink … etc. play – buy – celebrate – make – build – cheat …. etc.
Examples I have started learning the Mizmar. I’ve been reading a book about the history of law-making.
They have broken the law – they should be punished. Students who have been cheating will be punished severely.
Anyone who has committed a crime will have a criminal record.
Mutual Key Words ‫دالئـــم يـــشـــتـــزكــت بــيــٍ األسيــُـــت‬
since / for / recently / in recent year / in recent decades
ٍ‫عُذ وجود هذِ األدنت في انجًهت ويوجذ دالنت ياضي تقع سيُيا بعذ انفعم بيٍ قوطيٍ يكوٌ سي‬ ٍ‫عُذ وجود هذِ األدنت في انجًهت و ال يوجذ دالنت ياضي تقع سيُيا بعذ انفعم بيٍ قوطي‬
(had been V0 + ing( ‫هذا انفعم بانًاضي انتاو انًظتًز‬ ‫ ( نألفعال قصيزة األيذ‬have / has + V3 ( ‫يكوٌ سيٍ انفعم بانحاضز انتاو انبظيط‬
‫) نألفعال طويهت األيذ‬have / has been + V0 + ing( ‫وبانحاضز انتاو انًظتًز‬
I received a letter from Hiba yesterday. She had been promising to write
since last year. What have you been doing since I last saw you?
In Australia, since 1945 over six million people have arrived.
Omar passed all his exams. He had been revising non-stop for a month.
Hani has been studying law and history for four years.
Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ٌ‫ فـزاص رشــذا‬:‫إعـــذاد‬
-6-
 Past Simple and Past Continuous
Past Simple Past Continuous
Form V2 went – drank – swam – took ( Irregular Verbs ) was V0 + ing
played – studied – liked – stopped ( Regular Verbs ) were
I went to see Ali in hospital last week. He had to pay a fine because he was driving without insurance.
Affirmative I received a letter from Hiba yesterday. Irish people emigrated because so many were dying of starvation.
Ruba didn’t feel very confident about taking her driving test. He was not (wasn’t) studying when I saw him.
Negative I didn’t repair the car myself. They were not (weren’t) sleeping when I came.
Did you enjoy the competition? Was he reading when the phone rang?
Question When did you first meet? Were they playing tennis when it started to rain?
Why didn’t Fadia go to school yesterday?
yesterday last ago once in the past
Key Words ‫انبارحت‬ ً‫انماض‬ ‫قبم‬ ‫فً ما مضى‬ ً‫فً انماض‬ while - as when
ً‫تىارٌخ و أحداث فً انماض‬ ‫بــٍــىــمـا‬ ‫عـىـدمـا‬
On February 29th 1960 in 1854 from 1950 to 2000
0510 ‫ شباط‬05 ً‫ف‬ 0591 ‫فً عاو‬ 0111 ‫ و حتى عاو‬0591 ‫مه عاو‬
ً‫ٌعبّـز انماضً انبسٍظ عه عمم بدأ و اوتهى فً وقطت محددة فً انماض‬ ‫ٌعبّـز انماضً انمستمز عه فعــم كان مستمزاً فً انماضً عىدما حدث فعم‬
Yesterday he was offered two jobs. / My father retired last year. .‫ماضً آخز وٌكىن هذا انفعم اَخز بانشمه انماضً انبسٍظ‬
Sofia arrived in England from Poland seven years ago. .‫ٌتقاطع انماضً انمستمز مع انماضً انبسٍظ و ٌسبقه سمىٍا ً أي ٌأتً قبهه‬

In the past, Al Ain was famous for its traditional watering system. I was walking through town the other day when suddenly I
Usage thought about my friend Tareq.
and On February 29th 1960, an earthquake hit the Moroccan city of Agadir.
As we were walking up the mountain, we came across a small
Examples ً ‫( فإن األول سمىٍا‬when( ‫ عىدما ٌجتمع فعالن بانشمه انماضً انبسٍظ مع انظزف‬: ‫ مالحظت‬camp site.
.‫ هى انذي ٌتبعها مباشزة أٌىما ٌكه مىقعها فً انجمهت‬As we were driving home yesterday evening , we came
1st 2nd
When she read the letter, she couldn't stop smiling. across a burning car.
When she was leaving, we felt sad.
2nd 1st
The volcano erupted when they sailed past the island. Many workers died while the canal was being constructed.
Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـزاص رشــدان‬:‫إعـــداد‬
-7-
 Past Simple and Past Perfect Simple
Past Simple Past Perfect Simple
Form V2 went drank swam took (Irregular Verbs)
had + V3
played studied liked stopped (Regular Verbs)
I went to see Ali in hospital last week. Firass found it difficult to get up this morning. He had worked late the
Affirmative I received a letter from Hiba yesterday. night before.
Ruba didn’t feel very confident about taking her driving test.
Negative Salah didn’t recognise his friend, Hani. He hadn’t seen him for ten years.
I didn’t repair the car myself.
Did you enjoy the competition?
Question When did you first meet? Had he done his homework when you came?
Why didn’t Fadia go to school yesterday?
yesterday last ago once in the past By 1854 By the end of 1854
Key Words ‫انبارحت‬ ً‫انًاض‬ ‫قبم‬ ‫فً يا يضى‬ ً‫فً انًاض‬ 4581 ‫قبم عاو‬ 4581 ‫قبم َهاٌت عاو‬
ً‫تىارٌخ و أحذاث فً انًاض‬
On February 29th 1960 in 1854 from 1950 to 2000 ‫ٌجب أٌ تتىافزفً انجًهت دالنت عهى انًاضً (فعم أو ظزف أو تارٌخ فً انًاضً أو‬
4510 ‫ شباط‬05 ً‫ف‬ 4581 ً‫ف‬ 0111 ‫ و حتى‬4581 ٍ‫ي‬ .‫شخصٍاث يٍ انًاضً) نٍحذث انًاضً انتاو قبهها‬
ً‫ٌعبّـز انًاضً انبسٍظ عٍ عًم بذأ و اَتهى فً فتزة يحذدة فً انًاض‬ ً‫ٌعـبِّز انًاضً انتاو عٍ عًم تــى قبم دالنت عهى انًاضً انبسٍظ (فعم أو ظزف أو تارٌخ فً انًاض‬
Yesterday he was offered two jobs in two days. ‫أو شخصٍاث يٍ انًاضً) وبذنك ٌكىٌ انًاضً انتاو هـى األول سيٍُا ً بًٍُا ٌكىٌ انًاضً انبسٍظ هى‬
.ً‫انثاًَ سيٍُا‬
My father retired last year. 2nd 1st
Usage In the past, Al Ain was famous for its traditional system of She didn’t feel very confident about taking her driving test. She had failed
and watering the land. twice.
Examples Before Messner and Habeler, no one had attempted to climb Everest without
In 1854, a quarter of the population of Ireland emigrated oxygen.
abroad.
: ‫ًٌكٍ أٌ َستذل عهى انتزتٍب انشيًُ نهفعهٍٍ انًاضً انبسٍظ و انًاضً انتاو يٍ خالل‬
ٌ‫( فإ‬when ( ‫ عُذيا ٌجتًع فعالٌ بانشيٍ انًاضً انبسٍظ يع انظزف‬: ‫يالحظت‬
‫ انًعُى انعاو نهجًهت‬-4
.‫األول سيٍُا ً هى انذي ٌتبعها يباشزة أًٌُا ٌكٍ يىقعها فً انجًهت‬
1st 2nd Samer couldn’t contact his brother, Khaled. He had switched his phone off.
When she read the letter, she couldn't stop smiling.
) already - then – before – after – morning – night ( ‫ يفزداث يثم‬-2
2nd 1st I went to the doctor’s this morning because I had felt ill during the night.
The volcano erupted when they sailed past the island. He was nervous when he arrived at the airport. He had never flown before.

Prepared by : Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ٌ‫ فـزاص رشــذا‬:‫إعـــذاد‬

-8-
 Past Perfect Simple and Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous
Form had + V3 had been V0 + ing
When he did not win the race in 1986 he decided to retire. He
Affirmative had lost to his greatest rival.
Omar passed all his exams. He had been revising non-stop for a month
Salah didn’t recognise his friend, Hani. He hadn’t seen him for Had he been studying when you came?
Negative ten years.
By 1978 By 1854 By the end of 1854 since for throughout every few meters
Key Words 4875 ‫قبم عاو‬ 4554 ‫قبم عاو‬ 4554 ‫قبم َهايت عاو‬ ‫يُذ‬ ‫نًذة‬ )‫خالل( فتزة انسباق‬ ‫كم بضعت أيتار‬

‫يعـبِّز انًاضي انتاو عٍ عًم تــى قبم عًم بانًاضي انبسيط وبذنك يكىٌ انًاضي‬ ‫يعـبز انًاضي انتاو انًستًز عٍ عًم كاٌ يستًزاً قبم عًم بانًاضي انبسيط وبذنك يكىٌ انًاضي انتاو‬
.ً‫انتاو هـى األول سيُيا ً بيًُا يكىٌ انًاضي انبسيط هى انثاَي سيُيا‬ .ً‫انًستًز هى األول سيُيا ً بيًُا يكىٌ انًاضي انبسيط هى انثاَي سيُيا‬
2nd 1st 2nd 1st
After retirement he started writing books. He had learnt many They finished making Laila’s dress a week before the wedding. They had been
things during his career. making it for over a month.
Usage : ‫َختار صيغت انًاضي انتاو انًستًز عُذيا‬
: ‫َختار صيغت انًاضي انتاو انبسيط و نيس انًاضي انتاو انًستًز عُذيا‬
and ( since last year – for a month ) ‫ يُذكز يذة حذوث انفعم‬-4
Examples ) see - want ( ٍ‫ ) كانفعهي‬ing ‫ – يكىٌ انفعم جايذاً ( ال يقبم صيغت‬4
The young rider made a sponsorship deal with a bicycle I received a letter from Hiba yesterday. She had been promising to write since
company because the company had seen great potential in him. last year.
By the time they reached the top they were exhausted. They had been climbing
) break ( ‫ – يكىٌ انفعم قصيز األيذ كانفعم‬2 for many days.
I went to see Ali in hospital. He had broken his leg during (throughout( ‫ يُذكز يا يذل عهى استًزاريت انفعم يثم‬-2
a football match.
After each victory, he did not take all the credit for himself. A brilliant team had
( several times – three times ( ‫– يُذكز عذد يزاث تكزار انفعم‬3 been supporting him throughout.
My uncle finally passed his driving test. He had taken the test
three times already. (every few meters( ‫ يُذكز يا يذل عهى تكزار انفعم في انًاضي قبم فعم بانًاضي انبسيط يثم‬-3

‫ ال يُذكز يذة حذوث انفعم‬- 4 Just before they reached the summit, they had been falling down every few
Everyone enjoyed the family celebration. Reem and her sons metres.
had made all the food themselves.

