CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE

Concurrency Computat.: Pract. Exper. 2017; 29:e3941

Published online 9 September 2016 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/cpe.3941

SPECIAL ISSUE PAPER

Running state of the high energy consuming equipment and energy

saving countermeasure for chinese petroleum industry in
cloud computing

Haihui Zhao1,*,† , Yaoguang Qi1 , Hongwei Du1,2 , Ningning Wang1 ,

Guofu Zhang1 , Wenbao Liu3 and Hailong Lu3
1 College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao,
Shandong 266555, China
2 Qingdao Agricultural University Shandong, Qingdao, Shandong, China
3 Energy Equipment and Engineering Research Institute of Lanshi Group Ltd, Lanzhou, China

SUMMARY
The energy consumption of the high energy consuming petroleum equipment in oil field possesses a high
proportion in the total energy consumption of oil industry, so these equipment act as an important role in oil
field energy saving. This paper analyzes the energy consumption constitutions in different production pro-
cess. It is based on the study focusing on the running state and energy saving countermeasure of the high
energy consuming mechanical equipment. The research is organized by the Chinese Academy of Engineer-
ing. The high energy consumption cause is studied by investigating and analyzing the running state of the
principle energy consuming equipment in oil field and the design and manufacture level of the key large
equipment in cloud computing. This thesis provides concurrent data processing model for shortening the
production cycle and the fuzzy weighting subspace clustering algorithm to implement the equipment com-
parability, applying the big data on the running status statistics and applying cloud computation analysis on
the corresponding energy saving countermeasure. The proposed approach is providing the method of elim-
inating equipment and the advice of the research directions in order to address the energy saving counter
measure issues. The findings of this paper can be referenced as the energy saving counter measure in the
petroleum industry. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Received 12 May 2016; Revised 27 June 2016; Accepted 9 July 2016

KEY WORDS: high energy consuming equipment; petroleum industry; cloud computing; running state;
obsolete equipment; energy saving countermeasure

1. INTRODUCTION

After entering 21th century, the contradiction between the limited resource and the extensive
growth at the expense of the huge resource consumption and the environmental pollution has
become increasingly acute. The high energy consumption has become the bottleneck restricting
the social and economic sustainable development. In order to know the latest information of the
high energy consuming industrial equipment in China, the China Academy of Engineering orga-
nized China University of Petroleum and other related universities, the related research institutes
and some main enterprises of the seven main industry fields such as petroleum, coal, and elec-
tricity. The latter implemented the investigations and studies for running status of the high energy

*Correspondence to: Haihui Zhao, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, China University of Petroleum
(East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China.
† E-mail: zhaohaihui@upc.edu.cn

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consuming equipment, and it is expected to find out the energy saving direction of the industry and
economic development.
Petroleum industry is deemed to be the economic lifeline of a nation. The energy consumption in
this field occupies a certain proportion in the total energy consumption of a nation, and the energy
saving in this field is of great significance to the implementation of the energy strategy. Oil field
production is a typical complex process, mainly including geophysical prospecting, well drilling,
logging, oil production, borehole operation, and stimulation. The equipment being various and the
process condition being complicated, the equipment usually run in an inefficient zone for a long
term, resulting in high energy consumption.
A current existing thought is that the cause of high energy consumption absolutely lies in the
unreasonable design of the equipments [1–3]. For instance, the beam pumping unit was often men-
tioned in the argument of energy saving in oil field, although this opinion needs to be certified.
Investigation needs vast data processing, and the recent development of new technologies and the
implementations have enabled a variety of innovative network-based approaches, such as cloud
computing [4–7] and big data [8, 9]. Many improvements have been made by previous researches
for the purpose of the high performance achievements [10, 11].
However, the reasons of the high energy consumptions are complicated. Many oil fields in China
have the geological structure of fault block reservoir, whose oil production needs water injec-
tion technic. This paper addresses this issue and accomplish an investigation of using cloud-based
solutions to acquire an energy-aware countermeasure. To achieve this goal, cloud computing is intro-
duced into the energy saving countermeasure. The cloud platform-oriented production equipment in
oil field is set up in order to realize the efficient energy consumption management and energy sav-
ing operation [12–15]. The energy-saving countermeasure is put forward and aims at the existing
technology and equipment.
Moreover, the status of high energy consumption cannot be lumped together without considering
the respective working condition, and the evaluation cannot be ascertained only according to an
invariable standard. Thus, for grasping the running status of the driving equipment in the main
production process at oil field, the energy consumption situation and the developing level of the
production equipment, the investigation to high energy-consuming equipment was carried out.
The main contributions of this paper are twofold:
(1) The research work is expected to provide propose for the countermeasure of energy saving,
being significant for the effective implementation of the national energy development strategy
in the future.
(2) This thesis provides concurrent data processing model for shortening the production cycle
and the fuzzy weighting subspace clustering (FWSC) algorithm to implement the equipment
comparability, giving the primary exploration for applying the big data on the running sta-
tus statistics and applying cloud computation analysis on the corresponding energy saving
countermeasure.
The remainder of this paper is organized by the following order: Section 2 provides a brief review
about the related work. Section 3 states the preliminaries of this research. Section 4 describes our
proposed model and the main concepts. Section 5 illustrates our partial experimental evaluation
results. Section 6 shows a discussion of our work as well as future research plan. Finally, Section 7
represents the conclusions of our research.