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ٌ‫ فـزاس رشــذا‬:‫إعـــذاد‬

-9-
 Wish ‫فــــعـــــل الــــــتــــــمنـــــي‬

Wish + V2 Wish + could + infinitive Wish + would + infinitive

Wish + wouldn't + infinitive
This form is used to express regret This form is used to express regret
‫تعبز هذي انصٍغت عه األسف عهى حانت أو ظاهزة‬ about inability. This form is used to express criticism
‫تعبز هذي انصٍغت عه األسف انمتعهق بعدو قدرة‬
: ‫وجزي هذي انتعدٌالث عهى االفعال انتانٍت‬ or annoyance.
am am not e.g. I can't read very quickly. ‫تعبز هذي انصٍغت عه انىقد أو االوزعاج مه سهوك معٍه‬
is weren't is not were I wish I could read very quickly.
are are not e.g. You eat too quickly. ‫جمهت مثبتت‬
e.g. I can't speak French. I wish you wouldn’t eat so quickly.
doesn’t have had
I wish I could speak French.
e.g. He won't give me my CD back. ‫جمهت مىفٍت‬
contain didn't contain I wish he would give me my CD back.
speaks didn't speak
have to didn't have to ‫حاالث خاصت‬ : ‫وتتمثم حاالث انىقد و االوزعاج فً انعباراث و انكهماث انتانٍت‬
smoke – rubbish ‫رائحة كريهة‬
e.g. I'm not good at maths. We don't spend much time together. CD – loud music ‫صىت‬
I wish I were good at maths. I wish we could spend much time together. noise – problem ‫إزعاج‬
e.g. I am a very slow reader. drive fast – eat quickly ‫سرعة‬
I wish I weren't a very slow reader.
He's lost his keys. waste paper – spend hours )‫ وقث‬/ ‫هدر (ورق‬
I wish he could find his keys.
‫حانت خاصت‬ ‫حانت خاصت‬
‫) عند استخدام‬so( ‫) إلى‬too( ‫ يتحىل الظرف‬: ‫مالحظت‬
Her music is too loud for me.
)wish( ‫فعل التمني‬
You're always losing things. I wish she would turn down her music.
I wish you didn't always lose things.
Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـزاس رشــدان‬: ‫إعـــداد‬
- 10 -
 Explanations and Results ‫التفاسيز و النتائج‬
Grammar
ً‫ لك‬in order to ‫فعل مصدر‬ because ‫ألن‬ + Subject + Verb
‫ لكً ال‬in order not to + infinitive verb so that ‫وبذلك‬ ‫ فـــاعــل‬+ ‫فـــعـــل‬ lead to ‫ٌؤدي إلى‬ (adjective) + Noun
ً‫ لك‬to ( zero form ) with the result (clause) be the cause of + )‫ ( صفة‬+ ‫اســــم‬
with the result that ‫شبه جملة‬ ‫هو السبب‬ ‫ = عبارة‬phrase
ً‫والنتٌجة ه‬
e.g. Some people move to greener areas in adjective noun
order to survive ‫ فاعل‬+‫فعل‬
e.g. Wildfires can lead to greater pressure on
infinitive e.g. Because there are more people to feed,
the Earth’s most precious resource: water.
we need to produce more food.

Meaning
because so that
in order to explanation with the result result
result in order not to explanation ‫تــفــســيـــر‬ with the result that ‫نــتــيــجـــة‬
lead to
‫نــتــيــجـــة‬ to ‫تــفــســيـــر‬
be the cause of

result explanation explanation result

e.g. Trees are cut down to make more agricultural land. e.g. The soil is destroyed so that the land cannot be used for growing crops.

.‫ نضع كلوت أو عبارة الزبط في الىسط بينهوا ثن نضع النتيجت و التفسيز في أهكنتها الصحيحت‬, ‫ لزبط جولتين في هذا التوزين‬:1 ‫مـالحــظــة‬
.‫ ) نحذف كل ها يسبق الفعل الوقصىد في الجولت الثانيت‬to / in order to / in order not to ( ‫ عنذها نزبط جولتين باستخذام‬: 2 ‫مـالحــظــة‬
e.g. Trees are usually cut down. We want to make more agricultural land.
Trees are usually cut down in order to make more agricultural land.
(give explanation) = join using (because) / express result = join using (so that) :3 ‫مـالحــظــة‬
Prepared by : Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـراس رشــدان‬: ‫إعـــداد‬
- 11 -
 Expressing Possibilities )ٍ‫انتعـبـيـز عـٍ اإليـكـاَـيـة (انظ‬
Examples : : ‫خطواث الحل‬
1. Someone’s ringing your doorbell. You’re sure it’s the postman. (Possibility( ٍ‫ في هذا انتًزيٍ َعبز عٍ انظ‬-1
2. The phone is ringing – it’s probably your brother. .)Reality( ‫ونيس عٍ انىاقع‬
3. You hear a car approaching, but you know it isn’t your uncle’s car because
it doesn’t sound the same. : ‫ أفعال انظٍ هي‬-2
4. Ali has just drunk two litres of water. (thirsty) ٍ‫َسبة انظ‬ ٍ‫فعم انظ‬ ‫اندالئم‬
5. Khaled has a very good English accent. (He lived with an English family) 90 % ‫ال بد‬ must be sure – feel sure – be certainly
6. Your friend said she would phone you, but she hasn’t. (You are sure she 50 % ‫ربًا‬ might probably – look like – think
has not forgotten.) 0% ٍ‫ال يًك‬ can't sure not – know not – certain not
: ‫ٌعتمذ الحل على تعبئت األعمذة األربعت التبلٍت‬
ٍ‫( في هذا انتًزي‬Present Perfect( ‫ يعبز انزيٍ انحاضز انتاو‬-3
ً‫الفبعل الذي ٌذور حول‬ ‫فعل الظه‬ Zero
ً‫الظه و وفتزض قبل‬ .‫عٍ عًم تى و حدث في انًاضي‬
must – might – can't Form
‫تتمت الجملت‬
‫عببرة‬ ‫و وستخزجً مه الذالئل أو مه‬ ‫(ٌحذدي سمه‬
I think ‫المعىى العبم‬ )‫جملت الظه‬ : ‫ هُاك صيغتاٌ بعد فعم انظٍ عهى انشكم انتاني‬-4
1 It must be the postman
2 It might be my brother must ‫مصذر‬ must
3 It can't be my uncle's car can’t + have + V3 can’t + V0
might might infinitive verb
Have + V3
‫الفبعل‬ ‫فعل الظه‬ )‫(ٌحذدي سمه جملت الظه‬ ‫تتمت الجملت‬ ‫تعبز ٌذي الصٍغت عه الشمه‬ ‫تعبز ٌذي الصٍغت عه الشمىٍه‬
4 He must have been thirsty. .ً‫المبض‬ .‫الحبضز والمستقبل‬
5 He might have lived with an English family. .‫ َقزأ انحم بعد انعًىد انثانج نُحدد َهاية انجًهة‬-5
6 She can't have forgotten to phone me.

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـزاص رشــذان‬:‫إعـــذاد‬

- 12 -
 Passive Voice ‫انــًـبـُي نـهـًـجـهـىل‬
:‫نتـحىيم جـًهت يٍ انًـبـُي نهًعهىو إنى يـبُي نهـًجهىل َقىو بـًا يـهـي‬
.ّ‫ َحدد انفاعـم و انجًهت انفعهيت وانًـفـعـىل ب‬.1
: ‫ َحدد زيٍ انفعم األساسي في انجًهت حسب انجدول انتاني‬.2
Modals ‫األفعال انًساعدة انثاَىيت‬ ‫انًصدر‬ ‫انحاضر انبسيط‬ ‫انًاضي انبسيط‬ ‫اسى انًفعىل‬ ‫اسى انفاعم‬
can – could will – would shall – should Zero Present Simple Past Past Present
may – might must form V1 Simple Participle Participle
have to – has to – had to – ought to V0 V1 + s / es V2 V3 V0 + ing
be am - is - are was - were been being
(by) ‫ يكىٌ انحم حسب انجدول انًىضح أدَاِ يع يالحظت تحىيم انفاعم بعد‬: ‫يـالحــظــت‬ eat eat - eats ate eaten eating
(I – you – we – they – he – she – it ) ٍ‫ي‬ ‫يأتي بعد‬ ‫يأتي بعد‬
‫( عهى انترتيب‬me – you – us – them –him – her – it( ‫إنى‬ Modals have – has
had
Examples:
1 V0 They had to flood large areas of land. 4 V3 Elephants have changed the natural environment.
2 V1 In some countries, law protects the nests of rare birds. 5 V0 + ing People are hunting kangaroos for their meat and fur.
3 V2 They built the dam in the 20th century.

‫بدايت انجًهت‬ ‫انفعم انًساعد‬ (Be) ‫انفعم‬ V3 ‫َهايت انجًهت‬

ّ‫انًفعىل ب‬ by+ ‫انفاعم‬
)‫( كم يا يسبق انفاعم‬ ‫إٌ وجد‬ ‫يصرفاً كانفعم األساسي‬ ‫يٍ انفعم األساسي‬ )‫( كم يا يتبع انًفعىل‬

1 ---------------------------------- Large areas of land had to be flooded --------------- -----------------------------

2 In some countries, the nests of rare birds. --------- are protected by law -----------------------------
3 ---------------------------------- The dam --------- was built --------------- in the 20th century.
4 ---------------------------------- The natural environment has been changed by elephants -----------------------------
5 ---------------------------------- Kangaroos are being hunted by people. for their meat and fur.

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ٌ‫ فـراس رشــدا‬:‫إعـــداد‬

-13-
 Reported Speech ‫الكــالم الـمـنـقـول‬
Reporting statements ‫نـقـل الـجـمـل اإلخـبـاريـة‬
)‫( )أي جمهح ال اعتفهاو فٍها‬statement) ‫عىذ وقم جمهح إخثاسٌح‬
)said – told – replied – answered – added ( ‫تعذ أفعال انىقم‬
‫قال‬ ‫أخثش‬ ‫س ّد‬ ‫أجاب‬ ‫أضاف‬
: ‫فئوىا وجشي انتعذٌالخ انتانٍح‬
‫قـــثـــم انـــىــــقــــم‬ ‫تـــعــــذ انـــىــــقــــم‬
I he / she
‫انضمائش‬ you I / we / he / she / they
pronouns we they
me him / her
us them
‫صفاخ انمهكٍح‬ my his / her
possessive adjectives our their
your my / our / his / her / their
‫اإلشاساخ انضماوٍح‬ tomorrow the following day / the day after
yesterday the previous day / the day before
time references last night the previous night / the night before
( V1 / V1 + s ( ‫حاضش تغٍط‬ ( V2 ) ‫ماضً تغٍط‬
am / is was
are were
‫األصمــــىـــــح‬ can could
tenses will would
have – has had
don't – doesn't didn't
(V2 ) ‫ماضً تغٍط‬ ( had + V3 ( ‫ماضً تاو‬
was / were had been
brought had brought
wanted had wanted
had had had
.‫( ال تتغير عند النقل‬he – his – him - she – her –hers - it – its - they – their – theirs - them( ‫ ضمائر الغائب‬: 1 ‫مالحظح‬

.‫ ننقل فقط الفعل األول في الجملة الفعلية‬: 2 ‫مالحظح‬

‫قبل النقل‬ ‫بعد النقل‬ ‫قبل النقل‬ ‫بعد النقل‬ ‫قبل النقل‬ ‫بعد النقل‬
am going was going can take could take don’t argue didn’t argue
examples
We’re taking our children on holiday. We don’t argue about anything.
They said they were taking their children on
holiday. They said they didn't argue about anything.

I wanted to work in the city. I slept for ten hours last night.
He said he had wanted to work in the city. He said he had slept for ten hours the previous night.