2. RELATED WORK

The oil industry has not only the large energy production but also the large energy consumption.
According to the statistics in 2015, China’s oil production is equivalent to 17.5  108 t of standard
coal, and the consumption of various energy is equivalent to 2.94  108 t standard coal (oil field
production consumption is about 77.01  108 t standard coal), accounting for about 3.3% of the
country’s total energy consumption. Take Shengli oil field as the example, all kinds of energy con-
sumption and the proportion of each business sector of Shengli oil field in 2015 is shown in Table I.

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Table I. The main energy consumption constitute of the sample

oil field in 2014 [17].

Energy sorts Consumption ESC (t) PC (%)

electricity (104 kWh) 451643.99 555070.47 32.99
Self-used oil (t) 303631.00 433767.25 25.78
gas (104m3) 22140.94 294474.50 17.50
diesel (t) 43872.32 63926.36 3.80
gasoline (t) 15755.62 23182.82 1.38
coal (t) 28576.02 20411.85 1.21
others 291530.47 17.33
Total consumption 1682363.71
ESC, equivalent standard coal; PC, proportion of consumptions.

Figure 1. The proportion of all kinds of energy consumed in every process sector of the examined oil field
in 2015. [16] geophysical prospecting (ge); drilling (dr); logging (log); oil production (pr); stimulation and
borehole operation (st).

The proportion about all kinds of energy consumed in every process sector of Shengli oil field in
2015 is shown in Figure 1.
It can be seen that in the energy consumption, electricity accounts for about 45%, being the
major energy consumed. The oil (gas), diesel and gasoline, used by the oil field own is another
big part of the energy consumption. Among the oil field production processes, the oil production
sector mainly consumes electricity; the drilling, the well stimulation, and borehole operation sectors
mainly consume diesel and gasoline; and the integration and transportation system mainly consumes
self-used oil (gas). Among China’s major oil fields, Daqing oil field and Shengli oil field are China’s
two largest oil fields. Daqing oil field is one of the few monoblock oil fields in China, while Shengli
oil field is a fault block oil field, so each oil field has its own representative property on the data of
the production energy consumption. The investigation and analysis toward them shows the current
status and main problems of domestic oil fields energy consumption. The Tab2 shows the statics
data of the energy consumption in the oil field production process [16].
Oil equipment purpose is special, and the reliability is relatively high, the overall level being in the
domestic leading position. In recent years, integrated by the market, the production mode has been
gradually formed. The big group of enterprises possessing more than 1 billion ¥ output value per
year produced the main equipment, and many professional suppliers produced the accessory parts,
they having been combined together. And the industry developed in the intensification direction
gradually some relatively concentrated oil equipment manufacturing groups were formed [16].
However, compared with the similar foreign enterprise, the scale and integration of the domes-
tic enterprise is still low, and the energy consumption is higher [16]. Most of the manufacturing
enterprises have the background of Petro China or Sinopec, and the industry relevance, thus, have
been formed the relatively fixed domestic sales markets special for the enterprises. Because of the
lack of market competition pressure, the domestic products are lack of competition strength for
the high-end market, compared with the foreign similar product. Especially in the aspects of
gas turbine engines, high speed and high power vehicle-mounted engines, the top drive technol-
ogy, hydraulic drilling rigs, drilling equipment offshore, and so on, the larger gap exists. Some
non-mainstream supporting enterprises with smaller scale, such as the pipe enterprises, belong to

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different group and different industry region from the concerned steel enterprises, and it cannot
realize the tandem rolling production, so the benefit is generally lower than the similar foreign enter-
prises. Restricted by the steel quality and varieties, the special pipe, tubing, and high-end oil pipe,
whose steel grade are above of P110, cannot be produced in domestic factories [16]. In brief, it is
urgent to improve research and development ability of the enterprise and advance to the high-end
market in the world.

3. PRELIMINARIES

We focus on issues in running status of high energy consuming equipment in oil field and pro-
vide preliminaries of our study as well as main concepts in this section. Six aspects are involved
in this section, which include drilling, oil production, mechanical oil extraction system, the water
injection system, stimulation and borehole operation, and internal combustion engine and matched
transmission system.

3.1. Drilling
As the main energy-consuming equipment, the drilling rig is traditionally provided power by the
diesel engine; thus, the diesel engine quality has the decisive influence on the drilling rig perfor-
mance. The survey indicates that there is a serious phenomenon of the diesel engine being idle
for the drilling rig. Measured with the standard of 3000 working hours per year, large amounts of
equipment were not utilized sufficiently to a serious extent. The small power drilling rig was usually
matched with a high power diesel engine; therefore, the drill load rate was low, usually being only
about 70%; the old drilling rigs possessed a large proportion in the all, resulting in the insufficient
power and transmission inefficiency; in the directional well, horizontal well and difficult mining,
the crude oil was often used as a lubricant in drilling fluid, leading to the increase of the usage of
the crude oil, and the energy consumption of the per drill footage increased [18–21].
With the development of the coal bed methane, the shale gas, and other unconventional gas,
domestic demand for new type of hydraulic drilling has increased dramatically. According to the
incomplete statistics, the domestic coal geological drilling department, Petro China and Sinopec,
has introduced more than 27 sets of the American-made T series vehicle mounted hydraulic drilling
system. Compared with the foreign advanced drilling rig, the main gap is as follows:
(1) For the domestic drilling rig, the automation degree and drilling efficiency is low, and the
drilling cycle is long.
(2) The domestic drilling rig’s reliability is lower, indirectly increasing the operation time.
(3) The equipment weight is higher, indirectly increasing the energy consumption.

3.2. Oil production

3.2.1. The usage distribution of the pumping unit types. Take the pumping units in use of a general
oil extraction plant in Shengli oil field as an example, the distribution of the pumping unit type is
as follows:
 Conventional beam pumping unit: For this type, the technology is mature, and the quality is
reliable, it being used most widely currently and possessing the proportion of 56% in the plant.
 Double horse head beam pumping unit: It is of a big swing angle, compact structure and longer
stroke, but the low reliability of the flexible part affects its promotion in the oil field, and the
proportion of this type pumping unit was about 5% in the total.
 Rotaflex pumping unit: Being suitable for long stroke and low speed working condition, it is
a kind of long stroke, large pumping unit with a better application in oil field, possessing the
proportion of 33%.
 Friction reversing pumping unit: It is suitable for the long stroke and low jig frequency well
because of the high transmission efficiency and good balance effect. But the motor is usually
in the start state resulting from the frequent commutation, requiring higher reliability of the
control system; thus, this type of pumping unit is of the only proportion of 3% in the plant.