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـشاط سشــذان‬:‫إعـــذاد‬

- 14 –
 Reporting Wh - questions without (do) (do)‫نقل أدئلة تحتوي على كلمة ادتفكام و ال تحتوي على الفعل المداعد‬
‫) تعذ فعم انىقم‬do – does – did( ‫) وال ٌحتىي عهى األفعال‬Wh-word) ‫عىذما وىقم عؤال ٌحتىي عهى كهمح اعتفهاو‬
: ‫( فئوىا وجشي انتعذٌالخ انغاتقح فً انجمهح اإلخثاسٌح تاإلضافح إنى انتعذٌالخ انتانٍح‬asked(
(statement) ‫) أي انتشتٍة انطثٍعً نهجمهح اإلخثاسٌح‬subject + verb( ‫) إنى صٍغح‬verb + subject( ‫وحىل صٍغح‬ ّ -1
.‫وحىل إشاسج االعتفهاو إنى وقطح‬
ّ -2
examples
How long have you been married? What’s your name?
I asked my grandparents how long they had been married . I asked him what his name was.

What are you doing ? Where are you going?

I asked him what he was doing . Deema asked Ruba where she was going .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reporting Wh- questions with (do) (do) ‫نقل أدئلة تحتوي على كلمة ادتفكام و تحتوي على الفعل المداعد‬

‫) وحزفهما ووكمم انجمهح‬do – does( ‫) وعهى األفعال انمغاعذج‬Wh-word) ‫عىذما وىقم عؤال ٌحتىي عهى كهمح اعتفهاو‬
( V2 ) ‫تىفظ تشتٍثها و تانضمه انماضً انثغٍط‬
‫) وحزفه ووكمم انجمهح تىفظ تشتٍثها‬did( ‫) وعهى انفعم انمغاعذ‬Wh-word) ‫عىذما وىقم عؤال ٌحتىي عهى كهمح اعتفهاو‬
( had + V3 ( ‫وتانضمه انماضً انتاو‬
(statement) ‫مع مالحظح تحىٌم إشاسج االعتفهاو إنى وقطح و إجشاء تعذٌالخ انجمهح اإلخثاسٌح‬
examples
When do you start and finish work ? When did you first meet ?
I asked him when he started and finished work . She asked them when they had first met .

Where do you live ? When did you last have it ?

I asked him where he lived . Amer asked Hani when he had last had it .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reporting ) Yes –No question( without (do) (do)‫نقل أدئلة ال تحتوي على كلمة ادتفكام وال تحتوي على الفعل المداعد‬

)Yes – No question( ‫) أي‬Wh-word) ‫عىذما وىقم عؤال ال ٌحتىي عهى كهمح اعتفهاو‬
: ‫) وقىو تانخطىاخ انتانٍح‬do – does – did( ‫وال ٌحتىي عهى األفعال‬
‫ ( وتعىً ( فٍما إرا ) قثم انفاعم‬whether ( ‫ ( أو كهمح‬if ) ‫ وضع كهمح‬-1
(statement) ‫) أي انتشتٍة انطثٍعً نهجمهح اإلخثاسٌح‬subject + verb( ‫) إنى صٍغح‬verb + subject( ‫وحىل صٍغح‬ ّ -2
(statement) ‫مع مالحظح تحىٌم إشاسج االعتفهاو إنى وقطح و إجشاء تعذٌالخ انجمهح اإلخثاسٌح‬
examples
Are you enjoying married life? Have you seen my briefcase?
She asked them if they were enjoying married life. Hani asked Amer if he had seen his briefcase.

Can you take me to the airport tomorrow ? Was it easy to find work?
He asked her if she could take him to the airport the I asked him if it had been easy to find work .
following day .

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـشاط سشــذان‬:‫إعـــذاد‬

- 15 -
Reporting ) Yes –No question( with (do) (do)‫نقل أدئلة ال تحتوي على كلمة ادتفكام و تحتوي على الفعل المداعد‬

)Yes – No question( ‫) أي‬Wh-word) ‫عىذما وىقم عؤال ال ٌحتىي عهى كهمح اعتفهاو‬
: ‫) وقىو تانخطىاخ انتانٍح‬do – does – did( ‫وٌحتىي عهى األفعال‬
‫ ( وتعىً ( فٍما إرا ) قثم انفاعم‬whether ( ‫ ( أو كهمح‬if ) ‫ وضع كهمح‬-1
( V2 ) ‫) و وكمم انجمهح تىفظ تشتٍثها و تانضمه انماضً انثغٍط‬do – does – did( ‫ وحزف األفعال انمغاعذج‬-2
(did( ‫( نهجمم انمحتىٌح عهى انفعم‬had + V3( ‫ ( و تانضمه انماضً انتاو‬do – does ( ‫نهجمم انمحتىٌح عهى انفعهٍه‬
(statement) ‫مع مالحظح تحىٌم إشاسج االعتفهاو إنى وقطح و إجشاء تعذٌالخ انجمهح اإلخثاسٌح‬
examples
Do you enjoy spending time with each other? Did you enjoy your holiday?
I asked them if they enjoyed spending time with each She asked Fadia if she had enjoyed her holiday.
other.
Do you work in a college? Did you enjoy living there?
I asked him if he worked in a college. I asked him if he had enjoyed living there.

‫مخطط تىضٍحً مختصش نقىاعذ انكالو انمىقىل‬

Reported Speech
Statements Questions
(said-told-replied-answered-added) (asked)
‫قبل‬ ‫بـــعـــد الــنـــقــــل‬
‫النقل‬ ? ● .

I he / she
you I / we / he / she / they Wh + Wh –
we they ‫ال ٌىجذ كهمح اعتفهاو‬
‫ٌىجذ كهمح اعتفهاو‬
me him / her
‫عىذما تختفً كهمح االعتفهاو مه انغؤال‬
us them
‫ ( قثم انفاعم‬if ( ‫وضع‬
my his / her
‫ٌىجذ انفعم انمغاعذ‬ ‫ال ٌىجذ انفعم انمغاعذ‬ ‫ٌىجذ انفعم انمغاعذ‬ ‫ال ٌىجذ انفعم انمغاعذ‬
our their
your my / our / his / her / their do do do do
tomorrow the following day
yesterday the previous day do V+S S + V do V+S S+V
does ‫نحذفهما‬ do ‫نحذفهما‬
last night the previous night
here there S = Subject V0 V2 S = Subject
V0 V2
V = Verb V = Verb
am / is was
are were
can could did ‫نحذفها‬
did ‫نحذفها‬
will would
have – has had
don't – doesn't didn't
was / were had been V0 had +V3 V0 had +V3
brought had brought
wanted had wanted
had had had
Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـشاط سشــذان‬:‫إعـــذاد‬
- 16 -
 Comparing and Contrasting ٍ‫انـًقـارَـت ٔانــتـبـايـ‬
Comparing is to show both similarities and differences, while contrasting is to show only differences.
.‫المقاروة هي إظهار أوجه التشابه و االختالف أما التبايه فهى إلظهار االختالف فقط‬

Comparing ‫انـًقـارَـت‬
(more – less) ‫تقتصر المقاروة في مىهاجىا على الصفتيه‬
Examples : Adjective Comparative Adjective
Mobile phones are more up-to-date than traditional ones. many – much more than
Long conversations are more expensive on mobile phones than on landline phones. little less than
Farming is less profitable than it used to be.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Examples : ‫ويمكه أيضا ً إجراء المقاروة بىضع صفة أو ظرف‬

Supermarket fruit isn’t always as tasty as fruit from a market. ‫ ) بيه الظرفيه‬adjective or adverb (
My weekly earnings are twice as much as they were last year.
) as ……….. as (
You have to do it as quickly as possible.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

‫مخطط تىضيحي مختصر لقىاعذ الـمقـاروـة والــتـبـايـه‬

(Whereas - While – Although) subject + verb, subject + verb subject + verb (whereas - while – although) subject + verb
‫ فــاعــم‬+ ‫فــعــم‬ ‫تقع ْذِ انظزٔف في أٔل انجًهت أٔفي ٔسطٓا‬
‫( في ْذا انتًزيٍ فقط في ٔسط انجًهت‬but) ‫تقع كهًت‬ subject + verb but subject + verb

Sentence 1. On the other hand, Sentence 2 ‫( في بدايت جًهت جديدة‬On the other hand) ‫تقع عبارة‬
(Instead of - In comparison with) Noun or Gerund , sentence Sentence (instead of - in comparison with) Noun or Gerund
‫مصدر صريح أو اسم‬ ‫تقع ْاتيٍ انعبارتيٍ في أٔل انجًهت أٔفي ٔسطٓا‬

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـراس رشــذان‬:‫إعـــذاد‬

- 17 -
 Contrasting ٍ‫انــتـبـايـ‬
: ‫تعبّـر بعض الكلمات و التراكيب عه االختالف و التبايه في األفكار و هي كالتالي‬

Whereas subject + verb , subject + verb subject + verb , whereas subject + verb
whereas While ‫ فــاعــم‬+ ‫فــعــم‬ while
‫بيًُا‬ Although (clause) = ‫شبه جملة‬ although
while
subject + verb e.g. Brasilia was designed by an architect in the 20th century, while
e.g. Whereas some older people enjoy a quiet life in the Damascus developed naturally over thousands of years.
+ country, many young people prefer the excitement of
e.g. Brasilia is a very modern city and although Damascus is a very
although city life.
old city, there are modern areas with many new buildings.
ٌ‫يع أ‬ e.g. Although the earthquake lasted only fifteen ‫( في أٔل انجًهت‬although - while - whereas) ‫تقع انظزٔف‬
seconds, it was one of the most destructive earthquakes
.ٍ‫أٔفي ٔسطٓا ٔتزبط بيٍ شبّ جًهتي‬
of the 20th century.

but subject + verb , but subject + verb

ٍ‫نك‬ .ٍ‫( في ْذا انتًزيٍ فقط في ٔسط انجًهت ٔتزبط بيٍ شبّ جًهتي‬but) ‫تقع كهًت‬
e.g. I’m really tired, but I can’t sleep at night.

Sentence 1. On the other hand , Sentence 2 Sentence 1. subject , on the other hand, verb

on the e.g. Travelling by car is very cheap. On the other hand, e.g. Weather is what happens to the air and the atmosphere outside.
other hand flying is much quicker. Climate, on the other hand, is the average weather in a particular
‫يٍ َاحيت أخزى‬ place over a long period of time.
‫( في بدايت‬On the other hand) ‫يًكٍ أٌ تقع عبارة‬
.ٍ‫جًهت جديدة ٔال تزبط بيٍ شبّ جًهتي‬ ‫( بيٍ انفاعم ٔ انفعم في‬On the other hand) ‫يًكٍ أٌ تقع عبارة‬
.ٍ‫جًهت جديدة ٔال تزبط بيٍ شبّ جًهتي‬
Prepared by : Firas Rashdan -18- 0937240064 ‫ فـراس رشــذان‬: ‫إعـــذاد‬
 Instead of Noun or Gerund Sentence , instead of
In comparison with (verb + ing) , Sentence in comparison with Noun or Gerund
‫مصدر صريح‬
ٍ‫بدالا ي‬
instead of
)verb + ing( ‫( في أٔل انجًهت أٔفي ٔسطٓا ٔ يتبعًٓا إيا اسى أٔ يصدر صزيح‬in comparison with) ٔ (instead of ) ‫تقع عبارتي‬
+
Noun Noun
in comparison e.g. Instead of French, I’ve decided to learn Chinese at e.g. Could I have tea instead of coffee, please?
with university.
Gerund
‫بانًقارَت يع‬
e.g. Instead of shopping in supermarkets, like city people, e.g. He took a course in woodwork instead of going to
country people often shop in small shops. university. Gerund
Noun
e.g. In comparison with supermarkets, small shops offer e.g. Landline phones are large and heavy in comparison
customers a very personal service. with mobile phones.
Noun
Gerund e.g. Driving is quite slow and dangerous in comparison
e.g. In comparison with flying, driving is quite slow and with flying,
dangerous. Gerund