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3.2.2. The main factors influencing the energy consumption in mechanical lifting.
 The mismatch of the equipment and the production capacity: With the decline of the oil field
production, some oil wells were in the state of insufficient fluid supplying, and the change
of the production capacity resulted in the unreasonable production parameters. The ground
equipment adjustment could not keep up with the underground parameters change, leading to
the low pump fullness coefficient and the invalid work, increasing the energy consumption.
Thus, energy saving should obey the process technic requirement, and selecting the equipment
to satisfy the requirement of technic is the key.
 The load rate of the motor and transformer being low: Because of the large starting load, the
motor and transformer’s selected capacity is generally too large. The load rate of the pumping
unit motor is less than 20% on average, leading to the motor and transformer’s operation in the
inefficient zone.
 More energy transfer links in the series system: The stepwise energy transmission loss in the
process causes the low final system efficiency. The highest system efficiency theoretically can
reach 53%, but for the load properties of the system itself, the old equipment, the unreasonable
technology, and other variety of reasons, in fact, the average efficiency is 25%. Only rebuilding
a link cannot give a sharp rise in the system efficiency.
 Pump fullness degree being low: The working condition, workover time, and the gas in the well
liquid all can cause the more energy loss.
 Sucker rod and tubing deformation effect on the stroke: The alternating load results in the
deformation of the sucker rod and the tube, affecting the effective stroke of the pump and the
system efficiency.
 Effect of the energy-saving control cabinet being not obvious: There is a misunderstanding to
exaggerate the effect of the energy-saving control cabinet. But the fact is when the motor load
rate is less than 10%, it has a certain energy-saving effect but if the load rate is higher, it almost
saves no electricity.
3.3. The water injection system
The main energy consumption of water injection system is electricity, and there exist the following
problems in the operation [22, 23]:
(1) Valve control loss being high in water distribution: The valve control loss of the water dis-
tribution is the highest loss in the pipe network, accounting for no less than 50% of the pipe
network loss.
(2) The installed capacity of the unit does not match the system requirement: Especially for
the 6000 V unit, the investment being high, the equipment replacement cycle is long. The
water pumps have to be in the throttling operation, driving the pump deviating from high
efficiency area.
(3) Equipment rated efficiency being low: The rated efficiency of the large capacity pump is
higher than that of the small capacity pump, and the efficiency of the plunger pump is higher
than that of the centrifugal pump.
3.4. The oil and gas integration and transportation system
The main factors affecting efficiency are as follows:
(1) The motor load rate being low: The declining production ability cannot match the transporta-
tion ability of the transfer station built in the early years.
(2) The rated efficiency of the oil transfer pump being low: The domestic oil transfer pump
efficiency is generally low, between 60–73%, and some are less than 50%, far below the
advanced level abroad, 85%.
(3) The boiler steam is of the too low dryness of 70%, driving oil effect being not ideal.
3.5. Stimulation and borehole operation
According to the statistics of Shengli oil field, up to October 2015, the equipment amount is as
follows: 215 units of cementing equipment, 451 units of tractor hoist, and 106 sets of workover rig.

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But while viewing the statistics of Jianghan Fourth Oil Machinery Factory, the main produc-
tion enterprises of the operation equipment, the internal combustion engines of the aforementioned
equipment are all imported products, and no domestic enterprises can produce them. The equipment
running status is given as follows [23]:
(1) Large key equipment depending on import: The equipment includes the fracturing truck
of more than 2500 horsepower, the automatic hydraulic workover system, and the multi-
purpose cementing truck system. However, because of the development of the unconventional
natural gas and other new energy, the demand for the aforementioned equipment will be
greatly increased.
(2) The domestic supply capacity for the main fittings being insufficient: The vehicle engine,
the hydraulic torque converter, and the large vehicle chassis are all imported. In the aspects
of high performance and high reliability engine, hydraulic transmission system, and oil field
special vehicles, a considerable gap exists.
(3) Low recognition of domestic equipment: The production of most borehole operation equip-
ment is ordering production, and the mistrust to the domestic main equipment has affected
the development of the supporting enterprises, especially in the offshore oil industry.
3.6. Internal combustion engine and matched transmission system
In internal combustion engine development and manufacturing in China, exist the following
problems:
(1) Diesel engine’s reliability being low in drilling system: The safety and reliability of the
drilling system is usually low, so the standby engines are often used to solve the emergency
in the production process.
(2) The design index of the energy consumption being low: Compared with the foreign advanced
diesel engine, there is a big gap on the aspect of energy consumption index, the gap being
up to 10 g/kW. Shengli oil field possessed 128 units of machinery or composite drilling
rig matched with 257 domestic diesel engine, the engines being installed the total power of
286,356 kw. For each year, more than 65 tons of extra diesel fuel was consumed, if calculated
at the efficiency of 25%.
(3) Engine running at the inefficient zone: Some allocated engines are not appropriate in power,
and the power range prediction is not accurate. In the wake of the change of physical prop-
erty parameters, the mismatch contradiction between the process technic and the equipment
becomes obvious. It is often seen that using one engine is short of power but two engines
group’s power is superfluous, so it results in the engine’s running at the inefficient zone.
(4) High-power internal combustion engine relying on import: There is a certain gap between the
domestic diesel engine and the similar foreign mainstream products in the following aspects:
high-power, high performance, high speed and vehicle use engine. The average energy con-
sumption of domestic diesel engines is higher than that of the same type of advanced product
abroad by about 5%, but the volume and weight are bigger than those of the abroad prod-
ucts by about 20%. The dependency upon the foreign products becomes the important factor
restricting the development of the domestic equipment. On the aspect of the development of
the gas turbine used at sea and the high-power engine, there is a certain gap while compared
with the advanced foreign products, and this has restricted the offshore oil field development
to a great extent.
(5) Matched transmission system of internal combustion engine relying on import: Some equip-
ment matched with the internal combustion engine, such as the hydraulic torque converter,
the large engineering vehicle chassis, the fault diagnosis, and analysis system mainly rely on
import. The undeveloped research ability in the hydraulic drive system field is one of the key
factors that cause high energy consumption in the field of drilling and oil well stimulation
and borehole operation.
(6) Concerned enterprise to internal combustion engine developing difficultly: Because of the
historical factors, the custom and the institution, the equipment production about drilling,
borehole operation, and stimulation are determined by the orders, without forming a large

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scale producing base. The main domestic oil field enterprises prefer choosing the key equip-
ment from the developed countries. At the same time, the government did not give sufficient
policy support for the domestic equipment test, and the scientific researches were lack of
enterprises’ financial support; finally, it seriously influenced the research and development of
the domestic internal combustion engine and transmission system.

4. CONCEPTS AND THE PROPOSED MODEL

4.1. Proposed model
4.1.1. Current data processing model. Figure 2 shows the concurrent adjustment using cloud
computing.
The current data processing model is shown as Figure 2. The data of the physical parameters and
mechanical extraction data are uploaded to the cloud computing center, and the adjustment will be
exerted to the injection system, the integration and transportation system, and the stimulation and
borehole operation system in real time; thus, the agile adjustment to the production can be achieved.
The high efficiency shown as the short production cycle can be obtained.

4.1.2. Fuzzy weight subspace clustering in cloud computing. To deal with the vast data and contrast
the efficiency of the equipment in the same kind but working in different field, the FWSC is put
forward by introducing the feature weighting coefficient wi k , fuzzy weighting exponent  . The
objective function is given in Eq. (1):
N X
X C
Jf wsc D uD 
ij wi k .xj k  vi k /
2
(1)
j D1 i D1
P PD
where s:t:0 6 uij 6 1, C i D1 uij D 1; 0 6 wi k 6 1, kD1 D 1.
The algorithm is aiming at the comparability of the pumping units in different oil block. The j
is the serial number of the oil field block with its own physical parameters. The i is the serial num-
ber of a pumping unit. By means of the multiplier optimization method of algorithm Lagrange, the
iterations for the fuzzy membership degree uij , the clustering center vi k , and the feature weighting
coefficient wi k can be obtained. In practical terms, xi is a group of physical parameters of the j # oil
field block; uij is the j # pumping unit production data’s fuzzy membership to the i# group of phys-
ical parameters (vi ). During the process of the clustering algorithm, a feature weighting coefficient
is given to the pumping unit; wi k embodies the i# physical parameter group’s importance to the
1 PN
dijm1 PD  2 j D1 um
ij xj k
k# production data. uij D PC P ; dij D kD1 w .xj k  vi k / ; vi k D PN m
;
sD1 .dj /1m1 j D1 uij
1
qik1 PN
wi k D PD 1 ; qi k D j D1 um 2
ij .xj k  vi k / .
 1
sD1 qi s
The feature weighting coefficient wi k sets up the connection between the single production data
and the a group of parameters, the comparability between the pumping units working in different

Figure 2. The concurrent adjustment in the process of oil production.