.‫ نزبط جًهتيٍ في ْذا انتًزيٍ َضع كهًت أٔ عبارة انزبط بيٍ انجًهتيٍ بدالا يٍ انُقطت بيًُٓا‬: 1 ‫مـالحــظــة‬
.‫ ) َحذف كم انعباراث انفعهيت في انجًهت انثاَيت َٔبقي فقط عهى انعبارة االسًيت‬in comparison with / instead of ( ‫ عُديا َزبط جًهتيٍ باستخداو‬: 2 ‫مـالحــظــة‬
join using (in comparison with) join using (instead of )
City life can be quite stressful. Village life is quite the opposite. I’ve decided to learn Chinese. I’ve decided not to learn French at university.
City life can be quite stressful in comparison with village life. I’ve decided to learn Chinese instead of French at university.
compare = join using (while) / contrast = join using (but) : 3 ‫مـالحــظــة‬
Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـراس رشــذان‬:‫إعـــذاد‬
- 19 -
 Causative Have ً‫ ) انسـبـبـ‬Have ( ‫انفعم‬
)‫(يحصل على‬

: ‫خطوات الحل‬
.‫ َحذد انفاعم و انجًهت انفعهٍت و انًفعول به‬-1
: ‫ ) انسببً َستبذل انكهًاث انتانٍت حسب انجذاول انتانٍت‬Have ( ‫ عُذيا َستخذو انفعم‬-2
‫إنى‬ ‫َحول‬ ‫إنى‬ ‫َحول‬ ‫إنى‬ ‫َحول‬
had )‫(حصم عهى‬ didn't / couldn't has doesn't / rarely + V1+s have don't / rarely + V1
: ً‫ ) انسبب‬Have ( ‫ عُذيا َستخذو انفعم‬-3
ً‫ ) انسـبـبـ‬Have ( ‫َحول انُفً إنى إثباث و َضٍف انفعم‬ ً‫ ) انسـبـبـً بذالً يٍ انفعم األساس‬Have ( ‫َحول اإلثباث إنى َفً و َضٍف انفعم‬
am not going to am going to have dyed didn’t have
is not going to is going to have cut didn’t have
are not going to are going to have painted didn’t have
won't = will not will have )‫(سوف ٌحصم عهى‬ repainted didn’t have
)myself – yourself – yourselves – ourselves – themselves – himself – herself) : ‫ ) انسببً َحذف انضًائز االَعكاسٍت‬Have ( ‫ عُذيا َستخذو انفعم‬-4
(be able to( ‫ ) انسببً َحذف عبارة‬Have ( ‫ عُذيا َستخذو انفعم‬-5
: ً‫ ٌكوٌ انحم حسب انجذول انتان‬-6

Examples ‫انفاعم‬ ‫جًهت فعهٍت تحتوي عهى انفعم‬ ‫انًفعول به‬

ً‫ يٍ انفعم األساس‬V3
ًٍ‫ ) انسب‬Have ( )‫(اسى انًفعول‬
People don't service their cars themselves. People have their cars serviced
Brides rarely make their wedding dresses. Brides have their wedding dresses made
My father doesn't clean his car himself. My father has his car cleaned
She didn't make the dress herself. She had the dress made ً ‫يصُوعا‬
I couldn't repair my computer myself. I had my computer repaired
I won't be able to test my own eyesight. I will have my own eyesight tested ً ‫يفحوصا‬
He isn't going to take his own photo. He is going to have his own photo taken
My mother dyed her own dress blue. My mother. didn't have her own dress dyed ً ‫يصبوغا‬
Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـراس رشــدان‬:‫إعـــداد‬
-20-
 (Relative and –– ing Clauses)
) ‫ ــــــ‬ing ‫( أشباه جمل الىصل وأشباه الجمل المنتهية بـ‬

Relative Clauses ‫أشباه جمل الـــىصـــل‬

: ‫عىذ ربط جمهتيه باستخذاو أداة وصم فإوىا‬

.‫) مباشزة بعذ انمكان انمتعهق به في انجمهت األونى‬where( ‫ وحذف ما يشيز إنى انمكان في انجمهت انثاويت و وضع‬-1
‫ مــكــان‬place
He is now a PhD student in Bangalore. He is doing high-level research He is now a PhD student in Bangalore where he is doing
there. high-level research.

.‫) مباشزة بعذ انعاقم انمتعهق به في انجمهت األونى‬who( ‫ وحذف ما يشيز إنى انعاقم في انجمهت انثاويت و وضع‬-2
‫ عــاقــل‬person
He received coaching from Kasparov. He is one of the greatest chess He received coaching from Kasparov who is one of the
players and geniuses of all time. greatest chess players and geniuses of all time.

.‫) مباشزة بعذ غيزانعاقم انمتعهق به في انجمهت األونى‬which( ‫ وحذف ما يشيز إنى غيز انعاقم في انجمهت انثاويت و وضع‬-3
)‫غير عــاقــل ( إنـــــجـــــــاز‬ thing At the age of nineteen he was ranked number one in the
At the age of nineteen he was ranked number one in the world. It made
world which made him the youngest player to be awarded
him the youngest player to be awarded this title.
this title.

Prepared by : Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـزاس رشــذان‬: ‫إعـــذاد‬

- 21 -
 –– ing Clauses ‫ ــــــ‬ing ‫أشباه الجمل المنتهية بـ‬
: ‫ ــــــ) وتيع انخطىاث انتانيت‬ing ( ‫عىذما وزغب بزبط جمهتيه بعبارة مىتهيت بـ‬
(and( ‫( أو‬which( ‫( أو‬who( ‫) أو‬,( ‫) أو فاصهت‬.( ‫ وحذد انزابط بيه انجمهتيه انهتان تحتىيان عهى األفعال االساسيت وهذا انزابط يكىن إما وقطت‬.1
.‫ ــــــ) ووحذف كم ما قبهه في انجمهت انثاويت بما فيها انزابط و وضع قبهه فاصهت‬ing( ‫ وضع انفعم األساسي غيز انمكزر بانمعىى في انجمهت انثاويت بصيغت‬.2

‫الفعل األساسي‬ ‫فعل مكرر‬ ‫الفعل األساسي‬

At the age of seven, my brother Amar played football for a local club. When he did this, he became the youngest professional player in Syria.
‫الجــمـــلـــة األولى‬ ‫الجــمـــلـــة الــثـــانـــيــــة‬
At the age of seven, my brother Amar played football for a local club, becoming the youngest professional player in Syria.

‫الفعل األساسي‬ ‫فعل مكرر‬ ‫الفعل األساسي‬

He took three hours to complete the race. When he finished the race, he broke his own previous record.

‫الجــمـــلـــة األولى‬ ‫الجــمـــلـــة ال ــثـــانـــيــــة‬

He took three hours to complete the race, breaking his own previous record.
He was careful about his diet, and ate only healthy food.
‫الجــمـــلـــة األولى‬ ‫الجــمـــلـــة الــثـــانـــيــــة‬
He was careful about his diet, eating only healthy food.
Hani is a postgraduate student at the University of Damascus who is studying law.
‫الجــمـــلـــة األولى‬ ‫الجــمـــلـــة الــثـــانـــيــــة‬
Hani is a postgraduate student at the University of Damascus, studying law.
A newspaper began printing stories which accused Amar of spending too much money on high living.
A newspaper began printing stories, accusing Amar of spending too much money on high living.

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـزاس رشــذان‬:‫إعـــذاد‬

- 22 -
 Missing Words
(Functional Words)
: ‫الكلمبث المفقودة في فراغبث يجب على الطبلب تعبئتهب تكون غبلبب ً مه ضمه الفئبث التبليت‬
Be (am – is – are – was – were – being – been)
1 Auxiliary Verbs Have (has – had – having)
can – could / will – would / should
may – might / must
2 Wh – words what – where – when – why – how – who – whose – whom – which….. etc.
3 and – or – but – because – until – so - there {is – are –was - were}
Linking words so that despite – in spite of since for while although however
‫وبذلل‬ ‫مىذ‬ ‫لمدة‬ ‫بيىما‬ ‫مع أن‬ ‫لنه‬
‫عـلي الــزغــم مــه‬
4 Prepositions of – for – with – at – in – from – on – into …. etc.
5 Articles a – an – the
6 Comparing and Contrasting more than – the most – whereas – on the other hand – in comparison with – instead of
‫بـيـىـما‬ ‫مـه وـاحـيـت أخـزى‬ ‫بـالـمـقـاروـت مـع‬ ‫بـدالً مه‬
I – you –we – they – he – she – it ‫ضمائز الفاعل و تأتي قبل فعل الجملت‬
7 Pronouns me – you – us – them – him – her – it )‫ضمائز الىصب و الجز (تأتي بعد فعل الجملت أو بعد حزف جز‬
mine – yours – ours – theirs – his – hers – its ‫ضمائز الملنيت وتأتي غالبا ً بعد االسم المملوك‬
8 Possessive Adjective my – your – our – their – his – her – its ‫صفاث الملنيت وتأتي غالبا ً قبل االسم المملوك‬
9 Idioms out of the blue hustle and bustle you have to face the music
‫بـشـنـل مـفـاجـئ‬ ‫ضـجـت وصـخـب‬ ‫عـلـيـل أن تـواجـه الـعـواقـب‬
10 Phrasal Verbs keep up with cut down on look forward to
)‫يوامب ( يتابع‬ )‫يقلص (يخفض – يقلل‬ ‫يتطلع بشوق إلي‬
11 Miscellaneous words in order to get rid of in spite of
‫لـنـي‬ ‫يتخلص مه‬ ‫عـلي الـزغــم مـه‬

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـراس رشــدان‬:‫إعـــداد‬

- 23 -
 Missing Words
Clause = Subject + Verb ( be 90% / have 7% / primary verb 3%)
Missing Subject ‫اىفعو يحتاج إىى فاعو و اىفاعو اىَفقىد ينىُ غاىبا ً ضَير يعىد عيى اضٌ ضابق‬
1. Mozart was one of the greatest musical geniuses of all time. He was born in Austria, in 1756
2. Sofia arrived in England from Poland seven years ago. Since then she has worked as a school teacher.
3. An earthquake hit the city. Although it lasted only fifteen seconds, it was a destructive earthquake.
4. The farmers were poor and they used old-fashioned methods.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(V3) ‫( أو‬V0 + ing) ‫( ويتبعه غاىبا ً اضٌ أو صفت أو جار و ٍجرور أو‬Be) ‫اىفاعو يحتاج إىى فعو و ينىُ غاىبا ً هى اىفعو‬
Missing (is) followed by (noun /adjective /prepositional phrase / V0 + ing / V3)
1. Taking another person’s property is theft.
2. The sky is cloudy. It looks like it might rain.
3. Syria is at the forefront of regional recycling.
4. A new building is going up in our neighbourhood.
5. It is located 160 km east of the capital and is linked to Abu Dhabi City by fast motorways.
Missing (are) followed by (noun /adjective / prepositional phrase / V0 + ing / V3)
1. Many people believe that the worst crimes are murder and other violent acts.
2. We usually think that greenhouse gases are harmful.
3. People who cannot escape from desert areas are in danger of dying from starvation.
4. Modern criminals are using computers to help them commit crimes.
5. When fuels are burnt, they produce large amounts of carbon dioxide
Missing (was) followed by (noun /adjective / prepositional phrase / V0 + ing / V3)
1. That was a story he made up to stop me from worrying.
2. I was half-asleep when the wind started blowing.
3. He didn’t phone me because I was at home and I would have heard the telephone.
4. Our mother was still sleeping, but our father was already dressed
5. When we left England, my mother was worried about the plane journey.
Missing (were) followed by (noun /adjective / prepositional phrase / V0 + ing / V3)
1. They were still students when they were married.
2. We all worked hard to fit in and the locals were friendly.
3. In the final of the championship, the players were on court for two hours.
4. We were driving home on the motorway yesterday evening when we came across a burning car.
5. People were worried about fires in the tunnel when it was built.
‫) بَعْى (يىجذ) مفاعو ىه‬There( ‫عْذٍا ال ّجذ ضَيراً ٍْاضبا ً مفاعو ىفعو اىجَيت ّضع ميَت‬
1. In the middle of this photograph, there is a small tree.
2. There are extensive ruins which tourists can walk around.
3. There was no turbulence and she slept through the trip.
4. There was a huge increase in emigration in 1845.
5. Not everyone returned because there were other changes too.
6. There would be a chaotic situation in society if there were no legal systems.
7. There have been some successes, but the battle continues.
8. The police suspected a crime as there had been four fires in the previous month.
Missing (Primary verb) ‫يَنِ و بحاالث ّادرة أُ ينىُ اىفعو اىَفقىد هى فعو أضاضي و ىيص ٍطاعذ‬
1. We climbed up the hill to the medieval citadel.
2. We left England on an aeroplane. Five hours later we arrived in Damascus, Syria.