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block becoming reasonable. In the following statistics, analysis, and proposals, this FWSC algo-
rithm is used to implement the comparability between the equipment (pumping unit, drilling rig,
workover rig, fracturing truck, motor, internal combustion, etc.) in different oil field blocks, as
shown in Figure 3. In Figure 3, the input is the data from different oil processes and oil field blocks.
For the same kind of equipment, like diesel engines, motors, and pumping units, there is not the
comparability, although they belong to the same kind. With cloud computing based on the big data,
the data is processed by means of FWSC, the output data is of the comparability, and the comparison
under the unified evaluation standard can be implemented [24, 25].
4.2. Using cloud computing in optimizing oil field production equipment
Some equipment such as the internal combustion engines are widely used not only in the drilling
field but also in the borehole operation field. Only relying on the technological process unit to
evaluate the energy-consuming equipment will weaken the comparability between the internal com-
bustion engines of variable usage region, and the similar problem exists in the management of
electric motor and transformer too. So while implementing the energy consumption statistics and
scheduling management, the evaluation based on the equipment classification should be conducted.
But the analysis on the energy consumption situation based on the equipment classification is diffi-
cult to be achieved with the existing database. However, it can be realized while the existing database
is upgraded to the cloud computing platform [2, 12, 26]. The production deploys, and running man-
agement in cloud computing was applied to an oil production plant, and the existing database was
upgraded to a cloud computing center containing the infrastructure layer, the foundation platform
layer, and the information service layer.
Compared with the data extracted from the original database, the data provided by the cloud
computing center is more reliable [27, 28]. On the calculation and analysis about the pumping

Figure 3. The running state analysis flow diagram based on cloud computing.

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unitefficiency, the average efficiency is 25.69% in original statistics, but the data analysis by the
cloud computing center reveals the average efficiency of 22.51%, and the accuracy has been verified
by the annual benefit data, which provided the data close to 23.19%. The original estimated vacancy
rate of the internal combustion engine for drilling rig being 40%, the cloud computing analysis
result showed that the idle rate jumped according to the well conditions and the production task, and
the average dynamic vacancy rate was 35.25%. The success of the cloud computing center in this
production plant indicates that the cloud computing center is suitable of the statistics and analysis of
the dynamic data in the equipment operation liable to be influenced by complex factors in oil field;
cloud computing platform is suitable for dynamic data statistics and analysis. Thus, improving the
elasticity of the deployment and the decision-making agility is the inevitable result [29–31].
4.3. Optimization and promotion
As the analysis result based on the cloud computing, the saving countermeasure is as following two
aspects, namely, drilling system and oil production.
First, consider drilling sector, using cloud computing, can promote the high pressure technology
and the high pressure drilling pump, promote the top drive device, improve the hydraulic drilling
rig in shallow well drilling, increase new transmission mode in rig, drive the new motor form,
and promote coupling gearbox transmission. For example, The stand drilling can reduce 2/3 time
compared with connecting the drill stems. The transmission efficiency using cloud computing is
16% higher than the conventional drilling rig. Permanent magnet motor is of higher efficiency during
the load rate of 25–120%, and the efficiency is 5% higher than that of the induction motor. The
total efficiency while using cloud computingcan reach 95%, being significantly higher than the total
efficiency (75–85%) of the drilling rig with the torque converter drive.
Second, in mechanical extraction system, the beam pumping unit is of the highest reliability, but
the stroke is usually short, and the size is almost medium and small. Although the balance degree
determined by the mechanism is not as high as that of the straight weight balance, but it should
be measured comprehensively with considering the consumption and maintenance costs. Promote
the long stroke and low frequency pumping unit adapted to the current Chinese reservoir phys-
ical properties, such as the belt type pumping unit, motor reversing pumping unit. Increase the
investment for the study about the Matching between the equipment and the process technics, and
then improve the motor load rate as much as possible; strengthen the motor transformation, use
the high slip servo motor special for the pumping unit, and promote the 16 poles and 24 poles
permanent-magnet synchronous motor special for pumping unit, and variable speed motor; promote
the double voltage and multi-gears automatic regulating transformer and other new energy-saving
transformer to directly replace the transformer to be phase out; reconstruct the existing but to
be eliminated transformer if possible, for example, reconstruct the S7 type transformer into S11
type transformer.
In the water injection system, apply large displacement and high efficient plunger pump to replace
part of the small displacement and inefficient centrifugal pump; implement the injection with partial
pressure and supercharge real time, so the valve control loss of water allocation station will reduce;
pumping station equipment in ladder configuration can meet the needs of different water injection.
In the integration and transportation system, replace part of the inefficient centrifugal pump with
screw pump and gear pump; promote the vacuum furnace, phase changeable furnace, coal, and gas
dual-purpose furnace; promote the process of ‘from furnace to pump’ in order to reduce the medium
pressure of the heating furnace and in order to improve the temperature in the oil transfer pump.
Third, we also consider the stimulation and borehole operations. In the mechanical drive workover
operations, choose a turbocharged EFI engine matched with the hydraulic transmission box and
implement the calculation of the performance matching between them, to ensure that the engine
is under the condition of rated power and the transmission case works in a high efficient area.
Next, encouraging the use of the vehicle mounted and self-propelled workover rig except the special
region and promoting the continuous steel sucker rod, the tubing integration operation, and other
new technics can improve the system operation efficiency. Furthermore, for the region with existing
electricity net, promote network electric workover rig, the gas-electric hybrid workover rig, and
other new workover equipment. Moreover, the large workover rig is of large load change, which

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implements the sidetracking operations, so it can be equipped with two diesel engines. Single engine
works below the rated load, and the double engines work while the load is above the rated load, and
the gears parallel operation should be chosen firstly. Finally, research the design method and select
the reasonable power configuration coefficient and other parameters for the workover rig.
Fourth, we optimize the equipment-oriented energy saving countermeasures. Equipment-oriented
energy saving should be through the whole process: research and development-work and match-
work monitor. Take the internal combustion engine widely used in oil field as an example to
illustrate. Three aspects are considered for saving energy, which include creating new designs,
matching equipment, and increasing operations. For example, the new diesel engine with 140 mm
diameter can be promoted.
Finally, we emphasize the equipment renovation and optimization. The cause of high energy
consumption is mainly summarized into two aspects: the imperfect design and manufacture level of
the equipment (40–45% of the surveyed equipment); the mismatch between the equipment and the
technics (55–60% of the surveyed equipment). For the high energy-consuming problem resulting
from the mismatch of the equipment and the technics, the process optimization design should be
carried out. But the equipment with low quality should be eliminated. The proposed equipment is
enumerated in the following. In the drilling system, phase out the old drilling rigs with low degree
of automation; the drilling rigs whose installed powers is not matched and the ones whose carrying
capacity drops. Eliminate the working method of parallel operation with belts as soon as possible.
Next, in the mechanical oil pumping system, phase out the old equipment such as the old motors,
the old transformers, the low power old heating furnaces, and the integration and transportation
pumps allocated unreasonably. Furthermore, renovate the mechanical oil pumping system and other
process systems in turn. Finally, in the stimulation and borehole operation system, phase out the
small inefficient well cementing and washing equipment.

5. EVALUATIONS
We provided a few our evaluation results in this section. By the end of 2014, the cloud comput-
ing center was set up in Shengli oil field. In the data processing system, the concurrent processing
approach is used in the oil production process. In our evaluations, we considered a few dimensions,
which included the extraction systems, injection systems, and integration and transportation sys-
tems. A variety of parameters were involved in the evaluations, such as the change of the physical
parameters underground, valve arrangement, water distributions, and power of the heat furnace.
Before implementing our cloud-based approach, the down-stream equipment, and technics,
adjustment was hysteretic a relative long time behind the change of the up-stream equipment and
technics, and much energy waste was from the hysteresis. After the concurrent adjustment in the
whole oil production system, the hysteresis can be eliminated, and the efficiency will be improved
remarkably. Figure 4a showed the improvement of the efficiency after operating on cloud computing
platform. Figure 4b–6b depicted the energy saving state on the basis of cloud computing.
As a result, 75% of the proposed equipment was eliminated in the following 2 years. Supplemen-
tary equipment purchased oversea and the equipment developed independently will be amounted to
51% of the total equipment proposed to replace the old ones. In addition, we expected that 1/3 of
the new equipment and research project put forward will be launched during 2016–2017. Next, new
equipment and technology will be developed and extensively used in the next 5 years. Having been
affected by the international oil prices falling during the recent years, the survey data of the energy
consumption was lower than that of the normal period. The effects of the international oil and gas
production should be considered if the study report is referenced.