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ُ‫ فـراش رشــذا‬:‫إعـــذاد‬

-24-
 Missing (have / has / had) followed by (V3) (have / has / had) ‫( ِغثىلاً غاٌثا ً تأحذ األفعاي‬V3) ً‫يىىْ اٌفع‬
1. Major recycling plants have been built in the last few years.
2. In recent years computer crime has increased as the number of people using the Internet has grown.
3. Many areas of the city had been destroyed completely and thousands of families had become refugees.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------
Prepositions of Time ‫حـــــروف اىــــجــــــر اىــــسٍـــْــــيــــــت‬
in centuries / years / seasons / months/ parts of the day on holiday/weekdays / full date
ُ‫اىقرو‬ ‫اىطْىاث‬ ‫اىفصىه‬ ‫اىشهىر‬ ‫أجساء اىْهار‬ ‫ أياً األضبىع‬/ ‫تاريخ ٍفصو باىيىً و اىشهر و اىطْت‬
at the weekend / specific time / night / midnight / midday
1. In the early 19th century, the most important economic activity in Ireland was agriculture.
2. In 1975 my family left England on an aeroplane and in 1986, we returned to England.
3. Many animals migrate south in the summer.
4. Hani agreed to run the marathon in December.
5. I start at seven o’clock in the morning, and finish at five in the evening.
6. In May 1978, they had already made two unsuccessful attempts to reach the summit.
7. While I was on holiday I bought lots of to give as presents.
8. We arrived on Tuesday evening and the first thing we did was set up our camp.
9. On February 29th 1960, an earthquake hit the Moroccan city of Agadir.
10. We usually do the shopping at the weekend.
11. I left the office at midday planning to meet my friend Mazen for lunch.
Miscellaneous Prepositions ‫حــروف جـــر ٍـــتـــْـــىعـــت‬
1. at the ( forefront / beginning / end / top / bottom) of something (recycling / May / the story / the mountain…etc. )
2. in the middle of something (the photograph, nowhere … etc. )
3. In the end = Finally = At last = Eventually
4. arrive in (a city / a country) 5. arrive at (the station / the airport / school / work)
She arrived in England seven years ago. He was very nervous when he arrived at the airport.
Five hours later we arrived in Damascus. He usually arrives at work on time.
: ‫جذوه بأهٌ حروف اىجر اىىاردة في ٍْهاجْا و اىتي يَنِ أُ ترد في ضؤاه اىنيَاث اىَفقىدة‬
to into on out
related ِ‫ِتعٍك تــ‬ break ‫يختشق‬ pass )‫يّشس(ِعٍىِاخ‬ carry ‫ يطثك‬/ ‫يٕفز‬
lead ‫يمىد إٌى‬ bump ِ ‫يصطذَ تــ‬ knock ‫ يذق عٍى‬/ ‫يطشق‬ sort ‫يشتة‬
crucial ِ‫ِهُ ٌــ‬ transform ‫يتحىي إٌى‬ play ‫يعضف عٍى‬ work ً‫يجذ حل‬
adapt ‫يتىيف ِع‬ turn ‫يتحىي إٌى‬ get on a bike ‫يشوة اٌذساجح‬ get ‫يخشج‬
tend ‫يّيً إٌى‬ divided ‫ِمغُ إٌى‬
demand ‫طٍة عٍى‬ set ‫يٕطٍك‬
stick ‫يٍتصك تـ ِـ‬ go ‫يذخً إٌى‬
miss out on )‫يفىخ (اٌفشصح‬ put out a fire
dedicated ‫ِىشط ٌــ‬ put into practice ‫ يضع ِىضع اٌتٕفيز‬get on with ‫ يتىيف ِع‬/ ٍُ‫يتأل‬ ‫يطفئ إٌاس‬
in with from
fit ‫ يتلءَ ِع‬concerned ِ‫ ِتعٍك تــ‬/ ِ ‫ ِهتُ تــ‬aside / away ٓ‫تعيذاً ع‬
type ‫ يطثع‬fit ِ ‫ يض ّود تــ‬suffer ِٓ ‫يعأي‬
in charge of ٓ‫ ِغؤوي ع‬communicate ‫ يتىاصً ِع‬differ ٓ‫يختٍف ع‬
up off Miscellaneous Prepositions ‫حروف جر ٍتْىعت‬
take ‫يثذأ تّّاسعح‬ kill ً‫يمت‬ wash away ‫يجشف‬ care for ِ ‫يعتٕي تــ‬
bring ‫يشتي‬ switch ‫يطفئ‬ cut back ًٍ‫يم‬ complain about ِٓ ‫يشتىي‬
go ‫ يضداد‬/ ‫يشتفع‬ turn ‫يطفئ‬ break down ً‫ يتعط‬/ ً‫يعط‬ dispose of ِٓ ‫يتخٍص‬
set ‫ يٕشئ‬/‫يؤعظ‬ drive ‫يٕطٍك‬ surround by ِ‫يحيظ تــ‬ keep in touch ‫يظً عٍى‬
give ٍُ‫يغتغ‬ set ‫يٕطٍك‬ log onto ) ‫ حغاب‬/ ‫يذخً إٌى (حاعىب‬ with ‫تىاصً ِع‬

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ُ‫ فـراش رشــذا‬:‫إعـــذاد‬

-25-
 (and) with similar elements ‫( ىيعطف بيِ عْاصر ٍتشابهت أو قبو اىعْصر األخير في قائَت‬and) ً‫ّطتخذ‬
1. The city was evacuated and inhabitants moved 3km south.
2. The disaster had killed over one third of the population, and had injured many more.
3. The city had parks, forests and lakes where people spent their free time.
4. I am going to suggest some interesting and enjoyable ways in which you can keep your brain active.
5. They are dedicated to the protection of the environment, water conservation and climate change.
6. Plants have been built to dispose of substances such as plastics, batteries and other waste materials.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------
(and) with different tenses ‫( أحياّا ً زٍْيِ ٍختيفيِ و ال تفيذ اىعطف وتقتصر في ٍْهاجْا عيى اىجَو اىتاىيت‬and) ‫تتىضط‬
1. Sand gazelles are very quick and have been known to reach speeds of almost 100 km per hour.
2. Tree kangaroos live in remote and mountainous forest regions and have adapted to life in trees
3. I had gone to bed just after midnight and I was only half-asleep when the wind started blowing.
4. I hadn’t seen him for several weeks and I wondered what he was doing.
5. Two years ago she got married to a teacher at her school, and the couple have recently had a baby.
6. This trend started in 1860 and has continued to this day.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------
Result because Reason ‫( قبو اىطبب و بعذ اىْتيجت‬because) ‫تقع‬
1. The city was a very clean place because everybody recycled all their rubbish.
2. My mother was worried about the plane journey because she is scared of flying.
3. Some of these migrants chose to emigrate, while others had to move because of wars.
Reason , so Result ‫( قبو اىْتيجت و بعذ اىطبب‬so) ‫تقع‬
1. The engine simply will not start and so they are forced to change their plans.
2. I don’t drive, so traffic problems and parking difficulties don’t affect me.
3. He usually arrives at work on time, so his boss didn’t know what to do when he was late morning.
(Although) with positive and negative ideas despite the facilities or difficulties
‫( إلظهار اىتْاقض بيِ فنرتيِ عيى اىرغٌ ٍِ اىتطهيالث أو اىعقباث‬Although) ً‫ّطتخذ‬
1. Although he was short, he played basketball.
2. Although he was rich, he was mean.
3. Although it lasted only 15 seconds, it was one of the most destructive earthquakes of the 20th century.
4. Although we use wood pulp from trees to make new paper, it is not true that recycling paper saves trees.
5. We wore wetsuits, which were uncomfortable, although they meant we didn’t feel the cold at all.
6. Although Damascus is a very old city, there are modern areas with many new buildings.
(But) with paradoxical ideas ِ‫( إلظهار اىتْاقض بيِ فنرتي‬But ( ً‫ّطتخذ‬
1. My mother was worried about the plane journey. But there was no turbulence and she slept through the trip.
2. It was difficult getting used to being away from home, but we all worked hard to fit in
3. She has been back to Poland several times to see her family, but she has never wanted to stay there.
4. It was only a short visit but I will remember it forever.
‫( بيْهَا‬of )‫اىَضاف و اىَضاف إىيه ٍع حرف اىجر‬
‫اىَضاف إىيه‬ ‫اىَضاف‬
1. earthquakes of the 20th century ٓ‫اٌعششي‬ ْ‫اٌمش‬ ‫صالصي‬
2. thousands of families ‫اٌعائلخ‬ ‫آالف‬
3. third of the population ْ‫اٌغىا‬ ‫ثٍُث‬
4. some of the migrants ٓ‫اٌّهاجشي‬ ‫تعض‬
5. the price of property ‫اٌعماساخ‬ ‫ععش‬
6. most of the plants ‫إٌثاتاخ‬ ُ‫ِعظ‬

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ُ‫ فـراش رشــذا‬:‫إعـــذاد‬

-26-
 Articles ( a / an / the ) )‫أدواث اىتحذيذ (اىتعريفيت و اىتْنيريت‬
‫يُز َوش ألوي ِشج‬ ‫تحذيذ ٌجٕغيح اٌّذيٕح‬ ً‫ُر ِو َش عاتما‬
1. In 1960, an earthquake hit the Moroccan city of Agadir. After the earthquake, the city was evacuated.
ً‫ُر ِو َش عاتما‬
2.Two years ago she got married to another teacher at her school, and the couple have recently had a baby.