6. DISCUSSIONS
In our research, we focused on the energy consumption issues and aimed to achieve efficient per-
formances by using acceptable energy costs. Currently, Chinese eastern oil fields have gradually
fell into the later developing period, and mechanical oil lifting is the main producing form; the
western oil fields are of low permeability and deep-buried geological characteristics, so fracturing
transformation is usually adopted to obtain the industrial oil flow. But compared with the oil flow

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Concurrency Computat.: Pract. Exper. 2017; 29:e3941
DOI: 10.1002/cpe
 HIGH ENERGY CONSUMING EQUIPMENT 11 of 13

Figure 4. Comparisons of (a) efficiency and (b) energy costs.

Figure 5. Comparisons of energy consumptions in (a) well drilling and (b) well logging.

Figure 6. Comparisons of energy consumptions in (a) oil production and (b) stimulation and borehole
operation.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Concurrency Computat.: Pract. Exper. 2017; 29:e3941
DOI: 10.1002/cpe
12 of 13 ZHAO ET AL.

production method mainly used in many oil fields abroad, it inevitably has the high energy consump-
tion. Thus, the evaluation standard should not be focused on energy saving only; contrasted with
energy saving, the reliability is often emphasized in the equipment selection. Up to now, we men-
tioned the beam pumping unit again, in order to remind the comprehensive evaluation standard of the
equipment performance.
Moreover, based on our findings, we point out a few research directions of the new equipment
and new technologies.
First, implement the study for the match between the equipment and the technology on the basis
of the reservoir, the selection of the reasonable design margin, and the reasonable integration plan
of multi-regions; set up the unified plan system of the equipment and the process technic in oil field.
Second, in drilling system, accelerate developing and researching the big digital net-electric
drilling rig, top drive drilling rig, and special automatic hydraulic drilling rig.
Third, in production system, develop the long stroke and low frequency pumping units; develop
the advanced electric submersible pump; develop the special large starting torque drive motor and
special transformer fitting the drive characteristics of the pumping unit; accelerate the research of
the high specific speed injection pump, the efficient heating furnace, and the large-tonnage and high
dryness (above 95%)
Fourth, in stimulation and borehole operation system, the special project of the hydraulic
transmission system and the special vehicle in oil field should be set up in the national level.
Fifth, for the diesel engine, the research should be focused on the high-power diesel engine special
for the large borehole operation equipment.
Sixth, implement the research and development of the special sea oil equipments and promote
their localization.
Finally, in the state level, set up the research center of oil and gas equipment; establish the evalu-
ation laboratories for equipment energy consumption and the new petroleum technology; formulate
the manufacturing industry; and set up the manufacturing base of the petroleum equipment. After
the accomplishment earlier, the overall level of the petroleum equipment in China can be improved.

7. CONCLUSIONS
Cloud computing is suitable of the energy consumption statistics about the production equipment,
and the existing data base can be upgraded into the cloud computing data base. The concurrent
data processing model was used to increase the agile response to the production data change, and
the FWSC algorithm was adopted to obtain the equipment comparability. The statics data based
on the cloud computing is more reliable and more accurate than before, and this advantage has
been verified on the aspects of the statistics of the operation status about the internal combustion
engine and the electric motor. The proposed energy-saving countermeasure in this paper has drawn
attention of related functional departments, having been regarded as a reference for the country’s
decision-making departments. The suggestion of proposed equipment to be eliminated is approved
by the oil field units.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by grants from National Major Special Project of Oil and Gas ‘Study and Promo-
tion of the Self-Adaptive Control Technology of Drainage Based on Shaft Flow Field’ (2016ZX05042003-
001); National Major Special Project of Oil and Gas ‘Key Equipment Development of Integrated Develop-
ment of Three Kind of Unconventional gas in One Well’ (2016ZX05066004-002); ‘Fundamental Research
Funds for the Central Universities’ (16CX02004A). This paper is supported by the co-funding of National
Major Special Projects of Oil and Gas (2016ZX05042003-001 and 2016ZX05066004-002) and NSFC
(51174224)

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Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Concurrency Computat.: Pract. Exper. 2017; 29:e3941
DOI: 10.1002/cpe