3.In 1963, the volcanic activity on the island stopped. ‫تحذيذ ٌّىاْ إٌشاط اٌثشوأي‬
4. It was one of the most destructive earthquakes of the 20th century.
‫( لثً اٌصفاخ األعظّيح‬the) ‫ٔضع‬
5. Farmers need to know when it is the best time to plant their crops.
6. All over the world ْ‫) لثً ِغّياخ ألشياء تىى‬the( ‫ٔضع‬
7. The number of people using the internet has grown. ‫فشيذج ِٓ ٔىعها‬

8. Many British citizens left the UK to live in other countries. ِٓ ‫) لثً أعّاء اٌثٍذاْ اٌّىىٔح‬the( ‫ٔضع‬
‫أوثش ِٓ عٕصش‬
9. Apamea is an ancient site on the bank of the Orontes River.
10.Yesterday we went swimming in the Mediterranean. ‫( لثً أعّاء األٔهاس و اٌثحاس‬The) ‫ٔضع‬
11. He returned to the Himalayas to help the local people. ‫واٌغلعً اٌجثٍيح واٌّحيطاخ‬
12. It is a small island in the South Atlantic Ocean.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Relative Pronouns ‫ضـــَـــائـــر اىـــىصــــو‬

ً‫ فـــــــاعـــــً عــــالــــ‬who ‫فـــــــعـــــٍــــــه‬

‫( بعذ اىفاعو اىعاقو و قبو فعيه‬who( ‫ّضع‬

1. Students who have been cheating will be punished severely.
2. Should motorists who drive too fast in residential areas be banned from driving?
3. Children who spend too long playing computer games may become unsociable.
4. The person who had bumped into me was Tareq!

ً‫ فـــــــاعـــــً غـــيـــشعــــالــــ‬which ‫فـــــــعـــــٍــــــه‬

‫( بعذ اىفاعو غير اىعاقو و قبو فعيه‬which( ‫ّضع‬

1. Techno-criminals send viruses which can seriously damage computers.
2. The Eden Project, which opened in the year 2000, is a living plant museum.

) ً‫ ِـــــاٌــه (عــــالــــً أو غـــيـــشعــــالــــ‬whose ‫ِــّـــٍـــىن‬

‫( بعذ اىَاىل اىعاقو أو اىَاىل غير اىعاقو و قبو االضٌ اىََيىك‬whose( ‫ّضع‬
Write your own email to a friend whose family you are going on holiday with.

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ُ‫ فـراش رشــذا‬:‫إعـــذاد‬

-27-
 Question Making ‫صـــْـــغ اىــســـــؤاه‬
: ‫ّرثغ اىخطىاخ اىراىٍح ػْذ صْغ اىسؤاه ٍِ أي جَيح‬
.‫ ّحذد ميَح االسرفهاً اىَْاسثح ىريل اىنيَح أو اىؼثارج حسة اىجذوه اىثاىث‬-2 .‫ ّحذد اىنيَح أو اىؼثارج اىرً ّزٌذ اىسؤاه ػْها‬-1
. ًّ‫ ٌنىُ اىحو حسة أحذ اىجذوىٍِ األوه و اىثا‬-3
.‫( و ّضغ إشارج اسرفهاً فً ّهاٌح اىسؤاه‬29 ‫ ّزاػً اىرغٍٍز اىالسً تاىضَائز حسة اىجذوه اىزاتغ (اىَىجىد فً أػيى اىصفحح‬-4
.‫ اىنيَح أو اىؼثارج اىرً ذحذد ميَح االسرفهاً ال ذظهز فً اىسؤاه و ذنىُ غاىثا ً هً اإلجاتح‬-5
Examples
1- I was born in the country. 4 – I left the country 5 years ago.
2- I've lived there for eighteen years. 5 – I like the city because it is exciting.
3- I enjoyed the open air life. 6 – My brother travels 3 km to get to school.
: ‫الجملة ذحرىي على أحد األفعال المساعدة التالية‬
am-is-are-was-were / can-could / will-would / shall-should / may-might / must / (have-has –had) + V3
Question Word Auxiliary Verb Subject Completion of the sentence
ً‫ميَح االسرفها‬ ‫اىفؼو اىَساػذ‬ ‫اىفاػو‬ ‫ذرَح اىجَيح‬
1 Where were you born?
2 How long have you lived there?

.‫الجملة ال ذحرىي على أحد األفعال المساعدة المركوزة في الجدول السابق‬

Question Auxiliary Verb Subject Zero form of the Completion of the sentence
Word (do – does – did ( ‫اىفاػو‬ main verb ‫ذرَح اىجَيح‬
ً‫ميَح االسرفها‬ ‫ٌحذدها فؼو اىجَيح‬ ً‫اىَصذر ٍِ اىفؼو األساس‬

3 What did you enjoy? ----------------------------------

4 When did you leave the country?
5 Why do you like the city?
6 How far does your brother travel to get to school?

‫اغترجػة‬ ‫عغػة االستفكام‬ ...... ‫غغسؤال صن‬ ‫أػثغة و إجابات ػحتػغة‬

‫أين‬ where ‫اغػعان‬ at the university – in the south of England
‫ػتى‬ when ‫اغزػان‬ 4000 years ago – last week – yesterday – in 1987
‫غػاذا‬ why ‫اغسبب‬ because - in order to – to – due to - for
‫عيف‬ how ‫اغطريقة‬ by fast motorways – by bus
‫عم صػر‬ how old ‫اغـسـن‬ 100 years old – at the age of seven
‫عم ػرة‬ how often ‫اغتعرار‬ every year – twice a month – once a week – daily
‫ػا اغػدة‬ how long ‫اغػدة اغزػؼية‬ for four years – since I was a child
‫ عم يبعد‬/ ‫عم اغػساطة‬ how far ‫اغػساطة‬ eight kilometers – 200 meters
‫ بسرصة عم‬/ ‫عم سرصة‬ how fast ‫اغسرصة‬ 100 kilometers per hour
‫عم ارتفاع‬ how high ‫االرتفاع‬ 8848 meters

‫ػــن‬ Who enforces laws? Judges enforce laws.

who ‫اغعاظل‬
Who did you go with? I went with my family

‫ ػاذا‬/ ‫ػا‬ what ‫ضير اغعاظل‬ What is the law?

The law is the collection of rules of a country.
َ‫ ػاذا طعغت‬/ ‫ػاذا تفعل‬ What + do ‫غغسؤال صن اغؼشاط‬ What are you doing? I am studying English.
What did she do yesterday? She went to school.

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ُ‫ فـزاص رشــذا‬:‫إػـــذاد‬

-28-
‫اىجىاب‬ ً‫ذرحىه ف‬
‫اىجىاب‬ ً‫ذرحىه ف‬ ً‫ذرحىه ف‬ ً‫ذرحىه ف‬ ً‫ذرحىه ف‬
‫اىسؤاه إىى‬
‫اىجىاب‬ ‫اىجىاب‬ ‫اىجىاب‬
‫اىسؤاه إىى‬ ‫اىسؤاه إىى‬ ‫اىسؤاه إىى‬ ‫اىسؤاه إىى‬
I I am I was my (for /tell) me
you are you were you your (for /tell) you
we we are we were our (for /tell) us

: ً‫ ) حسة اىجذوه اىراى‬have( ‫ ٌجة أُ ّْرثه ىحاالخ اسرفهاً اىفؼو‬: ‫ٍالحظح‬

Affirmative Question
‫ٍصذر‬
You have a car. Do you have a car?
)‫فؼو أساسً (ٍينٍح‬ He has a car. Does he have a car?
She had a car. Did she have a car?
‫ٍصذر‬
ً‫فؼو ٍساػذ و ىنِ ٌُؼا ٍَو ماألساسً تاالسرفها‬ You have to go. Do you have to go?
He has to go. Does he have to go?
She had to go. Did she have to go?
V3 V3
‫فؼو ٍساػذ ّطثق ػيٍه قاػذج اىرحىٌو‬ You have played tennis. Have you played tennis?
)‫(أي اىرثذٌو تٍِ اىفاػو و اىفؼو‬ He has played tennis. Has he played tennis?
She had played tennis. Had she played tennis?

: ‫ٍالحظاخ و حاالخ خاصح‬

.‫( تذالً ٍِ اىفاػو و ال ّطثق قاػذج اىرثذٌو تٍِ اىفاػو و اىفؼو‬Who( ‫ػْذٍا ّسأه ػِ اىفاػو اىؼاقو ّضغ‬
Who went with you? My friends went with me.

ُ‫( حرى ىى ما‬who / what) ‫( تؼذ‬is – was – has – makes….etc.) ‫ػْذٍا ّسأه ػِ اىفاػو ّضغ اىفؼو تصٍغح اىَفزد اىغائة‬
.‫اىفاػو فً اىجىاب اسٌ جَغ‬
‫اغـــعـــــاظــــل‬ ‫ضــــيــــر اغـــعـــــاظــــل‬
Question Answer Question Answer
‫فؼو ٍفزد غائة‬ ‫ اسٌ جَغ‬Plural ‫فؼو ٍفزد غائة‬ ‫ اسٌ جَغ‬Plural
Who makes laws? Governments make laws. What makes you His actions make me
Who is at home ? The children are at home angry? angry.
Who was playing tennis? The players were playing tennis. What grows under Carrots and potatoes
Who has passed the test? The students have passed the test. the ground? grow under the ground.

What ( type – kind – time – subject ) What type of law deals with murder and theft?
What kind of animals are sand gazelles?
‫أي‬ ‫ ّـــــــــــــىع‬- ‫ وقد‬- ‫ٍادج‬
What subject do you teach?
What do you do ? ) ‫ ىيسؤاه ػِ اىؼَو ( اىَهْح‬What do you do? I am a doctor.
‫( ؼضع ظبغكػا‬when ‫ أو‬if ( ‫ صؼدػا تبدأ اإلجابة بـ‬What happens when people leave their homes in the country?
)‫ (في الحاضس‬What happens? ‫ماذا سيحدث‬ (When / If ) people leave their homes in the country, their farms
)‫ (في الماضي‬What happened? ‫ماذا حدث‬ and houses are left empty.
.‫و ؼحذف جػغة جواب اغشرط‬

What be )‫ ضير صاظل‬/ ‫ (صاظل‬like? What is Ahmad like?

Ahmad is nice and friendly. ‫صفات داخلية للعاقل‬
‫للسؤال عن صفات داخلية للعاقل‬
What was the weather like?
‫أو صفات عامة لغيس العاقل‬ It was cool and sunny. ‫صفات عامة لغيس العاقل‬
What (do/does /did) )‫ ضير صاظل‬/ ‫(صاظل‬ What did Ahmad look like?
Ahmad was tall with dark hair. ‫صفات خازجية للعاقل‬
look like?
‫للسؤال عن صفات خازجية للعاقل‬ What does her house look like?
Her house is a two – storey red brick house. ‫صفات تفصيلية لغيس العاقل‬
‫أو صفات تفصيلية لغيس العاقل‬
Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ُ‫ فـزاص رشــذا‬:‫إػـــذاد‬
-29-
How many students are there in your class? (How many( ‫ ّضغ االسٌ اىَؼذود ٍثاشزج تؼذ‬-1
There are twenty-five students in my class. .‫ىيسؤاه ػِ اىؼذد‬
How much tea do you need? I need 3 kilos of tea. (How much( ‫ ّضغ االسٌ غٍزاىَؼذود ٍثاشزج تؼذ‬-2
How much salt did you buy? I bought 5 bags of salt. .‫ىيسؤاه ػِ اىنٍَح‬

Whose bag is that? That is Sally's bag. (Whose( ‫ ّضغ االسٌ اىََيىك ٍثاشزج تؼذ‬-3
Whose book is this? This is my book. .‫ىيسؤاه ػِ اىَينٍح‬

Which pen do you want? I want the red pen. (Which ( ‫ ّضغ االسٌ اىَحذد ٍثاشزج تؼذ‬-4
Which class are you in? I am in that class. .‫ىيسؤاه ػِ اىرحذٌذ و اىرخٍٍز‬

How much did it cost? It cost 300 Syrian Pounds. (How much( ‫ ال ّضغ اسَا ً تؼذ‬-5
How much do sand gazelles weigh? They weigh only 20 kg. ُ‫ػْذ اىسؤاه ػِ اىسؼز أو اىىس‬

: ‫ٍــالحـــظــــاخ ػـــــاٍــــح‬
‫( ػْذ ذشنٍو اىسؤاه تذالً ٍِ هذا اىؼذد و ّنَو اىسؤاه‬How many( ‫ػْذٍا ٌحرىي اىفاػو فً اىجىاب ػيى ػذد ّضغ ػثارج‬
.‫دوُ أي ذغٍٍز‬
How many countries agree to follow the laws of the Geneva convention?
200 countries agree to follow the laws of the Geneva convention.
How many people suffer from the effects of desertification.
One billion people suffer from the effects of desertification.

)any( ‫) إىى‬some( ‫( فئّهَا ال ذظهزاُ فً اىسؤاه و ال ّحراج إىى ميَح اسرفهاً وذرحىه ميَح‬No( ‫( أو‬Yes) ً‫ػْذٍا ذثذأ اإلجاتح تنيَر‬
.‫) مَا أّه ال ذظهز فً اىسؤاه اإلضافاخ اىرؼيٍقٍح اىَىجىدج فً اإلجاتح‬ever( ‫) إىى‬never( ‫وذرحىه ميَح‬
Are there any problems in the city? Yes, there are some problems in the city such as pollution.
Have you ever broken the law? No, I have never broken the law before.

(On Sunday) : ‫أّسة جىاب ػِ ٍىاػٍذ اىَغادرج و اىقذوً تاىَاضً أو اىَسرقثو هى‬
When did you arrive home? On Sunday
When are you leaving? On Sunday
.‫) و ّضؼها تاىشٍِ اىَْاسة ىشٍِ اىسؤاه‬have fun) : ‫أّسة جىاب ػِ أّشطح اىْشهاخ واىزحالخ هً ػثارج‬
What did you do in Apamea? We had fun.
What are you doing in Latakia? We are having fun.
What will you do if you visit Al Ain? I will have fun.

: ‫أّسة جىاب ػِ سثة ٍحثرْا أو رغثرْا أو ذفضٍيْا ىشًء أو شخص أو ٍناُ هى‬

‫اىحاضز‬ ً‫اىَاض‬
he
Because she is was nice
it
they are were

Why would you like to visit Latakia again? Because it is nice.

Why do you like Ali? Because he is nice.
Why did you love Sally? Because she was nice.
Why do you prefer cats? Because they are nice.

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ُ‫ فـزاص رشــذا‬:‫إػـــذاد‬

-30-
 ‫‪Translation General Rules‬‬ ‫قــٕاػــذ ػــايــح نــهــرــشجــًــح‬
‫‪ٌ -1‬جب حفظ اىَفسداث قبو اىبدء بخسجَت أي جَيت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اىجَيت اإلّنيٍصٌت حبدأ باىفاعو ( اسٌ أٗ ضٍَس) ٌخبعٔ اىفعو باىصٍِ اىَْاسب اىري ححددٓ اىدالئو أٗ اىَعْى اىعاً‪.‬‬
‫اىـــفـــاعـــــو‬ ‫اىــــفــــعــــو‬
‫‪The price of property has increased‬‬ ‫ٍثاه ‪ :‬اسذفغ سؼش انؼقاساخ‬
‫‪ -3‬بعد اىفعو اىَخعدي ٌأحً غاىبا ً ٍفع٘ه بٔ ٗ بعد اىفعو اىالشً ٌأحً إٍا ظسف أٗ جاز ٗ ٍجسٗز‪.‬‬
‫‪adverb‬‬ ‫ظــــسف‬
‫‪The price of property has increased dramatically / greatly/ a lot‬‬ ‫ٍثاه ‪ :‬اسذفغ سؼش انؼقاساخ بشنو مبٍس‬

‫‪ -4‬اىَناُ ٌسبق اىصٍاُ إذا اجخَعا فً ٗسظ اىجَيت اإلّنيٍصٌت أٗ فً آخسٕا‪.‬‬

‫اىصٍاُ اىَناُ‬
‫‪The price of property has increased dramatically in the city this year.‬‬ ‫ٍثاه ‪ :‬اسذفغ سؼش انؼقاساخ تشكم كثٍش ٕرا اىعاً فً اىَدٌْت‬

‫‪ -5‬اىصفت حسبق اىَ٘ص٘ف فً اىجَيت اإلّنيٍصٌت‪.‬‬

‫انظفح‬ ‫انًٕطٕف‬ ‫انًٕطٕف انظفح‬ ‫انظفح‬ ‫انًٕطٕف‬ ‫انًٕطٕف انظفح‬
‫‪an amazing ability‬‬ ‫يقذسج يزْهح‬ ‫‪a huge earthquake‬‬ ‫صنــضال كـثـٍـش‬
‫‪ّ -6‬ضع (‪ (s‬اىَينٍت بعد اىَاىل اىعاقو ٗ قبو االسٌ اىََي٘ك ٗ ّضع ( ‪ (of‬قبو اىَاىل غٍس اىعاقو ٗ بعد االسٌ اىََي٘ك‪.‬‬

‫ٍَي٘ك‬ ‫ٍاىل غٍس عاقو‬ ‫ٍـَي٘ك ٍاىل غٍس عاقو‬ ‫ٍَي٘ك ٍاىل عاقو‬ ‫ٍَي٘ك ٍاىل عاقو‬
‫‪The price of property‬‬ ‫ســؼــش انـــؼــقــاساخ‬ ‫‪Ali's car‬‬ ‫ســٍـــاسج ػـــهـــً‬
‫‪The door of the room‬‬ ‫تـــاب انــــغــــشفـــــح‬ ‫‪Maria's house‬‬ ‫يـــُـــضل يـــاسٌــا‬
‫‪The captain of the ship‬‬ ‫قــثــطــاٌ انســـفــٍـــُــح‬ ‫‪The Captain's ship‬‬ ‫ســـفــٍـــُــح انـــقثــطـــاٌ‬

‫‪Prepared by: Firas Rashdan‬‬ ‫‪0937240064‬‬ ‫إعـــداد‪ :‬فـساض زشــداُ‬

‫– ‪- 31‬‬
 ‫‪Tenses Translation‬‬ ‫ذشجــــًـــح األصيـــُــــح‬
‫عْدٍا ّجد فً اىجَيت اىعسبٍت‬ ‫ّخسجٌ فعو اىجَيت إىى اىصٍِ‬
‫فؼم مضارع يدل ػهى حقيقت ػهميت أو ػامت‬
‫‪People visit zoos to see unusual animals.‬‬ ‫ٌصٗز انُاط حذائق انحٍٕاَاخ نًشاْذج انحٍٕاَاخ انغٍش يأنٕفح‪.‬‬
‫‪People move to the countryside to escape from the overcrowding and pollution.‬‬ ‫ٌْخقو انُاط إنى انشٌف ْشتاً يٍ االصدحاو ٔ انرهٕز‪.‬‬ ‫‪Present Simple‬‬
‫‪Desertification affects 74% of the land of North America.‬‬ ‫ٌؤثس انرظحش ػهى ‪ %47‬يٍ أساػً أيشٌكا انشًانٍح‪.‬‬ ‫‪V1 / V1 + s‬‬
‫فؼم مضارع مخزافق مغ كهماث ( دائماً – ػادة – غانباً – كثيزاً – أحياواً ‪ -‬وادراً )‬
‫‪Animals usually migrate to find food or to raise their young.‬‬ ‫حٖاجس انحٍٕاَاخ عادة نرجذ انغزاء أٔ نرشتٍح طغاسْا‪.‬‬
‫‪Scientists frequently do experiments to test their new ideas.‬‬ ‫مثٍساً يا ٌقً٘ انؼهًاء ترجاسب الخرثاس أفكاسْى انجذٌذج‪.‬‬
‫فؼم مضارع يدل ػهى انؼادة أو انزوحيه انمخكزر‬
‫‪Homes produce more rubbish than big companies do.‬‬ ‫حْخج انثٍٕخ َفاٌح أكثش يًا ذُرجّ انششكاخ انكثٍشج‪.‬‬
‫فؼم مضارع مخزافق مغ كهماث ( اآلن – في ٌذي األياو – حانياً – انيوو )‬
‫حساعد اَُ ػذج يُظًاخ فً دػى انًحافظح ػهى انًٍٓ انرقهٍذٌح‪.‬‬ ‫‪Present Continuous‬‬
‫‪Several organisations are now helping to support the preservation of traditional crafts.‬‬ ‫)‪(am / is / are‬‬ ‫‪V0 + ing‬‬
‫فؼم مضارع يدل ػهى ػمم أو وشاط يحدد حانيا ً‬
‫ححاٗه يذٌُرُا ذخفٍغ كًٍح انُفاٌاخ انرً ذذفُٓا فً األسع‪.‬‬
‫‪Our town is trying hard to cut down on the amount of waste it buries in the ground.‬‬
‫فؼم ماض و نً وخيجت في انحاضز أو في انمسخقبم‬
‫‪Anyone who has committed a crime will have a criminal record.‬‬ ‫أي شخض ازحنب جشًٌح سٍنُ٘ ىٔ سجو جْائً‬ ‫‪Present Perfect‬‬
‫فؼم ماض مخزافق مغ ػباراث ( حخى اآلن ‪ٌ/‬ذا (انصباح‪ -‬انؼاو…انخ)‪ /‬في (انؼقود‪ /‬انسىواث األخيزة( ‪ -‬ػبز انخاريخ ‪..‬انخ‬ ‫‪(have / has) +‬‬ ‫‪V3‬‬
‫‪The price of property in the city has increased dramatically this year.‬‬ ‫ازحفع سؼش انؼقاساخ تشكم كثٍش فً انًذٌُح ٕرا اىعاً‪.‬‬
‫?‪What have you done so far this week‬‬ ‫يارا فعيج حخى اَُ ْزا األسثٕع؟‬
‫‪Throughout history people have moved from one country to another.‬‬ ‫اّخقو انُاط عبس اىخازٌخ يٍ ته ٍذ إنى آخش‪.‬‬
‫فؼم مضارع و نً وخيجت في انحاضز أو في انمسخقبم‬
‫‪Students who have been cheating will be punished severely.‬‬ ‫الطالب الذين يغشون سيعاقبون بشدة‪.‬‬ ‫‪Present Perfect‬‬
‫فؼم مضارع مخزافق مغ ػباراث (مىذ مخى ‪ /‬طوال (انصباح‪ -‬انؼاو…انخ) أو مغ كهمت (مىذ) مخزافقت مغ فؼم طويم األمد‪.‬‬
‫‪Continuous‬‬

‫?‪How long have you been doing these things‬‬ ‫‪ٍْ (have/has) been V0 + ing‬ر ٍخى ٔأَد حقً٘ تٓزِ االشٍاء؟‬
‫‪Hassan has been writing an essay all morning.‬‬ ‫ٌنخب حساٌ يقاالً ط٘اه اىصباح‪.‬‬

‫‪Prepared by: Firas Rashdan‬‬ ‫‪0937240064‬‬ ‫إعـــداد‪ :‬فـساض زشــداُ‬

‫– ‪- 32‬‬
 ‫عْدٍا ّجد فً اىجَيت اىعسبٍت‬ ‫ّخسجٌ فعو اىجَيت إىى اىصٍِ‬
‫فؼم ماض يدل ػهى حدد في انماضي دون دنيم‬
‫‪The people of the island left because of volcanic activity.‬‬ ‫غادز سكاٌ انجضٌشج تسثة َشاؽ تشكاًَ‪.‬‬
‫فؼم ماض مخزافق مغ حاريخ مؼيه (ػاو ‪ )0691‬او كهماث مثم (انبارحت ‪ /‬األمس) ‪ /‬قبم ثالد سىواث ‪ /‬انسىت انماضيت‬
‫‪A huge earthquake caused the destruction of the city in 1960.‬‬ ‫حسبب صنضال ْائم تذياس انًذٌُح فً اىعاً ‪.1661‬‬ ‫‪Past Simple‬‬
‫فؼم ماض مخقاطغ مغ فؼم مضارع حسبقً كهمت ( كان ‪ ،‬كاوج ‪...‬انخ )‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪He had to pay a fine because he was driving without insurance.‬‬ ‫ح٘جب ػهٍّ دفغ غشايح ألَّ ماُ ٌق٘د تذٌٔ ذأيٍٍ‪.‬‬
‫فؼم ماض مخزافق مغ فؼم ماض آخز حسبقً ػبارة (كان قد ‪ /‬قد كان ‪ /‬كاوج قد ‪ /‬قد كاوج ‪.....‬انخ )‬
‫‪When they sailed past the island , the volcano had erupted.‬‬ ‫ػُذيا أبحسٗا ياسٌٍ تانجضٌشج ماُ انثشكاٌ قد ثاز‪.‬‬
‫فؼم مضارع حسبقً كهمت ( كان ‪ ،‬كاوج ‪...‬انخ ) مخقاطغ مغ فؼم ماض ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Past Continuous‬‬
‫‪He had to pay a fine because he was driving without insurance.‬‬ ‫ح٘جب ػهٍّ دفغ غشايح ألَّ ماُ ٌق٘د تذٌٔ ذأيٍٍ‪.‬‬ ‫‪(was / were) V0 + ing‬‬
‫فؼم ماض حسبقً ػبارة (كان قد ‪ ،‬قد كان‪...‬انخ) مغ وجود دالنت ماضي في انجمهت حقغ سمىياً بؼد انفؼم انمذكور‬ ‫‪Past Perfect‬‬
‫‪When they sailed past the island , the volcano had erupted.‬‬ ‫ػُذيا أبحسٗا ياسٌٍ تانجضٌشج ماُ انثشكاٌ قد ثاز‪.‬‬ ‫‪had + V3‬‬
‫فؼم مضارع حسبقً ػبارة (ظم ‪ ،‬ظهج ‪..‬انخ) مخزافق مغ كهماث (مىذ‪/‬نمدة‪ /‬كم بضؼت أمخار) مغ وجود دالنت ماضي‬
‫في انجمهت حقغ سمىياً بؼد انفؼم انمذكور‬
‫‪I received a letter from Hiba yesterday. She had been promising to write since last year.‬‬ ‫‪Past Perfect Continuous‬‬
‫حيقٍج سسانح يٍ ْثح انثاسحح‪ .‬ظيّج حعدًّ تأٌ ذكرة نً ٍْر انسُح انًاػٍح‪.‬‬
‫‪They finished making the dress a week before the wedding. They had been making it for over a month.‬‬ ‫‪had been + V0 + ing‬‬
‫أحَ٘ا طُغ انثٕب قثم انضفاف تأسثٕع‪ .‬ظيّ٘ا ٌصْعّ٘ٔ ىَدة ذضٌذ ػهى انشٓش‪ٍْ ( .‬ر يا ٌضٌذ ػهى انشٓش)‪.‬‬
‫‪Before they reached the summit, they had been falling down every few metres.‬‬
‫قثم أُ ٌصي٘ا إنى انقًح ظي٘ا ٌقعُ٘ مو بضعت أٍخاز‪.‬‬
‫فؼم مضارع حسبقً كهمت ( سوف ) أو ( س ) االسخقبال‬ ‫‪Future Simple‬‬
‫‪Sea levels will rise if the ice at the poles melts.‬‬ ‫س٘ف حسحفع يسرٌٕاخ يٍاِ انثحش إرا راب انجهٍذ فً انقطثٍٍ‪.‬‬
‫‪You will have to make a special effort if you want to pass your exam.‬‬ ‫سٍخ٘جب ػهٍك تزل جٓذ خاص إرا أسدخ أٌ ذُجح فً ايرحاَك‪.‬‬ ‫‪will + V0‬‬

‫مالحظت ‪َ :‬سرخذو انفؼهٍٍ )‪ )is - are‬كأفؼال نهؼثاسج االسًٍح انرً ال فؼم فٍٓا أٔ ػُذيا َجذ انؼًائش انًُفظهح (ْٕ – ًْ – ًْا – ْى ‪ ....‬انخ) تؼذ انًثرذأ فً انجًهح انؼشتٍح‪.‬‬
‫‪A person is innocent until someone proves that he or she is guilty.‬‬ ‫اىفسد بسئ حرى ذثثد إداَرّ‪ / .‬اىفسد بسئ حرى ٌثثد أحذْى أَّ يزَة‪.‬‬
‫‪The law is the code of rules which governs all individuals.‬‬ ‫انقإٌَ ٕ٘ يجًٕػح يٍ انًثادئ انرً ذحكى جًٍغ األفشاد‪.‬‬
‫‪Fine is money people pay as a punishment for doing something illegal.‬‬ ‫انغشايح ًٕ َقٕد ٌذفؼٓا انُاط كؼقٕتح السذكاتٓى شًء غٍش قإًََ‪.‬‬
‫‪The capital city of a country is very often the greatest city with the largest population.‬‬ ‫ػاطًح انثهذ ًٕ غانثا ً انًذٌُح األكثش ٔ األكثش سكاَا ً‪.‬‬

‫‪Prepared by: Firas Rashdan‬‬ ‫‪0937240064‬‬ ‫إعـــداد‪ :‬فـساض زشــداُ‬

‫– ‪- 33‬‬
 Sentence Completion ‫إتـمــام الــجُــــــمـــَــل‬
: ‫فً إتماو انجمم ٌجة مراعاج انشروط انتانٍح‬
.ً‫ ٌجة أن ٌعطً اإلتماو معىى مىطقٍا ً نهجمهح وإال نه ٌقثم حتى نى كان صحٍحاً قىاعذٌا‬-1
After I slept, I had dinner. 
After I slept, my phone rang.  / After I slept, my father came. 
.(subject + verb( ‫) أي أوها تحتىي عهى فاعم و فعم‬clause( ‫ اإلتماو ٌكىن تاستخذاو شثه جمهح‬-2
I didn’t go to school because of the heavy rain. 
subject + verb subject + verb
I didn’t go to school because I was sick.  / I didn’t go to school because it was raining. 
.‫ ٌجة أن ٌراعً اإلتماو انسمه انصحٍح‬-3
When he came, I will leave. 
When he came, I left.  / When he came, I felt happy. 
: ‫ ٌكىن زمه شثه جمهح اإلتماو حسة انقىاعذ انتانٍح‬-4
.‫ ) أي جمهح تحتىي عهى أي زمه حاضر‬Present Simple / V1 / V1 + s ( ‫أ– وكمم تانسمه انحاضر انثسٍط‬
Simple ( V1 / V1 + s ) I am so busy because I have a lot to do.
Present Continuous ( am / is / are ) V0 + ing I am looking forward to the day when I pass my exams.
Perfect ( have / has ) + V3 I have passed my driving test and I feel happy.
.ً‫ ) أي جمهح تحتىي عهى أي زمه ماض‬Past Simple / V2 ( ‫ب– وكمم تانسمه انماضً انثسٍط‬
Simple ( V2 ) When I was at school, I used to sleep early.
Past Continuous ( was / were ) V0 + ing I was walking through town when I saw my friend.
Perfect had + V3 The fire had started when we came home.

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـراش رشــذان‬:‫إعـــذاد‬

-34-
 (when) ‫) أي جمهح تحتىي عهى انسمه انحاضر انثسٍط و تذل عهى انمستقثم و تثذأ تانظرف‬Future Simple / will + V0 ( ‫ج – وكمم تانسمه انمستقثم انثسٍط‬
(when) ‫) أي جمهح تحتىي عهى انسمه انمستقثم انثسٍط و تىتهً تانظرف‬Present Simple / V1 / V1 + s ( ‫وكمم تانسمه انحاضر انثسٍط‬
Present Simple Future Simple Future Simple Present Simple

When my parents get old, I will look after them. I’ll show you the photos when I get home
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(as( ‫) أو‬while( ‫) وتىتهً تأحذ انظرفٍه‬Past Simple( ‫) أي جمهح تحتىي عهى انسمه انماضً انثسٍط‬Past Continuous( ‫د– وكمم تانسمه انماضً انمستمر‬
while
Past Simple
as Past Continuous
I met my friend while I was walking in the street.
We came across a burning car as we were driving home yesterday.
We came across a small camp site as we were walking up the mountain.
We felt sad while she was crying.
Many workers died while they were building the dam.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)since( ‫)أي جمهح تحتىي عهى انسمه انحاضر انتاو أو انحاضر انتاو انمستمر و تىتهً تانظرف‬Past Simple / V2( ‫هــ – وكمم تانسمه انماضً انثسٍط‬
)since( ‫) وتثذأ تانظرف‬Past Simple( ‫وكمم تانسمه انحاضر انتاو أو انحاضر انتاو انمستمر أي جمهح تحتىي عهى انسمه انماضً انثسٍط‬

Present Perfect Continuous Past Simple Past Simple Present Perfect Continuous (have / has)been + V0 + ing
Present Perfect Simple since V2 Since V2 Present Perfect Simple ( have / has ) + V3

What have you been doing since I last saw you? Since I was 13, I have been studying French.
I’ve been playing the piano since I was 13. Since I was 13, I have lived in Syria.

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـراش رشــذان‬:‫إعـــذاد‬

-35-
 Conditional Sentences ‫الـــجُـــ َمـــل الــشـرطـــيــة‬
: ‫انجمم انشرطية يمكه أن ترد في سؤال إتماو انجمم أو في سؤال تصحيح انفعم بيه قىسيه و نها أربعة أوىاع في مىهاجىا مىضحة باألمثهة انتانية‬
If V1 / V1 + s V1 / V1 + s
Zero form
V1 / V1 + s If V1 / V1 + s
examples: If you break the law, you have to face the music.
You have to do your homework again if you make a mistake.

If V1 / V1 + s (will / may / should) + V0

1st form
(will / may / should) + V0 If V1 / V1 + s
examples: If you want to improve your health, you should stop smoking.
If you misuse the equipment, it will not work well.
Sea levels will rise if the ice at the poles melts.
You will have to make a special effort if you want to pass your exam.

If V2 (would / could / might) + V0

2nd form
(would / could / might) + V0 If V2
examples: If they lived here, they would be happy.
If I were a doctor, I would help the sick people.
There would be a chaotic situation in society if there were no laws.
Lizards would die if they were moved to the Arctic.

If had + V3 (would / could / should) have + V3

3rd form
(would / could / should) have + V3 If had + V3
examples: If you had studied , you would have passed your exams.
He could have arrived late If he had missed the bus.

Prepared by: Firas Rashdan 0937240064 ‫ فـراس رشــدان‬:‫إعـــداد‬

- 36-